NATIONAL FISH AND WILDLIFE FOUNDATION PULLING TOGETHER INITIATIVE GRANT PROPOSAL

MauiMaui IInvasinvasiveve SpeciSpecieses ComCom m m i itttteeee (( MM II SS CC ))

YearYear 20002000 ActActiionon PlPlanan

November 1999

PROJECT SUMMARY

During its 2nd year, the Maui Committee Action Team (a partnership of government, private, and non-profit organizations) will continue actively eradicating and containing major incipient invasive species of Maui which threaten the State’s most intact federal, state, and private conservation lands and nearly 80 federally-listed endangered plant species. The unanimous support from state, county, federal and private agencies demonstrates that government, business and the public look toward MISC as the model that can eradicate newly established pests, prevent them from spreading and expanding to other islands, and ultimately preserve the State’s environment and economy. Project Abstract

The introduction of alien species has contributed in a major way to biological impoverishment in the past and is now the predominant cause of biodiversity loss in Hawaii. More native species have been eliminated in this state than anywhere else in the United States. Federal, state, and private managers of protected areas on the island of Maui are struggling, with some success within their narrow jurisdictions, to cope with reducing the impacts of alien species on the native biota in order to prevent further loss of biodiversity and ecosystem degradation, but they are spread thin and successes are recognized as being only temporary, given continued invasion from beyond their boundaries. Because of the vulnerability of isolated oceanic islands to invasion, it is apparent that aggressive plant and vertebrate animal species, if freely introduced and given free reign once they arrive, will exploit and modify habitats and inundate all but the most resistant native ecosystems in protected areas of Maui.

The Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC), an informal private-state-federal partnership, has coalesced to bring about joint action to prevent, eradicate, and contain the most serious plant invasions, using the 728 square-mile island of Maui as a Weed Management Area. Although MISC formed in December 1997, the organizations involved in MISC have been working together successfully against invasions since 1991, although with a narrower focus. MISC is envisioned as a much-needed model that can in the near future obtain major state funding and expand to other islands, enhancing conservation efforts statewide. In its first year alone, MISC has received almost $800,000 of funding from county, state, federal and private sources. Partners include the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the Maui County Board of Water Supply, Maui Land & Pineapple Co., The Nature Conservancy, the University of Hawaii, the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, the Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Maui County's Office of Economic Development, the Maui County Resource Conservation and Development Office of USDA, the USDA Forest Service, Haleakala National Park, the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Hawaii National Guard, and the Maui Farm Bureau.

The Maui Invasive Species Committee and its partners have made serious headway in surveying, treating and eradicating Maui’s most serious plant threats. The major species being combatted are calvescens, Pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata), Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis), and Banana poka (Passiflora mollissima), and firetree (Myrica faya). MISC and the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources have not only treated 906 acre of Miconia-infested rain forest, surveyed and mapped crucial treatment areas, but with the financial assistance of sponsors including the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, the Committee has hired another 8 full-time employees based out of its headquarters in Hookipa, Maui to expand operations. The second year’s funding, the subject of this proposal, is critical to continue eradicating Maui’s worst weeds, as well as to add crucial new objectives: 1) eradicating three new species additions to the MISC list--Banana poka, Fire tree and Tetrastigma pubinerve; and 2) stopping the in-flux of pests from the source— conducting commercial nursery surveys and certifying them as “pest-free” by MISC. MISC’s Action Plan for 2000, its 2nd year of implementation, aims to proactively continue efforts to eradicate and/or contain several major incipient invasive plant species which threaten ecosystems of Maui, including Haleakala National Park, the most biologically intact summit-to-the-sea reserve in the Hawaiian Islands and among the most important reserve sites in the United States for conservation of biodiversity. Other important federal conservation lands include the Kanaio National Guard Training Area and the Kealia National Wildlife Refuge. Survival of nearly 80 endangered plant species and important state and private conservation lands (TNC’s Waikamoi and Kapunakea Preserves, Maui Land & Pineapple Company’s Puu Kukui Preserve, several state Natural Area Preserves, and many other as yet undesignated natural areas) will ultimately be jeopardized unless the invasive plant and animal species being addressed by MISC are contained or eradicated. NFWF’s continuing support of this initiative in its 2nd year will help achieve these objectives to save Maui’s most in-tact ecosystems from their greatest threats, alien plant invasions— something that every land manager, biologist and concerned local involved in MISC hopes to see.

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 1 of 14 November 1999 Project Proposal for 2000 Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC) Action Plan Project Need

THE MAUI INVASIVE SPECIES COMMITTEE: ACHIEVING PEST ERADICATION IN ITS SECOND YEAR. The Maui Invasive Species Committee has made serious headway in surveying, treating and eradicating Maui’s most serious plant threats. To date, MISC and its partners have not only treated 906 acre of Miconia-infested rain forest, treated, surveyed and mapped the top 4 worst invaders (see Results Section), but with the financial assistance of sponsors including the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation the Committee has hired another 8 full-time employees based out of its headquarters in Hookipa, Maui. These additional members include Jack Peterson, MISC Coordinator, who steers the MISC staff; Courtney Brown, MISC Public Relations Specialist and the voice and volunteer coordinator of the initiative; and a 6-man field crew that includes Hans Schopen, Kamehameha Quinabo, Kalani Smith, Bruce Lind, Jayson Baragan, and Chuck Clarabal. The new MISC headquarters and base-yard is located in central Maui at the University of Hawaii sponsored site, thereby enabling field work to be accomplished effectively at numerous sites; from the remote Hana rainforest of east Maui, to the dry slopes of south Haleakala. Despite delays in obtaining financial commitments, MISC has remained committed to its first year’s work and has made significant progress in accomplishing major goals: 1) eradicating/containing Maui’s worst weed, Miconia; 2) surveying and eradicating Fountain grass, a major fire and training threat; and 3) eradicating or controlling known populations of Pampas grass, Ivy gourd, Giant Reed, Rubber vine and other species that pose threats to Maui’s native ecosystems. The second year’s funding, the subject of this proposal, is critical to continue eradicating Maui’s worst weeds, as well as to add crucial new objectives: 1) eradicating 3 new species additions to the MISC list--Banana poka, Firetree and Tetrastigma pubinerve; and 2) stopping the in-flux of pests from the source—conducting commercial nursery surveys and certifying them as “pest-free” by MISC. NFWF’s continuing support of this initiative in its 2nd year will help achieve these objectives to save Maui’s most in-tact ecosystems from their greatest threats—alien plant species—something that every land manager, biologist and concerned local involved in MISC hopes to see. HAWAII’S ALIEN SPECIES CRISIS AND HOW THE MILITARY SPREADS WEEDS. Alien species are becoming increasingly recognized as a threat to biological diversity and human welfare worldwide, not just on islands. However, oceanic island ecosystems are exceptionally vulnerable to damages caused by humans and the alien and animals they bring with them. Because of their evolution in relative isolation and in the absence of many forces shaping continental organisms, ecosystems of the Hawaiian Islands are highly susceptible to invasion by invasive species from continents. The Hawaiian Islands, exceptionally isolated from the continents and all other island groups, are perhaps an order of magnitude more vulnerable than most ecosystems of continental U.S. More native species have been eliminated in Hawaii than anywhere else in the United States. Although habitat destruction has been an important cause of extinction and endangerment, the introduction of alien species has contributed in a major way in the past and is now the predominant cause of biodiversity loss in Hawaii. The island of Maui alone has almost 100 federally listed and candidate plant species and as many additional species classified as "species of concern" by FWS. As a major landowner and land user in Hawaii, the Department of Defense’s total land ownership amounts to nearly 6 percent of the state; 26 percent of Oahu and 4 percent of the island of Hawaii are military controlled. The majority of invasive species addressed in this proposal are reported from areas that include training areas, access routes, and/or adjacent lands of all islands. Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum), one of the four major species proposed for eradication in this proposal, is considered uncontrollable in Pohakuloa Training Area, a major training area for international and statewide ground and air units of the military. Because military units train statewide and no field gear cleaning protocols are in place to prevent weed dispersal among islands, the potential to spread these species is staggering. Currently, military training areas and bases support 66,899 active troops, or 7 percent of the State’s population. These units come from the mainland U.S., Asia and the Pacific. They move field gear, vehicles, tanks and aircraft between military bases, leased state and private training lands, as well as local, mainland and international

