The AustralianCentre for Egyptology:Reports 8
VolumeI
The Tombsof Nedjet-em-pet,Ka-aper and Others
,:r-' F. l|?
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N. Kanawati and A. Hassan
With contributionsby P. Bentley,A. Cavanagh,N. Charoubim, A. McFarlane,S. Shafik.K. Sowada,E. Thompson,N. Victor THE TETI CEMtrTtrRY AT SAQQARA
VolumeI
The Tombsof Nedjet-em-pet,Ka-aper and Others '' r!.! 1.: / ' )Jii ; . 'ir' '' .l ii-1' ,a.,.,'''("i i,, The AustralianCentre for Egyptology Reports:8 THE TETI CEMETERY AT SAQQARA
VolumeI The Tombs of Nedjet_em_pet,Ka_aper and Others
N. Kanawati and A. Hassan
With contributions ?V J Bentley,A. Cavanagh,N. Charoubrm, A. McFarlane,S. Shafik, K- S;i;;u,-E. Thonlpson,N. Victor
Australian Centrel-or Egyptology - Sydney.I 996 @ N. Kanawoti and A. Hasscrn1996. All rights reserved ISBN: I -86108-2s9-3
Publishedby: TheAu,strctliun Centre.fbr Egyptology Macquarie University,North Rytle,N.S.ly. 2109,Australia
Printed by: Adept Printing Pty.Ltd. I3 ClementsAvenne, Bnnkstotvn, N.S.W. 2200, Austrul.ia
Distributedby: Aris tmd Phillips Lttl. ChurchStreet, Wunninster, Wilts, Englcrnd CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
THE MASTABA OF NEDJET-EM.PET ll
THE BURIAL OF IBI 3l
THE MASTABA OF KA.APER 35
INSCRIBED OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS 53
APPENDIX: THE MASTABA oF GEREF/ITJI 69
INDEX 75
PLATES 17
.5 PLATES
Gcneralview of thc ccmetcryto thc northof 39. Necljct-crn-pet Teti'spyramid (a) Entrance,lintcl 2 Location of rccentcxcavations to thc norih (b) Entrancc,clrum o1'Tcti'spyramtd (c) Entranccto room lll, rvestcloor 3. Ncdjet-cm-pct thickness (a) Entrance.lintel (d) Roornl, wcst wall (b) Entrancc,drum (c) RoornI. northwall (c) Roont I. north willl 40. Ncdjct-crn-pct.rt)or11 V, l'alsccloor 4. Ncdjet-crn-pctand Ibi ,1I . Ncdjet-crn-pet,room V (a) Ibi, lalscdoors (room IV. Nedjct-ent-pct) (a) North rvall (b) Nedjct-em-pet.room V' northwall (b) Fragmcnts (c) Ncdjet-cnr-pct.shaft 6 42. Ncdjct-ern-pcl,room V, north rvall (dctail) 5. Nedjct-crn-pet.roorn V. l'alsedoor ,13. Necljct-crn-pct,sarcophagus intcrior 6. Nedjct-em-pet.room V, north wall (detail) (handcoPY) '7. Ncdjet-cm-pct.toorn V. north wall (dctail) (a) SideI a1. Ncdjet-cm-pct,sarcoPhagus (b) Sidc2 (a) Intcrior (c) Sidc 3 (b) Interior,sidc 2 (dctail) ++. Nedjct-cm-pct,l.inds 9. Nedjct-em-pet.skelctal rctnains in thc lbi (room lV. Ned.ict-cm-Pct) sarcopnagus (a) Southcrnl'alse door I 0. Ncdjct-cm-pct.finds (b) Northcrnl'alsc door I l. Ncdjet-crn-pet.finds 46. Ibi and Ka-rpcr,l-inds 11 I 2. Ibi (roomIV. Nedjct-etn-Pet) Ka-apcr.plln and scction (a) Southcrnfalse door 4u. Ka-aper.scctions (b) Northcrn l-alscdotir ,19.Ka-apcr,t:ntnutcc I 3. Ibi and Ka-aPer.finds (a) Southjarnb I zl. Thc mastabaol' Ka-apcr,gencral vicw (h) Northjamb I 5. Ka-aper,ctltrilnce 50. Ka-aper,cntrancc I 6. Ka-apcr,cntrance, north .iamh (a) South thickncss I 7. Ka-apcr,el)trancc. north -iamb (dctail) (b) North thickncss I E. Ka-aPcr,cntrancc 5l Ka-uper,room lll. l'alsedoor (rt) Nollh thickttcs: 52 Ka-apcr,room III, sidesof falsedoor (b) North thickness(detail) (a) South I 9. Ka-aper,cntrancc (b) North (a) South thickncss 53. Ka-aper.room lll, l'alscdoor niche (b) Souththickncss (dctail) (a) Souththickness 2 0 . Ktr-aper,rrlotn II I, lalsc doot' (b) North thickness 21. Ka-apcr,rooni lll, falsedoor niche' north 54. Ka-apcr,roorrr lll, I'alscdoor niche thickness (a) Southiamb 22. Ka-apcr,roonl III, [alsedoor niche (b) Northjamb (a) South thickness 55. Ka-apcr,sarcophagus (b) Southjamb (a) Lid, sidc I 23. Ka-apcr.sirrcoPhagus (b) SiclcI (a) Sidc3 (c) Sidc3 (b) SideI (d) Side 1, interior 11 Inscribedobjccts. 1'alsc doors -56. lnscribcdobjccts, st6lc niaison 25. Inscribedobjccts. falsc doors (a) FaEadc 26. Inscribedobjccts. ol'lcring tables (b) Ilack 21. Inscribeclobjccts, ol-f'cring tablcs (c) End 2tt. Inscribedl-ragmcllts 57. Inscribctlobjccts, false doors 29. Inscribcdlra-umcnts 5 8. lnscribcdobjccts, of'l'erin-u tablcs 30. lnscribedfragments 59. lnscribcdl'ragtncnts (r0. 31. Inscribedlragmcnts Inscribedfragntcnts 32. Inscribcdfragmcnts 61. Inscribedl'ragtttcnts (r2. 33. Inscribedl'ragnlcnts Inscribedfragmcnts l'ragments -)+. Inscribcd iragmcnts 6 3 . Inscribcd 35. Gercf, false door 6'1. Inscribeclfragmcnts (r5. falscdoor 36. Ncdjet-cm-pet,Plans Gcrcf. 37. Ncdjct-ern-Pet,scctlons 3lJ. Ncdjet-crn-pet.sections PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The reign of Teti and the early Sixth Dynastyrepl'esent an interestingancl ir.nportantperiod in Egyptianhistory which witncssed religious and administrativc reforms,foreign activities,unusual events in the palaccand rnajorartistic achievements.However, our understandingof this periodis restricteddr-re to the incompleteexcavations and/or documcntation of theTeti Cemetery.While someof the brilliantlydecorated mastabas to thenorth of the pyrantidof Teti areaccessible or at leastavailable to scholarsin publications,other eqr-rally important mastabas remainpartly or totally unpublishcd.In addition,an importantsection of this cemeteryhas neverbeen investigated and lies unclera moundo[ sandand deblis resultingfiom earlierexcavations (see Pl. 1).
The presentexcavation to the northof Teti'spyrarrid is a.jointprojcct of the AustralianCentre for Egyptologyand the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities. Its aimsare: a) to carryout an archaeologicalsurvey of thecet.netery of Teti andtcr producea detailedmap with tomb locations;b) to excavatethe areadeflned on the eastby the temenoswall of the pyrarniclof Quecnlpr-rt. on the westby the mastaba of Shepsi-pu-Ptahand on the sor-rthby the mastabaof Ncl-er-seshern-Ptah;c) to fully publishthe resultsof our excavationsas wcll ascomplete reports of certain known mastabasin thisarea which havenot recciveclthe attentionthey descrve; d) to undertakea synthesisstucly o1'the material fhm this ccmeterypertaining to the Old Kingdomas well aslater periods. This will includea detailedcxamination ol- the humanremains, DNA analysis,carbon dating of certainorganic materials and a studyof theceramics and other objccts discovercd.
The expeditionbegan its work in 1994lvith two seasons,May-June and November-December.A third seasonwas conductedin November-December 199-5.The currentvolume records all thc Old Kingdomtombs and finds so lar cleared.The level abovethese tombs contained nllmcrous burials of latcr periods which belongedto modestofficials and their families. Materialfiom theseburials will appezrin a separatevolume now in preparation.
In 1995a grid systemwas intrclduced which divided the cun'ent excavation site into squaresof 5m. x 5m. takingthc north-eastcorner of the mastabaof Kt-gnt-rt.j as a startingpoint to the grid. Beginningwith the squareclosest to thatmastaba, thedivisions on theN-S line weregiven alphabetical lctters starting with A, while the divisionson thc E-W line wereassigned arabic numerals starting with l. Fron-r 1995all findswere located on thisgrid.
In recordingceramic objects, a numberof vcsselswele examinedand recordecl as accuratelyas possible, noting the shape,surface I'inish, decoration and technology. The colourdescriptions are based on MunsellSoil CrilourCharts (reviscd ed. 1994, New York) andthe fabricsare classified in accordancewith the ViennaSystem (D. Arnold and J. Bourriau,An Introdttc'tionto Ancient Egv-ptuirtPottery [Mainz, 19931,168). Potswere cxamined under a i0x handlens on a fi'eshbrcak, althor"rgh appropriatesections were not alwaysvisible on contpletevessels. For these, approximatefabric designationsare given. Abbreviations used in the text elreas follows. unless otherwise noted: H = maximumheight; W = maximurnwidth; L = maximumlength; D = diameter; Th = thickness.
During the courseof our work we receivedgenerous financial support from variousinstitutions without which this pro.ject cor"rld nevcr have been accomplished. Our most sincereappreciation is extendedto the NaitionalGeographic Society, the Egyptian SupremeCouncil of Antiquities,thc AustralianResearch Council, MacquarieUniversity and the RundleFoundation fbr EgyptianArchaeology.
The continuedand valr,rnblecooperation of the EgyptianSupreme Council of Antiquitiesis gratefullyacknowlcdged. In thisrespect special thanks are extended to the Chairman.Professor Dr. Abd el-HalirnNour el-Din, and to the Director Generalof Giza and Saqqara,Dr. Zahi Hawass. Thernksare also due to the Directorsof Antiquitiesat Seiqqara,Mr YehyaEid andnow Mr. MohamedHagras, and to the inspectoratepersonnel for their supportand help. We are most appreciativeof the compctentand unsparingassistance received from our accompanyinginspectors, Mr Nour el-Din Abd el-Samadand Mr. Ezatel-Gendi, who greatlyfacilitated our field work.
A very dedicatedteam assisted on site and it is a pleasureto acknowledgetheir individLralroles and contributions. Dr. AdeI Abd el-Aziz (Fayr-rm),Miss Trercey Callaghan,Mr. PaulCowie and Miss JaneRoy (MacquarieUniversity) acted as field supervisors.The epigraphicwork was carriedout by Dr. Ann McFarlane, Mrs. ElizabethThompson (Macquarie University) and Mr. SarnehShafik (Sohag). The finds were recordedby Ms. Karin Sowada(University of Sydney),and the humanremains by Mr. PaulBentley (Macquaric University). Mr. Alan Cavanagh and Mrs. Delma Cavanagh(Newcastle) took chargeo1'the surveying and the architecturalmeasurements. Mrs. Gael Callaghanand Miss TraceyCallaghan (MacquarieUnivcrsity) wcre responsible lor theconservation work.
We would like to expressour deepappreciation to all who were involvcd in the preparationof this report. Mr. Paul Bentley(Macquarie University) was responsiblefor writing the scctionon hurnanremains and Dr. Ann McFarlanc (MacquarieUniversity) for the architecturaldescriptions and the colour conventions.Ms. Karin Sowada(University of Sydncy)wrote the sectionson finds and drew the pottery. The final line drawingsof the scenesand inscriptions wereexecuted by Mr. Nabil Charoubim(Cairo) and Mr. SarnehShaflk (Sohag). The architecturaldrawings are the work of Mr. Alan Cavanaghand Mr. Kas Sroka, (CashmereMarler & Cavanagh,Newcastle) and of Mr. NaguibVictor (Sydney). The photographswere provided by Mr. Mr-rstafaAbd el-Maqsudand Mr. Nasserel- Din Abd el-Monem(Egyptian Mnseurn, Cairo). Thc llnal artworkfbr thisvolumc was preparedby Mrs. JoanPollctt and Mrs. ElizabethThompson (Macquarie University).The manuscriptwas eclitcd, with assistancefiom MissJoan Bcck, Dr. DesmondBright, Mrs. JoanPollett and Mrs. ElizabcthThompson, and produced fbr printingby Dr. Ann McFarlane.
Nacuib Kanawati and Hassan ABBREVIATIONS
Afliot,TellEdfou /9-l-l: Alliot,M.,Rapportsurle,s.fouillestteTellEdlbu 1933(F-lFAOX.2: Cairo, 1935).
THE TON{BOWNER AND HER FAMILY
The Tomb Owner
NAMES 'Nedjet-en1-pet'. l- Ndt-m-pfI The namemay mean'agift from heaven'or'one 'her who is protectedfrom heaven'.2The samcname is describcdas rn.s TITLES l- hm(t)-ntr Nt mhtjt jnb.s upt rrrut'prtestessof Neith, north of her wetll, 'north openerof the ways'. Neithis occasionallydescribed as of the wall',5or 'openerof the ways',6br-rt the combintrtionof the two epithetsis uncommon.T 2- hnt(t)-ntr flrut-hr nbt nht'priestessof Hathor,lady of the sycatmore'.8 3- rlt nsrut'acquaintanceof the king'.u The name Nit-nt-pt is rare. It is carried,for example,at Giza by the wives of Ztufrt andMru-kr.7,ll andby the motherof Mrtw- I Rirnke.Pe rsotrettnanten l, 215:'/. 2 For a cliscussionsce .lunker, Giza 5, 152. 3 Ranke.Personennunren l, 318 19. 4 Ibid.378:25. 5 Scefor cxampleJunker, Cizu 2, 162;vol. 6.244,l'ig. 104; Ducll, Mereruko, pl. 46. 6 Junker,Giza3.20(t-201; vol.4,7; vol.8,72;Kanawati cLal..Snqqara 1.pI.36. 'l As in Lepsius.Denknttiler II, 87;Junkcr. Giza 4,1. 5 For a studyof thcpriesthood o['Hathor sec Gillanr, .IARCE 32 I1995].2l9l'i. 9 Brunncr,SAK I |9741, 58f'f';Fischer. Variu,8 n.15. l0 Hassan,Giza 5, 251, 259. ll Junker,Giza 9.70-83, figs. 23. 38; Fischer, MIO 1 [ 19601.310-12. l2 Tomb No. 7766 (infbrmationcourtcsy of the Muscurnof Fine Arts. Boston). l3 Junker,Giztt 5, 152.l'ig. 44. l4 Thc type of chair usedby thc tonrbowncr anclhis wil-cancl shown on the pancl ol'thc lalsc cloor(ibici, iig. 4-5),with bull'slegs and thc cushionbu1 no back,woulcl suggest an earlydate. For thc latterdetail see Cherpion, Mosldbds et ltt'1tog(e.r,28. l5 Duell.Mererukt, pls. 150. l-59. l6l. 166-67. ll NEDJET_EM_PET and Neith.l6 J[is, however,does not meanthat the motherdid not enjoy these titlesat the time,but may indicatean emphasison the positionof Mrrw-b.7's wife, 'king's who was a daughterof his body' and who is regularlydepicted in front of him while the motheris behindhim. The Husband of Nedjet-em-pet It hasbeen suggested that Nit-m-pt, the motherof Mrru-ki./, was possiblythe sameas the wife of Mrw-kt.j of Grza.lT Had the nameof the latter'seldest son survivedin his tomb,it would havestrengthened such a likely identification. The Son of Nedjet-em-pet Mrrw-kt.jtS'Mereruka'.The nameis not preservedamong the few inscriptions survivingin the tomb of Ndt-m'pt. However,since she appears as his mothel in Mrrw-kt.j's largenearby mastaba,le the kinshipis safelyestablished. The Daughter of Nedjet-em-pet Httt-R<20'Hemet-Re'.She is depictedon the northwall of room V, claspingher mother'slegs. A fragmentrecovered from the debrisbelow the scene,which may well belongto her,reads: [ztt.s?] sttsttt(t) jnufuu(t) Ilntt-R<'her cldest daughtcr, the honouredone, Hemet-Re'. The Daughter-in-law of Nedjet-em-pet Zizitzt'Seshseshet'.Fragments recovered fiorn the debrisin room V show the headof a woman and at leastthree vertical lines of inscriptionsabove her, each endingwrth rn.s nfr Zizit'her beautifulnarne, Seshseshet'. As this nameis not attributedto Ndt-tn-pt on her own lalsedoor <-trin Mrrru-kt.j's tomb, it seems likely that this is a representationof the royal princess, Mrrul-kt.7's own wife. The two women appearfrequently together in the latter'stomb,22 and it is possiblethat Mrrzu-kt.jandhis wife werealso depicted in his ntother'schapel. II DATING OF NEDJET-EM.PET As statedabove, NQt-m-pt was almostcertainly Mrru-ks.j's motherand was depictedin his tomb. Ndt-nt-pt'smastaba is situatedimmediately east of that of Spsj-pw-Pth,23and to the north-eastof that of Kt-gnt-n7,opening in the same north-southstreet as the latter.24The main mastabasin this cemeteryappear to have l6 tbid,pls.46,88, l50. l1 Harpur,Decorotion, 14. I 8 Ranke,Personennamen l, 162:27. I 9 Duell, Mereruka,2 vols.,passim. 20 Ranke,Personennanten |,240:5. 2t lbict,298:t. 22 Ducll,Mereruka, pls. 150, 159, l6l, 166-67 23 Abder-Raziq,Milanges 2, 2l()fl. 24 Porter- Moss,Bibliography' 3. pl. -52. 12 NEDJET-EM-PET been built during the reign of Teti, althoughsome were presumablycompleted underPepy I.25 Two mastabaslying immedjatelyto the westof that of NQt-m-pt shouldbe considered.The first belongsto Spsj-pru-Pth26who, like Mrrw-kt.j,27 Kt-gm-n.j28and N/r-sim-Pth,2ewas marriedto a womanwith the designationof ztt nswt nt futfo who might be a daughteror a descendantof king Teti. Spsj-pw- Pth probablybelongs to the reign of Teti.3l The secondmastaba, dated to the same reign, is that of the overseerof Upper Egypt Nj-ktw-lzzj32 who is probably the sameindividual mentionedin the decreeof Teti at Abydos.33 Suggesteddate: Reign of Teti, probablylate. ilI ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES Pls.36-38. The tomb of Ndt-m-pf coversa large areaand is composedof an entrance vestibule,an opencouft, a corridor or stairwayto the roof and a small antechamber which leadsto the offering chamber.Other than blocks of limestoneforming the entrancedoorway, the falsedoor andelements of the falsedoor nichein the offering chapel,the mastabais constructedof black mud brick incorporatingsmall stones and piecesof pottery. The upperpart is missingand nothingremains of the vaulted mud-brickceilings which presumablyroofed the rooms. Few of the internalwalls are preservedabove 1.20m.,so no heightsof walls, ceilingsor doorwayscan be provided. The surfaceof the baserock on which the mastabais constructedis quite uneven,and a fill of gravel and sandto level the floor is visible in the offering chamberand in the areasurrounding the main shaft. The brick wall betweenrooms III and V as well as the sidewalls of the main shaftextend approximately .75m. beneaththe floor level of the mastaba. The streetsalong the west and north walls wereboth extensivelyused for later burials and there is also evidenceof intrusiveshafts in the tomb itself. In the open court and corridorareas are remains of walls constructedwith a mixtureof stone, undressedchunks of limestoneand mud brick, most of which were probably connectedwith intrusive shafts. The reconstructionof the original plan is hypotheticalbut the exclusionof someshafts has been based on severalfactors. Unlike theretaining walls of the mainshaft which rise only .20m.above the present floor level, the side walls of othersin room III remainto a height up to 1.00m. above the mastabafloor, and interruptaccess from room I to room IV and the offering chamber(room V) which suggesta lateruse of the areawhen rubbleand 25 Kanawatietal.,Saqqara I, i0; Lloyd etal.,suqqAraTontbs2, passirn. 26 Quibcll - Hayter,Teti Nortlt,20-23;Abcler-Raziq, Milcmges2,2l9lf. 27 Duell, Mereruka, pls.21, 46, 51, 64,83, 96. 