An Investigation of Fluoride Distribution in Bilara Block of Jodhpur District, Rajasthan

1Mamta Patel, 2Sanwal Ram, 3Vimla Chowdhary 1Research Scholar, 2Research Scholar, 3Professor & Research Supervisor, Department of Chemistry, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract:- Fluoride is found in all natural waters. Drinking-water is typically the largest single contributor to daily fluoride intake. Fluoride has both beneficial and harmful effects on the human health depending upon its level. Fluoride concentration in ground water samples of Bilara Block is determined by Ion Selective Electrode method, A total of Thirty five samples were collected and analysed in the study area. The lowest and highest fluoride levels observed are 0.20 mg/L and 3.70 mg/L respectively with an average of 1.57 mg/L. The samples produced values that exceeded the national standard for fluoride in drinking water. Therefore, it is essential that the government authorities implement water de fluoridation programs and take preventative measures to reduce the ingestion of this toxic halogen.

Key words: WHO, Fluoride, drinking water, Fluoride Ion Meter, Bilara, Jodhpur

INTRODUCTION

Water, the blue gold has become much more precious than yellow gold, globally. It is also an essential ingredient of plant and animal life. It forms about 75% of all the matter of earth’s crust. The availability of water on earth’s surface has made existence of life. An inseparable bond exists between fresh water bodies and human beings. They are the prime source of water for drinking, irrigation and other domestic purpose. Ground water may contain dissolved minerals and gases which gives it the characteristic taste. The most commonly dissolved minerals are sodium, calcium, magnesium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate and sulphate[1-2]. Fluorine is the lightest member of the halogen group and is one of the most reactive of all chemical elements. It is not, therefore, found as fluorine in the environment. It is the most electronegative of all the elements which means that it has a strong tendency to acquire a negative charge, and in solution forms F– ions. Other oxidation states are not found in natural systems, although uncharged complexes may be. Fluoride ions have the same charge and nearly the same radius as hydroxide ions and may replace each other in mineral structures. Fluoride thus forms mineral complexes with a number of cations and some fairly common mineral species of low solubility contain fluoride[3-5].Fluorine in the environment is therefore found as fluorides which together represent about 0.06–0.09 percent of the earth’s crust. The average crustal abundance is 300 mg kg– 1. Fluorides are found at significant levels in a wide variety of minerals, including fluorspar, rock phosphate, cryolite, apatite, mica, hornblende and others. Fluorite (CaF2) is a common fluoride mineral of low solubility occurring in both igneous and sedimentary rocks[2]. Fluoride is commonly associated with volcanic activity and fumarolic gases. Thermal waters, especially those of high pH, are also rich in fluoride. Minerals of commercial importance include cryolite and rock phosphates. The fluoride salt cryolite is used for the production of aluminum and as a pesticide. Rock phosphates are converted into phosphate fertilizers by the removal of up to 4.2 per cent fluoride; the removed and purified fluoride (as fluorosilicates) is a source of fluoride that in some countries is added to drinking-water in order to protect against dental caries[6-10].Fluoride is found in all natural waters at some concentration. Seawater typically contains about 1 mg/L while rivers and lakes generally exhibit concentrations of less than 0.5 mg/L. In groundwater, however, low or high concentrations of fluoride can occur, depending on the nature of the rocks and the occurrence of fluoride-bearing minerals. Concentrations in water are limited by fluorite solubility, so that in the presence of 40 mg/L calcium it should be limited to 3.1 mg/L. It is the absence of calcium in solution which allows higher concentrations to be stable. High fluoride concentrations may therefore be expected in groundwater from calcium poor aquifers and in areas where fluoride bearing minerals are common . Fluoride concentrations may also increase in groundwater in which cation exchange of sodium for calcium occurs[10-15]. A number of studies have reported on the acute effects of fluoride exposure following fluoridation overdosing. However, the effects of long-term exposure to naturally occurring fluoride from drinking-water and other environmental sources are the major concern with regard to human health. A large number of epidemiological studies have been conducted in many countries concerning the effects of long-term exposure to fluoride [16].

Table 1: Effect of Fluoride Concentration

Fluoride Concentration(mg/L) Effect Less than 1.5 No Effect 1.5 to 3.0 Dental Effect 3.0 to 6.0 Mild skeletal fluorosis

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More than 6.0 Crippling skeletal fluorosis

Permissible Limits for Fluoride Concentration in Drinking Water  IS 10500 : 2012-1.0 (Acceptable limit) and 1.5 mg/lit (Permissible limit Absence ofAlternate Source)  World health Organization (WHO-2011 ) for drinking water Guideline value 1.5 mg/l (1500 μg/l)  Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR-1975)-1 mg/lit. MATERIAL AND METHOD

Sampling Area: Bilara, Distric Jodhpur, Rajasthan Geography : Bilara tehsil is the southeastern most of the eleven tehsils in Jodhpur District. It borders Bhopalgarh tehsil to the north, Nagaur District to the northeast, Pali District to the east and south, and Luni tehsil and Mandor tehsil to the west.