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 2 of 14 November 1999 airports, along major roads and unimproved access routes. During field exercises, troops spread alien species – they move on foot into remote areas with limited or no vehicle access. As a result, military land managers are faced with not only containing the spread of alien species within their own jurisdictions, but preventing the importation of new pests from other areas, as well. This includes species from other islands, the mainland U.S., Asia and the Pacific. An example of this is the widely publicized campaign by the governor against the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis) which has severely devastated Guam’s ecosystems and power utilities, and poses threats to human health. Flights between Guam and Hawaii’s military bases are frequent, as are the opportunities for snakes to stow away in aircraft undetected. Consequently, the Department of Agriculture recently put numerous dogs trained at detecting the snakes at state ports of entry; however, military bases are understaffed for this task, and the threat as such remains unaddressed. Management Implications EFFORTS TO COPE WITH LOSING BIODIVERSITY & WHAT IS SPECIAL ABOUT THE ISLAND OF MAUI. Managers of Hawaii's protected areas for ecosystem conservation (primarily National Parks and Wildlife Refuges, State Natural Area Reserves, and private reserves) are now realizing that although active on-site vigilance and management are essential, long-term protection of these areas may depend more than anything else on the success of keeping new alien plant and animal species from becoming established and spreading on an island-wide level. Preventing establishment and spread of new introductions appears not only cost-effective, but essential. Efforts to protect biodiversity and ecosystem integrity are progressing far better on Maui than on any other Hawaiian island. Reasons for this are complex, but important factors include survival of outstanding resources until the present, a highly supportive public and press, excellent effort exerted by key landowners/ managers, and exceptional interagency cooperation. Unlike at most locations in the U.S., the term "alien species" is a household word on Maui. Higher elevation ecosystems (above 2,500-3,000 ft elevation) of both East and West Maui are increasingly receiving active ecosystem management and provide important reservoirs for biodiversity. Haleakala National Park is among the most important reserve sites in the United States for conservation of biodiversity and is one of the world's premier reserves for protection of insular biota. Its 45 square-mile area, from sea level to over 10,000 ft elevation, represents a very important slice of the most intact remaining native ecosystems in Hawaii. The Park has made impressive advances in conservation over the past 15 years. State and private reserves (e.g., Waikamoi, Hanawi, Kapunakea, Puu Kukui) on East and West Maui are of comparable biological importance and complement the Park's role in ecosystem protection. As a result of Maui's surviving diverse, relatively intact ecosystems, it has more to lose from proliferation of alien species than some other islands. ECOSYSTEMS AND TRAINING MISSIONS AT RISK. Native lowland dry forests are considered the most biologically diverse, as well as one of the most endangered ecosystems in the Hawaiian Islands. Largely extirpated by the combined effects of development, agriculture, cattle and ungulates, dry forests remain mostly as remnants on the islands of Hawaii and Maui. Kanaio National Guard Training Area (KNTA), located on the leeward slopes of Haleakala, South East Maui, is vulnerable to plant invasions from other military training areas and facilities (see map below). The 5,000 acre coastal dryland site supports statewide military training, comprises endangered species habitat and borders significant dry forest communities (Kanaio Natural Area Reserve, Auwahi, Kahikinui, Ulupalakua Ranch). The introduction of fire promoting weeds such as fountain grass would prevent mission essential training exercises at Kanaio Training Area. Such incidences of fire on Makua Military Reservation, Oahu resulted in a mandate by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to halt all training in this area. Ultimately, if such weeds enter Kanaio Training Area and result in fires, the impacts to endangered species and neighboring reserves could prevent future training use of the area. WHAT IS THE MAUI INVASIVE SPECIES COMMITTEE (MISC)? The idea of working together on Maui to address the perceived threat of invasion was stimulated by the threat to conservation lands from Miconia calvescens, Tibouchina herbacea, and -- three aggressively invasive species in the plant family . A Melastome Action Committee (MAC) was formed in August 1991 through the initiative of R.T. Bartlett, conservation manager of the Maui Land and Pineapple Co. (ML&P), and the late E. Robello, the local representive of the Maui County Resource Conservation and Development Office of USDA. They and the following additional state, private and federal entities have met regularly since 1991: Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), Hawaii Department of Agriculture (HDOA), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), Maui County's Office of Economic Development, the University of Hawaii, the National Park Service (NPS), the U.S. Forest

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 3 of 14 November 1999 Service, and the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS/BRD). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the Hawaii National Guard have recently become active participants. Activities of the Committee have included public education, providing information to the Hawaii legislature and Maui County, and planning, coordinating, and facilitating cooperative chemical, mechanical and biological control programs. The invasive tree Miconia calvescens has been the primary target of action to date. This species, native to neotropical forests at 1000-6000 ft elevation, is now known to be an unusually aggressive invader of moist tropical island habitats. Introduced to Tahiti in 1937, dense thickets of Miconia had by the 1980s replaced the native forest over most of the island, with dramatic reduction of biological diversity. A 1997 paper by J.- Y. Meyer and J. Florence (Journal of Biogeography 23:775-781) states that 40-50 species endemic to Tahiti are on the verge of extinction primarily because of the invasion of Miconia. After the late botanist F.R. Fosberg saw this species in Tahiti in 1971, he reported that "it is the one plant that could really destroy the native Hawaiian forest." Yet because of its attractive purple and green foliage, it had already been brought to Hawaii as an ornamental in the 1960s, and no sustained efforts were made to control it until it was well established on Hawaii Island. After its detection on Maui by conservation agencies in 1990, an alarm was raised; it seemed to be an especially severe threat to the until now largely intact high-elevation rainforest habitat of many endemic forest birds and plant species. Now Miconia has become something of a household word on Maui and progress is being made to eradicate it. Work against Miconia is progressing well, though the battle is far from won. However, other new problematic invasive species continue to appear with alarming frequency. How to get ahead of the problem? In December of 1997, members of the Melastome Action Committee decided to form a group that would address Maui County’s invasive pest species problems beyond the family Melastomataceae. This group, the Maui Invasive Species Committee (MISC), is a voluntary partnership of private, government and nonprofit organizations to prevent new pest species from becoming established in Maui County and to stop newly established pests from spreading wherever possible. The MISC works to enhance the effectiveness of pest prevention and control through communication and coordinated planning. The group measures progress in terms of pest infestations prevented, contained, or eradicated, and avoids the creation of new bureaucratic processes. Its concerns extend to all pests threatening native ecosystems, agriculture and industry, human health or the quality of life within the county. The MISC seeks to establish relations with and encourages the participation of the Maui Association of Landscape Professionals, Maui Chamber of Commerce, Maui Farm Bureau, Maui Hotel Association, Maui Visitors Bureau and similar industry associations, businesses or trade groups in MISC meetings in order to facilitate the distribution of information to members of these groups and to request their support of MISC goals and projects. The greatest challenge appears to involve continuing success in obtaining funding and personnel to do the control work in an era of shrinking government. Is success possible? All agree that public education is a crucial ingredient of the anti-alien species strategy, to gain broad public support. Direct public involvement in selected eradication efforts is an important tool. Achieving and publicizing success stories is assumed to be an effective strategy. Maui's successes and failures could guide efforts statewide and even influence approaches taken elsewhere in the world. MISC is envisioned as a much-needed model that can in the near future obtain major state funding and expand to other islands, enhancing conservation efforts statewide. Plan 2000 Implementation: Objectives, Methods & Evaluation Nearly all of the following species targeted for eradication and/or control in this proposal occur or have been reported from military training areas, bases, access routes and/or adjacent lands and now appear on Maui as incipient populations. OBJECTIVES & METHODS 1. Miconia calvescens Objective: Miconia continues to be the primary target species of MISC, and all known populations in the wild are being treated. Unfortunately, experience in French Polynesia and Hawaii has shown that some trees, even fruiting trees, are missed by crews during the first pass, necessitating repeated survey and treatment. The 2nd year’s plan involves re-survey and re-treatment of all areas known to have or have had Miconia as well as areas nearby. Any re-growth and reproduction will be eliminated and recorded. Aerial surveys and solicitation of information from pig hunters and other residents will be continued. Methods: The strategy against Miconia, first presented at a public meeting in Hana, Maui, in December 1993, involves the following basic elements:

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 4 of 14 November 1999 a) Helicopter spraying of herbicide as a holding action to limit seed production, especially in inaccessible sites. Helicopter spraying has been and will continue to be used as an effective tool for attacking individual outlier Miconia trees before they set seed (detected within the forest canopy by aerial monitoring). The release device for spot-spraying, attached below a Hughes 500-D helicopter by a cable, had been developed for use by local law-enforcement authorities in controlling marijuana cultivation in remote mountain areas. The herbicide (Garlon 4, ester formulation of triclopyr) is applied with surfactant and dye. The dye assists the pilot in judging application rate and aerial extent and in identifying treated plants. b) Development of access routes to allow on-the-ground control. Access routes developed by bulldozing in 1996-98 will be maintained through rough lava terrain, to allow on-the-ground control at the Hana Miconia population. Six miles of 4-wheel-drive roads are in place, subdividing the 2500-acre primary infestation site into management units and allowing efficient access. c) Mechanical/chemical removal by workers on the ground. A Hana-based 5-man crew was hired in June 1996 and has been working full time to remove Miconia at the Hana population ever since. d) Continuing public information and surveillance for new locations. Maintaining a current map of all Maui Miconia locations and activating the East Maui communities to locate plants remains an essential strategy for containing Miconia. e) Measures to prevent seed dispersal by Miconia workers. Those working with Miconia are required to wear conspicuously-marked footwear and other gear which are "dedicated," i.e. used only for work involving Miconia. Whenever bulldozers and other vehicles are used in Miconia areas, they are to be pressure washed immediately afterwards. The seed-dispersal problem greatly complicates the issue of using volunteers. Whenever Miconia control is undertaken, a supervisor must be responsible for seeing that safeguards are taken seriously. f) Support for biological control. Biological control is regarded as a highly welcome adjunct to mechanical/chemical efforts, to reduce recovery potential through reduction in growth and reproduction. In mid-November 1997, the fungus Colletotrichum gloeosporoides f. sp. miconiae, which may prove to reduce vegetative growth of Miconia, was released by Dr. Eloise Killgore (Hawaii Department of Agriculture) within the East Maui Hana population. Other biocontrol efforts are in progress. g) Monitoring of progress. To date, helicopter survey provides the best method of determining the presence of fruiting trees. The second year’s effort (ca. 400 person days) involves re-survey and re- treatment of all areas known to have or have had Miconia as well as areas nearby. Any re-growth and reproduction will be eliminated and recorded. Aerial surveys and solicitation of information from pig hunters and other residents will be continued. The well-documented dynamics of Miconia re-establishment after removal within plots on Raiatea, French Polynesia (Meyer and Malet 1997), suggests a minimum of 4-5 years from seed germination to fruit production and a dormant seed life of about six years; dynamics of East Maui Miconia populations closely resemble those found for Raiatea. 2. Pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata). Objective: Treat populations and survey potential habitat. In the second year, all populations in the wild will be re-visited and re-treated as necessary. All populations on private lands will be treated as well, so that by June 30, 2001, all populations of Cortaderia jubata (Cj) on Maui should have been treated at least once. Methods: This species is recognized as one of the worst invasive weeds in natural areas of California and is also invasive in New Zealand and South Africa and was added to the Hawaii Noxious Weed List in 1993. It was discovered on Maui by Haleakala/ USGS-BRD in 1989; some control/monitoring has been done since in the Kula area of East Maui. These activities will require about 275 person days and 5 hours of helicopter time (treatment and survey). HDOA will be called upon to assist the MISC crew in dealing with recalcitrant landowners, if needed. 3. Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) Objective: Treat populations and survey potential habitat. In 2000-2001, populations will be re-treated with the goal of eliminating all persisting individuals. Methods: Highly flammable fountain grass (on Hawaii’s Noxious Weed List) has been recognized since the 1960s as a threat to agriculture and natural areas of Maui. MISC proposes in the first year to treat all individuals of all known populations, using Velpar (hexazinone) herbicide. Search and destroy missions will be conducted in areas of one mile radius around known populations (ground and aerial survey); follow-up evaluations will be conducted biannually (2x per year) in the 6-8 Maui sites known to have ever had fountain grass. A one-time comprehensive jeep survey of lower Ulupalakua Ranch (UR) lands will be done in the vicinity of Puu Naio, a large, arid area, infrequently visited and closed to the public (the most likely large tract of land where fountain grass could establish and proliferate for years without being noticed). Annual aerial survey of western leeward Haleakala and lower UR lands will be made. Color wanted posters

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 5 of 14 November 1999 will be distributed to likely sources (National Guard people, garden shops, botanical gardens, Kanaio and other leeward land owners, cowboys, golf course managers, strategic landowners in proximity to known populations, hunters that UR allows on their lands, DLNR employees, Hawaiian settlement people at Kahikinui, etc.). These activities will require 100 person days and 5 hours of helicopter time. 4. Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) Objective: Treat all individuals of all known populations and conduct comprehensive surveys of areas near known infestations are being conducted. In the second year, all sites known to have ever had ivy gourd will be re-treated. Methods: This species (on Hawaii Noxious Weed List) exploded in the 1980s on Oahu and in the Kona area of the Big Island, creating huge problems for agriculture and conservation of lowland sites. It was first found and removed on Maui in 1992, and is probably still eradicable, because of its dioecious condition (both male & female plants generally necessary for pollination and seed set). Problems: 1) Once seeds are set, seed bank persists for at least 3-4 years, and 2) More and more plants are being found on Maui, but no one is really looking as part of their job (response is passive). MISC proposes to devote 60 person days for followup of initial eradication of known populations and survey of new areas. Stems will be treated with Garlon (triclopyr). 5. Giant reed (Arundo donax), Rubber vine (Cryptostegia grandiflora). Objective: All known populations are being removed in 1999-2000. Monitoring of treated sites, with re- treatment if necessary, will be done in the second year. Methods: For Giant read, monitoring of previously treated sites, with re-treatment with Roundup Pro (glyphosate) herbicide if necessary, will be done in the second year. This is expected to involve about 10 person days. Rubber vine is expected to require very minimal need for follow-up and re-treatment with Garlon (triclopyr) herbicide is anticipated for Year 2. This is expected to involve only about 2 person days. Tetrastigma pubinerve is a sprawling, climbing vine to date covers about 4 acres at one known site on West Maui. It will be treated/removed with the aid of volunteers.