28 vonBissing, Gem-ni-kai I, pl. 21. 29 Capart,Rue rie totnbeaux2, pls. 9l-93. 30 Abder-Raziq, Mdlanges 2,221 |-ig.4,221 l'ig.6. 3l Foradatcinthemiddlcol'Dynasty6orlatersccPorter-Moss,Bibtiography'3,-5 lt3;Baer, Rankand Title,ll U 68Al. 32 The mastabaremains unpublishcd. Scc Kanawati ct al.,Saqqara 1,8-9. 33 Goedicke,Kc)nigliche Dokuntente,3T-40,fig.3; Jarnes, Hierogltpttic Tert.g 1,33, pl.31. l3 NEDJET_EM-PET debrismay havefilled, at leastpartly, the courtyard.Some brick courseshave also intrudedon and damagedthe original walls, as has the rnouthof the shaftof /b/ which wascut underand into theeast wall of roomIV. Five shaftsaligned E-W alongthe southempart of the mastabarnay be assumedto be contemporarywith the originalbuilding, as they aredesigned within the structuralwalls and apparently reachedby an adjacentflight of stairsto the roof. Like the eastwall of the mastabaof Spsj-ptu-Pthon the oppositeside of the same 's street,34the west and north faEadesof Ndt-nrpf tomb were decoratedwith a panellingof plaincompound nichcs. Constructedin brick,they havc an average width of .45-.55m.and a depthat the centralniche o1' .25-.27n. Severalof the nichesretain fragments of a whitewashwhich covereda coatof n-rudplaster bound with straw,and it is possiblethat both faEade walls received thc sametreatment. Five of theseniches are clearly visible on the wcstwall anclthrce at the westernend of the north wall. In the lesslvell preservedeastern part of the northwall, against which latershafts were constructed, can be distinguishedthe remainsof two or threeother niches. The dimensionsof themastaba's superstructure are I 1.75m.N-S x 9.60m.E-W. Althougha sectionof the faEadenorth of the entrancestill standsto 2.35m.,the originalheight of theexternal walls cannot be determined.Tlie entranceto Ndt-rtt- pf 's tomb, like many othersin this part of the Teti cetnetery,was placedat the southernend of the fagade.The walls on eitherside are darnaged and therefore no linesor measurementsof the entrancedoorway can be provided. However,found during the excavationof shaft8, which lies at the SW cornerof the mastabajust southof the entrance,were partsof a limestonelintel, 1.054m.wide x .16m. high,3-5and drum, .40m.wide x.l35m. thick. Both are inscribedfor Ndt-m-1tt andundoubtedly are elements of theentrance doorway. The doorwayleads into room I, a snall chamber2.4Am. N-S x 2.50m.E-W which apparentlyserved as an entrancevestibule. All walls receiveda coat of brown mud plasterwhich wasoverlaid with a yellow taf-elplaster mixed with straw and then given a thin layer of creamywhitewash. The NW cornerof the roon is reasonablywell-preserved, standing to a heightof 2.10m.,and the westand north walls retaina smallportion of scenesoutlined in red paint. At the southend of the eastwall is a doorway.50m. wide x .53m.thick within which arepreserved two steps.15-.20m. in heightconstructed ol brick anclplastered. The doorwayleads to 'corridor', a long, narrow room II, which extendsto the externaleast wall of the mastabaand may originally havehoused stairs leading to the roof. It measures 5.25m.E-W x 1.05m.N-S. Betweenthe southwalls of roomsI and II and the externalsouth wall arefive squareshafts, separated by walls of mud brick, which probablydate to theoriginal construction. At the eastend of the northwall of room I a recess1.00m. wide x.l5m. deep definesa doorway.65m. wide x .35m.thick, with fragmentsof painteddecoration preservedon the west door thickness.The doorwayopens into room III, a large 34 Quibell - Haytcr,Teti North.20-23. 35 At Giza the normalmaximumspan ol'a singlcarchitravc is 1.20-1.50rn.(Roth, Pctlrtce Attenclants,l5). l4 NEDJET-EM-PET areawhich was probablyan open court. Irregularin shape,it measures2.60m. N-S on the westwall x 4.10m.on the eastwall x 6.75m.E-W on the northwall and 5.25m.on the southwall. Thereare traces of white plasteron the west,south and northwalls but no evidenceof any decoration.Cut into the floor of this court, contiguouswith the north wall, is the largemouth of a shaftgiving accessto the owner'sburiai apartment. Two srnallershafts cut into therock arelocated in the SE part of the cour-t,and the remainsof brick walls standingto nearlya metreabove the floor suggestthat there may havebeen other, intmsive, burials. A narrowdoorway at the easternextremity of the north wall of the court, .45m. wide x .60m.thick, is definedon the northby a recess.85m. wide x .15m.deep. The doorwayleads to room IV, a smallantechamber which measures2.05m. N-S x 1.65m.E-W. The westand northwalls retainevidence of plasterand red paintof the dado. Two small falsedoors inscribed for an official namedlbj wereplaced adjacentto eachother at the southend of the westwall, and an intrusiveshaft cut underand into the lengthof the eastwall. From this antechamberaccess is gainedto the offering chamber(room V) through a doorwayat the north end of the westwall. It is .57m.wide x .38m.thick and is definedon the westby a recess.85m. wide x .17m.deep. Both thicknessesretain someplaster and on the north sideare the remainsof a paintedscene. The offering chambermeasures 4. l5m. E-W x 2.05m.N-S. Tracesof plasterand paintremain on the lower part of the eastwall andfragments of two figuresand the dadoon the largelydestroyed south wall, while the betterpreserved north wall retainsa good portion of the paintedscenes in the two lower registers.Set into the west wall of room V is a largeinscribed limestone false door, 1.60m.wide and 2.62m.high, which has a cavettocornice and threepairs of jambs. The measurementsof the door are: upper lintel L2lm. x .22m.;central panel .385m.square with side apertureseach.06m. wide, lowerlintel .52m. x.l9m.; drum.llm. x.l0m.; outer jambs .21m.x 1.96m.;middle jambs .16-.17m. x l.l2m., innerjambs.20m. x Ll5m.; centralniche 1.00m.x .l lm. On eitherside is preservedone courseof largelimestone blocks, .20m. wide and .455m.high, which formedthe sidewalls of the falsedoor niche,its floor havinga stonepaving l0-.15m.high acrossthe entirewidth. Placedon the stonefloor in front of the falsedoor rs a htp offering table .98m.wide x .34m.deep x .225m.high in the westernpart and .26m.deep x .20m.high in the easternpart. IV BURIAL APARTMENTS Pls.4c,37, 38. The main shaftis cut into the floor of the opencourt (room III). In the SE section of the court two smallershafts with burial apartmentshave brick retainingwalls above the floor level and may have been constructedat a later time when the mastabawas no longeraccessible. Other brick wallsin thecourt may belongto two othershafts which haveno burialchamber and probably were either unfinished or not very deep. Anotherburial apartmentis in room IV alongthe eastwall. Five verticalshafts, two with burial apartments,are situated between the southwalls of roomsI and II and the southwall of the mastaba.Separated above the rock level by t-) NEDJET-EM-PET walls built of brick, thesemay have beenpart of the original constructionwith accessprobably from the roof. It is suspectedthat the areabetween the westwalls of roomsIII andV andthe westfaqade wall may includeother shafts. No attempt was made to clear this areabelow a height of approximately1.00m. above the mastabafloor as suchexcavations could haveundermined the larsefalse door and the fragile west and norlh walls of the courl. From the burial apartmentof Nflt-m-pf were recoveredjars, jar standsand bowls of pottery,numerous model jars anddishesof limestone,as well as severalitems of alabasterand copper. Threepots were recoveredfrom the shaft I I in room IV (see Burial of Ibi) but noneof the othernine shaftsyielded any finds. I . Unlike most of the burial apartmentsin the Teti cemeterywhich were accessed from the roof of the mastaba,the shaftleading to the burial apaftmentof Ndt-m- pf is locatedin an opencourlyard within the mastaba.The mouthof the shaft, which occupiesa good portionof the floor areaof room III, measures2.15m. N-S x 2.25m.E-W. As the bedrocksurface here falls considerablybelow the floor level of the mastaba,the uppermostpart of the shafthas retaining walls, ca .10-75m.high, constructedof mud bdsft.36The walls of the shaftcut through the rock becomenanower and twist slightly asthey descendvertically to a depth of 14.60m. At the shaftfloor the walls measure1.65m. on the north, 1.85m. on the eastand 1.30m.on the south. The entirewest wall anda goodportion of the north and southwalls are cut away to providean opening2.45m. wide x 2.25m.high which enableda largesarcophagus to be manipulatedinto position in the burial chamber.This chamberis not cut at right anglesto the shaftor to the mastababut is closelyaligned to the SaqqaraGrid North. The ceiling,floor and west walls are quite evenlycut, althoughnot smoothed,while the north and southwalls haverough surfaces.The burial apartmentmeasures 5.50m. N-S on the eastside and 4.65m.at the west wall x 3.75m.E-W on the north wall and 3.20m.on the southwall x2.25m. high. A recessor ledgealong the full lengthof the west wall has a sill heightof 1.40m.,a depthof .llm. and a heightof .80m.37 Placedin front of, and aligned with, the west wall is a massivelimestone sarcophagus,its head end lying just beneaththe false door in the offering chamber(room V). The chestmeasures externally 2.94m. long x 1.35m.wide at the top and 1.39m.wide at the bottomx 1.20m.high. The sidewalls are approximately.28m. thick, and the internalmeasurements are 2.25m.long x .75m.wide x .80m.high. The lid, still in place,is 3.20m.long x 1.38m.wide x .45m. thick. The exteriorof the sarcophagus,reasonably well cut but not smoothed,has no decoration.The interiorwalls arewell finishedand a single horizontalline of text betweentwo registerlines is inscribedon the headand two sidewalls. Outlinedin black paint,the signswere given a coat of cream washbut detailswere neithercarved nor painted. Near the headend on the east 36 In shafisat Giza wallsconstructed above thc bedrockare generally of stonc,and rarcly ol'mud brick(ibid, 18). 37 It has beensuggested that a similar recessin thc burial charnberof ,nb-nt-r-Hr servcdas a shelfon which to restthe lid until thc sarcophaguswas readyto bc scalcd(Firth - Gunn, i'etl Pyr. Cent. l. 16). l6 NEDJET-EM-PET sideof the chesta breakmade bv robbershas rnaximum meAsllrements of .70m. x .40m. 2. Contiguouswith theeast wall of themouth of shaftI andwith thenorth wall of room III is a shafi 1.15m.sqlrare. The brickwalls along the eastand sor,rth sidesremaincd to a heightof approximatelvl.00rn. ancl thc shafi doesnot extendbclow thepresent lloor level. 3. Shaft3 is cut intothe courtyard floor clirectly !,i. ol tlratbelonging to Nit-nt-pt. It hasa mouth.92n. E-W x 1.00m.N-S anda depthof 5.00ni. At the floor o1' the shaftan openingin thc southwall, .9-5nr.wicle x .95n. high, leaclsto a burialarea mcasuring .95m. E-W x 2.05nr.N-S x .9-5nr.high. The floor ol'the burialchamber has brokcn through thc ccilingol'thc burial chambcr of shaft,l which lies irnmediatelybelow. 4. A largervertical shaft in the SE cornerof thecourt with a rnouthLzl-5nr. squarc descendsthror-rgh rock to a dcpthof-5.9-5m. whcrc an opcningin thewest wall l.45rn.wide x l.lOrn. high lcadsto an irrcgularlyshapcd br-rrial chanrbcr. It measures2.35n-r. N-S on the eastwall and2.40m. on the westwall x l.90nr. E-W on the southwall and 1.60m.on the northwall. The ceiling,now with a breakopening into theburial chamber of shafi3, hasa slightdownward slopc frornthe entrance to givea heightol' 1.00m.along the west wall. 5. The easternpart of the northwall of the court appearsto havebeen largcly cut away in the proccssof constructingshaft -5. The brick walls of the shafi,still standingto a heightof jr-rstover 1.00rn.,surround a mouth.80m.square and thereis no evidenceo1 cLrtting beneath the f'loor level into thebase rock. 6. Oneof fivc shafisaligned E-W rvhichare contiguous with thesouth wall of the rnastaba,shaft 6 at thc SE,corner appeafs to havebeen lefi very incornplctc.It hasa mouth 1.25m.E-W x l.30ni.N-S anda depthof 1.80m. Uncutrock .30rn.wide x l.-50rn.high remainsalong the northwall, andvarious levels ol- cuttingare evident in a sectionof rock .4-5m.wide alongthe east wall. Directly wcst of shaft6, shaft7 has a mouth 1.0-5m.square and a dcpthof 2.05m. In the northwall an opening.95rn. wide hasa ceilingcut at a sharp anglewhich slopesfrom a heightof 1.05m.to .8-5rn.This entrancegives accessto an irregularlyshapcd burial area measllring .95n'r. E-W at the entrancc and .60m.at the northwall x l.90rn.N-S, with a ceilingsloping downward to .70m.at the northwall. Shafi8 hasa mouth 1.30m.square and a tnaxirnumdepth of 1.65m.The shaft floor hassevelal levels and the cutting appcars unllnished. At the bottornof the shaft were preservedthc lower four coursesol' an oval, domcd strllctllre constructedof mud brick. It hasa maximumleneth of 1.00m.and possiblv houseda contractedburial. 9. Also unfinished,shaft t hatsa rnouthl.30rn. square and a depthof 1.4-5m. Remainingalong the easternd part of the southwalls, a triangularscction of uncutrock has a hcishtof 1.35m..not lar belowthe first course of brickwork. t1 NEDJET-EM-PET 10.In the SW cornerof the mastaba,abutting the faqadewall, is a shaft with a mouth 1.20m.E-W x 1.30m.N-S which is cut into the rock to a depthof 2.60m. At the floor of the shaft uncut rock along the east and south sides remainsto a heightof .50m. An openingin the west wall L30m. wide x .90m.high leadsto a burialerrea which nteasufes 1.7-5m. N-S x .85m.E-W x .90m.high. [. SeeBurial of Ibi. V SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS The walls of the chapelwere constructed o1-nud brick. RoomsI, [V andV were pllsteredand clecoratedwith scenesand inscriptions executed in painting. Both blasterand decorationare very similar to thoseof Mtti now in the Louvre museum.3SA thick layerof plasterlormed of mud and strawwas coveredwitrr a layer,a I'ewmillimetres thick, of yellowishargil mixed with sandand somefine, smeillpieces of vegetableflbre. This was thencoated with a thin, smoothcreamy- white wash,on which paintedsce nes were executed. Most of theupper parts of the wllls havedisappeared and only in thc lowcr registersof certainsections are scenes preserved.The areawas latercovered with an accumulationof sandand debris abovewhich a layer(approximately -50cm. high) of clean,very compactgravel was laiclto providea siahlefoundation for a New Kingdomtomb built of rnudbrick walls with a pavementand somearchitecturatl elements of stone,most of which havenow diiappearecl.The pressureof weighton the survivingOld Kingdom walls is evident in some areaswhere the mud brick has yielded and certain horizontalregisters now havea wavy, undulatingappearance. The entrancelintel, the entrance,lru* anclthe falsedoor in thc off-eringchamber are e ach formed of one limestoneblock decoratedwith incisedhieroglyphs and figures,with limited modellingand cletails. The Entrance Pls.3tt, 3b, 39u,39b. The Lintel: jmtlut rn nnjt jmntjt furlnpu Ndt-tn-ptrn ...'thehonoured one in the westerndesert, before Anubis, Nedjet-em-pet, [her beautiful] name' ..''. Drum: Two linesof inscriptionsread: (1) lmr(t)-ntr "..ltm(t)-ntr Nt wpt Turut The '(l) (2) ...wsjr Ndt-nt-ptrn.s nfr Tjt ...the priestessof ...,the priestessof Neith,op"n"t of theways (2) ...Osiris, Nedjet-em-pet, her beautiful name, Tit'. Room I Pls.3c, 39c,39d, 39e. The decorationin thisroom is executedin redoutline only andis now very poorly preserved.On the northwall arethe remainsof the two lower registersdepicting 38 Zieg.ler,Catalogue, des stiles,32-36, 123--5 l. l8 NEDJET-EM-PET herdsmenleading oxen in an animalprocession. Both the westwall and westdoor thicknessto room III retainfragmentary sccncs of ofl'cringbearers, also outlined in red. Room V THE DOORWAY Only the northernthickness retains part of its originaldecoration. In eachol-thc two lower registersarc two incompletelypreservcd ofl'cring bearers proceeding towardsthe insideof the room (no facsirnile). THE FALSE DOOR Pls.5, 40. Set into a recessin the westwall is a monolithiclimestone door with a torus mouldingand surmountedby a cavettocornice. It was paintedred to simulate graniteand the figuresand inscriptionsretain some blue paint. However,the coloursare much better preserved in the lowerpart of thedoor. The UpperLintel: At theleft is a ligureof theowner holding a lotusflower closeto her nosewhilc sitting on a chair with lion's legs. In fi'ont of the figure are two horizontal(l-2) andtwo vertical(3-4) lines ol'hieroglyphs which read: ( l) |ttp dj nswt htp lrtpzulntj zl.t-ntrjmj zuttpj tlru.fnb t: t-lsrqrs.tj.s m ltrt-n[r (2) htTttlj nsu,thtp dj Wsjr Ddruprt-furru n.s m brt lrru r The CentralPanel: The tomb owner sits at an offering tableladen with fourteen hall'loavesof bread. Sheextends her right handto the tablewhile carryinga lotus flowerin her left. On oneside of thetable is a cwer in a basinplaced on a stand, 'one andon the otherside is writtenfu t lt hnqt fu kt l1ttpd l.1tis l.1tmnbt thousand of bread,one thousand of beer,one thousand of oxen,onc thousando1'lowl, onc thousandof alabasterand one thousandof clothes'.Above the sceneis written 'the jmtfuw[t] l1r Wsjr Ndt-m-pt rn.s nfr Tjt honouredone befbreOsiris, Nedjet- em-pet,her beautifulname, Tit'. The Lower Lintel: Two horizontallines ( l-2) end with a figure of the owner', similarto that on the upperlintel. (1) rbt nsrtttl.utt(t)-ntr Hwt-l.tr nbt nht (2) '(1) jm:fuwtNQt-rn-pt rn.s nfr Tjt thc acquaintanceof the king, the priestessol' Hathor,lady of the sycamore,(2) the honor-rredone, Nedjet-em-pet, her beautiful name,Tit'. 