Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, 134 INFO- 2175 UDK: (437.3):(430):81‘286 Primljeno/Received: 2017-04-17 Original Scientific Paper / Orginalni znanstveni rad

SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH- BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND

SPECIFIČNE ZNAČAJKE JEZIČNE SITUACIJE U JUŽNIM POGRANIČNIM PODRUČJIMA ČEŠKE

Alena Jaklová Fakulty of Philosophy, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište Južne Češke, České Budějovice, Češka

Abstract Sažetak Owing to intense contacts with German-speaking Zahvaljujući intenzivnim kontaktima s teritorijem territories, Czech lands, and in particular their njemačkog govornog područja, češke zemlje, a border areas, were bilingual from as early as the naročito njihova granična područja, bile su dvo- Middle Ages. Germans started to settle in Bohe- jezične već od srednjeg vijeka. Nijemci su se mia in the late 10th century and remained a sub- počeli naseljavati u Češkoj u kasnom 10. stoljeću i stantial minority there until the end of WWII. In ostali su značajna manjina do kraja Drugog 1945-1946, on the basis of a decision adopted at svjetskog rata. Godine 1945.-1946., na temelju the Potsdam Conference in the summer of 1945, odluke donesene na Potsdamskoj konferenciji u they were moved out of the country. Neverthe- ljeto 1945., premješteni su iz zemlje. Ipak, povi- less, the historical national structure of the popu- jesna nacionalna struktura stanovništva i dalje lation still has a bearing on the present language utječe na sadašnju jezičnu situaciju u Češkoj, situation in the Czech Republic, especially in its posebice u njezinim graničnim područjima. border areas. Despite efforts of the Czechoslovak Usprkos naporima čehoslovačke vlade u drugoj government in the second half of the 1940s to polovici četrdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, češki prioritise Czech national aspects, the Czech lan- jezik zadržao je kompletan sustav njemačkih pre- guage retained a complete system of German zimena, čija je učestalost izrazito veća u surnames, whose frequency is strikingly higher in graničnim područjima u odnosu na unutrašnjost the border areas compared to the interior of the zemlje. Ta prezimena također pokazuju country. These surnames also show area-specific specifičnu semantičku motivaciju i fonološke semantic motivation and phonological features, značajke, ukazujući na teritorije iz kojih su nekad pointing to territories from which the ancestors of stigli preci Nijemaca južnjaka u Češkoj. South-Bohemian Germans once arrived in Bohe- mia.

I. PRELIMINARIES and cultural. As a result, most inhabitants of the Czech lands, especially along the border, had a Czech lands,1 particularly along their bor- command of German. ders, were bilingual from as early as the Middle Intense contacts between the two languages also Ages. From the earliest days of Czech history, brought about mutual linguistic influence. Conse- neighbouring German-speaking territories fos- quently, Czech adopted a number of German tered rich and diverse links, economic, political, words and idioms, and, to a lesser extent, Czech words made their way into German, especially into the former German dialects and Austrian German. The intensity of German influence on 1 The term Czech lands is used to refer to Bohemia, Moravia and Czech varied historically, depending on the num- the part of Silesia that is now within the Czech Republic. ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7

Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, 135 Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, INFO- 2175 UDK: (437.3):(430):81‘286 Primljeno/Received: 2017-04-17 Original Scientific Paper / Orginalni znanstveni rad bers of Germans living in Czech lands, and on various nationalities, especially Catholic nobles their economic and political position. Over centu- from Romance countries and German nobles from SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH- ries, along with the German language came Ger- Austria and Bavaria. The German population in man proper names, both personal and place Czech lands continued to grow at the time of the BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND names. Germans probably started to settle in Bo- Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648). In the south of hemia from as early as the late 10th century.2 The Bohemia, the war resulted in a sharp split be- influx of Germans grew stronger at the time of the tween ethnic Czechs and Germans; German set- SPECIFIČNE ZNAČAJKE JEZIČNE SITUACIJE U JUŽNIM POGRANIČNIM economic and political rise of Bohemia under the tlers predominantly inhabited the mountain areas PODRUČJIMA ČEŠKE House of Přemysl in the late 12th century, peaking of the Šumava, with deep forests, pastures, and in the course of the 13th and in the early 14th centu- glassworks. ries. Most Germans were coming to the country in The peak of Germanisation of the Czech lands Alena Jaklová the process of so-called 'colonisation': settling and occurred in the mid-18th century, when the Habs- Fakulty of Philosophy, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic tilling previously unexploited areas. In this way, a burgs aimed to establish a centralised state, with Filozofski fakultet, Sveučilište Južne Češke, České Budějovice, Češka relatively continuous belt of German settlements unified administrative and education systems, was formed around the borders of the