Water Sample Collection: Groundwater samples of 35 different locations of Bilara, District Jodhpur, Rajasthan were collected in pre cleaned polythene bottles with necessary precautions. The samples were collected, in year 2017, from manually operated public hand pumps and public walls in residential localities of studied habitations.

Method: The fluoride concentration in water was determined electrochemically; using fluoride ion selective electrode 15 . This method is applicable to the measurement of fluoride in drinking water in the concentration range of 0.01-1,000 mg/l. The electrode used was an Orion fluoride electrode, coupled to an Orion Ion meter. Standards fluoride solutions (0.1-10 mg/l) were prepared from a stock solution (100 mg/l) of sodium fluoride. As per experimental requirement, 1 ml of Total Ionic strength Adjusting Buffer Grade III (TISAB III) was added in 10 ml of sample. The ion meter was calibrated for a slop of-59.2 ±2. The composition of TISAB solution was as 385.4 gm ammonium acetate, 17.3 gm of cyclohexylenediaminetetraacetic acid and 234 ml of concentrate hydrochloric acid per litter. All the experiments were carried out in triplicate and the results were found reproducible with ± 2% error.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Randomly 35 villages were selected for sampling. The samples were collected from public hand pumps and wells. The physical observations of the samples indicated that they are colourless and odourless in nature. The concentration of fluoride in groundwater is not uniform in the area. This may be due to the differences in the presence and accessibility of fluorine- bearing minerals to the circulating water and also due to the weathering and leaching activities. The fluoride concentration varies from 0.20 to 3.70 mg/ L. The maximum concentration 3.70 mg/L was recorded in village Sindhiyo kd while the minimum 0.20 was in village Damanada kd. In some samples the fluoride content was found high. All results are compared with Indian Drinking Water Standards IS: 10500, 2012 (i.e. 1.0 mg/l). The fluoride concentration of various villages was shown in Table 2.

Table 2: The fluoride concentration of various villages

S.No Habitation Name Location Type of Source Fluoride 1 DAMANADA KD PSP SATI MATA MANDIR Khadins/ Nadis 0.20 2 DHOBI GORBA KD H/P, IN DHANI Shallow Tubewell 2.70 3 KANAWASIYA CWR JATO KD Treated Surface Water 0.35 4 MATWALON KD TANKA IN VILLAGE Delivery Point 0.30 5 BARNA H/P DIWANJI KI PIOW Shallow Tubewell 2.42 6 BHAVI C.W.R BHAVI Tankas 2.60 DEWALIYA NADA 7 KD HP DEWALIYA NADA KD Khadins 1.70 GANGORIYA KA 8 CHOWK H/P, GANGORIYON KA CHOWK Deep Tubewell 2.30 9 HARIJAN BASTI NAL HAIJAN BASTI Khadins 1.70 10 INDRA COLONY GLR INDRA COLONY Deep Tubewell 2.70 11 MALKOSANI HP MALKOSANI Khadins 1.70 12 MEGHWALON KD HP MEHGWALO KI DHANI Khadins 1.70 13 NAYKON KD HP NAYKON KI DHANI Khadins 1.70 14 BAWARIYON KD TW BAWARIYON KD BEENJWARIYA Deep Tubewell 2.10 T/W JAY MAA KALAKA MANDIR KE 15 BINJWADIYA SAMNE Deep Tubewell 2.30 16 BORUNDA T/W-4 PHED Deep Tubewell 1.70

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17 BOYAL GLR IN VILLAGE Treated Surface Water 0.22 18 JASPALI TANKA BHOMIYO KD Khadins 1.60 19 BUCHKALLA D/F T/W Deep Tubewell 0.20 20 SINDHIYO KD GLR, IN DHANI Khadins 3.70 21 JATIYAWAS GLR IN VILLAGE Treated Surface Water 1.30 22 BEENAWAS TANKAS BINAWAS Khadins 0.26 23 CHANDELAO HOUD INSIDE VILLAGE Wells 0.20 24 ROONKIYA GLR LATIYALI Treated Surface Water 1.80 25 BENAN TANKA BENAN Ponds 0.17 26 CHODA GLR CHODA Deep Tubewell 0.21 27 BEERAWAS GLR BEERWAS Treated Surface Water 2.50 28 GHANA MAGRA GLR GHANA MAGRA BUS STAND Khadins 4.20 29 HARIYADA NEAR SCHOOL Tankas 0.68 30 KHUNTALIYA H/P TALAB KE PASS Shallow Tubewell 1.10 TW RAIKOD KD KOONTALIYA 31 RAIKON KD HARIDA Deep Tubewell 2.70 32 DEV NAGAR GLR DEVNAGAR Treated Surface Water 1.80 33 HARIYADHANA O/W IN POND Khadins 0.90 34 KHOJA NAGAR GLR KHOJANAGAR Treated Surface Water 1.40 35 BIJASANI TANKA SARVAJANIK Khadins 2.17

CONCLUSION

From the above discussion we have concluded that many samples of the study area have higher fluoride concentration. That indicates that the ground water is polluted and there a need to proper treatment of water and some prevention method to reduce water pollution and manages to supply safe drinking water. At the same time government introduce Environmental Education in school syllabus, which raise awareness and government of Rajasthan made the subject compulsory in school and college level.

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