39 For thc expressionfirt hnu r( /11,see Wb 3, 391. l9 NEDJET-EM_PET T'heJambs: Each of the threejambs containstwo vertical lines of hieroglyphs and ends with a standingfigure of the tomb owner holding a lotus flower to irir nose. The inscriptionson each of the coresponding right anclleft.jambs are identical. TheOuter (l) Jambs: .l.ttp(i Wsjr sim.tj.slJr wnut dsrku)t lppt jnullzuthr.sn ispt <_.s_jn tttr dj zrnjtjnmtjt Thc Middle Jambs:(1) l.ttpdj rt_b_p.s .n!r ltr unut nfrku)t nt jmnt ints.tj.sjrt knu.s jtru nfr u,.rtQ) rlt nsuttl.un(t)-n!r Htut-ltr nbt nlit ltnt(t)-ntr Nt mltjt jnb.s zupt 'tl) zu.tzutjrru[gzut lr lnTtruNL_lt-nt-ptt rn.s nfr Tjt An of1'eringwhich rhe greargod gives, that she may travel upon the bcautilirlroads of the west, that she be accompaniedby her kashaving rcached a vcry goodold age. (2) The acquaintance of the king, thc priestessof Hathor,lacly of the sycarnorc,the priestessof Neith, northof herwall, openerof theways, thc honoured one befbre Anubis, Ncdiet-em- pet,her beautiful name, Tit'. The lnncr Jaintrs: (1) rl.1ttrxut l.nn(t)-ntrHutt-ltr nbt nltt hnt(t)-ntr Nt ntt.ttjt '11) jnb.s ntpt tutrttt(2)jmtl.4ut fur nlr THE NORTH WALL Pls.4b, 6. 7. 11. 12. The upperpart of thc wall hasdisappcarecl and only the lower two registersare partlypreserved above a bandeddado. The top registershows thc t-eetof a large,scated f'emale figure wearinganklets, probablyN|t-nt-pt herself,and the renainsof a snrallkneeling l-emale probably claspingthe legsof NtJt-rn-pt. Ft'agmentsof plasterrecovered fiom the debris immediatelybelow this scenepresurnably identify the srnallfigure as [ztf.s?] strtsru(t)jmtfirtt(t) !7ttt-R<'hcr eldest claushter, the honouredone, Hemet-Re'. In fiont of the two wontenare sevcralstancls holding brcacl, cuts o1- rneilt, geese and vegetablesas wcll ascontainers of foocland clrinks. At theeastern encl of- thc wall areflve olfcring bearcrsadvancing towarcls the tombowncr. In the bottomregister at leasta l'urthertwcnty-four offering bearers are depicted, all wcaringshort, tight kilts. Sornewring thc necksol-geesc. son'rc support with thcirhancls trays ol foocl placedon their shoulders,while otherslead on ropcssmall animals or carry live 40 Davicsctal., SuqqAruTorrrb.s l,(). 'givcs 4 I Lit. its hantlsto her'. 20 NEDJET-EM-PET birds. Many bearersalso carry in their hands,or hangingfrom the crooksof their arms,bags of food, forelegsof oxen,vegetables or lotusflowers. The arrtist'sguidelines, drawn in red,have survivcd well in the sectiondepicting the offeringbearers. Seven horizontal lincs weredrawn, marking the positionsof the crown of the head,the hairlineof the lorchead,the join of the ncck and shoulders,the armpits,the elbows,the wristsand the lower cLlrveof the buttocks, andthe knees.One axialvertical line passingthrough the ear divides the body into two parts.42While the horizontalline s extenclthe entirelength of the register,thus fixing an equalheight to all otfbringbearels,Jl he velticallines are positioned at different intervalsdepending on the spaccrequired for illustratingeach ofl'ering bearerand the itemshe carries. Alineof textrunsthelengthofthewall abovethebottomregister. Itreads: ...s m njuwts nt Trnthtu ...wpt rnpt m pfiutjt m tpj rnpt rn Wtg m lfu Zkr m hb Rkh m wt dt n jm'firut lr nlr ,t jmtbrut furlnpw tpj dzu.fNdt-m-pt r[n].s nfr f jt '... her ... and her townsof the North ...,at thc openingof the year feast,at the Thot feast,at the first of the yearfeast, at theWag-l-east, at the feastof Sokarand at the f-eastof the burning,in the extentof eternityfor the honouredone beforethe greatgod, the honouredone before Anubis, who is on his hill, Nedjet-em-pet,her beautifulname. Tit'. Fragmentsrecovered from the debriswhich filled room V show the headof er womanwearing a flllet andstreamer and at leastthree vertical lines of hieroglyphs, eachending with rn.s nfr Zizit'her beautifulname, Seshseshet'. It has been suggestedabove that this mighthave been a represcntationof Nf,t-nt-pt'sdaughter- in-law,the wife of Mrru-k1.7,but whetherthe fragmentsbelonged to the northwall or to the oppositesouth wall is unknown. THE SOUTH WALL Only the feet o1'twooffering bearers in the bottom register and the remains of a dadoare now preserved.The restofthe wall and its sceneshave disappeared. The Sarcophagus Pls.8, 43. Found in sittt in the burial chamberof the main shaft,the large sarcophaguso1 Nf,t-m-pt was cut fiom two blocksof limestone,one for the chestand anotherfor the lid. Both blocksare reasonably well cut,but neithcrsmoothed nor inscribedon the outside.The insidesurfaces are better finished and are inscribed with a line of hieroglyphsin black ink only on eachof sidesI (east),2 (west)and 3 (north). Thereis evidencethat the initial inscriptionswere corrected, also in black ink, but there is no reasonto believethat the sarcophaguschanged ownership. Such 12 For the stuclyof thcsc guidelincsscc Iversen,Conon ond Proprtrtions,2'/lI ., Robins, Proportion and Style, 64|l'. 43 The presentapparent dilf'crcnce in thc hcightof certainl'igures on this wall was causcdby thc prcssureof theaccuntulated sand and debris as wcll asthe wcight ol-latcr buildings. 2l NEDJET_EM_PE'I corectionscan be seenin the repetitionof the sign l, in nsut, the replacementof the suffix .rfwith that of .s in !p[fl.s on side 2 andin the re-writing of the sign f in jmtfuruton side3. In all threecases the originalsigns are slightly lighter in colour than the rest of the inscriptionswhich appearto havebeen inked a secondtime, perhapsin thecourse ofchecking and cornecting. Ancient tomb robbersgained entry to the sarcophagusby breakingthrough the top of the northernend of side 1,aawhich damagedthe inscriptionsin this section. However,other than small areaspresumably crushed during the processof cutting throughthe stone,the text can be completelyreconstructed with fiagmentsfrom the missingsection found amongthe rubblein theburial chamber. No facsimileof the inscriptionsinside the sarcophaguswas feasible,but a handcopy of the textswas produced. Side 1: l.ttpdj nswt zh-ntr jmj wt tpj dru.frtb tt dsr qrs.tj.sm hrt-ntr jmtfowt futttj 'An furnlr g Tjtj rn.s <)Nf,t-m-pt offeringwhich the king givesand the foremost of the divine booth,who is in the embalmingplace, who is on his hill, lord of the sacredland (gives),45that shebe buriedin the necropolis,the honouredone before the greatgod, Titi, her greatname, Nedjet-em-pet'. Side 2: htp dj nsrutnb Ddu bp[.fl.546nfv hr wtwt jptf nfr(w)t bppt jmtfuwthr.sn 'An Ndt-m-pt offering which the king givesand the lord of Busiris (gives),that she may travel well upon thesebeautiful roads, upon which the honouredones travel,Nedj et-em-pet'. ''fhe Side 3: rfut nswt jntfuwt NQt-m-pt acquaintanceof the king, the honoured one.Nedjet-em-pet. VI COLOUR CONVENTIONS All walls were given a coatof black mud plasterwhich was coveredwith a yellow plaster mixed with fine vegetablefibre, and preparedfor painting with a thin creamy-whitewash. The remainsof scenesoutlined in red arefound on the north and west walls of room I and on the westjamb of the door leadingto room III. Paintedwall scenesare preserved in the otferingchamber (room V) andfragments of colour surviving abovethe dado in room IV indicatethat this room was also decorated. In the offering chamberred guidelines,vertical and horizontal,are presentin both of the registersremaining on the north wall. IA Comparc with the sarcophagusof Kr(.j)- 22 NEDJET-EM-PET Dado: Redband above yellow, separated by blackline, black to f'loor. Bandedfrreze: Blocks of red,bright blue andwhite separatedby tri-partiteblocks of black-white-black. Registerand column lines: Black. Skin of malefigures: Cleiuochre red with darkerred outline. Skin of f'emalefigures: Yellow. Hair: Black. Eyes: Brow, eyeoutline and iris black. Kilts anddresses: White with red outline. Jewellery:Traces of blue on tomb owner'sanklcts. Footrest:White. Stands/tablesfor off-erings:One white; one shows black wood grain marking. Flat woventrays: Whitewith reddiagonal lines. Woven baskets: Two of the five basketscarried over the crook of an arm retain mostof their colourand exhibit a varietyof weavesin the six bandsof each basket.That in the upperregister: (fiom top) red;bhre with blackdots; white with red hatching;blue with blackhatching; red with white hatching;bluc with black dots;outline and ropc handleblack. That at right in bottom register:(fi'om top) red; white with red diagonallines; white (blackdots rnissing?);white u'ith reddiagonal lines; white with blackdots; white with reddiagonal lincs; outline and ropc black. Containerswith fruit?: Carriedby sixthman fiom right in lower register,container white outlinedin black;Iarge fiuit yellow with sn-rallerblue fruit (circles) above.both or:tlinedin recl. Containerwith lotustop: Middle of lower register,white ground;base spotted in black;upper part with blackhorizontal lines and red verticallines; flower on top blue;all outlinedin black. Tall jars: Onered with blacktop; one blue with blackspots. Jar: White with blackdetail and outline. Jarcarried over crook of arm: White with blacklines and black rope. Lotus: Stemred, flower blue. Papyrus: Upperpart now white with red outlineand detail;lower portion (below hand)red with blacklines and outline. Onions: Stemsand bulbs white outlinedin red" Foreleg:Haunch red, leg orange-red(onc whitc) with spottedblack markings, hoof yellow. Calf: White with blackmeu'kings, colletr or,rtlined in black. Antelope?:Pale orange-red. Calfs headon treiy:Yellow. Trussedduck on tray: Yellow. Geese: At right in upperregister, ycllow/brown body outlinedin rcd with blue shadingnear tail; black markingson brcast;wing and wing tips blue; tail f'eathersdark red with blue markingsand black outline;bcak rcd; red legs with dark red diagonalmarkings. In piled offbringsupper register and in lower register,blue body, rcd head;wing andtail tips redwith red andblack markings;one with blackf-eet. Loaves:r-loaf yellow; squarish loal'white with yellowspots; round loaf white with black spots. Fruit?: carriedby two offering bearerson woven flat tray - white with blr"respots. Vegetable?:top no colour,stem bands o[ yellowand white with blackoutline. L-) NEDJET-E,M-PET HieroglyPhic signs incisedon the entrance Tracesof blue paintremain in severalof the hieroglyphs pl:t"l* that all were paintedthe l;,";..,'[;, i;;, u,'1.,-+, and it mav be with all the figure^sand inscriptions samecolour. The falsedoor was painted-red below atrerecorded in the offering retainingtraces of biue colour. Afl signslisted found on the north wall and a few are chamber(room vl; ifr" vast majorit/are from the debris in that room' pi"r"i".O on paintedplaster_ trigments recovered left of the tomb owner'sfeet are Most of the hierogiypil,on the n"orthwall to the likely that most of the signswere now white with red fr black outline,and it is givena white undercoatbefore applying colour' Polychrome staffyellow; outlined in red A20 tif Fleshyellow; kilt whire; Dl fJ Facerecl; hair anddetails black D39 tr..tr Arm red; t?ltPot blue andoutline F39 nq White groundwith red rib detail andoutline F40 ,A White groundwith red rib detail Grl t,,,1l.Facewhitewithreddetailonforehead;wings'tailandlegsyellow; in red breastancl hocks white with blackdots; outlined outlineblack; beak and legsred G43 \]. Yellow with detailseye and andoutline Ig x.':== Yellow with blackhorns, eye andoutline above two blackhorizontal N26 Lj Light yellow with fine reddots lines - blue? N37 E-- Blue,outlined in red or under black;centre support red o22 li"jr Boothwhite with postbases and rope lashing on blackbase o32 :' L Top yellow with blacksurround; bottom white 'l lowerhalf of pole R8 Yellow with blacklashing on endblue V4 I i Tie white,centre of ropered' red lines;black outline W3 ',t"/'/ Yellow (onewhitc) with cliagonal Wl2 !l Whitewith reddetails and outline Y2rt')sdrPirpyrusrollwhitewithreddetail'outlinedinblack;sealblue Red o29 o34 D2l ' D36 D46 F35 I rr11 l Aa2l s2e ll U -1-1 ll 24 NEDJET-EM-PET Yellow uo ='l White it is very likely thatall thesesignsoriginally were green Mrr i u| .,'1,' v28 ? v:r \--^ Aa f) Green v30 '- -7 Blue all outlinedin black Nl Nl7 '-:'- U36 !t*il w24 0 XI Black E15 lta, N35 M VII HUMAN REMAINS Pls.8ct, 9. Humanremains were found in the sarcophagusof Ndt-m-pt. The wrappingsare badly decayedwith a charredappearance, soft tissuesare completely lacking and thereis no evidencethat the body was mummified. The boneswere found loose but lay extendedon the back in the correctanatomical position. The skeletonis that of a female,the long bonesindicating a personof between149cm. (4 feet l0 inches)and 153cm.(5 feet) in height.aTThe skull and skeletonare small and gracile,the muscleattachment scars are all small andthe skull architectureis smooth with sharpedges on the orbits. The pelvisis unambiguouslygynaecoid in shape and proportions,the angleof the sciaticnotch is wide, the obturatorforamen is smalland more angular than round in shapeand the preauricularsulcus is wide and deep. The individualis likely to havebeen over fifty yearsof age at death. There is extremedental attrition, and 1007oof the occlusalsurfaces of all remainingteeth are worn down to the dentine. When the molar teethare comparedto Brothwell'sa8 chartfor ageclassification, they fall into the45+ agegroup. Accordingto Todd's4e 10 agephases of the pubic symphysisthis specimenis a phase10, which indicates an age of 50+. The cranialsutures have almost completely disappeared ecto- cranially. The coronialsuture is only faintly visiblefor approximately2cm. on the temples,the sagittalsllture is almosttotally obliterated,with a faint remainderin 11 Staturccalculations wcre madc tiom thc rnoditledTrotter and Glcser Tablc in Krogrnan- Iscan, The Hunan Skeleton,308. 48 Bass,Hunrun O.steoktgt',239, l'ig. 153 19 Krcrgman- Iscan,The HumunSkeleton, l5l. 25 NEDJET-EM_PET places;the lamboidalsuture is just faintly visitrleover approximately40Vo of its length. The conditionof the sutureswould indicatea personof middle to advanced age.50 However,because of the unreliabilityof ageingfrom cranialsutures, this methodwas noted but not reliedupon.5l As stated above there is severedental attrition, in addition to other dental problems. Beginningwith the maxilla,the left first incisor(tooth 2.1) is chipped, and the left canine(tooth 2.3) is worn down to the gum level with the canalexposed and a periapicalabscess above it that opensinto the palatalside. Tooth 2.5 is just holding in place,as a resultof a largeabscess above tooth 2.6 which has eroded throughthe maxilla on the palatalside and emerges above tooth2.l on the buccal side. Teeth2.6 and2.J haveboth beenlost ante-mortem.On the right sideof the maxilla,teeth l. I and 1.2 areboth worn down to thecanal, which hasbeen resealed by secondarygrowth. Tooth 1.3is chipped,the canal of tooth 1.4is exposedto the extentthat the tooth is almosthollow, andthere is a smallabscess beginning at the apexof thetooth. Teeth1.6,1.1 and 1.8are,tll worn almost to thegum level. On the mandible,both first incisors(3.1 and 4.1) aremissing, the root canals have resealedand some resorptionof alveolarbone has taken place, leaving a smoothsurface. Thus the alveolarbone is very thin in this area. Tooth 3.6 hasan abscessbelow it, and teeth 3.7 and 3.8 appearto have been lost ante-mortem though the condition of the bone makesit difflcult to tell. There appearsto be periodontaldisease, with the bone retreatingfrom the roots of the molar teeth. Tooth4.8 is worn to thegum leveland has a heavybuild-up of calculus. There are slight arthriticchanges in the cervicalspine, most pronouncedon C5 and 6. Arthritic degenerationis nuch morein evidencein the thoracicspine, with lipping andosteophytic growth on nearlyall of the rnargins.T7 is slightlywedged to the anteriormargin and T8 and 9 arefused by osteophyticgrowth on the anterior longitudinal ligament that is beginningto continueonto T 10. There are large osteophyteson L 3, 4 and5. Somearthritic change had begun in the acetabulum. The pelvis,like all of theother bones in the skeleton,is extremelylight, giving the impressionof osteoporosis.There is a fracturein the right pubis approximately 3cm.from the pubic symphysis,that was beginning to healat time of death. There is a crack(approximately 2crn. long) on the shaftof the right femurjust inferiorto the greatertrochanter. This also appearedto be healingat time of death. It is probablethat this is a womanof advancedyears who hada fall andbroke her pelvis andhip, thenpossibly died fiom hypostaticpncumonia due to beingimmobilised.s2 In summarythe skeletonis that of a f-emaleof advancedyears (at leastover 50) who had a little arthritisin the neck,back and hip, which would haveresulted in someloss of mobility in theseareas, and somefairly seriousdental problems, that so Ibid. I lo-23. 