country. A and a single official language – German. Czech Abstract Sažetak considerable proportion of Germans living in was only spoken by serfs and the lower ranks of Owing to intense contacts with German-speaking Zahvaljujući intenzivnim kontaktima s teritorijem Czech towns were patricians, the wealthy mer- townsfolk. The abolition of serfdom in 1781 territories, Czech lands, and in particular their njemačkog govornog područja, češke zemlje, a chant and craftsman families controlling munici- prompted a migration of the rural population into border areas, were bilingual from as early as the naročito njihova granična područja, bile su dvo- pal administration and guilds. Their leading posi- the towns, making them Czech in character. From th th Middle Ages. Germans started to settle in Bohe- jezične već od srednjeg vijeka. Nijemci su se tion is reflected in the language of administrative the turn of the 18 and 19 centuries onward, the mia in the late 10th century and remained a sub- počeli naseljavati u Češkoj u kasnom 10. stoljeću i documents: the first national language used in gradual strengthening of Czech aspects was also th stantial minority there until the end of WWII. In ostali su značajna manjina do kraja Drugog addition to Latin was German (from the early 14 made possible by the tireless work of the propo- 1945-1946, on the basis of a decision adopted at svjetskog rata. Godine 1945.-1946., na temelju century), while Czech occurred as late as the end nents of the Czech National Revival. th the Potsdam Conference in the summer of 1945, odluke donesene na Potsdamskoj konferenciji u of the century. The Hussite movement in the 15 In the early years of this Czech National Revival th 3 they were moved out of the country. Neverthe- ljeto 1945., premješteni su iz zemlje. Ipak, povi- century weakened the position of the German (from the last third of the 18 century until 1848) less, the historical national structure of the popu- jesna nacionalna struktura stanovništva i dalje language in Bohemia. Since the majority of Ger- German remained the language of science for lation still has a bearing on the present language utječe na sadašnju jezičnu situaciju u Češkoj, man patricians were opposed to the Hussites, they Czech scholars, such as J. Dobrovský and Fran- situation in the Czech Republic, especially in its posebice u njezinim graničnim područjima. were forced to leave, eliminated, or decided them- tišek Palacký. Czech became more widespread in th border areas. Despite efforts of the Czechoslovak Usprkos naporima čehoslovačke vlade u drugoj selves to flee. This period marks the end of Ger- the second half of the 19 century, along with the government in the second half of the 1940s to polovici četrdesetih godina prošlog stoljeća, češki man minorities in most towns in the interior of growing numbers and significance of the Czech prioritise Czech national aspects, the Czech lan- jezik zadržao je kompletan sustav njemačkih pre- Bohemia, while in Moravia and Silesia the posi- bourgeoisie and Czech workers. Although the guage retained a complete system of German zimena, čija je učestalost izrazito veća u tion of German was weakened to some extent. number of German inhabitants declined in the th surnames, whose frequency is strikingly higher in graničnim područjima u odnosu na unutrašnjost The authority of Czech as the language of the course of the 19 century, they still retained a the border areas compared to the interior of the zemlje. Ta prezimena također pokazuju church and science grew stronger in the Hussite significant position in politics and culture. country. These surnames also show area-specific specifičnu semantičku motivaciju i fonološke period. A new rise in the German population in A major turning point in the relative positions of th semantic motivation and phonological features, značajke, ukazujući na teritorije iz kojih su nekad the Czech state came in the 16 century, particu- the two languages came with the creation of the pointing to territories from which the ancestors of stigli preci Nijemaca južnjaka u Češkoj. larly in its second half. The Habsburgs, who ruled independent Czechoslovak state in 1918. The South-Bohemian Germans once arrived in Bohe- Bohemia from 1526, appointed Austrian Catholics German minority lost its political influence, but mia. to administrative posts and supported the influx continued to play an important economic and German Catholic noblemen into Bohemia. The cultural role. In 1930, the Czechoslovak Republic most difficult period for the Czech language came was home to 3.2 million Germans, 22 % of the I. PRELIMINARIES and cultural. As a result, most inhabitants of the in the wake of the Battle of Bílá Hora. Following overall population. In particular, Germans popu- Czech lands, especially along the border, had a the defeat of Czech Protestant estates and the lated the border regions of the country, as well as Czech lands,1 particularly along their bor- command of German. strengthening of the Habsburg supremacy, the some towns in the interior (Prague, Brno, Jihlava). ders, were bilingual from as early as the Middle Intense contacts between the two languages also predominantly Non-catholic Czech nobles and Following the Munich Agreement (September Ages. From the earliest days of Czech history, brought about mutual linguistic influence. Conse- burghers had to leave the country. Bohemia and 1938), territories where in 1910 Germans consti- neighbouring German-speaking territories