6. Other Invasive Plants Objective: MISC also intends to assess an additional ten invasive plant species for potential future control. Although the crew is devoting little significant time to these species during the first two years of MISC plan implementation, MISC will continue to survey each species and seek systematic reporting of observations by others. These species are: Victorian laurel (Pittosporum undulatum), Cat's claw (Caesalpinia decapetala), Himalayan raspberry (Rubus ellipticus), Malabar melastome (Melastoma candidum), Mullein (Verbascum thapsus), Downy rose myrtle (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa), Allspice (Pimienta dioica), Kudzu (Pueraria lobata), German ivy (Delairia odorata = 'Senecio mikanioides'), and Macaranga tanarius. Methods: The MISC coordinator/ public relations specialist will make an effort to get the word out to the green industry, agencies, and the public to be on the lookout for these species (in addition to the ten target species above). 7. New Objectives: Banana poka (Passiflora mollissima), Fire tree (Myrica faya) & Tetrastigma pubinerve Objective: These species are new targets for MISC. Survey work will be conducted, and peripheral populations treated to prevent further spread. Methods: Banana poka is a notorious sprawling/climbing vine is well established in the Kula area of Maui. Its spread to extensive natural areas/watersheds has until now been deterred by buffering ranch lands (cattle eat the plant and spread it; birds are the major dispersers). Tetrastigma pubinerve is also an invasive vine; however at this time it only covers about 4 acres at one site on Maui. Survey work will be conducted for Banana poka and T. pubinerve, and peripheral populations treated with Garlon (triclopyr) herbicide to prevent further spread. Banana poka will require about 175 person days and 10 hours of helicopter time (treatment and survey); the 4-acre site of T. pubinerve will be treated/removed by volunteers. Fire tree, one of Hawaii’s worst invaders, is marching across state and ranch lands toward natural areas in the upper Kula area. Peripheral areas will be treated; requiring about 100 person days and 10 hours of helicopter time (treatment and survey). HDOA will be called upon to assist the MISC crew in dealing with recalcitrant landowners, if needed. 8. New Objective: Nursery surveys and certification by MISC. Objective: MISC will institute a voluntary nursery certification program to discourage sale of problem species. At least initially, the primary purpose of the nursery certification program will be educational, but where certain species are escaping, MISC crews will remove them with permission of the nursery owner or adjacent landowners. This is an important new thrust for 2000-2001. Methods: A USGS-BRD-funded project on Maui will be initiated in mid-2000 to develop methodologies for early detection of incipient invasions. Part of the work will involve surveys of representative nurseries (for which permission to survey is allowed – permission not expected to be a problem in most cases, based on Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 6 of 14 November 1999 past experience), with the goal of detecting species which may be spreading or which have track records of invasion elsewhere in the world. MISC, with the cooperation of the Maui Farm Bureau, the Maui Association of Landscape Professionals, and perhaps also the Maui Outdoor Circle, will institute a voluntary nursery certification program. At least initially, the primary purpose of the nursery certification program will be educational, but where certain species are escaping, MISC crews will remove them with permission of the nursery owner or adjacent landowners. It is anticipated that these activities may require several weeks of coordinator/public relations specialist time and as much as 75 person days of crew time. If State of Hawaii Noxious Weeds are involved, HDOA will be called upon to assist the MISC crew in dealing with recalcitrant landowners, if needed. Error! No topic specified. EVALUATION MISC’s annual planning is done in workshops devoted to the topic. Planning for Year One was done at a 2-day workshop on September 9-10, 1998. Developing the plan for Year Two was done at a one-day workshop on October 1, 1999. Additionally, MISC typically has 3-hour meetings throughout the year at 4-6 week intervals to make crucial decisions, guide strategy, and give direction to and to receive feedback from the MISC coordinator. Minutes of these meetings (available on the Internet) are used to maintain a record of plans, strategies, and decisions. To date, all decisions have been reached by consensus. The MISC Coordinator and Public Relations Specialist are responsible for documentation of all MISC time expenditures and accomplishments in terms of area surveyed/treated and plants removed/treated. Maps of known locations of all target species (including annotation with population structure, fertility and history of control efforts) will be kept and updated as new reports come in. Special attention will be given to all populations of all target species which appear to have fruited and have persisting seed banks. All MISC members will keep eyes open for additional populations of all target species and report them to the MISC coordinator (phone: 808-579-2185) for recording of information. The public will also be encouraged to report this type of information. The MISC Coordinator, with assistance from the Public Relations Specialist, is responsible for follow-up evaluations and reporting results to MISC regularly at periodic MISC meetings. On a grand scale, MISC will measure progress in terms of pest infestations eradicated, contained, or prevented. Over the next five years, USGS-BRD plans to continue gathering detailed baseline data (on distribution, population structure, and dispersal) on alien plant species suspected of eventually posing threats to biodiversity on Maui. The above-named MISC targets will be surveyed, as well as other selected alien plant species known or suspected to be present on Maui. Selection is based on invasive behavior in the Hawaiian Islands or elsewhere. Results to Date Accomplishments in control of the top-priority invasive alien species are detailed below. In summary, the first year’s objectives have been met by MISC’s full-time staff and its partners which include the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources (DLNR), The Nature Conservancy (TNC), and the Biological Resources Division of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS-BRD). The control objectives are being achieved through implementation of the following actions: mechanical/chemical removal by workers on the ground, helicopter spraying of herbicide, development of access routes, continuing public information and surveillance for new locations, measures to prevent seed dispersal, support for biological control, and monitoring of progress. Survey and data collection of all target species has resulted in essential mapping--a strategic resource for continued action.

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 7 of 14 November 1999 Miconia calvescens: To date, over 904 acres of land have been treated and/or surveyed for Miconia. The effectiveness of the highly-motivated crew, supervised by Robert Hobdy of DLNR, has been excellent in reducing the size of the 2,500-acre “core” of Miconia located in Hana. They are pulling up saplings, cutting trees too large to pull up, and applying Garlon 4 herbicide to cut stumps. In the past year, helicopter survey has been used successfully to locate new tree/populatons. As of late-1999, this strategy is still viewed as an important tool, especially in relatively inaccessible sites on cliff faces and steep slopes. A number of isolated single trees have been located on East Maui, either the result of bird dispersal or of inadvertent (on boots?) human dispersal. Such isolated Miconia plants have been found as high as 2000 ft elevation and as much as 1.5 mi from the nearest known population. These "outliers" provide cause for much concern; they are treated, either by aerial spraying or by crews on the ground as soon as they are located. Helicopter reconnaissance has been supplemented by on-the-ground transects through the Hana population to effectively eradicate outlying populations outside of the 2,500-acre Hana core. In addition, the Jack Peterson, MISC coordinator, maintains a map of Maui Miconia locations for his crew which provides as much as half-time support for DLNR’s crew. Pat Bily of The Nature Conservancy has been successfully using public outreach/education within the East Maui communities of Keanae, Nahiku, and Huelo as a monitoring strategy to locate plants within known populations and to locate previously unknown invaded sites. Pampas grass (Cortaderia jubata). Utilizing chemical and mechanical control methods developed in

California and New Zealand, personnel have eradicated approximately 20% of known Cortaderia jubata (Cj) plants on Maui (following page). To date, all known populations in the wild have been mapped, are currently being re-treated and potential habitat is being systematically surveyed. Its distribution (below) shows that Cj has invaded numerous areas of rain forest/bog on East and West Maui, as well as a substantial area of private land just above the end of Olinda Road. Andean Pampas grass seems to have the potential to invade Haleakala Crater and shrubland of Haleakala on a large scale. The situation is complicated by the extensive planting of Cortaderia selloana (a species that can hybridize with Cortaderia jubata), especially in upcoutry Maui. As a result, staff have used the following eradication controls: pulling plants in Haleakala National Park; aerial herbicide spraying in both east and west Maui (Kahakaloa Natural Area Reserve); as well as mechanical means, i.e., utilizing brushcutters and pulaskis in residential areas to remove ornamentally-planted Cj. Rodeo (glyphosate) herbicide with Sylguard surfactant is being used in Pampas grass control. Mechanical clearing has proven an essential method to clear areas where the use of herbicides is discouraged (urban areas).

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 8 of 14 November 1999 Fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum): All known outlying populations have been eradicated to date and extensive follow-up surveys have been conducted to ensure that no seed bank persists (below). On-the- ground surveys were conducted by trained botanists to ensure accuracy. In the core Wailuku population, approximately ¼ of the plants have been manually removed and staff have clipped, bagged and burned the from the remaining flowering individuals in order to reduce seed bank in the largest known infestation on Maui.

Ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis): Where applicable and feasible, ivy gourd has been mechanically removed by cutting and bagging all vegetative material and digging up the root stalks (below). In the small percentage of the populations, trial chemical control has been attempted using basal-stem treatment (Garlon 4) with encouraging results. Field staff will continue extensive surveying in susceptible habitat, and all known populations will be re-treated, and records will be kept of populations which appear to have fruited and have persisting seed banks.

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 9 of 14 November 1999 Other plants: To date, initial survey work has been completed for Arundo donax and Cryptostegia grandifolia. Extensive control information and literature has been acquired from the California Exotic Plant Pest Council and other resource agencies. Although the crew will not devote significant time to them this first year of MISC plan implementation, these species will nevertheless receive attention from MISC, especially through surveys by BRD and systematic reporting of observations by MISC members. Data collection/quality control: MISC has developed, and refinement proceeds, on a database and field record system which is already in use and will provide a seamless and compatible link with the largest existing databases in the county and the state, including those maintained by Haleakala National Park Resource Management, and The U.S. Geological Survey Biological Resources Division. The mapping products which are currently being generated are available to all resource management agencies, public and private (below).

Public Awareness: To make MISC’s actions visible, a public relations strategy and educational outreach program has been developed and initiated to reach a broad audience utilizing all forms of media, including 3 interactive television productions which have aired repeatedly since September 1999. This has helped broadcast MISC’s mission, insure a favorable public image, and (in conjunction with assistance from the Hawaii Department of Agriculture) assure landowner consent, access and minimal controversy. An Internet website has been fully developed and provides access to a wide range of data as well as the committee’s plans, strategies, and decisions developed in the monthly 3-hr meetings and periodic multiple day workshops (most recently Oct 1, 1999).