5l For a cliscussiono1-the unrcliability of ageingl'rclm suture closurcs see Ubclakcr, Huntan SkeletctlR enroins, 59-60. 52 This was a commonresult of a brokenhip or pelvisin peoplcol' advancedycars until vcry rccent tirncs when surgconsbcgan to pin broken bonesthus preventingthc need lirr immobilistrtion. 26 NEDJET.EM-PET TABLE 1. SKULL MEASUREMENTSOF NDT-M-PT l. Glabello-occipitallength l69mm. 2. Nasio-occipitallength 168 3. Basion-nasionlength 94 4. Basion-bregmaheight t36 5. Maximum cranialbreadth 134 6. Maximum frontalbreadth tt4 1 . Biauricularbreadth 116 8. Biasterionicbreadth 105 9. Basion-prosthionlength 88 I 0. Nasion-prosthionheight 62 I l. Nasalheight 45 12. Orbitheight, right 35 I 3. Orbit breadth,right 39 14. Brjugalbreadth IOl I 5. Nasalbreadth 25 16. Palatebreadth 64 17. Bimaxillarybreadth 92e* 18. Zygomaxillarysubtense 25 19. Bifrontalbreadth 91 20. Nasio-frontalsubtense t9 21 . Biorbitalbreadth 9l 22. Interorbitalbreadth 2l 23. Cheekheisht I9 24. Frontal(Nasion-bregma) chord 113 25. Frontalsubtense 26 26. Parretal(bregma-lambda) chord 113 27. Partetalsubtense 26 28. Occipital(Lambda-opisthion) chord 105 29. Occipitalsubtense 26 * e denotcscstimatc, wherc the boneis crackedor damaged but still accuratelvmeasurablc to thc ncarcstmm. TABLE2. LONGBOAIE MEASUREMENTS OF NDT-M-PT Right Humeruslength 217mm. Right Humerushead diameter 39 Left Ulna length 239 Left Radiuslength 2tl Right Femurlength 395 headdiameter 40 midshaftdiameter, Medio-lateral z-) midshaftdiameter, Anterior posterior 24 Left Femurlength 395 midshaftdiameter. Medio-lateral z_) midshaftdiameter, Anterior posterior 24 Right Tibia length 321 Left Tibia length 321 21 NEDJET-EM-PET may well haveeventually led to septicaemia.She probably died from complications resultingfrom a fall and a brokenhip andpelvis, or from septicaemia. VIII FINDS All of the finds recordedbelow wererecovered from the burialchamber of Ndf- m-pt exceptthe threeitems designated TNE94:l2l which werefbund in clearingthe shaft. Thesejars probablydate to the First IntermediatePeriod or early Middle Kingdom; the otherfinds may be ascribedto the lateOld Kingdom. TNE94:102. PIs.10. 44. Large ovoid storagejar, with a slightlyflaring neck and externaltriangular rim; body taperingto a pointedbase. Remains of a plasterseal on the shoulder.Wheel- made. The jar was full of lumpsof dark clay. Complete.H 29.5cm. W l5.0cm. D rim 7.0cm. TNE94:103. Pl. 10. Largestorage jar, similartype to TNE94:102,with tracesof plastersealing on shoulder.Probably wheelmade, covered in a light beigewash. Thejar was full of a fine-texturedlight brown substance.Complete. H 32.8cm. W 1-5.8cm.D rim 8.5cm. TNE94:101. Pls.10. 14. Largestorage jar, similarto TNE94:102bLrt with a morebevelled rim. Tracesof plastersealing on shoulder. The jar was full of a dark substance.Complete. H 31.2cm.W l7.5cm. D rim 8.8cm. TNE94:105. Pl. 10. Large storagejar, sametype as TNE94:102. Remnantsof white plastersealing on shoulderand exterior surface coated rvith a light greenish-greyself-slip. The jar was filled with a dark substance.Wheelmade of marl clay close to Marl 43. Missingthe neck and rim. H 30.6cm.W l7.2cm. TNE94:106. Pls. 10, 11. Jar standwith roll rim and thickenedbase, concavo-convex walls. Incised horizontalline aroundthe stand. Matt light grey wash (5YR l11) on surface. Crudely wheelmadeand also built by hand;finger impressionsvisible on body. Closeto Nile silt 82. Chippededges but otherwisecomplete. H 19.lcm. D rim l4.8cm. D basel3.6cm. TNE94:107.Pls. 10,44. Fragmentarysquat jar stand,wider at thc top thanthe bottom. Convexsides and thickenedrim. Light grey wash (5YR 7ll) on exterior. Wheelmadeof Nile silt. H 9.8cm.D rim l7.0cm.D base15.0cm. TNE94:108. Pls. I 1, 44. Tall jar stand,straight sides, with a plain flaringrim. Light reddish-brown(5YR 614)to reddish-brownwash (5YR 514)on exteriorsurface and someleaching also visible. The standis wheelmade,and then twisted and stretched by handwhen the 28 NEDJET-EM-PET 'stretch' visiblein the interior clay was wet to lengthenthe object,as marksare Broken at one end' along with finger ii-rpressionson surface. Nile silt 82. H l4.6cm. D rim l2.5cm. TNE94:109.Pl. l0' andplain rim at the n*g-"nt of a jar standwith concavewalls, roll rim at oneend otherl Probablywheeln-rade of Nile silt' H 14'5cm' TNE94:I 10. Pls-I 1, 41. llattened,slightly S'rall bowl, with a wicleflat basc,convex sides and slightly interior anclexterior' everteclrim. Nlatt redclish-brownwash (5YR 5/4) on with a knif'e. coarse wheelmade,base unevcnly knife-cut anil cxterior trimmecl W l0'3crn' D rinr Nile silt B2 borderingon Xit" silt C. Cornpletc.H -5.5cm' " l0.lcm. D basc6.2crn. TNE94:111.Pls. 11,14. rim. weak red wash Small flaring bowl, with an unevenflat baseand plain siltc, with string- (2.5YR5/4) on exteriorancl interior surlace. Wheelmade of Nilc complete' H 5'2cm' cut base. Missinga fragmentfrom the rim, but otherwise D rim 9.4cm. D base5.0cm. TNE9l:112.Pl. ll- L I l '5cm' W max' one sideof a motherol'pearl bivalve shell' almost complete' L2cm. TNE94:1 13. Pl. I I. Modeljars of limestoneetnd calcite, many complele: flat bases,and remnant A. Two ovoicllimestone jars with flat-toppecl-drilledledge rims, l/3 of height' unoiercedhandles on one sicle. Jai insideto elbout H 7.5crn.D rim max.4.0cm' D base3'Ocm' and flat bascs' Jatrs B. Ten ovoicllimestone jars with flat-toppedledge rims drilleclinside to aboutl14 of height'H -5'0-7'5cm' slightlyconvex.sidcs' C. Ten limestonejars, almost cylinlrical in shapebutwirh insideto about ll4 of Flat-toppedleclge'rims.nd clisc bases. Jais clrilled height. H crr.8.0cm. rims andflat bases' D. Two calciteor gypsumnecked jars with llaring tlat-topped Jarsdrilled insi"de'to almost ll2 of height.H 4.7 ancl6.7cm. quartz,with flat rims and E. Two flaring straight-sidedcups of fine basaltand bases.53H Uasaticup 2.7cn-r'H cluartzcr-rp 3'0crn' on interior' D rim 4'l- F. Sixty-fivesmall lirne.stone dishes; drill marksvisible 6.2cm. TNE94:- I11. (norillustratetl) into a massin the broken Srnallqu"niity of cobaltbluc pigntcnt,now hardened W 5'5cm' baseo1'a vessel bearing a redslippecl surfacc' L 6'-5cm' 'l-eti - Pt't Ccm.2,pl. l5A: Valloggia.Medou- 53 For cxarnplcsol'similar cups scc Firth Gunn' neler,P|.69: I 037. 2L) NEDJET-EM_PET TNE94:1 15. Pl. l l. Copperjars andfiergments: A. Slenderconcavo-convex kohi pot andstick inside, with appliedridge around neck. Pot filled with a pink substance.Base now hollow with tracesof white substance.Probably core-formed. Good stateof preservation.H l0.0cm. W 2.4crn.D rim 2.3cm. D basel.Ocm. B . Onehole-mouthed jar with high shouldersand a flat base.Interior is lined with a layerof plaster.Core-formed. Broken. H 6.6cm. W 4.0cm. D rim L2crn. D base2.9cm. C. Numerousfragments of coppervessels, including bases, rims andneck pieces, foundscattered in theburial chamber. TNE94:l2 L Pl. 11. A. Large taperingovoid bottle with a short verticalneck, thickcned rim and pointed base.54Worn matt red wash (2.-5YR5i6) on cxterior. Roughly wheelmadeand probablyalso partially hand-built of Nile silt C. Cornplete exceptfor smallchips on rim. [I 24.]cm. W I l.3cm. D rim -5.Ocm. B. Largetapering bottle of the sametype anclware as TNE94:l2l A. Missing fiagmentfrom neck. H 24.9cm.W 10.8cm.D rim 4.8cm. C. Largetapering bottle of thesame type and ware as TNE94: 121A. Missingthe rim andneck. H 22.8cm.W 1l.4cm. 54 Quibell lound largerbut cornparablcexamplcs during work on a seriesol'First Intermcdiate Period/earlyMiddlc Kingdom tombsat Saqqarato which thc presentvessels arc rclated (Excavationsat Saqqu'a2. pl. 39:l, 3, 4). 30 THE BURIAL OF IBI I THE TOMB OWNER NAM E 'rot'. Iblss TITLES 'overseer l- jnj-r jpt nswt of the royal harep'.-56 2- jrj nfr l.ut'keeperof the headdress'.The title is usuallyassociated with attendanceon the kins.-57 3- ftr j -lth t'lectorpriest'. 'sole 4- smr zucti comDanion'. II DATING OI' ItsI Althoughlbj settwo falsedoors into the westwall of room IV of Ndt-m-at's chapel,their relationship, if any existed,is not known. The positionof the false doors,at floor levelof the room,may suggestthat the chapelof Ndt-nt-p;/was still perfectlycfear and accessible.The shapeof lbj's false doors is common in the cemetery,-58and there is no justificationin clatingall suchexamples to the endof the Old Kingdom or later.-5eThe inscribeclframe around the northerndoor and the T- shapedpanel of both doorsare found in the falsedoor of ppjj-etdj.60rnost probably flntj-k\.j's son,clated_to the reign o1'Pepy I.6l It is interestingthat the unuiuallong pleatedkilt worn bVlbjon the southernfalse door is attestedin the tomb of ldw ot Giza, also datedto the reign of Pepy1.r,2 It remainsuncertain whether the burial apartmentcut into the floor of this room oppositethe falsecloors was associated with Ibi or is intrusiveand of a slightlylater date. Suggesteddate: Reignof PepyI, or later. -55 Ranke,Personennctmen 1,20:10. :6 For a stuclyo| this titlc seeJuuker. Gizu I, l2zl; vol. ll. l2l-2r). 57 Seeibid 10, I t l; Helck,Beomtentitel, 42. -58 - pyr. Seefbr cxample,Firth Gunn,Teti Cetrt.,2,passirr; Kanawati et al., Saqtlara, 2 vols., passim. 59 As cloesStrudwick, JEA 13 (lg}i),21j. 6o Jnmes,Khentikct, pl. 42. 6l Strudwick,Aclninistration, 18. 62 Simpson,Qctr and lclu. fig.31. 3r IBI III BURIAI, APARTMENT Pt. 36. A shallowvertical shafi (shaft l1) was excavatcdin room IV of NQt-rrt-pt's chapel,opposite the two falsedoors of lbj placcdinto thc brick-worko1'the wcst wall. lts mouthis cut into the floor alongthc lengthof the eastwall of the antechamber,extending under both thc eastand southwalls. In orderto itvoid underminingthe remaining lower colrrscs ol-thc niud brick walls. this shaff was not completclyexcavatcd so f'ewprecisc nlcasurelnents or cletailscan be provided.It measures2.20n. N-S with a deepstep down at the southend, and the eastand westwalls are straightbut roughlycut. At the shaftfloor an irrcgularlyshapccl burialarea extencls we stward under thc l-loorof the antecharnberfor approxirnately 1.50m.The shapeof thisshafi, rcctangular ancl shallow with a burialchamber not far beneaththc chapelfloor, is cluitediff-erent from theothers in the tomb of Ntlt-nt- pf which havea squaremouth and gencrally a greaterdepth. It is quitepossible that it rnaybe datedslightly, although not much,later than the original construction of this mastaba. IV SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS Pls. 4u. 12. 45. The two smalllimestone false doors are inscribedfor lbj. Both areof the type with a torusmoulding and cavetto cornicc and retain sc'rn-tc of their original coats of white plaster.The southerndoor including the fiatnehas a wiclthof .56m.and is .18m.thick; the door itself measr-rres.39-5m. wide x .77m.high. The northern door,.06m. thick and placed on a stonebase .06n-r. high, has a wiclthat thebase of .43rn.and at the top of .46rn.with a heightof .5,5rn.With the exceptionof the sceneon thepanel of thesouth I'alse door, which is in raisedrelief, the decoration on bothdoors is incisedwith minimumintcrnal details. No coloursare preserved. The Southern lralse Door 'An The Upper Lintel: prt-furutnt63 stnr ructjjrj rfr htt firj-lrbtlbj invocation off'eringof thc solecompanion, the keeperol-the headdre ss, the lectorpriest, Ibi'. 'The The Lower Lintel: jrtttfurulr lnpw tpj du.f honourcdone beforeAnubis, who is on hishill'. The CentralPanel: Thc owner sits at an of1'eringtable. One horizontaland onc '(l) velticalline of inscriptionsre ad: ( l) t bt ltnqtly ryd$ (2) n jmsltulbj Bread, 63 Fcrrthe lbrmula prt lru lf ... seeLapp. Op.feftormel.$68, l60fi. For other cxantplcssce Firth - Gunn, Zell Pt'r.Cent. 2, pl. 73:l: Sirnpsort,Qur utd ldu, l'ig.32; Kanawatict al., Saqq4rctI, p1.23;El-Khouli- Kanawati, Saqt1ura2.1tl.22;.lamcs, Khentikct,pl.12; Junker. Giz,a1, f ig. 8; vol. ll. lig. 40. It is intcrestingthat these cxamplcs sharc sotttc points of sirnilarityand that the rnostlikely datcol'all o1'thcmis thc rcignof PepyI. While this lirrrtr wasperhaps nilt rcstrictedto thisrcign. it appcarsto havebccn ntclre conlmon at thattirnc. 32 IBI one thousand,beer, one thousand,fowl, one thousand,(2) for the honouredone, I Ibi'. The OuterJambs: Each jamb containsone column of hieroglyphsending with a standingfigure of the owner,wearing a long, pleiitedkilt. The figure on the left holdsa staffand a sceptre,while thaton the rightholds a foldedcloth in the left 'The hand. Inscribedon the rightjamb is: jnulro br ntr The InnerJambs: Each jarnb carried onc columnof text. The right reads:artr ru The Northern False Door The Frame: The inscriptionsacross the top of the fiarr"re( l) continucdown the left side (2) and end with a standingfigure of the owner holding a staff and sceptre. The right sidehas a separateinscription (3) endingwith a figurelike thaton the left. (1) htp dj nswt lttptu tpj dzu.fprt-furnt n smr wctj (.2)jrj nfr htt jmj-r jpt rtszut jmtly.u lr nsrut sntr zuctjlbj (3) jmil3rufur Wsjr nb Ddw smr roctj furj-l1btlbj '(1) An offeringwhich the king givesand Anubis, who is on his hill (gives).Miiy an invocationoff-ering come forth for thc solc companion. (2) Thc kceperof the headdress,the overseerof the royal harem,the honouredone befbrethe king, the solecompanion, Ibi. (3) The honouredone beforc Osiris, lord of Busiris,the sole companion,the lectorpriest, Ibi'. 'The The Upper Lintel: smr wctj jrj 4, lrt jntj-r jptt rtsrut sole companion,the keeperof the headdress,the overseer of the royalharem'. The CentralPanel: Holclinga perfumejar to his nosethe ownel sits beforean offeringtable, to the right of which is a ewerin a basin. Abovethe sceneis written '(l) (1) sntr zuctjjrj nfr ltt hrj-hbt(2) jnulzu lbj The solecompanion, the keeper of the headdress,(2) thehonoured one, Ibi'. The OuterJarnbs:Each jamb is inscribedwith oneline of hieroglyphsending in a standingfigure of the ownerholding the staffand sceptre.The inscriptionson the 'The right jamb read:jmtfutu fur Wsjr srnr ructjjrj hn lbj honouredone before Osiris,the solecompanion, the keeper of the headdress,"f, Ibi', while thoseon thc left 'The read: jmt!1w br nsut smr wctj lbj honourcdone before the king, the solc companion,Ibi'. '(l) The Lower Lintel: (l') sntr wctjjntj-r jpt rrszut(2) jrj nfr l.utfurjJ.rbt The sole companion,the overseerof the royal harem,(2) the keeperof the headdress,the lectorpriest'. 33 IBI 'The The InnerJambs: Eachjamb carriesthe inscriptionjnu'fizu lbj honouredone, Ibi', fbllowedby a seatedfigure of the owner. V FINDS Three pots were found in the courseof clearingshafi I 1 but thesecannot be regardedas necessarilycontemporary with the tomb. TNE94:49. PIs.13,46. Squathigh-shouldered jar, body narrowingto a wide flat base. Oval spouton shoulderbelow thickenedcollar rim.6a Red wash on exteriorsurface. Wheelmade of Nile silt, spoutadded by hand. Almostcomplete. H 14.1cm.W 14.lcm. '7 D base9.5cm. D rim .5cm. L spoutca 2.25cm.D spout3.3-2.5cm. TNE 94:50. Pls.13, 46" Large ovoid storagejar with roundedbase, short upright neck and thickened evertedrim. Red wash over exteriorsurface. Probablywheelmade of Nile silt. Mud sealassociated with.jar. Alnost complete. H 32.5cm. D max. 19.5cm. D rim l0.0cm. Mud seal:D 6.5-7.0cm.H at centre3.5cm. TNE94:51. Pl. 13. Large ovoid storagejar of sametype and ware as TNE94:50. Missing minor chiosbut otherwisecomplete. H 30.3cm.D rnax.18.3cm. D rim 9.5cm. 64 Squatspoutcd jars areknown in theOld Kingdomin bothcopper and ceramic (Bouniau, Urnnr el-Ga'ah.-52, no. 8-5).In thc Sixth Dynasty,spouts on mctalcxamples were somctimcslong and curvcd(Hayes, Scepter I, 120,lig.74). Squatjars with shortspouts similar to TNE94:49 arealso known fiom somcFirst IntcrrncdiatcPcriod/early Middle Kingdom tombsat Saqqara (Quibell,ExcavationsatSuqquru l,pl.32: l;vol.2,pl.39:1,2.),whichcouldindicateaSixth Dynastyto carlyMiddle Kingdomdate range fbr TNE94:,19. 34 THE MASTABAOF KA-APER TIIE TOMB OWNER. HIS FAMILY AND DEPENDENTS The Tomb Owner NAME Kt(.j)- TITLES 1- jntj-r l.ttut-zurt'overseerof the greatcourt'. T'hetitle appearsto havebeen connectedwith the legaladministration and is fiecluentlyassociated with thatof hrj-tp ltstut.61jntj-r hwt-utrt is basicallyhclcl in the capital,68although two provincialofficials, who probablyalso had a periodof en-rploynentin the Residence.are known to havecarricd i1.6e 11"r. titlc in itself docsnot seemto 'a be a particularlyhigh one.yet in many'cascs its tenuleilppears as f-eatureof a man'scareer before he waspromotcd to the yl2isrnlg'.7t) 2- jmj-, zi < ttswt'overseerof the scribeso1' the king's clocuments'.This is consideredas the mostirnportant otfice in the scribaladministriition. In the Fifth Dynastythe title wasprobably helcl simr-rltaneously by two rncn.one ol' whom was the vizier. while the other supcrvisedthe dctails of the administration.From thelate Fifth Dynasty,however, the titlc washeld only by thevrzier,lt an offlce which does not appcar in thesurviving inscriptions o1' Kt(.j)- agriculture,crafls, etc. The title washeld by viziersand at the sametime by at lJastone non-vizier who assistedthe vizier in his manyresponsibilities.T3 'overseer 5- jrnj-r gs-pr of the workcentre'.7aThe title appearstol"re related in roi"" way to the responsibilitiesof the imj-r ktt nbt nt nswt,75and might representan earlierstage of Kt('i)*pr(w)'scareer' 'hereditary 6- jrj-prt prince'. With a few exceptions,this rank is usuallyheld by uiri".t. Howevir, otherexamples of non-vizierholders of the title areknown in theTeti cemetery./o 'count'. 