fos- quently, Czech adopted a number of German Moravia saw an influx of military aristocracy of tuted more than half of the population were ceded to Nazi Germany. The Protectorate of Bohemia tered rich and diverse links, economic, political, words and idioms, and, to a lesser extent, Czech words made their way into German, especially 2 Some records of the use of German in Bohemia and the early into the former German dialects and Austrian Czech-German conflicts can be found in the Latin chronicle by 3 The Czech National Revival resulted in a transformation of a German. The intensity of German influence on Cosmas, Dean of Prague, The Chronicle of the Czechs dating feudal community into civil society and in restoration of the 1 The term Czech lands is used to refer to Bohemia, Moravia and from 1125. Czech language. Czech varied historically, depending on the num- the part of Silesia that is now within the Czech Republic. ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, 136 and Moravia, created in March 1939, was subject- dominantly German territory was interrupted by ed to strict Germanisation (office workers and areas with a majority of Czech population. A. von civil servants had to take an exam in German, and Arburg and T. Staněk /3/ call the areas with a German became a compulsory subject from the German majority transfer or resettlement territories first year of school). After the defeat of Nazi Ger- (Siedlungsgebiet) because they were significantly many, a decision was made at the Potsdam Con- affected by population migration after WWII in ference in 1945 to expel the German population 1945, first by the forced departure of the original from Czechoslovakia, in a process which was German inhabitants, and then by the coming of largely completed in 1945-1946. The number of new settlers. However, these areas are also re- Germans continued to decline even in the follow- ferred to as the Sudeten, the borderland, border terri- ing decades, as from the mid-1960s German fami- tory, border areas, and also mixed territory. The core lies were permitted to move out of the country on area of Czech lands is usually known as the interi- an individual basis /1/. Currently, the Czech Re- or. In October 1938, under the Munich Agreement public has a German population of roughly 39,000 signed at the end of September 1938, Czechoslo- /2/. Along with the decline in the German popula- vakia was forced to accept the occupation of al- tion, the number of linguistic Germanisms has most the whole borderland by the Hitlerite Ger- been dropping rapidly. After WWII they only man Wehrmacht. A territory of nearly 30,000 km² remained in use in spoken colloquial Czech. And with a population of 3,860,000 (according to the as the oldest generations gradually depart, these 1930 census) /4/, was included into Nazi Germa- originally German expression go with them. ny, representing 38 % of the original area and 36 % of the population. Estimates of the numbers of 2. CZECHS AND GERMANS IN CZECH German and Czech inhabitants in the areas in- LANDS IN THE COURSE OF THE 20TH CEN- cluded into Nazi Germany vary according to the TURY sources, statistical and scientific works, and ar- chive documents. At the time of the latest census In the course of the 20th century, virtually in 1930, the areas annexed by Germany had a all aspects of the Czech-German relationship on population of registered ethnic Germans ranging Czech territory changed: the proportion of Ger- from 2,820,000 and 2,853,000, and between 720,000 man population in the country, their political, and 740,000 ethnic Czechs /5/. social and power status, as well as the personal relationship between Czech and German neigh- 2. 2 THE 1940s AND 1950s bours. A process of this complexity cannot be described briefly, and it is therefore treated in After WWII the territorial and administrative three separate periods: organisation of the ČSR was restored to the state 1. up to the end of WWII, of 29 September 1938. Because of the role the near- 2. the 1940s and 1950s, ly three-million German minority played in the 3. from the late 20th century up to the present. process of breaking up Czechoslovakia and owing to the intensifying Nazi terror during the war, an 2. 1 PERIOD UP TO THE END OF WWII idea was gaining ground among the exiled politi- cal representation and the domestic resistance In autumn 1918, after nearly four centuries of movement to partly or completely displace Ger- Habsburg dynasty rule, an independent Czecho- mans from Czechoslovakia.4 In 1942-1943 this slovak Republic (ČSR) was formed. The territories requirement was accepted by the Allies, and a on its western border were largely populated by legal framework for the transfer of Germans was Germans. According to a census conducted on 1 provided by the Potsdam Conference, held from December 1930, Czechoslovakia had a population 17 July to 2 August 1945. The period up to Janu- of 14,729,536, of which 3,231,688 (21.9%) were ary 1946 is known as the “wild transfer”. From ethnic Germans, most of whom, precisely

3,070,938, lived in the Czech part of the country. 4 The term “resettlement of Germans” is often substituted with German inhabitants of the ČSR mostly lived along “deportation of Germans” (Abschiebung der Deutschen), “expul- the margin of central Czech territory, in a belt up sion of Germans” (Vertreibung der Deutschen), or by “post-war to 100 km wide in places. In five areas this pre- transfer of the German population”.

ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, 137 Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, and Moravia, created in March 1939, was subject- dominantly German territory was interrupted by January to late October 1946 the German minority war era /9/. The Germans who were allowed to ed to strict Germanisation (office workers and areas with a majority of Czech population. A. von was deported on the basis of officially approved stay in Czechoslovakia had to learn to communi- civil servants had to take an exam in German, and Arburg and T. Staněk /3/ call the areas with a and organised operations. According to an official cate in Czech. The Czech language and upbring- German became a compulsory subject from the German majority transfer or resettlement territories report President Beneš received in early 1947, the ing were preferred even in mixed marriages in- first year of school). After the defeat of Nazi Ger- (Siedlungsgebiet) because they were significantly transfer from Czechoslovakia included 2,170,598 volving a Czech/Czechoslovak partner. These many, a decision was made at the Potsdam Con- affected by population migration after WWII in Germans /6/; however, hundreds of thousands of findings are corroborated by other studies con- ference in 1945 to expel the German population 1945, first by the forced departure of the original Germans fleeing immediately after the war have ducted in the mid-1960s, which suggested that 75 from Czechoslovakia, in a process which was German inhabitants, and then by the coming of to be added to this. Following the end of WWII, % of mixed marriages used only Czech for com- largely completed in 1945-1946. The number of new settlers. However, these areas are also re- Czech lands became the scene of the most exten- munication, and 68 % of the children in these fam- Germans continued to decline even in the follow- ferred to as the Sudeten, the borderland, border terri- sive migration and transfer in their history, affect- ilies were brought up to be Czech /10/. The post- ing decades, as from the mid-1960s German fami- tory, border areas, and also mixed territory. The core ing roughly five million people. After the expul- war forced transfer of the German population lies were permitted to move out of the country on area of Czech lands is usually known as the interi- sion of the German population the territory was from Czechoslovakia marked a dramatic turning an individual basis /1/. Currently, the Czech Re- or. In October 1938, under the Munich Agreement resettled by Czechs and Slovaks, deeply and per- point in the history of the border areas, and the public has a German population of roughly 39,000 signed at the end of September 1938, Czechoslo- manently affecting its ethnic, cultural and confes- negative consequences of this event are still being /2/. Along with the decline in the German popula- vakia was forced to accept the occupation of al- sional structure. felt, especially in social, economic and environ- tion, the number of linguistic Germanisms has most the whole borderland by the Hitlerite Ger- mental terms, as well as those relating to civil been dropping rapidly. After WWII they only man Wehrmacht. A territory of nearly 30,000 km² 2. 3 GERMAN INHABITANS IN THE CZECH society. Scientific literature uses terms like the remained in use in spoken colloquial Czech. And with a population of 3,860,000 (according to the REPUBLIC FROM THE LATE social discontinuity of the border areas, the loss of as the oldest generations gradually depart, these 1930 census) /4/, was included into Nazi Germa- 20th CENTURY UP TO THE PRESENT traditions, heritage and customs which originated originally German expression go with them. ny, representing 38 % of the original area and 36 there, and the lack of feelings of belonging and % of the population. Estimates of the numbers of In Europe, language is considered one of attachment to the countryside and to the heritage 2. CZECHS AND GERMANS IN CZECH German and Czech inhabitants in the areas in- the principal features of ethnicity /7/. Similarly, left there by the original inhabitants /11/. LANDS IN THE COURSE OF THE 20TH CEN- cluded into Nazi Germany vary according to the according to research conducted in 2005 and 2009, TURY sources, statistical and scientific works, and ar- language was identified as an essential attribute 4. LANGUAGE SITUATION IN CZECH chive documents. At the time of the latest census in the process of restoring the identity of Germans LANDS IN THE 20th CENTURY In the course of the 20th century, virtually in 1930, the areas annexed by Germany had a not transferred from Czechoslovakia, now living all aspects of the Czech-German relationship on population of registered ethnic Germans ranging in North Bohemia /8/. The research has shown Though frequently used, the term lan- Czech territory changed: the proportion of Ger- from 2,820,000 and 2,853,000, and between 720,000 that the ethnic consciousness of the oldest genera- guage situation still lacks an unambiguous defini- man population in the country, their political, and 740,000 ethnic Czechs /5/. tion is based on ancestors, language and home- tion, and this is why its meaning varies across social and power status, as well as the personal land. These respondents still consider themselves linguistic and sociolinguistic studies. The term relationship between Czech and German neigh- 2. 