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 10 of 14 November 1999 Project Support

WHY SHOULD FEDERAL AGENCIES SUPPORT THIS PROJECT? Use of federal funds is particularly cost effective in this case because of the effective leveraging of non- federal funds. In 1999-2000, the award of federal funds by NFWF led to 2:1 matching by non-federal funds, much of which might not have been obtained without the award of the federal funds. This groundswell of non-federal support seems to be highly compatible with the objective of the Pulling Together Initiative.

NPS: Haleakala National Park (HALE) is the most biologically intact summit-to-the-sea reserve in the Hawaiian Islands and is among the most important reserve sites in the United States for conservation of biodiversity. It is currently free of Miconia and Pampas grass, but is extremely vulnerable to invasion by both these species. Pampas grass has the potential to invade approximately one-half the 28,400+ acres of HALE), and Miconia has the potential to invade most of the other half.

USFWS: The island of Maui alone has almost 100 listed and candidate plant species and as many additional species classified as "species of concern" by FWS. Survival of virtually all those species will ultimately be jeopardized unless the weeds being addressed by MISC are eradicated or contained. Alien plant species being address by MISC are also a threat to Maui's Kealia National Wildlife Refuge.

DOD: Travel by military personnel and transport of military equipment from other islands to Kanaio National Guard Training Area on Maui is a major potential source of dispersal for alien plant species, especially fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) and ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis). Fountain grass is a dominant species at Pohakuloa Training Area and elsewhere on the island of Hawaii. Fountain grass fuels fire and would pose severe threats to the biodiversity of Haleakala National Park (especially Haleakala Crater to 9000 ft elevation) and to many sites on leeward Haleakala volcano outside the Park. Invasion of ivy gourd is rampant on Oahu and in the Kona area of the island of Hawaii. Both these species can be readily transported to Maui by military personnel and their equipment. Obviously, the threat is not just to military lands but to the entire area on the island vulnerable to invasion by fountain grass and ivy gourd.

BRD: The USGS Biological Resources Division has been long involved and continues to lead in the research and evaluation of alien species threatening Hawaiian ecosystems. Weeds targeted by MISC in this proposal for assessment and control are those currently being evaluated and surveyed for by BRD, HALE Field Station. The research component of this project -- baseline data gathering on alien plant species, e.g., distribution and dispersal – is invaluable for assessing the long-term threats of these weeds to ecosystems of Maui, and ultimately the island’s biodiversity that BRD aims to protect.

WHY SHOULD STATE, COUNTY AND PRIVATE ENTITIES SUPPORT THIS PROJECT? Miconia, Pampas grass, fountain grass, ivy gourd and other species being addressed by MISC pose serious threats to state and private conservation reserves, to county watersheds, to agriculture, to tourism, and to the quality of life of all Maui residents. The Maui tourism industry is proud of the fact that Maui has been chosen the “Best Island in the World” for five consecutive years by Conde Nast Traveler magazine. MISC’s activities to stop incipient alien species are devoted to maintaining Maui’s high-quality environment in spite of an onslaught of alien plant invasions.

BENEFITS TO NON-FEDERAL LANDS What is the benefit of this project to biotic resources on federally-managed lands and nearby lands? Maui is a small island with a major national park and nearly 100 endangered plant species. The state land is under the jurisdiction of Hawaii DLNR, a member of MISC. In some cases, the private land belongs to landowners involved in biodiversity conservation (TNC, ML&P, also members of MISC). For other private land, permission will be obtained (with the assistance of Hawaii DOA, where needed). If a proactive approach is not taken on lands outside the park and beyond the sites of persisting endangered species, these federal resources will suffer from invasions within a time span ranging from a few years to decades. Because of generally broad community support of invasive plant species control, obtaining permission to enact control measures, although time-consuming, has never presented insurmountable problems, nor is it likely to.

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 11 of 14 November 1999 Resources Benefited by Project

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 12 of 14 November 1999 TABLE OF THREATENED, PROPOSED ENDANGERED AND ENDANGERED SPECIES BENEFITED BY MISC ACTION PLAN

The table lists the 79 current federally endangered and threatened plant species of Maui and indicates which will have their survival negatively affected by uncontrolled spread of the four primary target weed species.

Legend: T = threatened; E = endangered; M = present on Maui; MX = once present on Maui, no populations currently known, but reintroduction from other islands possible and/or possibility still exists for discovery of unknown populations

THREATS SPECIES FEDERAL STATUS Fountain Pampas Ivy Miconia STATUS ON MAUI grass grass gourd Abutilon menziesii EMYesNoYesNo Acaena exigua EMNoYesNoYes Alectryon macrococcus var. auwahiensis EMYesNoYesNo Alectryon macrococcus var. macrococcus E M No Yes Yes Yes Argyroxiphium sandwicense ssp. TMYes?No?NoNo macrocephalum Asplenium fragile var. insulare EMXNoYesNoNo Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha EMYesYesNoNo Bonamia menziesii EMYesNo?YesNo Brighamia rockii EMX???? Caesalpinia kavaiensis E MX Yes Yes Yes Yes Cenchrus agrimonioides var. agrimonioides EMYesNo?YesNo Centaurium sebaeoides E M Yes No Yes Yes Clermontia lindseyana EMNoYesNoYes? Clermontia oblongifolia ssp. mauiensis EMNoYesNoYes Clermontia peleana ssp. singuliflora EMXNoYesNoYes THREATS SPECIES FEDERAL STATUS Fountain Pampas Ivy Miconia STATUS ON MAUI grass grass gourd Clermontia samuelii ssp. hanaensis PE M No Yes No Yes Clermontia samuelii ssp. samuelii PE M No Yes No Yes Colubrina oppositifolia E M Yes Yes No Yes Ctenitis squamigera E M Yes Yes No? Yes copelandii ssp. haleakalaensis PE M No Yes No Yes Cyanea glabra PE M No Yes No Yes Cyanea grimesiana ssp. grimesiana EMNoYesNoYes ssp. hamatiflora PE M No Yes No Yes Cyanea lobata EMNoYesNoYes Cyanea mceldowneyi EMNoYesNoYes Cyrtandra munroi EMNoYesNoYes Delissea undulata ssp. undulata E MX Yes? No? Yes? No? Diellia erecta EMNoYesNoYes Diplazium molokaiense EMNoYesNoYes Dubautia plantaginea ssp. humilis PE M Yes Yes Yes Yes Flueggea neowawraea EMYesNoYesNo Gardenia brighamii E MX Yes Yes? Yes No Geranium arboreum EMNoYesNoYes? Geranium multiflorum EMNoYesNoNo? Gouania hillebrandii EMYesNoYesNo Gouania vitifolia EMXYesNoYesNo Haplostachys haplostachya E MX Yes No? Yes No Hedyotis coriacea EMYesNoYesNo Hedyotis mannii E M Yes Yes Yes Yes Hesperomannia arborescens E M No No No Yes Hesperomannia arbuscula EMNoYesNoYes Hibiscus brackenridgei ssp. brackenridgei EMYesNoYesNo Ischaemum byrone E M Yes? No No No Isodendrion pyrifolium E MX Yes? No Yes? No Lipochaeta kamolensis EMYesNoYesNo Lysimachia lydgatei E M Yes Yes No Yes Mariscus pennatiformis ssp. pennatiformis E M Yes Yes Yes Yes Melicope adscendens EMYesYesNoNo Melicope balloui EMNoNo?NoYes Melicope knudsenii EMYesNoYesNo Melicope mucronulata EMXYesNoYesNo Melicope ovalis E M No No No Yes Neraudia sericea E M Yes Yes Yes Yes Nototrichium humile EMYesNoYesNo

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 13 of 14 November 1999 Panicum fauriei var. carteri E M Yes? No No? No Peucedanum sandwicense T M Yes? No? Yes? No? Phlegmariurus mannii EMYes?YesNoYes? Phyllostegia mannii EMXNoNoNoYes Phyllostegia mollis EMNoYesNoYes Phyllostegia parviflora var. parviflora E MX Yes? No Yes? Yes? Plantago princeps var. laxiflora EMYes?YesNoYes Platanthera holochila E M No? Yes No Yes Pteris lidgatei EMNoYesNoYes Remya mauiensis E M Yes Yes Yes Yes Sanicula purpurea EMNoNo?NoNo? Santalum freycinetianum var. lanaiense EMYesYesNoNo Scaevola coriacea EMYesNoYesNo Schiedea haleakalensis EMYesYesNoNo Schiedea hookeri E MX Yes Yes Yes Yes Sesbania tomentosa EMYesNoYesNo Solanum incompletum E MX Yes No Yes? No Spermolepis hawaiiensis EMYesNo?YesNo Stenogyne angustifolia E MX Yes Yes? Yes? No? Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. arenarium E MX Yes Yes No Yes var. arenarium Tetramolopium arenarium ssp. laxum E MX Yes Yes No Yes Tetramolopium capillare EMYesYesNoNo Tetramolopium remyi E MX Yes No? Yes No Vigna o-wahuensis EMYesNoYesNo Zanthoxylum hawaiiense EMYes?No?NoNo?