7- lzrff-< 'privy of morning'. The title- 6- lrj-sitt n pr-dutt to the secretof the house opp"u.. to havebeen held by a rathersmall and speciallyfavoured group of men within the royal courtconcerned with personalattendance on the king in the houseof morning.TT relatedto the g- thrj-slitt tt ttsrttt'privyto the sccretof the king'. The title seems precedingone. l0- hrj-l.rbt'lectorPriest'. tt - llij-tp nxut'royal chamberlain'.78 Kt(.j)*pr(ru)'scareer may be tracedin two stageswith markedadvancement in his both ttishonoriflc ancl functional titles. Nowherein his offbringchamber or on sarcophagusare the ranks of jrj-pct andhttj-<.or.the particularly important administrariveoffices of jrnj-r'zi i nxut andjmj-r ktt nbt nt nxut mentioned. They areinclucled in the insciiptionson theentrance to the tomb wherethe rank of on the entranceblocks is also iri-irt is especiallyemphasised. ttre qualityof reliefs fir'superiorto thatin theoffering charnber. The Son of Ka-aPer NAME 'th\'' Ihjjle TITLES l- jmj-r gs-pr'overseerof the workcentre" "hrj-tp 'royal 2- nsztrf chamberlain'. He appearsin front of his fatheron the right entrancejamb with the designation 'his partly zt.f sm'sw eldestson'. Anotherfigure, wearing a panther'sskin, is only 13 Kanawati,Gtt,ernntentttl Refornrs.25-21 .3c) n.44; Strudwick, Adnrinistratittn.2-39' '74 (.TetiPvr. Cent. l, Fischer,MMJ,159-60. Firth - Gunntranslates gs-pr as'royaldonrains' (Gi:rt 5"1U' l9ll) and 107),Lichthcirn 1s'district ol'ficials' (Literctture l' 20), andboth Junkcr Roccati(Litty'rctture, 193) as'aclnlinistration'' T5 Strudwick,Administratirtn,222. pls' l7- 16 For insranccNj,knu-lzzj(ibicl, 105) andlifi(El-Khouli- Kanawati, Saqqartt2,25-26, t 9). j'7 Dendertt,137-38. Jatnes Blackman,JEA 5ll9l8l, 148-65;Hclck, Beantentitel,43; Fischcr, 'Keeper trirnslatesit as of the sccrctsol'thc Bathroon'r'(Khentikr, l0). 18 Helck.Belntentitel, 60' 105. '79 Rankc.Personennunen l'44'.22' 36 KA-APER preservedin the sameposition on the lelijamb. This may rcpresentthe same,or anotherson, but no inscriptionssurvived. The Dependentsof Ka-aper NAME 'ldu' I dzuso . TITLES 'overseer l- jmj-r pr of the house'. 'overseer 2- jmj-r sir of the linen'. 3- shd hnrkt'superintendentof the ka-servants'. He is depictedfacing Kt(.j)- NAM E Nszu8l'Nesu'. TITLE lrp zh'directorof thefood-hall'. He is the only off-eringbearer designated by namein the ofl-eringchamber. II DATING OF KA.APER In datingthe tomb of Kt(.j)- 8o Ibid.-54: I o. 8l Ibitt.r73:r2. 82 Administrcttion,J5,100-101, ll2. Sccalso Kanawati, Egt'ptitut Atlntitri.strtttion. 152[60], l-53fl901. Harpur,on thcother hand. thinks thal Although not lacking in Dynasty6, the nameKt(.7)- Certaindetails in the sccnesand inscriptionsare usefr"rlas datingcriteria. The carliestdated examples of a shor-rlder-lengthwig coveringthe earsocculs in tombs where the cartoucheof Teti is inscribed. However,this type of wig becomes popular under Pepy I and Pepy II.ttE A perfumejar which is held betweenthe fbrefinger and thumb is a ratheruncommon f'eature and found mainly in tombs datedto the periodlate l'eti-Pepy I,8e although isolated examples exist from laterin the Old Kingdom.eoThe representationof Kt(.j)- 38 KA-APER door seatedon a chairwith bull's legsis curious. This type of chairwas gradually supersededoy that with lion'slegs,'rl and at the provincialsite of Akhmim, where the changeis documented,it is evidentthat it took placeround the reign of Teti.e2 In the Teti cemeteryat Saqqarathe new style with lion's lcgs was already fashionable,e3and Kt(.j)- At this stagea comparisonwith the tomb of lfuu at Giza (G7102;0-srnight be useful. Llke Kt(.j)-rpr(u),ldzu wasboth ftrj-tp ttsiut and jntj-r lnut-urt. I Ic was not jmj-r zi < nsrLtt,but was z! < nxttt fuft-|1r.Neither was he jntj-r ktt nht nt nsutt, but his son Qrr wasjmj-r ktt ttbt andjmj-r zi n ktt nbt.e6 Both Kr(.7)- ,pr(w) andldru representchairs with bull's legson their falsedoors, br-rt not in the scenesof their chapels. ldw has an engagedbust statuein the lower part of his falsedoor.eT This highly unusualf'eature is abscntin the cascof Kt(.j)*ltr(ru),but his neighbour,Nfr-sim-Ptl.t,hasa bust statllcin the panelof his falsedoor.es The palaeographyon the faqadesof the tombsof Kt(.j).pr(ztt) andJdwe't shows many similaritiesand the determinativesfor the oryxesand thc oxcn arc the samein the two tombs,where five thousandsol'fowl arerequested as offbrings.l(x) Two unusualfeatules attract attcntion in Kt(.j)- ()l Fischer,Varict.4. Thc earliertypc rcappcrircdin thc MiclclleKingclonr (Vanclicr. Mcutue! 1. 84). 92 Kanawati- McFarlane,Akhntint 1,30. 93 It is interestingthat elsewhcrc in thiscernctery Mrtu changcd/corrccteda chair in his wall scenesliorr bull'slcgs into Iion'slcgs (l,loyd et al.,SutlqAru T'onrbs 2, 15,pl. c);Malck, DE 20il 9er l, 99). 94 Comparelbr cxarnplcthc type of chairon thc lalsedoor ol'/dru (Simpson.Qar und ldu, l'ig. ,10)with that in his wiill scenes(ibid, figs.39,.1l), and thc typc on Tff's falsc cloor (Simpson,Western Centetery l,l'igs. l8 anclpcrhaps l6) with thaton his walls(ibid, iigs. 21,23-24). Seealso thc l'alsedoor of' Nfr-si'll-Ptl.tin thc EgyptianMuseum (Capart, llue de Tontbeaur,pl. 102). 95 Sinrpson,Qar and ltlu, l9tf ., pls. l,5fl'.,l'igs. 3311'. 96 Ibid,18. Fora studyof thclast two titlcs scc Strudwick, Atltninistrution.20llt.,2lll. ()'/ Simpson,Qar and ldu, pl.29. 98 Capart,Rue cle tontbeaux, pls. 9zl-96. 99 Sirnpson,Qar ond ldu, lig.33. 100 For a commenton thc numbcrof'lbwl requcstcdlbr of1'eringsscc Lapp, Op.fulornrel,$211 El-Khouli - Kanawati,Quseir el-Anrurna,24. Sec lbr exanrpleMhl (El-Khouli - Kanawari.Suqqurtt 2, Hzjj (lbid, l8fT.) and /ifl (ibid.2-51 . KA-APER involvementin oneof the conspiraciesagainst Teti or PepyI.102 The caseof Kt(.j)- Suggesteddate: EndTeti-early Pepy I. III ARCHITECTURAL F'EATURES Pls. 14,17, 48. 'rue The mastabaof Kt(j)- The dimensionsof the mastabasuperstructure are l0.l5rn. N-S x 8.80m.E-W. The upper part has disappearedso no original heightsof walls, ceilings or doorwayscan be provided. It may be assumcdthat the roomshad vaulted brick ceilings.The faEadewall, l.20rn.thick, presently stands to a maximumheight of 2.15m.,and thatpart forrningthe eastwall of room Il is largelydestroyed. The entranceis locatedat the southernend of the eastwall of the mastaba,the jambs, thresholdand intelnal door reccssall fornredof blocks of fine quality white limestone,as werepresumably the now missinglintel anddrum. Both doorjambs and thicknessesarc decoratedin incisedrelief, but that on the southernjamb has almostentirely been chiselled away with a verysmall portion remaining in thelower part. In front of the entrancea stonestep .07m. high spansthe full width of a recess2.40m. wide x .15m. deep. Formedof two blocks of limestoneand projectingslightly from the brick faEade,the stepmeasures .26m. deep at the north end and .22m.at the southend. Into it arecut six smalloffering basins, three on eitherside of thedoorway. From the south they l.t1easure.l6m. x.l5m. x.02m. deep,.l45m.x.07,5m. x.04m. dcep,.14m. x.05m. x.03rn. deep,.l0m. x.06m. x.03m.deep,.l3m. x.07m. x.03m. deep,.20m. x.1-5rn. x.03m. deep. The entrancedoorway, with a southjamb .92rn.wide and a northjan-rb .15m. wide,is.75m. widex.45m. thickand has a presentheight of 2.10m. The lintel anddrum havedisappeared, the latterperhaps originally resting in two smallledges, I 02 11"nu*ut-i,Chron. d' Eg. 56 t 198I l. 2031'l'.:idern, Saqqarct l. I I - I 2 40 KA-APER .10m.x .10m.x .15m.high, cut at the top on the insidecorners of the door thicknesses.The entrancerelief was cut directlyinto the stonewith no plaster facing,but a small sectionnear the top of the southdoor thicknesswas repairedat the time of constructionwith a hard white plasterinto which signssubsequently werecarved. The two largeentrance blocks are cut to form an internaldoor recess which measures1.28m. N-S x .52m.E-W on the southside and .62m. on the north side,with a jamb on the southof .15m.and anotheron the northof .28m. Cut into the stonethreshold just insidethe north.jambis a socketfor a door pivot, with a diameterof .15m.and a depthof .075rn.In bothside walls of the internal door recessat a heightof .90m.above the floor levelare neatly cut holesfor a door bolt,each with a width of .24m.,a heightof . 18m.,and a depthof .10m. The doorwayopens into an entrancevestibule (room I) which mcasures1.80m. N-S on the eastwall and 1.95m.on the west wall x 1.70m.E-W. The present maximumwall heightis 2.45m. At thewest end of thenorth wall a recess1.00m. wide x .15m.deep and a smallstone step up of .04m.defines a doorway.70m. wide x. 85m. thick. The door leadsto room Il which measures2.20m. N-S x 1.70m.E-W. At the eastend of the northwall of thischamber a doorway.70m. widex.70m. thick, with a recesson thenorth side.95m. wide x.l5m. deep,gives accessto the offeringchapel. The offering chamber(room III) is 2.80rn.E-W x 2.75m.N-S and hasa present maximumheight of 2.80m. The westwall is occupiedby a lalsedoor setin a niche which is 1.70m.wide x .55m.deep. Both the door and the sidewalls of the nichc are formed of large limestoneblocks decoratedin relief and placedon a stone offering bench. The falsedoor, with two pairsol' jambs, is l.30rn.wide and 2.40m.high to the top of the torusmoulding; the cornicc above has disappeared. The measurementsof the door are:upper lintel I .21m.x .29m.;central panel .58m. x .44m.with sideapertures each .05m. wide; lower lintel .68rn.x .20m.;drum .145m.x.10m.; outer jambs 2.00m. x.30m.; inner jambs 1.3-5m. x.26m.; central niche 1.22m.x. l45rn. The sidewalls of the recessmeasure .50m. N-S x .55m. E-W, that on the soLrthbroken above a heightof l.2lrn. and on the northabove 2.00m. The stoneplatform, .40m. high and .21m.deep, extends the full width of the west wall and continuesalong the west part of the north wall for a lengthof 1.15m.with a depthof .525m. In the westwall of the entrancevestibule (room I) is a doorway.80rn. wide x .83m.thick which is deflnedby a rccessl.10rn. wide x.15m. deep.Within the doorwayare two stonesteps, the first .30m.high x .60m.deep and the second .20m.high x .35m.deep. The doorwaygives acccss to room IV, a corridor-like chamberwhich measures4.70m. E-W x 1.50m.N-S andhas er 1'loor sloping very gentlyupward to the west. Its walls havca prcscntnnximum heightof 2.25m. In the middleof the northwall a doorway.-52m. wide x .80r.n.thick leadsto room V whichmeasures 2.10m. N-S x 1.90m.E-W. Fragmentarytraces of redpaint on the west wall may be the remainsof male figuresin a slaughteringscene. To the eastof the doorway,a nicheconstructed in the southwall hasa sill height.65m. abovefloor level. The floor of the nicheprojects .12-5m. from the southwall and measures.55m. wide (E-W) x .70m.deep (N-S). The ceilingis goneand the back wall is smoothedto an approximateheight of 1.10m. 4l KA-APER At the southextremity of the eastwall of room V is a half-archdoorway .57m. wide with a height of .75m. at the north thicknessand 1.20m.at the sourh thickness. This small doorwayleads to room VI which measures2.].om. N-S x .80m.E-W. The functionof this room is uncertain,but this is the only chamberin the mastabawhich retainsno tracesol plaster. At the far west end of room IV anotherdoorway constructed in the north wall, definedby an entrancerecess 1.05m. wide x.l5m. deep,measures.65m. wide x .65m.thick. It opensinto a smallchamber (room vII) which is 1.05m.E-w x l.l5m. N-S. To thenorth of thisroom is themouth of shaft1. IV BURIAL APARTMENTS PLs.47, 48. Locatedto the southof the mainburial apartment and directly behind the north wall of room VII is a small and r,rnflnishedshaft with a mouth measurins 1.15m.N-S x.90m. E-w. Presumablyit wasenterecl fiom the roof level,a--s the shaft walls lined with mud brick standwell abovethe floor level of the mastaba.It is cut into thenative rock to a depthof 6.00rn.where work appears to havebeen abandoned when its northwall brokethroush into the SE corner of the shaftof the tomb owner. The main burialshaft is locatedat the NW cornerof the mastaba.directlv west of the false door of Kt(.j)- OrientedN-S at a 40" angleto the westwall of the shaft,the burialchamber is irregularly-shapedand incompletely cut with few smoothsurfaces. It measures 5.50m.N-S on the eastside x 5.20m.on the westwall x 3.35m.E-W on the northwall and3.95m. on the southwall. The roughceiling, with manycracks and flssures,slopes slightly downward to give a heightof 3.20m.at the west wall. The southwall is cleanlycut from the floor level to a height of about .70m.and, above this, work wasbegun to extendthe wall furtherto the south. A) KA-APER The west wall and a small sectionat the westend of the north wali are quite well cut to a heightof approximately1.00m. above the floor level. The floor area has been levelled and smoothedonly in the area surrounding the sarcophagus.Beneath the sarcophagusis a well cut pit .80m.E-W x 3.60m. N-S x .55m.deep. To the eastof and parallelto the pit a sectionof the floor with maximummeasurements of .60m.wide at the southend and 2.35m. along the west sideis cleanlvcut to depthsof .45m.in the westernpart and .22m.tn the eastempart. Restingon loosestones and rubbleabove the pit is the large sarcophagusof Kt(.j)*pr(w), cut from good quality limestone,but with the surfacesonly roughly finished. Foundempty anddamaged by tomb robbersthere are several breaksin the sarcophagus,particularly at the northernhead end wherepieces havealso been broken from the lid. Most of thesefragments were recovered during the excavationsto enablea completerecord to be made of the inscriptionsincised on the sarcophagusand its lid. The chest measures externally3.10m. long x 1.63m.wide x 1.40m.high. The internal measurementsare 2.22m. long x .70m. wide x .66m. high, with the thicknessesof the four sidesvarying from .40-.50m. The lid has a width of 1.63m.and an averageheight of .56m.;the length cannotbe accurately measuredas the norlh endis missins. V SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS The chapelis constructedof mud brick, thenplastered and whitewashed,but the only evidenceof painted decorationare fragmentsof red colour, perhapsthe remainsof malefigures, preserved on the westwall of room V. Monolithicblocks of good quality limestoneform eachof the two sidesof the entrancedoorway, the falsedoor, the falsedoor nichethicknesses and the offeringbench. The architrave abovethe entranceand the cornice of thefalse door are now missing.Most of these blocks receiveddecoration. All inscriptionsare incisedwhile the figures are in sunkenrelief with good modelling,and detailsof body muscles,as well as the structureof faces,hands, feet, etc, are well rendered.The hieroglyphicsigns show a greatdeal of internaldetails. In general,the work on the entranceblocks is far superiorto that on the false door and the offering chamber. It is likely that the fagadewas the last to be decorated,l03and thereKt(.j)-,pr(w) holds higher titles than thoseattributed to him on his falsedoor and sarcophagus. The North Entrance Jamb Pls.14-17, 49b. The upperhalf is occupiedby sevenvertical ( I -7) andone horizontal (8) linesof hieroglyphswhich read: ( 1) mrr(zo)ttswt pru mrr(w) Inpw tpj dw.f pu rm! nb hm-b (2) swt.tj.fjhr wtt tn m ld bsft st n(.j) mw (3) rdj n(.j,)t hnqt m ntt m-fut.fn lo3 5"s alsoJames, Khentiko, 13. 43 KA-APER j., nf, n wnn r05 t hnqt mruto4m:fit.ln (4) dcl.kt.tnm r.!n zodnto6nt <.tnlu m t hnqt (5) fotm r fu m lrp lt m zt bt m sr futtn mniut (6) bt m ftB-hdln 1r,'nr'irryros t:.,.r,r1.,! lyj-tp.ttstut.j,yjht.ut simjlar invoking figuresare found o.nthe lagadesof a numberof the large mastabasin the Teti.cemetery. Kt(.j)*pr(ru) sits on a chairwith lion'slegs and low, cushionedback. He wearsa shoulder-lengthwig, a beard,a collar, tiracelets,a sashacross his chestand. a-pleated kilt. Like thefigure of flntj-kt.jpreservedon his northernentrance.jamb,tt2 Kt{.iS-jrr(zu) invokes with onehand on,inotO, a sceptre in the other. As thereis no evidenceof a staff nearhis feet on the southiamb it seemsthat, unlike flntj-kt,j and orhers,tt3Kt{.i;*rr(ro) js clepictedon rh; sourh jamb invokingbut alsoholding a sceptre. On a separatebase line in front of the tomb owner standsa small male flsure wearinga shoulder-lengthwig, a collar,a sashand a pointedkilt. He is identiied 'his as zt.f smsw j*j-, gs-pr hrj-tp nsr.otjnrl,lw lhjj eidestson, rhe overseerof the workcentre,the royalchamberlain, the honouredone. Ihi'. 104 pot 'bread, theexpression becrand watcr' sec Jantcs, Khentika,39, pl. 6; Lloyd et al.,S1c1q[ira Tontb.s2. o1.22. 105 pn. the uscof m-l3tscc EtJcl, Grtmmrcttik, \797. t,06 rudnis ellipticalfor rudn.kt.[rr (ibid, $5-53, b). 107 16. deterntinativcis iclcnticalto that in thc tomb ol'lrlw at Giza, whcre the aninralis idcntiflcdas nrrhd (Sirnpson,Qttr and ldu,20-21,lig. 33). l0ti 4n iclenticaldercrminarive in rherornb oI'ldw is idcn-tifiedasizru (ibid). 