2 THE 1940s AND 1950s to be Germans. The middle generation has shown may refer to: 1. the situation within a language, bours. A process of this complexity cannot be some shift; some of them identify themselves as the relationship between the separate forms and described briefly, and it is therefore treated in After WWII the territorial and administrative Czechs, particularly owing to being married to a components of a national language, or 2. the posi- three separate periods: organisation of the ČSR was restored to the state Czech spouse and to the Czech environment they tion of a language in a society, the functions of 1. up to the end of WWII, of 29 September 1938. Because of the role the near- live in, others still consider themselves Germans. language and its forms and components in given 2. the 1940s and 1950s, ly three-million German minority played in the This, however, does not match their language social conditions. In the latter sense it refers to the 3. from the late 20th century up to the present. process of breaking up Czechoslovakia and owing competence, since they are gradually forgetting relationship of a given language and the social to the intensifying Nazi terror during the war, an German, their mother tongue. Most respondents factors and conditions of communication it oper- 2. 1 PERIOD UP TO THE END OF WWII idea was gaining ground among the exiled politi- from the young generation think themselves to be ates in /12/. However, the term language situation cal representation and the domestic resistance Czech, and if they have experienced a shift in may also be understood in a broader sense, to In autumn 1918, after nearly four centuries of movement to partly or completely displace Ger- their original ethnic consciousness (usually apply to the respective positions of languages Habsburg dynasty rule, an independent Czecho- mans from Czechoslovakia.4 In 1942-1943 this through their grandparents or one of their par- operating within a country inhabited by various slovak Republic (ČSR) was formed. The territories requirement was accepted by the Allies, and a ents), they may be considered to possess a dual nations and nationalities, or within an area whose on its western border were largely populated by legal framework for the transfer of Germans was ethnic identity. In the course of the 20th century, inhabitants, connected by social ties, are speakers Germans. According to a census conducted on 1 provided by the Potsdam Conference, held from Czechs and Germans in the border areas of the of several languages. It is in this last sense that the December 1930, Czechoslovakia had a population 17 July to 2 August 1945. The period up to Janu- ČSR were usually bilingual. According to field term is used in the present study. Clearly, the of 14,729,536, of which 3,231,688 (21.9%) were ary 1946 is known as the “wild transfer”. From social-anthropological research conducted in 2005 language situation conceived in this way cannot ethnic Germans, most of whom, precisely and 2007 among respondents from German or be constant, but is bound to vary continuously

3,070,938, lived in the Czech part of the country. mixed marriages, Czech-German bilingualism depending on social, political and historical fac- 4 The term “resettlement of Germans” is often substituted with German inhabitants of the ČSR mostly lived along “deportation of Germans” (Abschiebung der Deutschen), “expul- was widespread in Czech territories inhabited by tors. This is how it has always been in Czech the margin of central Czech territory, in a belt up sion of Germans” (Vertreibung der Deutschen), or by “post-war Germans between WWI and WWII, while Ger- lands, and particularly so in the border area of to 100 km wide in places. In five areas this pre- transfer of the German population”. man-Czech bilingualism was typical of the post- South Bohemia. For a long historical period, the

ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, 138 communication continuum was represented by which was largely populated by Germans for two different languages – Czech and German. In centuries, it is evident that the proportion of Ger- addition to their standard literary form, and, in man name bearers in relation to the overall popu- the case of Czech, to non-standard colloquial lation of villages even now exceeds the national forms, they also included local dialects: the South- average. This is so despite the near-complete Western dialect of Czech, and German dialects in transfer of the German population into Germany the neighbouring regions of Germany and Austria in 1946-1947. Let us have a look at the numbers: (although with a number of strictly local distinc- At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, three quar- tive features). Throughout centuries of coexistence ters of the population of Prachatice were Ger- and contacts in one territory, Czech and German mans, with Czechs constituting the remaining exerted mutual influence. This Czech-German quarter. Both languages were spoken in the town. contact situation was manifested in Czech at the However, even today 18.36 % of the Czech inhab- level of phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexis itants of Prachatice have German surnames, the /13/. At the lexical level, that is in vocabulary, the most frequent ones being: Bauer, Böhm, Fidler, processes included word borrowing (lexical loans) Fiedler, Franz, Friedek, Geier, Jaksch, Jungwirt, and calques, and resulted in an increased fre- Kindlman, Kopf, Krejsa, Lang, Nachlinger, Pešl, Rosa, quency of German proper names in Czech, par- Stuchel, Štádler, Toncar, and Weiss. Even more ticularly German surnames, toponyms and local Germans lived in Volary before WWII. According toponyms. As stated above, German loans are to the data from 1930, the population of Volary disappearing fast