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Reproductive System Principles of Components Human Anatomy n Gonads Eleventh Edition n Testes & Ovaries n Gametes Gerard J. Tortora n Sex Cells - Sperm & Ova & n Mark T. Nielsen Ducts n Transport and store gametes CHAPTER 26 n Accessory sex glands The Reproductive System n Produce material that support and protect gametes n Supporting structures n Facilitate delivery and joining of gametes Copyright © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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n n Sac that encloses & supports the testes n Raphe n Scrotal septum n muscle n n Cremaster muscle n n Artery & vein

Temperature Regulation Testes n Sperm production n Lobules n 200-300/ n Temperature sensitive n Contain seminiferous n 3 degrees below normal body tubules temperature n Sertoli cells (nurse cells) n Protect & nourish n Dartos & cremaster muscles developing sperm cells n n Leydig cells (interstitial Cold external temperatures endocrinocytes) n n Secrete testosterone

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Spermatogenesis 27_05 n Process of spermatogonia developing into mature sperm n Meiosis n Chomosome # halves to 23 (1N) n Spermeogenesis n develops a head and tail n Acrosome contains enzymes n ~ 300 million produced/day n Survive ~ 48 hours or up to 5 days inside female

27_06 Ducts n Seminiferous tubules n Straight tubules n n n n ~ 20 feet long n Where sperm mature ~ 12 days n Stored for up to a month n Ductus deferens n Vas deferens

Ducts 27_01a n Vas deferens n Stores sperm n May remain for several months n Vasectomy n Ejaculatory ducts n n n n Spongy (penile) urethra

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Accessory Sex Glands Accessory Sex Glands n n gland n ~ 2 inches long n Secretes milky fluid n n Secrete alkaline fluid 20-30% of semen n n 60-70 % of semen Prostate cancer n Fructose n Similar prevalence as n Prostaglandins breast cancer in women n Combine with ampulla n PSA test of vas deferens to n Digital exam form the ejaculatory n 90% recover if caught ducts early n BPH – benign prostatic hyperplasia - Flomax

27_clinic_01 Accessory Sex Glands

n Cowper’s gland n n Pea-sized gland n Secretes clear alkaline substance n Precum n Neutralizes acids from urine in urethra

Semen n Mixture of sperm & seminal fluid n Passage for delivery n Secretions from: n of semen n Seminiferous tubules – sperm ~ 1% n Excretion of urine n n Seminal vesicles ~ 70% 3 masses of erectile tissue n Prostate ~ 30% n Sinuses fill w/ blood n Bulbourethral glands during arousal n 2.5 - 5 ml = 0.5 - 1 tsp n 2 corpora cavernosa n n ~ 50 - 150 million sperm/ml (~ 300 mil/ejac) 1 corpus spongiosum n Contains urethra n < 20 million sperm/ml – sterile n Expanded area forms the n 2-5 days in female tract

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Female Reproductive System Ovaries

n n Ovaries Produce eggs (oogenesis) n Begins before birth meiosis starts during fetal n Uterine tubes = Oviducts = Fallopian tubes development n Uterus n ~ 200,000 – 2 million oogonia & 1 oocytes per n Vagina ovary n Vulva = Pudendum n Only 40,000 remain at puberty n Ovulate ~ 400/lifetime n Mammary glands (secondary sex characteristic) n Produce estrogen & progesterone

Ovary Uterine tubes

n Fallopian tubes or oviducts n Transport secondary oocytes & fertilized ova to uterus n ~ 4 inches long n Isthmus n Ciliated columnar epithelium n Ampulla n Inner circular muscle n Infundibulum n Outer longitudinal muscle n Fimbriae n Serosa

Uterus & Oviducts 27_17

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Uterus Uterus & Oviducts § Site of menstruation n Site of implantation n Site of fetal development n Cervix n 3 layers n Epimetrium n Visceral peritoneum n Myometrium n Endometrium n Stratum basalis n Stratum functionalis

27_18 Vagina

n Outlet for menstrual flow n Receives the penis during intercourse n Passage for childbirth n Extends from introitus to cervix n Rugae n Extends and elongates during intercourse n Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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27_20 Vulva = Pudendum

n Mons pubis n Labia majora n Labia minora n Clitoris n Sexual pleasure n Vestibule n Hymen n Vaginal orifice = introitus n External urethral oriface

27_21 Mammary Glands

n Secondary sex characteristic n Suspensory ligament – Cooper’s ligament n Lobules n Contain alveoli n Mammary ducts n Lactiferous ducts n Areola n Nipple

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27_table_03 Learning Objectives

n Discuss the different components of the reproductive system and give the homologous structures between the male and female. n List the parts of the male reproductive system and give the functions of each (include the accessory sex organs).

Learning Objectives Learning Objectives n Define and discuss n Discuss the effect of temperature on sperm maturation in terms of location and spermatogenesis and give the roles for the anatomy. Which structures produce cremaster and the dartos muscles. sperm? Which structure is responsible for n Discuss the prostate gland’s function and sperm maturation? What are the roles for discuss how we screen for prostate the sertoli and Leydig cells? Describe the cancer. pathway (series of ducts) that sperm have n Which structures produce seminal fluid to travel to leave the body. and what proportions are they found in the ejaculate?

Learning Objectives Learning Objectives n Name and describe the locations of the n To which structure are the fimbria erectile tissue of the penis. attached? n Describe the following female structures: n Which of these structures has sexual vulva, introitus, clitoris, vagina, pleasure as its only function? Fallopian/uterine/ tubes/oviducts, uterus, n Which structure is the site of fertilization? ovary. n Name the layers of the endometrium. n In which of these structures would you find Which endometrial layer is sloughed off the infundibulum? What is the difference during menstruation? between the infundibulum and the ampulla?

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Learning Objectives n How is the ovum moved toward the uterus? n What structures make up the vulva/pudendum. n Name the structures associated with the breast.

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