109 1t;t probablynlcans that thc spokcnworcls should bc accornpaniedby thc apprgpriategesture of oflbring (Lloyd et al.,SutlqAra Tonilts 2, 38 n.3). I I0 pur thisposturc see Harpur, Decorcrrion,l2g--10; LA 2, -57-l-g-5. ll I SilnilarlyHarpur explains thc dcpictionsclf'the tomb owncr on the cntrancethickncsscs 'awaiting facingoutwards as theapproach ol'visitors' (Decoruti.,,53). I I 2 Jar"r, Khentiko.ol. (t. I I 3 16;,1,pl. -5;Baclaw y, AA KA_APER The South Entrance Jamb Pls. 14, 15,49a. Apart from the bottom part of a sceneon the lower sectionof thisjamb, all the inscriptionson the upper part have been completelyremoved by deliberate chiselling.The decorationsurviving in the lowerpart shows the pleatedkilt and feetof the tomb ownerseated on a chairwith lion'slegs. Standingat his f-eetis part of a smallmale figure, perhaps his son,wearing a leopard'sskin. The North Entrance Thickness PIs.18, 50b. The upperhalf is occupiedby four vertical(l-4) andtwo horizontal(5-6) lines of text that read:(l) pr.n(.j) m njzot(.j)ht.n(.j) m sptt(.j)jr.n(.j) (2) m{t n nb.s shtp.n(.j)nlr m mrrt.f (3) rdj(.j) t n l.tqrhbs n htjj snu(.j)tt (4) m jwtj tttllnt.fjnk '( Qdnfr wtun nfr (5) jnufuwlr nlr The tomb owner is depictedin the prime of life, but is representedwith abbreviatedshoulder, which is mostlyassociated with older-lookingfigures.l l4 He wearsa cap wig, a long, projectingkilt, braceletsand sandalsand holds a staff. Kt(.j)- The South Entrance Thickness Pls. 19, 50a. Four vertical(l-4) andtwo horizontal(5-6) lines of hieroglyphsoccupy the upper spaceand read:(l) [jmj]-r zi Harpur,Decorutiort. I 33-34. Hassan,Giz.a 3,101-102; vol. 6:3, Decoration,53. For thc writing ol'Ddu as Ddru in thiscernetcry sce Davies ct al.,SctqqAra Tontbs I, f ig. 26 KA-APER pools,(3) the lector priest,the one who is privy to the secretof the houseof morning,(4) the honouredone before Osiris, lord of Busiris,(5) the honouredone before Anubis, who is on his hill, (6) the hereditaryprince, the overseerof the workcentre,Ka-aper'. Below the inscriptionsis a standingfigure of the tomb ownerdepicted in the samemanner as on theopposite thickness. Room III: The Offering Chamber THE FALSE DOOR Pls.20, 51. The UpperLintel: Two horizontal(1-2) and one vertical (3) linesof hieroglyphs read: (1) lttp dj nsrut htp tpj du.f jmj wt nb tt isr (2) htp dj nsrut Wsjr lnpru '(l) lntj Qdw qrs.tj.fm ftrt-ntr (3) jmj-r gs-pr Kt(.j)- The CentralPanel: The tomb owner sits on a chairwith bull's legswearing a shoulder-lengthwig and ershort, tight kilt. He stretcheshis right hand to an offering table with lourtcenhalf-loaves of breadand holds in his left hand a perfumejar with his forefingerand thumb. Two ewersin basins,two jars and a calf s headon a tray arealso depicted. Above the sceneis written:jmtlru furnlr The Lower Lintel: The arrangementis similarto thaton theupper lintel, except that the figure to the left is standingand holding a stailTand a sceptre. (1) jntfuru fur '(l) flntj-jmntjut (2) jnulw ftr nxut furnlr The Drunr:Kt(.j)- The Jambs:Each jamb containstwo vertical(l-2) andone horizontal (3) linesof hieroglyphs,the lerstcontaining only thetomb owner's name. Below this,in each case,is a depictionof Kt(.j)- The Right OuterJamb: (1) l.ttpdj rtsittt tpj dru.fjntj ut nb tt lsr spt (2) lnpu lntj '(l) prt-furwn.f m ltrt-nlr jmj-r gs'pr furj-tpnswt jrnj-r l.trut-rurt(Z) K:(.j)-,pr(nt) An offeringwhich the king givesand Anubis,who is on his hill, who is in the embalmingplace, lord of the sacrcdland, forernost of Sepall8 lgives). (2) May an invocationoffering come fbrth for him in the necropolis. The overseerof the workcentre,the royalchamberlain, the overseer of the greatcourt, (3) Ka-aper'. llti p.rra 16 KA-APER The Left Outer Jamb: (I) htp dj nsut Inpw funtj zh-ntr bp.f hr wtwt jptf (Zl '(1) nfr(w)t nt jmnt lppt jmtfuwhr,snlle jtnj-r gs-pr(3) Kt(.j)- The Right InnerJamb: (l) jmtfirubr ntr g nb pt (2)jm{l3w|3r Wsjr nb Ddw (3) '(l) Kt(.j)*pr(w) The honouredone beforethe greatgod, Iord of heaven,(2) the honouredone beforeOsiris, lord of Busiris,(3) Ka-aper'. The Left InnerJamb (l) jmtfuw tpj dw.f (2)jntj-r gs-pr hrj-tp nswt jmj-r '(l) furlnpw Ltwt-rurt(3) Kt(.j)tpr(w) The honouredone before Anubis, who is on his hill, (2) the overseerof the workcentre,the royal chamberlain,the overseerof the grezrt court,(3) Ka-aper'. SIDESOF THE FALSE DOOR Pl. 52. On either side of the false door the traditionaloils are depictedin superposed registers,each containing a jar and the nameof the oil. The north side reads:... '...hknw hknw sft nhnm trutwt h*t nt ll.mw orl,sft oil,nfunm oll,twtrut orl, bestLibyan oil'. The southside lists the sameoils, but trttnutis replaced by l.utt 'best ,?f(5 cedaroil'. THE FALSE DOOR NICHE Pls.21, 22, 53,54. Two monolithic limestoneblocks, now brokenin the upperpart, form the sidesof a niche into which the falsedoor is set. Each thicknessis decoratedwith a large figure of the tomb owner facingaway from the falsedoor, while thejambs of the niche show offering bearers. (Seealso TNE94:F25which may have originated from the southside of this niche.) The North Thickness:The uppersection is partly missing,but the remainingpart showsthree vertical (l-3) andtwo horizontal(4-5) lines of text: (l) ...(2) ...Ltrj- '(l) hbt (3) ...fi.trj-slitt n nsntt(4) jmtfttobr ntr The SouthThickness: The uppersection is missing.The lower sectionshows a figureof Kt(.j)- ll9 Lopp, Opfetformel,579-80 11 KA-APER The North Jamb: The figuresof four offeringbearers in superposedregisters are preserved,all depictedwith capwig, beardand short kilt. All carry a forelegof an ox andpossibly another cut of meat. Only the manin the lower registeris labelled aslrp zh Ns::u'thedirector of the fbod-hall,Nesu'. A verticalline of inscription explainsthe actionof the menas: ... [pr] n dt120jrutt m Trnthw Srn'run kt jntj-r '...121 gs-pr hrj-tp nsrutKt(.j)- The SouthJamb: Similarin compositionto the northjamb, only the two lower rcgistersof the southjamb are preserved.In eachis depictedan offering bearer with a shortwig carryinglotus flowers in theright handand different offering items in the left. A smallgazelle accompanies the man in theupper register. The vertical inscriptionbefore them reads:... n jmj-r gs-pr llrj-tp nswt jntt'ftrulr nlr g Kt(.j)- The Sarcophagus Pl,s.23. 28. 55. The chestof Kt(.j)tpr(u)'s sarcophagusis madeof one block of limestone,and its lid of ernother,both of whichwere lell unsmoothed.Inscriptions exist outside on side I (east)of the lid andthe chest and on side3 (north)of the latter,and inside on side1 of thechest.l22 All signsand theruitt-eyes are incised, but very poorly executedl23and presumably unfinished. The left handsection of the lid is alsovery rough and partly damaged.If the text was left unfinishedin this sectionit would haveprobably been due to superstitionrather than a prematuredeath. A comparison betweenthe titleswritten on the sarcophagusand those on the entranceshows that Kt(.j)- Tomb robbersentered the sarcophagusby breakingthrough in three different locations,atthetopofthenorthernendof side l,atthetopof side3togetherwith side 3 of the lid, and from the bottom of the chest. Two inscribedfragments recoveredfrom the rubble of the burial chamberhave been incorporatedin the facsimileof the text inscribedon the siucophagus. The Lid: The inscriptioncontains an addressby Kt(.j)- I 20 gn the significancc of thc houseof 1f scePercpclkit't, Privuteigentunt, l58ll'. l2l The lacunamay be reconstructcdas'bringing thc choicclbod by the ka-scrvants',or thc likc. 122 5i.11". arrangementis fclundon the sarcophagusol'(nlrnt-<-Hr, who in additioninscribcd theinside ol'side 3 (Firth- Gunn,Teti Pvr.Cerr. l' 98). 123 16" sarncis obscrvedin thecasc ol 48 KA.APER reads:...ltrj-tp ttsrotjmj-[r] hrut-rurtKt(j)- Side 3: jmfly.uUJlr nstut jmj-r gs-pr Kt(.j)*pr(zu)'thehonoured one before the king, the overseerof the workcentre,Ka-aper'. Side I (inside): jmj-r gs-pr hrj-tp nszut Kt[(.j)*pr(w)l'the overseerof thc workcentre,the royal chamberlain,Ka-aper'. VI FINDS The tomb of Kt(.j)tpr(w) appearsto havebeen emptied a numberof times,the 'rue most recentof which was by Loret duringhis work in the de tombeaux'at the very end of the last century. The fill of the shali containeda numberof objects whichare certainly out of context. TNE94:69.Pl. 13. Assortmentof smallcopper tools, several intact but mostlybroken, all moderately oxidisedon the tr11nce.l26 A. One large adze,with a splayedblunt end and blade. L l2.0cm. W 2.6cm. B. Five spatulateadzes with roundedblr-rnt ends. String marks are visiblc on the narrowends, where the objectswere hafied onto a strafl.L 7.8cm. W 2.5cm. C. Six squareaxes, one edge slightly rounded. L 4.8cm. W 4.0cm. D. Fragmentsof awls/styli(number indeterminate). L 3.8-7.5crn.W 0.2-0.3cm. E,. Miscellaneoussmall fragments. TNE9{:70. (not illustrated) Numerousfragments of coppermodel dishes and jars, body,base and neck(?) fragmentsdiscernible. Moderate surface oxidisation. Th 0.1-0.2cm. TNE9{:71. (not illustruted) A. Blue-glazedfaience shabti, glaze discoloured to black. H 14.3cm.W 4.0cm. B. Fragmentof a mouldedblue-glazed faience shabti, head and upper torsc'r remaining. Featuresindistinct; figr"rre wears a tripartitewig with lappetsovcr the shoulders. Some abrasionand discolourationon surface. H 4.7cm. W 4.0cm. I 25 por thisexpression scc ref-ercnccs in previousnote. 126 A sirnilarcollection of coppcrtools was tbundduring ACE work at Saqqarain l9it3-U,at thc botom of'the shal'tof ll.rj-m23./(Kanawati et al.,Suqqara l,23, p1.9,SU3:U8). Sec alst'r Firth- Gunn.Tell Pt'r.Cem. l. 13,19,22,25,35. 49 KA-APER TNE94:72.Pl. 13. Three circularlimestone objects, with roundedtops and concaveunderneath. Probablyjar stoppers.Traces of yellow paintremaining. Complete. A. D 5.3cm.Th l.6cm. B. D 7.0cm.Th 2.0cm. C. D 7.5-8.0cm.Th l.7cm. Threefragments of jar stoppers.D 5.8cm.Th max. l.2cm. TNE94:73.Pl. 13. Model calcitejar. Cylindricalshape with slightlyconcave sides, flat-topped ledge rim andflaring base. Complete. H 5.3cm.D rim 4.2cm. D base3.5cm. TNE94 :74. (not illustrated) Stoneobj ect, circular with concavesides. D 2.3-2.2cm.H L5cm. TNE94:75. (not illustruted) Palegreen stone (feldspar?) rzn -pot amulet. H 0.8cm. W 0.7cm. TNE9(:76. Pl. 13. Roughly-modelledsmall squarecontainer of Nile mud with a lid, unfiredand hand-formed.Traces of powderywhite paint on two sides. Insidethe box was a crudehand-formed figure of Nile mud. Figureand lid broken. Box: H 5.8cm. L8.5cm. W8.5crn.Thof wall l.Ocm:Lid: L7.5cm.W7.-5cm. Th0.5cm. TNE9{:77. Pl. 13. Roughly-n-rodelledsmall oval shapedcontainer with lid, handmadefrom Nile mud,unfired. Lid broken,now mended.H incl. lid -5.6cm.L 9.9cm. W 6.2cm. Th of wall 0.5cm- l.0cm. TNE96:78.Pl. 13. Roughly-modelledrectangular container with roundedcorners and lid, handmade of unfired Nile mud. Each sideof the box is piercedby two holesabout 0.5cm. from the rim, possiblyfor threadingto securethe lid. Tracesof white paint or plasterremaining on box and lid. Insidethe box was a crudelyfashioned clay figure, left foot brokenand a model clay headrest.All limbs on the figure were distinguishedand crudedelineation of the facial featuresvisible; prominent male genitaliapresent. Base complete, but lid brokenin two halves,now mended.Box: H3.6cm. L9.9cm. W7.0cm. Thof walls0.95cm.Lid: L l0.lcm. W6.-5cm' Ih. of lid 1.1cm. Figure:L 7.55cm.Headrest: 2.85 x2.2cm. TNE94:100.Pls. 13,46. Squatceramic vessel with a flaring neck and fluted rim, long spoutnarrowing towardsthe end and recessedfoot showingmarks of tripod support. Rounded handleattached from top of neckto shoulder.Very glossy,srnooth turquoise blue glaze over exterior surface. N{endedfrom fragments;handle and spoutbroken. The natureof the glazepoints to an Islamicdate for this obiect. H 8.5cm. W max. 7.8cm.D base5.5cm. D rim 4.2cm. 50 KA-APER TNE94:101PIs. 13,16. Squatceramic vessel with a long spoutnarrowing towards the end,flaring rim and a recessedfoot. Flat strap handle rvith thumb-restapplied from neck to shoulder.Raised ridge below handlearound neck. Dark green-blueglaze over exteriorand interior surf-aces, indicative of an Islamicdate. Spoutbroken and other '7.Zcm. surfacewear evident. H 8.0cm.W max. D basc5.lcm. D rim 4.'7cm. -51 INSCRIBEDOBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS Duringthe excavation seasons of 1994-95,numerous inscribed limestone obiecrs werefound in the compactearth and debris which filledchupcls and shalis oi the Old Kingdom mastabasand also in the looscrsarrd abovc them. In 1994the cxpeditionfocused on clearinga sectionwhere thc mastabaol-Ndt-nt-pfwas later found,and the majorityof fragrnentswere discovcred in thatvicinity. The tomb of Kt(.j)- The inscribeditems are divided into threecategorics and are listed below with the fbllowing ref-erences:TNE (Teti CemeteryNorth-East); SM (stdlemaison), FD (falsedoor), OT (oif-eringtable) or F (fragment)plLrs the individualregistration number. Find spotsof objectsfound in thc 1995scason, within the grid systcm, areprovided in parenthesisat the beginningof eachcntry. Translationsare oftered wheretexts are complete,but transliterationonly wherethe contcxtis lacking. Unlessotherwise noted there are no remainingtraces of paint. The greatmajority of the inscribedobjects recovered during the cxcavationsmay be datedto the late Old Kingdomand thesc are presented below. Numerousother fiagmentswill appearin a future volume devotedto latcr burials and related materialsrecorded lrom the samearea of the Teti Cemeterv. I STtI,E MAISON TNE95:SMl. P|.56. This object,now storedin thc pillaredcourt ol'/5/ which forms part o1'the mastabaof his father, 127 Jdquier,Outljebten,26-31; idcrn, Pctrtit'tilier.s',l12-14; Zieglcr. Ctftuktgue tles stile.s,191-gg. -53 OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS The monumentis formedof oneblock of limestonewith a rectangularbase 69cm. long x 34cm.wide at the baseand 3l.5cm. wide at the top of the verticalsides which are 37cm.high. Above this the long sidescurve inward to form an arched top,resulting in a totalheight of 43cm. J6quierthinks this typeof objectrepresents a simple,one room housewith vaultedroof, henceits name.l28Vandier, fbllowing Miiller, however,reasonably rejects this interpretationand thinks that the object doesnot representa stelaor a house,but a miniaturemastaba.l29 Decoration in incisedrelief with little detailis partiallypreserved on threesides. The Long Side, FaEade The faEadeis decoratedwith a false door of the type with torus moulding and cavettocornice, flanked on eitherside by a figureof theowner seated at an offering table.The inscriptionson the falsedoor read as follows: The UpperLintel: prt-furu n jm:'fuwlhirto'May an invocationoffering come forth fbr the honouredone, Ihi'. 'one TheCentral Panel: fu t futlmqt fu k:'futmnfit n jnt*3rulhj thousandof bread, onethousand of beer,one thousand of oxen,one thousand of clothesfor the honouredone. Ihi'. The Lower Lintel: jrufurulhj'The honouredone, Ihi'. The Left Outer Jamb: j*j-, pr-in'131hrj-hbt jmtfuw Hhittz'The overseerof the departmentof stores,the lectorpriest, the honouredone, Hehi'. 'The The RightOuter Jamb: jmtfuto fur nb.f ... honouredone betore his lord,...'. 'lne The InnerJambs: jrufutu (Hhj) honouredone, Hehi'. To the left of the falsedoor the owner is depictedseated on a chair with lion's legs,wearing a shortkilt, broadcollar and a long wig which doesnot coverhis ear. One of his handsis held clenchedto his chestand the otheris openand extended towardsan off-eringtable which is apparentlyunfinished, showing six loaveson the left half but noneon the right. Underthe tableon the far sideis a cheston which are piled itemsof food and aboveare two trays,the lower with threejars and the upperwith loavesof bread.The inscriptionsabove the sceneread: lgt t l3thnqt fu kt 'one fu rytlfut mt-hd $ is [!t] nmlt n jm:ftrufur Wsjr ll.tj thousandof bread,one thousandof beer,one thousandof oxen,one thousandof fowl, one thousandof oryxes.one thousand of alabasterand one thousand of clothesfor the honouredone beforeOsiris, Ihi'. The off-eringtable sccne to theright of thefalse door is damagedin the lower part. The seatedfigure of the owneris cladin a sirnilarmannel' to thaton the lefi but also 128 oudjebten,21. 129 7v4n,run12, 435-36. 