from Czech along with the old- was 3,905, of whom 3,430 were Germans /18/. Out est generation of speakers, and so only German of the current population of the town of 3,871, proper names are left to testify to the historical 18.52 % are inhabitants with German surnames. national structure of Czech lands. After WWII, The most frequent German surnames in Volary German toponyms and local toponyms were include Andraschko, Böhm, Brož, Fischer, Geier, Har- quickly adapted to Czech or completely replaced valík, Honner, Klement, Lenc, Lukš, Mauric, Pešl, with Czech names. However, what is even now Pichl, Pinc, Skopal, Schneedorfer, Šturma, Švarc, typical of Czech lands, and particularly of the Tischler, Trubela, Wagner, Wimberský, and Zach. To border areas of South Bohemia, is the high fre- provide a contrast to towns traditionally inhabit- quency of German surnames. Although in the ed by Germans, the town of Netolice was includ- 1940s the Czechoslovak government advocated ed in the research. Historically, it has been Czech, adaptation of German surnames used by Czechs but is situated in the border area of South Bohe- in favour of the Czech language, these official mia, encircled by towns which, in the past, had a efforts produced little effect. Most people think of predominantly German population. The popula- their surnames as an important part of their per- tion of Netolice in April 1945, before the transfer sonal identities, and so the foreign character of the of Germans started, was 2,615, with only 110 surnames was not a sufficient reason for change. Germans /19/. Despite this, 19.48 % of the current Consequently, the system of surnames of German inhabitants of Netolice have German names, the origin used by Czech has been almost completely most frequent being Böhm, Cibuzar, Franz, Grill, preserved /14/. So what actually is the proportion Haisl, Mottl, Müller, Perner, Pfeffer, Pöschl, Raušer, of German name bearers among other names used Reidinger, Rendl, Rotbauer, Sitter, Steinocher, Šanda, in Czech population? J. Beneš /15/ states that in Šmíd, Špiroch, Štohanzl, Šveller, Vincik, Wald, and the 1950s and 1960s German surnames amounted Zimmerhansl.5 This comparison suggests that the to 8.5 % of Czech ones in Bohemia, and 6.7 % in proportion of inhabitants with German names is Moravia (the ratio of their bearers was not identi- higher in the South-Bohemian borderland than in fied). Similarly M. Knappová /16/ concludes that the interior of the Czech Republic. The higher German surnames constitute roughly one tenth of frequency of German surnames is considered as the overall number of surnames in Bohemia. The latest and most extensive research by J. Matúšová 5 /17/ shows that roughly 13 % of Czechs currently As German surnames were used in the Czech environment, their form was affected by Czech. This applies to their spelling, bear names of German origin. If these data are phonology, and morphology. Their use in Czech communica- compared with the results of the present research tion resulted in their integration into the Czech morphological conducted in the border area of South Bohemia, system and acquisition of the respective case endings.

ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, 139 Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, communication continuum was represented by which was largely populated by Germans for evidence of the historical impact of the area on the such names are of Slavic origin, they originated two different languages – Czech and German. In centuries, it is evident that the proportion of Ger- national structure of this region, with conse- from Austrian-Bavarian dialects. In the south of addition to their standard literary form, and, in man name bearers in relation to the overall popu- quences for the present. Another area-conditioned Bohemia such names include, for instance, Lexa the case of Czech, to non-standard colloquial lation of villages even now exceeds the national feature of the present language situation in South (Lexer, from the personal name Alexius), Loschka forms, they also included local dialects: the South- average. This is so despite the near-complete Bohemia is the set of semantic-motivational types (probably a craftsman processing leather, Middle Western dialect of Czech, and German dialects in transfer of the German population into Germany of German surnames occurring in the region. The High German lösche, lösch = a kind of fine leather), the neighbouring regions of Germany and Austria in 1946-1947. Let us have a look at the numbers: most frequent German surnames recorded in this Rejda (Reiter = horseman), Zitta (Middle High (although with a number of strictly local distinc- At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, three quar- study originated from toponyms. Significantly, an German. suter = tailor, shoemaker). Another pho- tive features). Throughout centuries of coexistence ters of the population of Prachatice were Ger- overwhelming majority are derived from place nological feature which, according to J. Beneš /21/, and contacts in one territory, Czech and German mans, with Czechs constituting the remaining names in Bavaria, less frequently also in Austria; can be encountered in the Šumava region is the exerted mutual influence. This Czech-German quarter. Both languages were spoken in the town. that is, in territories from which the ancestors of change from e, ö to i. Among the names from the contact situation was manifested in Czech at the However, even today 18.36 % of the Czech inhab- South-Bohemian Germans most likely arrived at present corpus, this phenomenon is