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 14 of 14 November 1999 TOTAL PROPOSED COST OF YEAR 2: MISC ACTION PLAN Bold items denote items proposed for NFWF partial of full support

A. SALARIES & BENEFITS Mo Salary Mo Salary Annual MISC Coordinator (Jack Peterson) $3,212 $340 $42,624 MISC Public Relations Specialist (Courtney Brown) $3,122 $331 $41,436 MISC Field Supervisor $2,056 $218 $27,288 MISC Field Worker (Kamehameha Quinabo) $1,827 $194 $24,252 MISC Field Worker (Hans Schopen) $1,827 $194 $24,252 MISC Field Worker (Kalani Smith) $1,661 $176 $22,044 MISC Field Worker (Bruce Lind) $1,661 $176 $22,044 MISC Field Worker (Jayson Baragan) $1,661 $176 $22,044 5 Field Technicians, Department of Land & Natural Resources $109,752 $48,217 $157,969 TOTAL A $383,953

B. SUPPORT Storage, telephone/fax/modem lines, equipment, supplies $15,000 Cell phone service (5 @ $300/year) $1,500 Vehicles (lease, 4 x 4WD @ $600/mo + insurance) $28,800 Vehicle mileage/maintenance (20K/yr x .31/mi/ea) $30,800 Helicopter (35 hrs @ $700/hr) $24,500 Herbicides $7,600 Herbicide Equipment (back pack sprayers, etc) $4,600 Personal Protective Equipment: gloves, rubber boots, goggles, rain gear, first aid $2,000 Public Awareness/Education (PSAs, flyers, etc) $20,000 Support for DLNR Technicians (vehicle, bio-control, research, PPE, equipment, herbicides) $90,000 Support for Travel and Transportation Assistance $12,627 TOTAL B $237,427

TOTAL A + B $608,753

GRAND TOTAL PROJECT NEED (A + B) $621,380 PROJECT SUPPORT

Estimated Non-Federal Challenge Funds $260,000 State Department of Land and Natural Resources $120,380 Maui Board of Water Supply $55,000 Maui County Council $55,000

GRAND TOTAL ESTIMATED CHALLENGE FUNDS $415,000

NFWF FUNDS (PROJECT NEED – CHALLENGE FUNDS) $206,000

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 15 of 14 November 1999 Organizational Information

PROJECT STAFF AND QUALIFICATIONS

PACIFIC COOPERATIVE SERVICE UNIT (PCSU) DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII AT MANOA 3190 MAILE WAY, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96822 PHONE: (808) 956-8218 FAX: (808) 973-2936

David Duffy, Unit Leader, PCSU EDUCATION: Harvard University, BA (1971-1975); Princeton University, PhD Population Biology(1975-1980). PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Duffy’s lifetime interests are in the conservation and restoration biology of Pacific ecosystems; effects of perturbations on ecosystems, emerging diseases, seabirds and human interactions. Currently, he leads the Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit of the University of Hawaii, which focuses on facilitating research efforts between the University, the Department of Interior and other federal agencies, department of the State of Hawaii and private organizations. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1969-78: Assistant, then independent investigator. The Great Gull Island Project, American Museum of Natural History. 1977-79: Graduate Research: on population dynamics, nesting and foraging of Peruvian seabirds; ticks and seabird colony dynamics; shorebird population regulation. 1980-81: Director pro tem and resident ornithologist Charles Darwin Research Station, Galapagos Islands. 1981-86: Chief Scientific Officer, FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Benguela Ecology Programme. 1987-88: Visiting Professor, School of Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica. 1990-91: Executive Director, Seatuck Foundation. 1991-94: Principal Investigator, Cooperative Project on Lyme Disease with U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Seatuck Foundation, Shelter Island, New York (three-year cooperative project) 1992-94 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY. 1994-98: Associate Professor, Department of Biology and Program Manager, Alaska Natural Heritage Program, Environment and Natural Resources Institute and University of Alaska Anchorage Project Leader, Apex Predation Ecosystem Experiment in Prince William Sound and the Gulf of Alaska. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustees (1994-). 1998-present: Professor and Unit Leader, Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES: Member, Grants Committee, International Council for Bird Preservation, Pan American Section; Editor in Chief, Colonial Waterbirds; Council Committee; American Bird Conservancy; member since; Colonial Waterbird Society; and Standing Committee for Coordination of Seabird Research, International Ornithological Congress.

MAUI INVASIVE SPECIES COMMITTEE (MISC) 1010 HOLOMUA ROAD PAIA, HAWAII 96779 PHONE: (808) 669-5439 FAX: (808) 669-7089

Randy Bartlett, Chair for MISC and Supervisor, Maui Pineapple Company, Ltd. EDUCATION: University of Colorado at Boulder (1978-1979); University of Hawai`i at Manoa (1980-1986); B.A. 1986 (Geography).

PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 16 of 14 November 1999 Bartlett’s primary interest is in the conservation and management of Hawai`i’s natural resources. Since 1988, his career has focused on protecting the natural resources of the privately-owned, 8,600 acre Pu`u Kukui Watershed (PKW) on Kahalawai (West Maui), Maui, Hawai`i. Additionally, since 1991, Bartlett has broadened his scope of interest in the research and management of invasive pest species that affect not only the PKW, but all the islands of the County of Maui (Maui, Moloka`i and Lana`i), through his involvement as chairman of both the Melastome Action Committee and the Maui Invasive Species Committee of the Tri-Isle Resources, Conservation & Development Council, Inc. (RC&D). PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 5/85 to 8/85: Student volunteer, Cooperative National Parks Studies Unit/University of Hawai`i (CPSU/UH), Endangered Species Protection program , Haleakala National Park, Office of Resources Management, Maui, Hawai`i. 6/85: Field volunteer, The Nature Conservancy of Hawai`i, Waikamoi Preserve, Maui, Hawai`i. 1/86-5/86: Student intern (UH), Database operator, Hawai`i Heritage Program, The Nature Conservancy of Hawai`i, Honolulu, Hawai`i. 2/86-6/86: Student intern (UH), Database operator, Atlas of Hawai`i Flora project, Herbarium Pacificum, Department of Botany, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawai`i. 4/86-8/86: Student intern (UH), WANG OIS-115 word processor operator, Indexed Bibliography On The Flowering Plants Of Hawai`i project, Herbarium Pacificum, Department of Botany, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawai`i. 1/88-present: Supervisor, Maui Pineapple Company, Ltd., Honolua Division, Pu`u Kukui Watershed Department, Napili, Maui, Hawai`i. 11/91-present: Chairman, Melastome Action Committee, Tri-Isle RC&D, Wailuku, Maui, Hawai`i. 12/97-present: Chairman, Maui Invasive Species Committee, Tri-Isle RC&D, Wailuku, Maui, Hawai`i.

Jack Peterson, MISC Coordinator EDUCATION: PhD Candidate Zoology, University of Hawaii (1990-1995); B.S. University of Hawaii. PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Peterson’s interests are in invasive species control advocacy, ecosystem preservation, agriculture and economy. As the MISC coordinator he oversees the budget, organization and operation as a whole, which includes 7 staff members (the MISC Public Relations Specialist as well as the Field Supervisor and Field Workers). PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1971-1974: Horse Foreman and Hunting Guide, Brooks Lake Lodge, Dubois, Wyoming. 1975-1976: Nurseryman, Niu Valley Garden Center, Niu Valley, Oahu, HI. 1976: Nursery Manager, Mailes Anthurium, Ltd., Waimanalo, Oahu, HI. 1978: Research Assistant and herdsman for research crop and stock operations, University of Hawaii, College of Tropical Agriculture. 1980-1981: Fire Ranger and Park Worker in State Parks, East Bay Regional Park District, Oakland, CA 1990-1992: Graduate Research Assistant, University of Hawaii, Department of Zoology, in cooperation with State Department of Land and Natural Resources. 1996: Nursery Manager, Native Landscape Nursery, Kilauea, Kauai. 1997-1999: Operations Manager and general partner, Kauai Sustainable Agroecological Systems, Lihue, Kauai. 1999: VIP Program Position, Haleakala National Park, Resources Management Division. June 1999-Present: Wildlife Research Assistant I, Resources Management Division, Haleakala National Park.