13o BonL",Personennamen l,14:20. l3 I For thistitlc seeKanawati - McFarlane,Akhnrint l. 23l. I 32 Rankc,Personennrunen 1, 254 12. OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS wearsthe sashof a lectorpriest and bracelets.One handrests on his lap and the otheris extendedtowards a tablewith 13loaves of bread.Beneath it to the lefl area 'one ewerand basin. The thousand...' fbrmula is identicalto thaton the lcfi side 'for and is followed by: n jmtftzulr nfr The Back Side 'back' On the opposite sidethe only survivingdecoration, at the lower lctt encl,is a smallportion of thelegs of a standingmale figure facing left andof two columns of inscriptionsin front of him. The signsread: I) ...hrjJ.tbt jmjt-r) ...2) ... m ... l) ...the lector priest, the overseer ...2) ...n1 ... The End A standingfigure of the owner is depictedfacing left and weziringa shoulder- length,curled wig whichdoes not cover his ear,l33 a beard,a collar,bracelets and a projecting,pleated kilt. He holdsa staff and a sceptreand is accompaniedby one horizontal(l) andtwo vertical(2-3) linesof hieroglyphsthat read: (l) jmtfuu.tfur tpj dru.f j*j-, pr-in il FALSE DOORS The streetbetween Nit-m-pt anclSpsj-ptu-Ptll is iully occupiedby shafts presumablydating betweenthe late Old Kingdom and First IntermediatePeriod. Theseare characterised by smallmouths and are arranged in an orderlyfashion to maximiseuse of the limitedspace. A numberof smalllalse doors and offering tableswere found in the loosedebris filling this streetand the areaabove the chapel of Ndt-m-pt to a height of 3.0m. It seemslikely that sr"rchinscribed objects originally belongedto theseshafts and were moved,perhaps at the tirne that this cemeterywas first robbed. The areato the eastof Njt-m-pt has not yet been completelycleared. The intrusiveburials (to be published)were all laterthan these objects,even if sometimesthey were dug to a lowerdcpth. TNE94:FDI. Pls.24.57. The upper part of the false door of Nw-hjj-futot-knuwas fbund near the SW cornerof NQt-m-pf'smastaba at a heightapproximately 2.50m. above floor level. Of the type with torusmoulding and cavetto cornice, it is decoratedin incisedrelie f of goodstyle. W 44.5cm.(W cornice47.0cm.) present max. H 38.0cm. 133 Thic typc becameparticularly liequent during the reignsof Pepy l-Pcpy II (Cherpion. M astabaset hypogd e s, 57-58). 55 OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS The Upper Linrel: (l) dj l.ttpdj lnpru prt-furw.ftt+(\ m jtntfuzul3r nlr The CentralPanel: Only the Llppersection is preserved,where a title andthe name of the owner read:... snrr pr Nu-l.tjj-hrut-knu'...,the companionof the house, Nu-hi-hewet-kau'. Date: Dynasty6. TNE94:FD2. Pls.24, 57. Found in the debrisapproximately 2.00m. above the centralpart of Ndt-m-pt,s mastaba,the falsedoor of Hjj is almostcomplete, except for the cavettocornice which is partlybroken above the torusmoulding. It is decoratedin incised,and now weathercd,relief of poorstyle. W 3l.Ocm.present H 45.0cm. TheUpper Lintcl: lltp dj nsutdj tpj \t '(l)1 lnpzu fdru.fprt-furw n] jmtbwHjjt3i e) jmtlu furnb.f ... Hjj Anoffering which rhe king gives ancl Anubis, w'ho is on [his hill] gives. [May an invocationoffering come forth fbr] the honouredone, Hi, (2) the honouredone before his lord ...,Hi'. The CcntralPanel: The ownersits at an offeringtable and holds a perfumejar close 'The to his nose. He is describedas jmj-r pr Hjj overseerof the house,Hi'. 'The The Right outer Jamb: jnufuu lr lnpw lntj zh-nfr jntj-r pr Hjj honoured onebefore Anubis, foremost of the divinebooth, the overseerofthe house,Hi'. The Left OuterJamb: 'fn" 1nufirufur [Ptl.t?] smr wctj Mnzu-jnw(?)tta4y.7te Hjj honouredonc before[Ptah?] the sole companion, Min-inu(?), his df, Hi'. 'His The Lower Lintel: lmt.f [m]rtt.fl Wdrt... n wife,his beloved,Wedjat ... n'. 'The The Right Inner Jamb: jmil3w furnlr ,t Hjj honouredone before the great god, Hi'. I 34 p,l. the lbrm Ttrt-furutscc Lapp, Oplefinrnret. g162. 135 Thic natncis unat{cstcdin Rankc,Personennttnerr, but a rathcrsirnilar namc, Nzu h-kttu rs lbuncionce in thc tomb of Ptl.tlltp (D62) at Siiclqara(ibid l. 182:29:Maricrrc, Mnstubtts. 3-52),datccl to thc rcign of Djcdkare(Bacr. Rank curtlTitle,74-j5 ll60l: Strudwick, Atlntin i.st rut ir.rn, t37-t38 [49] ). 136 p1t.1.t..has obscrvccl that the last two titlcsare usually cornbined (Denclertt,98-99). I 37 Ranke,Personennunten l. 233:16. 138 16i.1,l-5 l:16; vol.2,360. If'thisreaclingiscorrccrthenb.f of Hjj isMrnu-jnru,rheowner ol' a tonrb recentlycliscovered in thc samcarea which datcsrnost probably tit thc reign of PcpyI (kr be publishcdshortly). 139 pn, tl.tctcrnr L/f seeMcnu-Harari, CRIPEL 2 |()741. l42fl.; Perepclkin,Prit,ctteigerttunt, nassim. 56 OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS The Left InnerJamb: jnrhzu 'The furnb.f Hjj honoureclone befbre his lord. Hi . Date: Dynasty6 TNE94:FD3. Pls.25, 57. Found in the debris,.of Nit-nt-pt's tomb near TNE94:FD2, thecomplete false door of Mr.srnb is of the type with torusmoulcling "minimumanclcavetto cornice and hasa T-shapedpanel' Decoratedin incisedrelief with details,the owner is shownseated at an offering tableon the pane^land is depictedstanding and holdrng a lotus flower to her noseat the bottom of each of-t'he four 1ambs. w at base 30.0cm.W aftop 3l.Ocm. H -52.0cm. The UpperLintel andLefi outer Jamb: Theinscriptions on theformer (l) continue on thelatter (2). (1) di nsw.t j '(l) crw Ttrt-r3rzu(2) n jnur3iuir3r ntr,t Mr.s-'nbt+0 An offering\!l ,lnyru.tpj whichthe king giutJ aniAnubis, who is on his hill (gives). IVIayan invocation offering comefoitf, (2) for the honouredone beforethe greatgod, Meres-ankh'. TheRight Outer pth 'The Jamb:jnufuwt !1r Mr.s_ The CentralPanel: lg t fotl.tnqt p3t futtpd fu kt fu is fttnntfut n Mr.s- 'The Lower Lintel: jmtfiut Mr.s- The InnerJambs: The szrmeinscriptions 'The arewritten on both inner.jambs:bkrt nswt Mr.s- Date: PepyI, or later. III OFFERING TABLES The offeringtables, bothcomplete and incomplete, are of the typewith a l.ttp_stgn and two basins,except for or3 which is a singl^ebasin with a flat rim. TNE94:OT1. Pls. 26, 58. A completeoffering table inscribedlbr Tmzj/IJrtJtmt-n-brzuwas fbund ne.r the easternwall of NQt-m-pt's mastabaat a heightapproximaGty z.:0,,-'. above floor level.Inscriptionsincisedon1l.e.btTt$gniead:"(r)htpa1 nsitiiiiiii""'tpl dwfprt,.pyr! jyntlw.Trnrj.,o,, j '(l) ! iritt3wt3, ni tifs1]'nswthri!6i u[t_h,n,_ n-'ftrTu An".f offering .i) which fheking'giv". unoun nir..ing which Anubis,who is on his hill, gives. May an invocationoffering come fbrth f'oihi-, for the honourecl one Tjemst. (2) The honoured onc befbrehis lord, the noblernanof the kinc. the 140 Ranke,Personennunren l. l5U:6. '1 | I Ibid, 391: lo. 57 OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS lectorpriest, Kheret-hema-en-kheru'. Each inscription ends with a seatedfigure of the owner. W 29.8cm.L 43.7cm. TNE94:OT2.Pls.26, 58. The offeringtable of Zzjis brokenon oneside. Preservedbetween two basinsis most of a vertical line of incised inscriptionsending with a seatedfigurc 'The determinative.It reads:jmtfuru fur lnpzu tpj dw.f Zzjl42 honouredone before Anubis,who is on his hill, Sesi'.W l7.0cm. presentmax. L 22.0cm. TNE9l:OT3. Pls.26, 58. The right lower cornerof a singleoffering basin retains inscriptions roughly incisedon the flat rim aroundthe edge. Theyread (t)... zi lrjr+zQ)l.rmt.f j... '(1)... thescribe, Iri. (2) hiswife, i.... . Presentmax. W 2l.5cm. L 16.0cm. TNE94:OT4.Pls.27, 58. A small fragmentof an offeringtable has remains of a horizontalline of incised '... signswhich reads:... prt-furw Ftkt-ttt11 invocationofferings (for) Feteket-ta'. Presentmax. W 8.5cm.L l0.0cm. TNE9{:OT5. Pls.27, 58. An offering table of Sbkruis damagedon threecorners but retainsmost of its incisedinscriptions. They read:(l) jmtlut Sbkwt45(D htp dj nszutlnpzu tpi '(1) dwt.fl... The honouredone, Sebeku. (2) An off-eringwhich the king givesand Anubis,who is on hishill (gives)...'.W'l3.5cm. presentmax. L l6.5cm. TNE94:OT6. Pl. 58. Two pieceswere found of a brokenoffering table, but the right sideis missing. Little remainsof two horizontallines of incisedinscriptions which read: ( l) ...prt- '(1) ftrw ...(2) ...[jmtb]u lr Wsjr...... invocationofferings (for)... (2) ... the honouredone before Osiris ...'. Presentmax. W 2l.0cm. L 33.0cm. TNE94:OT7.Pls.27, 58. The right half of an offering tableinscribed in black ink only was found to the north of the mastabaof Ndt-m-pt at a height of 2.00m. The single line of text 'An begins: htp dj nsut lrtpw tpj dwf ... offering which the king gives and Anubis,who is on his hill (gives)...'. W 26.3cm.present max' L 32.5cm. TNE94:OT8. Pl. 58. A completeoffering tablewas found nearthe SE cornerof Nflt-m-pf's mastabaat a heightof approximately3.00m. above floor level. Crudelyincised for an official no-"d Hzjj ihe inscriptionsread: ( t) htp dj nsrot Wsjr prt-furron ipsj nsut jmil3w '(l) Hzjjr+6 (2) jmtfuw... An offeringwhich the king givesand Osiris(gives). May an invocationoffering come forth for the noblemanof the king, the honoured one.Hesi. (2) The honouredone ...'. W 32.0cm.L 36'0cm. la2 16i,1,29i:22. la3 15;,1,41 ' 1. laa 16i,1,14j.1. 1,15tbid, 306:3. I a6 15;,1.254:29. OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS IV FRAGMENTS A greatnumber of fragmentsfbund nearto eachother in the fill and debrisabove the centralpart of Nflt-ttt-pt's tomb were formed of a hard, slate-colouredrock and hadincised decoration of a similarstyle and size. Two (TNE94:F21,F43) bearthe namelpj,to, and it is believedthat the majority belongto the samemonument. Their registrationnumbers are not in consecutiveorder and to facilitatestudy they have been groupedat the beginningof the following descriptionsand their photographsand line drawingsappear together on the sameplates. (TNE94:F4,I l, 13-14,16-21,26-27, 30-31, 37-38, 43, 45,52, 64, 6'/-69,76, 89 Pls. 28-30, 59) TNE94:F4. Pls.28, 59. Partsof rows of an incisedoffering list with kneelingfigure determinativesfacing left. Blue-greybackground. W 14.lcm. H l2.5cm. (oins F52 andbelongs with Fl7, F20,F89) TNE94:F11.Pls.29, 59. Lower left portionof falsedoor with torusmoulding; legs and feet of malefigure facingright at bottomof jamb;no colour.W l6.7cm. H l2.5cm. TNE9{:F13-14. Pl. 59. Two fragmentsfitting togethershow an off-eringtable with food itemspiled above and a'ewer and basin,jar, and tray with fruit below. Above the scenepartially preservedsigns read ... tbtl t fu hnqt fu k:... , and to the right a column of inscriptionretains the signs dj, jandp (htpl dj [nswt] lnpw?). Loaves,base undertable stand, jars andmeat red; someyellow at top of offerings(vegetable?); tracesof blue-greenin signs.W 19.0cm.H22.5cm. TNE94:F16. PI. 59. Incisedsigns, including t andd, retainingno colouron red ground. W 9.lcm. H 4.6cm. TNE94:F17. PIs.28, 59. Partof rows of offeringlist with incisedsigns and kneeling figure determinatives facingright to left of verticalbanded frieze. Groundblue-grey; banded frieze with blocksof green-red-blue-green,etc. W l4.0cm. H l3.7cm. (oins F20) TNE94:F18. PIs.29, 59. Remainsof incisedsigns reading ... tpj dru.f...on blue-greyground, with '/.6cm.lnpu somered discolouration.W 8.0cm.H TNE9l:F19.P1.59. Remainsof incised signs readingjmfuwt Qhwtj ... on blue-greyground. W 10.2cm.H I .2cm. (similarin styleto F I 8) ta7 6i6.22.15. 59 OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS TNE94:F20. PL,E.28, 59. Part of rows of incisedoffering list with kneelingfigure determinativesand verticalbanded frieze on right. Blue-greyground; frieze with tracesof greenand red. W l2.lcm. H. 12.3cm.(oins F17and F89) TNE94:F21. Pls.29, 59. Fragment incised with jmt'ftzu and the nameIp j,on blue-grey gror"rnd. W 17.1crn.H 7.5cm. TNE94:F26. Pls.29, 59. Lower portion of offering table scenewith baseof stand,lower part of legs of seatedfigure and leg of chair. Greyish background,legs red. W l6.0cm. H l3.6cm. (oins with F27) TNE94:F27. Pls.29, 59. Torso and arms of male figure seatedon a chair. Skin red. W l5.4cm. H l5.0cm. (oins F26) TNE94:F30. PL. 59. Partsof largeincised signs d-t-tt-rt; no colour.W 8.0cm.H 7.8cm. TNE94:F31. Pls.30. 59. Partof righthand column of incisedinscription; no colour.W 8.3cm.x l6.5crn. (face);W 16.5crn.x H 23.0cm.(whole). TNE94:F37and15. Pl..59. Two fragmentsfrom the upperright jamb of a falsedoor with bandedfrieze, torus moulding. The singlesign preserved, an incised^rw, is the beginningof thehtp dj /1s?rfformula. Backgroundblue-grey, torus moulding and frame red, frieze bandedin orange-red,blue anddark red. W 23.0cm. H 32.5cni. TNE94:F38. Pls.30. 59. Partsof two male standingfigures facing left eachcarrying a staff in right hand, the first wearinga long pointedkilt, collar and shortcap wig, the second(less complete)wears a short pointedkilt. Probablylrom right jambs of false door. Blue-greybackground, skin red. W 25.0cm.H l6.8cm. TNE9(:F43. Pls.30, 59. End of horizontalline of incisedsigns reading ... n [j]mfuu lpj; nn colour. W l4.6cm. H l5.0cm. TNE94:F45.See TNE94:31 TNE94:F52. Pls.28, 59. Partsof registersof an incisedoffering list with kneelingfigure determinatives, beneatha horizontalbanded frteze. Blue-greyground. W l5.5cm. H l8.7crn. (oins F4) 60 OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS TNE9(:F6,4. Pl. 59. Fragmentof cornerpiece with part of the incisedsign zu on one sideand vertical banded fneze and cornice on other. Blue-greybackground; bird, register and column lines red, frtezeblocks retain red andyellow, frameorange-red, cornice leaf green.Right sideW l0.7cm. H I l.5cm.,left W 4.0cm. H l-5.9cm. TNE94:F67. PIs. 30, 59. IncisedwStt eye aboveline of inscription(sign 7 ?). Paleblue-green on blue-grey ground.W l0.7cm. H 18.2cm. TNE94:F68. PIs.30, 59. Incisedinscription jmdbwl belowthe itemst hnqt b ryd. Blue-greyground, blue in signs.W 11.5cm.H l3.0cm. TNE94:F69. Pl. 59. Cornerof falsedoor cornicewith red and blue leaves,sign for di with tracesof blue. W 20.0cm.H 11.0cm.(may fit with F68) TNE94:F76. Pl" 59. Cornerpiece with bandedfrieze on one sideand traces of signson the other;no colour. Right sideW 7.3cm. H 13.0cm.,left W 6.6cm. H l3.0cm. TNE94:F89. Pl. 59. Fragmentof incisedcffering list with kneelingfigure determinatives and vertical bandedfrieze. Blue-greyground, traces of greenin signs,green and red remaining on friezeblocks. W 8.0cm.H 8.5cm. (oins F20) TNE94:F1.Pls. 31,60. Partsof piled offeringsconsisting of vegetables,fowl and a calf s headon a tray betweentwo stands,that on the left retainingtraces of red. W l7cm. H l6cm. TNE94:F2. Pls. 31,60. Upperpart of two columnsof hieroglyphs,the first with theframe of a cartouche and the secondreading mrwtth a correction/reversalof the first sign. In front of the inscriptionis preservedthe raisedarm of a femaleoffering bearerholding, possiblyon the head,a basketand a duck. Backgrounddark grey; arm yellow, tracesof blue on braceletand beak of bird, tracesof red on basket,orange-red groundto eye. Cartoucheframe blue with tracesof illegibleblue hieroglyphson redground. W 24.lcm. H 14.5cm. TNE94:F5. P1.60. Lower legs and feet of a man facing lefi; fragmentsof horizontalline of hieroglyphicsigns remain at top of resisterbcneath. Skin red. W 2l.7cm. H l0.0cm. TNE9(:F6.P\.60. Partof threecolumns of signs;no colour. W l6.5cm.H 7.8cm. 6l OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS TNE94:F8.Pls. 31, 60. Partially preservedcartouche of Neferkarein column of signsl no colour. W 9.0cm. H 8.8cm. TNE94:F22. P\.60. Head and shouldersof man with shortcurly wig facingleft, with bundlesof foldedlinen on shoulders;no colour.W l6.0cm. H 6.8cm. TNE9l:F23. P|.60. Remainsof signsin horizontalinscription above horns of two goatsfacing right. Dark grey ground,dark yellow on signsfor slt andi. W 8.5cm. H 7.6cm. TNE94:F25. P\.60. Cornerpiece with vefticalbanded fneze along one edge,with sign7 to left, and on otherside remains of largerincised signs in verticalcolumn, including r and,sw; no colour. Righr sidew 9.0cm. H. 28.7cm.,left w g.6cm. H 2g.0cm. This fragmentis possiblyfrom the left sideof the falsedoor niche of Kt(.il'pr(w). TNE94:F32. P\.60. Partof largeszu sign, very deeplyincised; no colour. w 4l.Ocm. H 9.gcm. The sizeand depthof the inscriptionresembles that on the faqadesof the mastabasof Mrrw-kt.j andKs-gm-n.j. TNE94:F33. P\.60. Remainsof two standingfigures facing left: of the first only left arm remains;the secondcarries objects over crook of eacharm and holds anotherin left hancl;no colour.W29.0cm. H 6.5cm. TNE94:F34. Pl 60. Fragmentwith piled offeringsand incisedoffering list to the right; no colour. W 20.0cm.H l9.5cm. TNE94:F35. P\.60. Remainsof two columnsof incisedinscription which retainthe signsj, s andw; no colour. W 18.6cm.H4.2cm. TNE94:F36. PI.60. Remainsof threecolumns of incisedinscription retaining several signs; no colour. W 27.0cm.H 6.3cm. (maybelong with F35) TNE94:F40. P\.60" Remainsof horizontalregister retaining signs reading m pr dt.f prt-!1ru, no colour.W32.5cm. H l0.0cm. TNE94:F41. PI. 60. Lower legs of standingmale figure facing right and handof anotherfigure facing left, eachhold a pestleand between them is a mortar. Blue-greyground, red skin. W l2.6cm. FI l4.6cm. OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS TNE94:F47. P\.60. Lower part of legsof malefigure facingleft; beneathregister line areremains of the r"rpperpart of horizontalline of hieroglyphicinscription. Background blue-grey, skinred. W 45.3cm.H 10.8cm.(may belong with F48 andperhaps F5) TNE94:F48. PI 60. Lower part of two pairsof legsof male figuresand the front part of the foot of a third,facing left. Blue-greyground, red skin. W 33.5cm.H 1l.0cm. (similarto F41) TNE94:F53. P|.60. Incisedsign r; no colour. W 9.0cm. H 9.0cm. Possiblylrom sarcophagusof Kt(.j)-pr(w). TNE94:F55. PI. 61. Partof horizontalline of largeincised signs of a seateddeity followedby htp: no colour. W 24.0cm.H 36.9cm. TNE94:F56.P\.61 Piledofferings on a trayresting on an extended,upturned arm. Skinred, nail white.W 6.4cm.H 1l.5cm. TNE9{:F57. P\.61. Fragmentwith partof smalloffering table with containersbelow on eitherside of stand;directly abovethe tableis a trorizontalline of incisedinscriptions retaining shd ...pr- TNE94:F59.Pl.61. Corner fragment with vertical incised inscriptionnb.f and perhapsfalcon determinativeon one side. Tracesof light blue-greenin signs. W l6.2cm. H 9.7crn. TNE94:F60.P\.61. Partsof threecolumns of inscriptionsincluding 1)j-p-n 2) part of a bird 3) part of n; no colour. W 9.0cm. H 8.5cm. TNE94:F62.PI. 61. Fragmentfrom a (fowling?)scene of birdseating grain; no colour.W l2.3cm. H 5.7cm.