found, for level of phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexis itants of Prachatice have German surnames, the some point in history. Examples of such names instance, in Pitr, Pitra (from Peter) or Pimr (from /13/. At the lexical level, that is in vocabulary, the most frequent ones being: Bauer, Böhm, Fidler, are: Bernkopf (a surname derived from place Böhm). A similar phonological feature of German processes included word borrowing (lexical loans) Fiedler, Franz, Friedek, Geier, Jaksch, Jungwirt, names in Austria: from Bärnkopf, Lower Austria); surnames used in the south of Bohemia is the –al and calques, and resulted in an increased fre- Kindlman, Kopf, Krejsa, Lang, Nachlinger, Pešl, Rosa, Brandl (a surname derived from a place name in suffix, which, along with the diminutive –el suffix, quency of German proper names in Czech, par- Stuchel, Štádler, Toncar, and Weiss. Even more other territories inhabited by Germans: from the was originally found in Bavarian dialects used in ticularly German surnames, toponyms and local Germans lived in Volary before WWII. According place name Brandl, Upper Bavaria, Lower Bavar- the Czech territory, for instance in Hanzal, Hanzl toponyms. As stated above, German loans are to the data from 1930, the population of Volary ia); Eppinger (a surname from place names in vari- (from the place name Handzell, Upper Bavaria). disappearing fast from Czech along with the old- was 3,905, of whom 3,430 were Germans /18/. Out ous German-inhabited territories: from the place According to Beneš /22/, Bavarian dialects used in est generation of speakers, and so only German of the current population of the town of 3,871, name Epping, Upper Bavaria, Upper Austria); the Czech territory used to have w for the conso- proper names are left to testify to the historical 18.52 % are inhabitants with German surnames. Kreiner (a surname from the place names Kreina, nant b. Only one such change was identified in the national structure of Czech lands. After WWII, The most frequent German surnames in Volary Krein, Bavaria, Upper Austria, Saxonia); Pisinger, present corpus, namely in the name Šejvl (from German toponyms and local toponyms were include Andraschko, Böhm, Brož, Fischer, Geier, Har- Pišingr (a surname from the place name Piesing, Scheibler = a carter carrying slabs of salt). The sur- quickly adapted to Czech or completely replaced valík, Honner, Klement, Lenc, Lukš, Mauric, Pešl, Upper Bavaria) and many others. An extensive name Mádl is a South-German dialectal variant of with Czech names. However, what is even now Pichl, Pinc, Skopal, Schneedorfer, Šturma, Švarc, category of German surnames in South Bohemia the original expression Maidl (a diminutive of the typical of Czech lands, and particularly of the Tischler, Trubela, Wagner, Wimberský, and Zach. To are those motivated by the names of crafts and Middle High German mait, maget = a maid, a maid border areas of South Bohemia, is the high fre- provide a contrast to towns traditionally inhabit- craftsmen. Many of these professions and crafts servant), and the surname Chempf (Kempf, Kempfer, quency of German surnames. Although in the ed by Germans, the town of Netolice was includ- include processing of wood, an activity once typi- Middle High German kempe = warrior) is derived 1940s the Czechoslovak government advocated ed in the research. Historically, it has been Czech, cal of the inhabitants of the Šumava and the Ba- from a Bavarian variant pronounced with a adaptation of German surnames used by Czechs but is situated in the border area of South Bohe- varian Forest. Such surnames include, for in- strongly aspirated k-. in favour of the Czech language, these official mia, encircled by towns which, in the past, had a stance: Binder (from nouns denoting craftsmen efforts produced little effect. Most people think of predominantly German population. The popula- processing wood: Binder = a cooper); Draxler (from 4. CONCLUSION their surnames as an important part of their per- tion of Netolice in April 1945, before the transfer nouns denoting craftsmen processing wood: sonal identities, and so the foreign character of the of Germans started, was 2,615, with only 110 Drechsler = a woodturner); Sager (from Säge = a A total of 39,000 inhabitants declared surnames was not a sufficient reason for change. Germans /19/. Despite this, 19.48 % of the current saw, in Bavarian-Austrian dialects the surnames themselves as Germans in a census conducted in Consequently, the system of surnames of German inhabitants of Netolice have German names, the are typically used without umlaut – a sawyer, or the Czech Republic in 2001, making them the origin used by Czech has been almost completely most frequent being Böhm, Cibuzar, Franz, Grill, from the Middle High German sager = a prattler); third most populous national minority. However, preserved /14/. So what actually is the proportion Haisl, Mottl, Müller, Perner, Pfeffer, Pöschl, Raušer, Wagner (from nouns denoting craftsmen pro- in a long-term perspective the number of people of German name bearers among other names used Reidinger, Rendl, Rotbauer, Sitter, Steinocher, Šanda, cessing wood: Wagner = a wheelwright); Zimmer- of German nationality has been declining con- in Czech population? J. Beneš /15/ states that in Šmíd, Špiroch, Štohanzl, Šveller, Vincik, Wald, and mann (from nouns denoting craftsmen processing stantly in the country. In the ten years between the 1950s and 1960s German surnames amounted Zimmerhansl.5 This comparison suggests that the wood: Middle High German zimmer, zimer = tim- two censuses the number of German