HAWAII ARMY NATIONAL GUARD, ENGINEERING-ENVIRONMENTAL SECTION 3949 DIAMOND HEAD ROAD, HONOLULU, HAWAII 96819-4495 PHONE: (808) 733-4267 OR 733-4214 FAX: (808) 737-3575

Melissa M. Dumaran, Natural Resources Program Manager EDUCATION: University of Southern California (1991-92), University of Hawaii (1992-1996), B.A. Natural Resource Management and Conservation

PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS:

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 17 of 14 November 1999 Dumaran’s interests are primarily in the conservation and restoration of Hawaiian ecosystems. In particular she seeks to facilitate and implement interagency projects; procuring federal and state funding to meet multi-million dollar program budget requirement; and developing and implementing the Natural Resources Program and personnel for 30 HIARNG training areas/facilities and 33,000 acres statewide. She currently directs all activities related to environmental program management to include the following protocols; write scopes of work, proposals, reports and project justifications; track and review project proposals, contracts and budgets; hire and manage staff to conduct field surveys and analysis, endangered species, habitat and pest management; conduct environmental regulatory compliance; and ensure proper planning consideration for sensitive areas under National Guard jurisdiction. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 5/92-5/93: Environmental Specialist, Unitek Environmental Services, Honolulu, Hawaii 8/94-6/96: Environmental Reviewer, University of Hawaii Environmental Center, Honolulu, Hawaii 6/95-2/96: Legal Research Intern (volunteer), Sierra Club Legal Defense Fund, Honolulu, Hawaii 5/96-2/97: Planning Intern (volunteer), Office of Environmental Quality Control, Honolulu, Hawaii 7/97-12/97: Report Contract Consultant, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service – Ecological Services, Honolulu, Hawaii 8/96-present: Natural Resources Program Administrator, Research Corporation University of Hawaii, Honolulu Hawaii

Trae P. Menard, Ecology Field Manager EDUCATION: University of California, Santa Cruz (1987-1992), B.A. Wildlife Conservation. Currently enrolled as an M.A.. student in the Geography Department at the University of Hawaii at Manoa PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Menard’s research interests are directed toward the conservation, restoration and management of native Hawaiian ecosystems. Particular interests are in combining alien plant control with native plant restoration to effectively achieve ecosystem management goals. He conducts field work to monitor the effects of training on installation water quality, vegetation, soil, rare species and their habitats. In addition, Menard develops mitigation measures and runs models to predict potential training impacts based on field data analysis. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1/89-4/89: Senior Intern, University of California Office of Federal Relations, Washington. DC. 1/91-6/91: Intern/Docent, Ano Nuevo State Park, Santa Cruz, California 9/92-5/93: Field Intern (Thailand Office), United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Vienna, Austria 10/93-6/94: Environmental Management Analyst, U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Washington. DC. 6/95-8/95: Field Technician, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 1/96-5/96:Teaching Assistant, University of Hawaii, Honolulu 9/96-10/96: Instructor, Hawaii Pacific University, Honolulu 6/97-11/97: Ecology/Horticulture Intern, State of Hawaii’s Division of & Wildlife, Honolulu 1/97-Present: Field Ecology Manager, Hawaii Army National Guard, Honolulu

Dan Huber, Geographic Information Systems Manager EDUCATION: University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, B.S. , Cartography Emphasis: Geographic Information System, B.S. , Geography Emphasis: Physical Environment and Earth Resources, Minor: Computer Science (1993- 1997) PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Huber has combined interests in computer systems administration, GIS cartography, along with traditional mapping methods and geographic knowledge. His additional experience in the military, communications and ordnance removal are invaluable in assessing and restoring military training lands. Currently, he is developing the Environmental Awareness Program and GIS projects for 30 HIARNG training areas and facilities statewide. Huber plans project design; prepares multimedia presentations for troops on environmental awareness and protection; develops and distributes informational brochures to general public; creates spatial and relational data bases; performs quantitative analysis of biological and geographical data utilizing statistical software and database software.

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 18 of 14 November 1999 8/96-12/97, Software and Database Research Assistant (volunteer), University of Idaho Department of Geography, Moscow, Idaho 9/95-12/95, Research Assistant (volunteer), U.S. Forest Service Forestry Sciences Laboratory 5/96-12/97, Cartographer/GIS Analyst, TerraGraphics Environmental Engineering, Inc., Moscow Idaho 5/91-3/95, Communications Specialist, Washington Air Guard, Spokane, Washington 3/85-5/91, Explosive Ordnance Disposal Specialist, United States Air Force, McConnell AFB, Kansas and Ramstein AB, Germany 1/93-Present, Outdoor Program Assistant Coordinator, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 2/98-12/97, Geographic Information Systems Manager, Research Corporation University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii

THE NATURE CONSERVANCY OF HAWAII MAUI FIELD OFFICE, P.O. BOX 1716, MAKAWAO, MAUI, HAWAII 96768 PHONE: (808) 572-7849 FAX: (808) 572-1375

Mark White, Director, Maui Programs EDUCATION: University of Florida, BA in Education (1976) PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Mark White has served as The Nature Conservancy's chief representative on the island of Maui for the past ten years where he is responsible for the protective management of TNC’s Maui nature preserves and cooperative management projects. Mark works closely with TNC’s Conservation Programs on land acquisitions and implements long term ecoregional plans. Mark is responsible for defining and articulating the conservation vision for Maui. He works with Maui landowners, government and private agencies to promote, develop and implement regional conservation partnerships on East and West Maui. These partnerships are designed to protect all of the remaining large intact native ecosystems on Maui, covering more than 150,000 acres. Mark has also been instrumental in building the capacity of other groups such as the Maui Invasive Species Committee, and the Maui Axis Deer Group that directly benefit Maui’s terrestrial communities. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1977-78: Operations specialist Bendix Field Engineering, Florida 1979-88: Observatory Foreman, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 1971-76: Part-time volunteer Florida Defenders of the Environment, Florida 1976-77: Secondary school teacher (English, Biology, Physical Science) Hawthorne, Florida 1988-present: Director Maui Programs

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HALEAKALA NATIONAL PARK, P.O. BOX 369, MAKAWAO, MAUI, HAWAII 96768 PHONE: (808) 572-4490 FAX: (808) 572-4498

Steve Anderson, Natural Resource Program Manager EDUCATION: University of California, Davis (1976-1980); BS Botany PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Anderson’s primary interests are hands on field research, management and monitoring to document changes in and perpetuate or restore native Hawaiian ecosystems. Development and implementation of monitoring techniques to track invasions of alien biota, determine ecosystem impacts, and recovery potential due to active management is a particular interest. Control methods development for feral animals, small mammals, and alien plants is a research. Experimental restoration of vegetation following feral animal and alien plant control is an additional interest. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 1980-1982: Endangered Species Botanist, Dept. of Land & Natural Resources, State of Hawaii 1982-1987: Research Associate, Cooperative Parks Studies Unit, University of Hawaii 1987-1990: Associate Research Scientist, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park 1990-Present: Natural Resource Program Manager, Vegetation Management, Haleakala National Park / Pacific Islands IPM Coordinator, National Park Service

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES DIVISION, PACIFIC ISLANDS ECOSYSTEM Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 19 of 14 November 1999 HALEAKALA FIELD STATION, P.O. BOX 369, MAKAWAO, MAUI, HAWAII 96768 PHONE: (808) 572-9306, EXT. 5-5936 FAX: (808) 572-1304