(probably frorr sameas F63) TNE94:F63. Pl. 6l Fragmentwith bird and grain; no colour. W 2.6cm. H. 9.0cm. (probably belongswith F62) TNEq4:F66. Pl. 61. Fragmentwith handholding oval object,possibly from sccneof'picking fruit. Tracesof red on hand. W 5.5cm.H 9.4cm. 63 [- OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS TNE94:F72.PL.6l. Lower partof a pair of legswalking right; in registerbelow remains of largesigns includer; no colour.W 5.6cm.H2l.Ocm. TNE94:F75.PI.6l. Torso and armsof male figurewearing a kilt, facingleti. Tracesof red on skin. W l3.6cm.H ll.2cm. TNE94:F77.P\.61. Partof horizontalregister with incisedn1r signand seatedgod determinative;no colour.W 10.8cm.H l5.0cm. TNE9l:F81. PI. 61. Part of an inscriptionincluding f, bird (probablyt) and a cartouchewith sign f , probablyof Teti;no colour.W 6.4cm.H 7.0cm. TNEgl:F86. P1.61. Partsof two columnswith incisedsigns 1) b, tp (possiblyhrj-hbt l.trj-tp) 21 m?, t andz5; no colour. W l5.5cm. H 8.4cm. TNE94:F88.Pls. 31. 61. Panther'shead; no colour. W -5.5cm.H 8.7cm. TNE9l:F9l . Fl. 6l . Partof columnwith signsreading jmtfuru ; traccsof relief decorationon right; no colour.W 1l.Ocm.H 20.0cm. TNE94:F91. Pl. 61. Part of two columnsof inscriptions,one with lzfp signsand the other with legs andlower body of quailchick; no colour.W 29.0cm.H I l.2cm. TNE94:F95. Pl. 6l . Fish;no colour. W I l.2cm. H 6.5cm. TNE94: F96. Pl. 6 I . Top part of a pile of offeringsincluding lettuce,ribs and a iar; no colour. W 25.4cm.H 18.0cm. TNE94: F97. PI. 6l Leg of a stridingmale figure wearing a kilt, holdingan objectin the lefi hand. Leg paintedred, black register line with redbeneath. W 7.9cm. H l6.5cm. TNE94:F98.P\.61. Remainsof one columnof incisedsigns s(mr) ru,ti ; on red ground. W l2.0cm. H 2l.5cm. TNE94:F107. PIs.3I-32, 62. Fragmentsof falsedoor foundin fill of a shaftabutting the southwall of NQt-m- pf's mastaba.Incised signs blue, base and column lines black, torus lashing black, corniceleaves white. red. blue. outlined in black. OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS a) horizontalline of signsreading jmt'fint. W 20.2cm. H 12.2cm. b) tblr tPlth tblr abovecavetto cornice. W 17.7cm.H 9.9cm. c) / abovecavetto cornice. W 9.6cm. H 8.0cm. d) threeloaves from an offbring tableand the items ..!t tpd l,1tt hnqt. W 8.9cm. H l0.3cm. e) smr. W 6.4cm.H 6.3cm. f) partsof 3 registersof signsl7 m jmllTltl 2) nt Zkr 3) n - b7 - j. W l7.0cm. H 10.5cm. g) Anubison stand.W 6.9cm. H 4.6cm. h) torusmoulding. W 8.2cm. H l6.7cm. i) horizontalline retainingsign r, abovecavetto. W l7.0cn"r.H 8.8cm. j) rL,- t? beneathblack register line. W l3.7cm. H 5.0cm. k) d beneathblack register line. W 10.8cm.H 6.3cm. l) part of (sntr)ru,tj andjmj-(r). W 8.5crn. H 3.Scm. TNE94:F108. Pls.32, 62. Headand shoulders of malc figurcfacing right fbllowedby another,only the face remaining,who carriesa small gazelle. Red on face,black on hair. W l3.0cm. H l6.2cm. (found southof Nflt-nt-pt) TNE94:F111. Pl. 62. Middle part of the bodiesof two male figureswearing plain kilts; no colour. W 7.lcm. H 8.3cm. TNE94:F113. Pl. 62. Partsof line of incised signsnjutt - nb - fr; pale pink in signs. W 8.6cm. H 8.0cm. TNE94:F115. Pl,s.32, 62. Parts of four horizontal lines of incised sisns. Some traces of vellow. W 33.5cm.H 37.3cm. TNE94:118-I19. Pls.33, 63. Two largelimestone blocks which fit one abovethe otherwere found neareach otherat the southernend of Nf,t-nt-pf'smastaba at a heightof 2.30m.above floor level. Decoratedon two sideswith incisedhieroglyphs, there is at presentno trace of colour on eitherpiece. Thesecorner elements probably fbrmed part of one side of a falsedoor niche.l48A singlecolumn of hieroglyphson the thicknessreads: 'The smr wctj hrj-hbt jnufuwTtj-ht-jit.f +v solecompanion, the lector priest,the honouredone, Teti-ha-ishetef. Beneaththe column is a standingfigure of the ownerwho wearsa shoulder-lengthwig, a beardand a pointedkilt. The inscription on the jamb is damaged,but may be amendedas [jj.tt.j m njru]t(.j) flt]t.n(.j) [nt] 'I sptt(.j)jr,n(.j) [mt]rt mrrt ntr s[htp].n[.j sw] ... rrj came from my town and descendedfrom my province. I carriedout justice which the god loves. I satisfied him ...rri'. W at baseof thickness48.0cm. of jarnb9.9cm. W at top of thickness 33.5cm.of jamb 7.8cm. H at corner108.4cm. 148 5"" El-Khouli - Kanawati,Sctqclara 2, pls.20-21, lbr conrparison. 149 Ranke,Personennanren2,330:16. Thc nameis attestcdclscwhcrc in thc ccrnctcry(e.g Porter- Moss,Blbllography 3:2, -548,563). 65 OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS TNE94:F123. Pl. 64. The right end of a door lintel with a singleline of hieroglyphswith somedetails was found SW of NQt-m-pt'smastaba at a heightof 1.50m.The inscriptionsread: l.trj5 n mrt-Ttj zi n zt pr-9 ...'He who is in chargeof the lakeof the Meret-temple of Teti,the scribe of thephyle of thepalace ...'. W'71.0cm.H 11.0cm. TNE95:F128. PIs.34, 61. (F2.11 ,F2.12) Two decoratedblocks which fit together,retaining Iower parts of four offering bearersproceeding to right, each wearing a plain short kilt and carryinga foreleg. Redpaint remains on skin. W 68.0cm.H l9.5cm. TNE95:F129. Pls. 34, 64. (C4.2,C5.4) Two fragmentswhich fit togetherof falsedoor with verticaltorus moulding and the remainson the left outerjamb of one column of incisedsigns which read... kt.f thrl wrut dsr(w)t...' ... his ka on the sacredroads ...'. Some red colour on torus. W 15.0cm.H25.2cm. TNE95:F130.P\.64. (C4.1) Remainsof threelines of incisedsigns: l) ...qrs.f ...2) ...n hrcunb ... 3) ...m j*(?).f ... . W 20.0cm.H 25.0cm.(TNE95:F130-133, 13-5 possibly belonsto the sameobiect) TNE95:F131.P\.64. (F4.4) Parisof two registerswith incised,weathered signs: 1) a\ Wtg.... W ll.5cm.H l9.0cm. TNE95:F132.P1 64. (E3.1) Partof registerwith incisedsigns ... pn ..... W l0.3crn.H 8.2cm. TNE95:F133. Pl. 64. (E3.4) Partsof threeregisters with incisedsigns: ll ...2) ...fur smjt ...3) ...w mr.... W 9.0cm. H 23.0cm. TNE95:F135. Pl. 61. (F2.10) Partsof threeregisters with incisedsigns: l) ...jmthzu(?) br ...2) ...m htp br ...3) ...r.... W 17.0cm.H 16.0cm. TNE95:F136. PIs.34, 64. (F3.2) Scenein marshwith front part of papyrllsboat, weed beneath, and two unclothedmale figures with lock of youthstanding on the deckboth holdinga bird by the wings in eachof their hands. In front of them, and behind the boat, is probablythe papyrusmarsh, with onedrooping umbel and part of a bird in flight. No colour.W 31.0cm.H24.5cm. TNE95:F137.P\.61. (E4.13) Thick block of limestonewith partsof two verticalcolumns of clearly incisedsisns 1) ...n tn ...2) m mitt r .... No colour.W l6.5cm. H 1l.4cm. oo OBJECTSAND FRAGMENTS TNE95:F138. PL.64. (84.45) Fragmentwith torsoof offeringbearer facing right with right arm at side and left holding young calf(?). Backgroundblue-grey, skin red. W 10.0cm. H 8.4cm. TNE95:F139.P|.64. (H2.5) Offerings,with jar which retainsred paint on lower half andblack at top. W 16.0cm. H zl.J cm. TNE95:F140.P\.64. (F4.46)) Piled offerings,jar at left with red on lower part and black on top, ribs red, loavesyellow, onionsstems white/no colour and bulbs red with red outline. W 2l.0cm. H9.lcm. TNE95:F141. Pls. 34, 64. (Fl.8) Thick limestoneblock with kilt andfoot of incisedmale figure facingright and wearing a calf-lengthpointed kilt and holding a staff. The end of a column of inscriptionin front of the figure retainsa few signs,possibly the namelrui.tso *o colour. W 18.2cm.H 21.0cm. TNE95:F142.PL.64. (F2.I1) Part of large incised signs in two columns;no colour. W 13.0cm. H 7.5cm. I 50 punL", Personennamenl, 391'.1. 61 APPENDIX THE MASTABA OF GEREF/ITJI A shortseason of excavationswas conducteddLrring April-May 19911with the pulposeof completingwork in our earlierconcession to the northof the mastabaof Mrrztt-kt.jt5l beforethe startof the presentproject. The excavationsrcvealecl a continuousmud brick wall built immediatelyon thenative rock andextending east- west at the northernend of the site. If thc samewall is found to be extending furthereast, under the cument excavations, it would indiciitesome kind of enclosure wall partlyor completelysurrounding the cemetery.The two largestone jambs ('l) still standingto the southof the'ruede tombeaux'rnighthave originally fbrmecl an entranceto the cemeteryand not simply to this streetof tombs. Clearingthe north-easternsection of the concessionl52revealed also a part of a mud brick rectangularoffering chamberwith an inscribedlimestone false door which had fallento the ground. As thc greaterpart of thc mastabalies outsideour concession,l53i, was not possibleto completeits clearanceand to produce architecturalplans. The falsedoor of Grf/ltjis pLrblishedhere with someadditional informationon his family gainedfrom a photographof an architravefound in the nearvicinity,l-54 and beionging to a manwith identicalnames and titles to the owner of the falsedoor. THE TOMB OWNER AND HIS FAMILY The Tomb Owner NAI',TES 'Geref'. I Grftss Itirso'Itji'. l-5I ForarcportonthcrcsultsofthesccxcavationssccKanawaticr,'tl.Sctclqora l;El-Khouli - Kanawati,Sctclqara2. 152 Ibid.nt. t. l-53 16" aieato the eastol'this conccssionand to ths westof thc currcntpro1ect, i.e. irnntcdiately to the northof thc mastabaol-Kt-gnr-n/,was cxcavatedby M. Abder-Raziqof the Egyptran Antiquities Organisation,who has now rcsunreclhis work under the iiuspicesol'the Universityof the SuezCanal. 154 Courtesyof Mr. Hasaballacl-Taycb, photographcr at Saqqara.Thc inscriptionsin sevcn horizontallines, arc sirnilarto thoscon thearchitravc of Ml.tj (El-Khouli- Kanawati,Saqqora 2, pl. 6), whilc the arrangcmcntof the f'arnilygroup to the lcl't is sirnilarto that on the architraveof /rl (ibid,pl. 3). Thc thrcctornbs are wilhin closeproximity of eachothcr. 155 ths namcis unattcstcdin Ranke.Personenntmren. 156 161611.52:29. 69 GEREF/ITJI TITLES l- jryj jcru;r 'overseer .r nb nsrutdjdjru pt qrnnuf; of all the king'sbreakfast, and of thatwhich heavengives and earth produces'. a j*j-, pftruu'overseerof the marshlands'. 'overseer 3-j*j-, lnot-jhrut of the 6n11lsss1n1s'.1-57 ^ 'ovelseer +- j*jn sfutjhtp(t) of the two fields of offerings'.15t3 'overseer j*j-, sqbbzujpr- Gr/s titlesseem consistent with his responsibilitiesin attendingat the king in the morning. He was responsiblefor the bathroomsin the palice, for th6 royal headdress,for the king's breakfastand as suchwas in chargeof certainsources - the marshlands,the fields of offerings,the vegetationancl of all that heavengives andearth produces. The Wife of Geref NAM ES I- :i,i."^fl^,i'.,",Wnt-nfrrI62'yrran.t-nefert,. 'Wentu'. 2- t:,-r-il:: Wntwt63 This nameis describedas rn.s nfr,herbeautiful name'. The wif-eis depictcdon the architrave,equal in size to her husband, with one handon his shoulderand the otherholdine his arm. 'his Sheis described as ltmt.f wife'. TITLES 1 t- rfut nxttt'acquaintanceof the king'. a L- hnt(t)-ntr Hrut-hr'priestessof Hathor'. r) / 'Lp.22-23, Fischer, no. -5. Sotneexamplcs oflnut Tflzrfseern to rcf'erto the capitalof Nornc 3of LowerEgypt(Helck,Goue,I-53--5-5;Zibclius,Siedlungen,149--5l;LIoyclet al.,Saqqt)1r Tonrbs2, 24 n.3\. l5ii por '1p,23, thisrcacling scc Kanawri eL al.,saqqcrrrr l, l-5.r9 n.l l; Fischcr, no. g. Lloyd et 'ovcrseer al., translateas of the ol'fcringol-thc two Sckhets',and seethc S/3f as the 'Fcn- goddcss'and thc dual numherrcpresenting a clivisioninto westancl east ol'the Dclta.the rnarshcsin eachbcing undcr the protcction of a s/3f(saqqira'fombs 2,24 n.4). t". thcrcading o{'this titlc sccibicl, 7,pl.9,wherc.sqbbw.jis wriuen phonctically. 160]]l Helck,Beamtentite!,66; Fischer, Denclera, |j2,234; iclcm,/p,23, no.6. The titleis also 'oversecr transfated as of all hair of thc carth'(Lloyd ct al.,Sctqqara Tombs 2,7). l6l 16" title is usuallycombined with that tol'sfiff;rr (Fischer,Denclera.gg-99). 162 6n1t the ntasculinelbrm cl1'(hcnamc is attestcclin Ranke,Per.sonennturten l.'/():19. I 63 tbia.80: t2. 10 GEREF/ITJI The Son of Geref 'V-, '5s1.ji-rnkh'. 'his i Stj-rnbl64 Describedas zt.f son',a small figure is depictedon the architravebefore Grf andholding on to his staff. The Mother of Geref NAMES t- -:1.r :,,i,i) T Et-db165'Jjn1-6Js['. a |66'\,'[s1st-ites'. L- \ ", ,'.-- filii,utrt-it 5 3- -==-.=.i Afdtt6T'Khefdjet'. The tomb owner is designatedon his false door as Grf njsu m jr n Ttt-db 'Geref, J[j who is called Itji, born to Tjat-deb'. In line 6 on the architravehe is describedas Grf njsrum Ilj jr n Mrt-jt,s'Geref, who is calledItji, born ro Merer- ites',and aL.ovethe family groupon the samearchitrave he is Grf jr n flfdt'GeLef, born to Khefdjet'.There can be no doubtthat the threenames belonged to the same woman,but it is interestingthat he referredto his motherthree times, each with a differentname. 168 II DATING O}' GEREF The excellentstyle of inscriptionson the architrave(unlike thoseon the falsedoor) and their similarityto otherinscriptions in the vicinity, the shapeof the falsedoor andparticularly its elongatedpanel,l6e and the proximity of thetomb to otherbetter datedmastabas in the areasuggest a dateat the end of Teti'sreign or early under Pepy I. III SCENESAND INSCRIPTIONS PLs.35, 65. As indicatedabove, only the false door was discoveredby our expedition. Formedof onepiece of limestone,this door is of the type with cavetlocornice and torus moulding. The upperlintel is uninscribed,the remaindcrof the door is decoratedin incisedrelief with no details.The standingfigures of the ownerat the t61 Ibid, 322:19. 165 Thc namcis unattcstcdin ibid. r66 Ibid I, l-58:8. 161 Thc namcis unattcstedin ibid. r68 'born AlthoughMltj,owner of a ncighbouringtornb, ref'erred to hirnselfonly asjr n fJntj to Khcnti'(El-Khouli- Kanawati,Saqqara2,pl.6), a snralllalse cloor in his chapel,possibly bclongingto his rnothcr,shows that she had two namcs.fltttj andT{ (ibid. pl.9). 169 Strudwick,Administration, 18. For someexantplcs scc Junker, Giz.a 8,l'igs. 32, 34; Jantes, Khentika,pls. l8-19;El-Khouli - Kanawati,Satlqaru 2, pl. ll;Abder-Raziq,Mdlanges 2, ol. l. 7l GEREF/TTJI bottom of eachjamb arefor the mostpart left unfinished,in black paint only, and so arethe lashingson the torusmoulding. All standingfigures of Grf wearshoulder- lengthwigs andprojecting kilts. Six figureshold a staffin onehand and a cloth in the other,while two, thoseon the innerjambs, have their hands by their sides. The CentralPanel: The tomb ownersits on a chairwith lion'slegs and a low back. He stretcheshis right handto an offering tablewith eight half-loavesof breadwhile placinghis left handon his chest. Beneaththe tableon the oppositeside is a ewer in o Uisin placedon a stancl.Above the sceneis written: Spsjnswt-imi-r.st.Grf 'The noblemanof the king, the overseerof a department,Geref . ... fu mnfutfut kt '...,one thousandof clothes,one thousand of oxen'. (1-2) vertical(3) linesof hieroglyphs The Middle Lintel: Two horizontal andone '(1) read:( t) jrnfuzufor nlr m st'f The Right Outer Jamb: (I) smr wctj ipsj nswt mrrw !?.f hri-sitt.n .nswt nb(t) ir(w).f hrr r-nbtll ipsj nswt Grf (2) i*i-, sqbbwi pr- The Left Outer Jamb: Two horizontal(1-2) and two vertical (3-4) lines of hieroglyphsread: (r) imtfujjpw (2)rm! nbdd't|.f O t l.tnqtry ;!tl nswt.Grf njsw m ltili i Ttt-dbrn.f itfr lij tq jnkjs (i sic.)imtfuw mj wnt d1tir tp tt ink wryntir tttii sttj,r* crf 'ti) An honouredone he is (2)any man who will say:(3) bread und b"". for th6 noblemanof the king, Geref,who is calledItji, born to Tjat-deb, his beautifulname, Itji. (4) I was indeedan honouredone, as that which was said upon earth. I was indeedone who achievedgraciousness and who attained honours,Geref . The Right Middle Jamb: jmj-r plwru imi-r l1wt-il1wtjmj+ st ltj,'The overseerof the manshlands,the overseerof the cattieestate, the overseerof a department,Itji'. 'The jri nfr htt The Left Middle Jamb: i*i-, st Spsjnsut smr pr smr wctj .Grf overseerof a department,the noblemanof the king, the companionof the house' the solecompanion, the keeperof the headdress,Geref ' 'The^prie-st The Right Inner Jamb: hm-ntr ild-swt-Ttj ipsi nswt^Grf of the pVramid"One steadfast of placesis Teti", thenobleman of the king, Geref' 170 po1.'r :-\ -.'jedcr Mund = iedermannsce trVb2,390:3, wherethe earliestattestcd examples areliom DynastY18. 12 GEREF/ITJI The Left Inner Jamb'.smr wctjjmj-r in tt nb hrj-sitt n nsrutm st.fnbt ipsj nswt 'Tne Itj sole companion,the overseerof all vegetation,he who is privy to the secretsof the king in his everyplace, the noblemanof the king, Itji'. t-) INDEX DEITIES Mrjj 15 INDEX jnrj-r pr 31, 45,5(t l.tnt(t)-ntrNt (mhtjt jnb.s) wpt iuriuf ll, 18, jnl r pr-in< 54-55 20 jnrj-r plnuu 70,72 I.tm(t)-ntrHwt-l.rr l0 jmj-r l.nut-jluut10, 12 I.tnt(t)-ntrHwt-l.tr nbt nht I 1, l9-20 jnrj r l.nut-utrf35,39,44-11,19 l.trj-sittn pr dwtt 36,45 jmj-r zi 76