Lloyd Lee Loope, Research Scientist EDUCATION: Oberlin College (1961-63); Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (1963-65), B.S. 1965; Duke University (1965-69), Ph.D. 1970 (Botany), Specialty: Plant Ecology RESEARCH INTERESTS: Loope's interest throughout his career has been to conduct and facilitate research to assist conservation of native ecosystems and species. Since 1980, his interest is focussed on conservation biology of Haleakala National Park and the island of Maui, but also relates to geographically broader issues such as statewide management of alien plant problems and strategies for restoration of endangered plant species. A special current interest is to predict invasiveness of non-native plant species not yet widespread in Hawaii from their behavior elsewhere in the world. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 11/69 to 3/70: Research Biologist (GS-11), U.S. Department of the Interior (USDI), National Park Service (NPS), Office of the Chief Scientist, Washington, D.C. 4/70-4/74: USDI, NPS, Research Biologist (GS-11), Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming 5/74-1/77: USDI, NPS, International Specialist (GS-11/12), Division of International Park Affairs, Washington, D.C. (Seconded to Division of Ecological Sciences, UNESCO, Paris, France) 2/77-8/80: USDI, NPS, Plant Ecologist (GS-12), South Florida Research Center, Everglades National Park, Florida. 9/80-present: USDI, NPS ==> NBS ==> USGS/BRD, Research Scientist (GS-12: 9/80-6/84//GS-13: 6/84- 8/88//GS-14: 8/88-present), assigned to Haleakala National Park Field Station, Maui, Hawaii. ADJUNCT APPOINTMENTS: Adjunct Faculty Member, Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1981-present. Research Associate, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii: 1992- Adjunct Faculty Member, Center for Conservation Research and Training, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1997- MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES: Ecological Society of America; American Institute of Biological Sciences; Society for Conservation Biology; The George Wright Society

Arthur Christopher Medeiros, Jr., Biologist EDUCATION: B.A., University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978 Currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student in the Botany Department at the University of Hawaii at Manoa WORK HISTORY: 1979-1981: Intepretive Specialist, Waipahu Cultural Garden 1981-1993: Biologist, GS-5/7/9, National Park Service, at Haleakala National Park 1994-present: Biologist, GS-9, NBS/USGS-BRD, Haleakala Field Station PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Has been involved with development and implementation of a long-term vegetation monitoring program within Haleakala National Park; development and implementation of sampling program for key invertebrate species; documentation of threat and development of management for two invasive insects -- the Argentine ant and western yellowjacket in Haleakala National Park; producing draft recovery plans for U.S Fish and Wildlife Service for Endangered plant species on Maui, Molokai, and Lanai; development of biological assessments and management recommendations for other (non-DOI) land management agencies; interagency efforts to rid Maui of certain invasive weed species which threaten natural areas; preparation of numerous reports and publications. ADJUNCT APPOINTMENTS: Research Associate, B.P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii: 1985-

Philip Anthony Thomas, Research Associate, Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) Project EDUCATION: Greensboro College (1980) Mars Hill College (1981-1984, 1989), B.Sc. (Biology; minors: computer programming, psychology)

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 20 of 14 November 1999 East Tennessee State University (1989-1990) (Biology master's program) PROFESSIONAL INTERESTS: Philip's professional interests include both computer- and natural science-related endeavors. His interest in computers extends to systems analysis, software design, database design, and--recently--website design. His lifelong natural science interests include native flora, evolution, and conservation of native ecosystems. His present position with the Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) project allows his computer skills to be used to benefit the cause of conservation of native ecosystems, while being in an excellent environment to informally continue his education regarding native flora and evolution. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 05/82-11/82: Peripheral Equipment Operator, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Climatic Center, Asheville, NC. 01/83-02/85: Administrative Programmer & Computer Lab Manager, Mars Hill College, Mars Hill, NC. 02/85-12/88: Computer Systems Manager, Peppertree Resorts Ltd., Asheville, NC. 12/88-06/89: Software Support Specialist, Digital Advanced Systems, Charlotte, NC. 08/89-12/90: Graduate Assistant (Computer Specialist), Office of Graduate Studies, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN. 01/91-12/91: Assistant Manager (Information Systems), Scotts Holdings Ltd., Singapore. 06/92-present: Research Associate (Computer Specialist), Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk (HEAR) Project, Maui, HI.

Charles G. Chimera, Research Associate I EDUCATION: Canisius College (1987-91), B.A. Biology RESEARCH INTERESTS: Chimera's interests in both Hawaii and New Zealand have been to conduct and participate in research studying native island ecosystems and their constituent components, with particular emphasis on the negative effects of alien plant and animal invasions on ecosystem health and individual species survival. Recent research has focused on studying the biology and ecology of established invasive plant populations as well as incipient weed populations in more localized regions of the island of Maui. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 6/87 to 5/88: Microbiology research assistant, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York. 6/88 to 5/91: Computer site operator, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York. 9/89 to 5/90: Hospital emergency room volunteer, Millard Fillmore, Buffalo, New York. 9/88 to 12/88: Zoology lab teaching assistant, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York. 6/88 to 9/88: Zoology department assistant, Canisius College, Buffalo, New York. 12/91 to 4/92: Research volunteer, Haleakala National Park, Maui, Hawaii. 1/95 to 12/96: Service trip coordinator (volunteer), Sierra Club, Hawaii Chapter, Maui Group, Hawaii. 1/93 to present: Hike leader and docent (volunteer), The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Maui, Hawaii. 1/94 to 6/94: Research volunteer, Manaaki Whenua, Landcare Research, Inc., Christchurch, New Zealand. 4/92 to present: Research Associate I, Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Haleakala National Park Field Station, Maui, Hawaii.

Ellen Mary VanGelder, Ornithological Research Specialist EDUCATION: Paul Smiths College (1980-81); University of California (1982-86), B.S. 1990; San Francisco State University (1992-95), M.A. 1997 (Biology); University of Hawaii (1995-present). Ornithology, Vertebrate Ecology. RESEARCH INTERESTS: VanGelders interests are in conducting research with application to conservation of native ecosystems and species. Particular interests are in animal behavior and species life histories, and the effects of these on population and ecosystem dynamics. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 5/84-7/84: Release Site Attendant (Contract), The Peregrine Fund, Santa Cruz, California. 7/84-9/84: Wildlife Volunteer, U.S. Forest Service (USFS), Blairsden, California. 4/85-9/85: Volunteer Research Assistant for Dr. Bernard Tershey, and, Independent Research, Bahia de Los Angeles, Baja California Norte, Mexico 11/85-12/85: Volunteer Research Assistant, Pacific Southwest Forestry Sciences Lab. (PSW), USFS, Fresno, California. 5/86-8/86: Release Site Attendant (Contract), The Peregrine Fund, Santa Cruz, California.

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 21 of 14 November 1999 5/87-10/87, 5/88-8/88, 5/89-10/89: Biological Technician (GS-5), PSW, USFS, Fresno, California. 9/88-11/88: Volunteer Research Assistant, Point Reyes Bird Observatory, Stinson Beach, California. 4/90-6/90: Wildlife Biologist (GS-7), USFS, Phoenix, Arizona. 6/90-8/90: Research Assistant (Contract), Troy Ecological Associates, Anchorage, Alaska. 11/90-2/92: Wildlife Biologist, Biosystems Analysis, Inc., Tiburon, California. 3/93-5/94: Masters Degree Research, Maui, Hawaii. 6/94-12/94: Research Assistant, RCUH, BRD-Hawaii Research Station, Hawaii National Park, Hawaii. 6/95-12/97: Research Assistant, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii. 1/98-present: Ornithological Research Specialist, Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii, USGS/BRD Haleakala Field Station, Maui, Hawaii. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES: Cooper Ornithological Society; Pacific Seabird Group

Kim Martz, Research Associate EDUCATION: Cornell University, Bachelor of Science, 1989-1993 RESEARCH INTERESTS: Martz's interests include protecting and restoring Hawaiian ecosystems. Currently interested in early detection and control of invasive alien plant species with either small populations in Hawaii or not yet present in Hawaii. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: October 1997 - present: Research Associate, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division. MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES: Native Hawaiian Plant Society, Board member Friends of Haleakala, Board member

Forest Starr, Research Associate EDUCATION: Cornell University (1989-1993) RESEARCH INTERESTS: Starr's interests lie in protecting the economy, ecology, lifestyle, and heritage of the Hawaiian archipelago. His current projects range from predicting invasiveness of alien plant species not yet widespread in Hawaii to controlling proven pests with the help of local community groups. PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: 10/97 - present: Research Associate, Research Corporation of the University of Hawaii (RCUH). MEMBERSHIP IN PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES: Native Hawaiian Plant Society; Friends of Haleakala

Maui Invasive Species Committee: Year 2000 Action Plan Page 22 of 14 November 1999