nationals to 8.5 % of Czech ones in Bohemia, and 6.7 % in proportion of inhabitants with German names is ber, timbering in mines, Zimmermann = a carpen- dropped by 9.5 thousand, nearly a fifth. At pre- Moravia (the ratio of their bearers was not identi- higher in the South-Bohemian borderland than in ter), etc. The final characteristic of the language sent, inhabitants of German nationality constitute fied). Similarly M. Knappová /16/ concludes that the interior of the Czech Republic. The higher situation in the South-Bohemian borderland treat- a mere 0.4 % of the overall population. This de- German surnames constitute roughly one tenth of frequency of German surnames is considered as ed in the present study is the phonological struc- cline is attributable to objective reasons involving the overall number of surnames in Bohemia. The ture of some German surnames, reflecting fea- the changes in the age structure of the population latest and most extensive research by J. Matúšová tures typical of South-German/Bavarian, and pos- and the assimilation of the young generation. 5 /17/ shows that roughly 13 % of Czechs currently As German surnames were used in the Czech environment, sibly also Austrian dialects. The most frequent Although similar general tendencies ap- their form was affected by Czech. This applies to their spelling, bear names of German origin. If these data are phonology, and morphology. Their use in Czech communica- correspondence identified in the present material ply to the border areas of South Bohemia, the compared with the results of the present research tion resulted in their integration into the Czech morphological was the Czech reflex -a replacing the German present language situation shows some specific conducted in the border area of South Bohemia, system and acquisition of the respective case endings. suffix –er. M. Gottschald /20/ suggests that, unless

ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7 Alena Jaklová: SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE LANGUAGE SITUATION IN THE SOUTH-BOHEMIAN BORDERLAND Informatol. 50, 2017., 3-4, 140 features reflecting the history and the develop- /10/ Staněk, Tomáš: Německá menšina v českých ment of national structure in the region. zemích 1948-1989. Praha: Institut pro stře- doevropskou kulturu a politiku, 1993. References /11/ Kreisslová, Sandra: K etnické identifikaci a jazyko- vé situaci německé menšiny na Chomutovsku po /1/ Bok, Václav: Úvod do germanistiky České roce 1945. In: Arburg von, A., Kovařík, M. et al. Budějovice: Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějo- (eds.): Německy mluvící obyvatelstvo vicích, 1995. v Československu po roce 1945. Brno: Matice mo- /2/ K vývoji počtu občanů německé národnosti v celko- ravská, 2010, pp. 436-464. vém počtu obyvatel České republiky ve 20. století /12/Jedlička, Alois: K problematice jazykové situace. [online]. [Accessed 2017-05-27]. Available at: Slovo a slovesnost, 1978, Vol. 39, Issue. 3-4, pp. 300- https://www.czso.cz/csu/czso/nemecka_narodnost 303. /3/ Arburg, Adrian von and Tomáš Staněk (eds.): /13/ In more detail in Newerkla, Stefan Michael: Areály Vysídlení Němců a proměny českého pohraničí jazykového kontaktu ve střední Evropě a německo- 1945–1951. Češi a Němci do roku 1945. Úvod český mikroareál ve východním Rakousku. Slovo a k edici. Part I. Středokluky: Zdeněk Susa, 2010. slovesnost, 2007, Vol. 68, pp. 271-286. /4/ Sčítání lidu v republice Československé ze dne 1. /14/ Matúšová, Jana: Německá vlastní jména v češtině. prosince 1930 (Czechoslovak census on 1 December Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2015. 1930). Part I.: Růst, koncentrace a hustota /15/ Beneš, Josef: Německá příjmení u Čechů I. Regis- obyvatelstva, pohlaví, věkové rozvrstvení, rodinný ters created by Marie Nováková. Ústí nad Labem: stav, státní příslušnost, národnost, náboženské Univerzita J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, 1998. vyznání. Praha: Státní úřad statistický, 1934, Tab. 4, /16/ Knappova, Miloslava: K evidenci příjmení v Česku pp. 26-34. v r. 2007. In: Harvalík, M., Minářová, E. a J. M. /5/ Arburg, Adrian von and Tomáš Staněk (eds.): Tušková, eds. Teoretické a komunikační aspekty Vysídlení Němců a proměny českého pohraničí proprií. Prof. Rudolfu Šrámkovi k životnímu jubi- 1945–1951. Češi a Němci do roku 1945. Úvod leu.. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, Pedagogická k edici. Part I. Středokluky: Zdeněk Susa, 2010. fakulta, 2009, pp. 133-141. /6/ Paměť národa, 30. 5. 1945 - 29. 10. 1946. Odsun /17/ Matúšová, Jana: Německá vlastní jména v češtině. Němců z ČSR [online]. [Accessed 2017-02-06]. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2015. Available at: /18/ District National Council in Prachatice. Přehled o http://www.pametnaroda.cz/anniversary/detail/id/3 stavu a vývoji obyvatelstva, 1930, 1950, 1955, SOkA 2?locale=cs_CZ Prachatice, dossier No. 7, material under processing. /7/ Šatava, Leoš: Jazyk a identita etnických menšin: /19/ Municipal National Council in Netolice, Jinonárod- možnosti zachování a revitalizace. Praha: Sociolog- ní skupiny, 1945-1976, SOkA Prachatice, carton 42, ické nakladatelství, 2009. sign. III/4. /8/ Kreisslová, Sandra: K etnické identifikaci a jazykové /20/ Gottschald, Max: Deutsch Námenkunde. Mit einer situaci německé menšiny na Chomutovsku po roce Einführung in die Familienkunde von Rudolf 1945. In: Arburg von, A., Kovařík, M. et al. eds.: Schützeichel. 6., durchgesehene und bibliographisch Německy mluvící obyvatelstvo v Československu aktualisierte Auflage. Berlin-New York: Walter de po roce 1945. Brno: Matice moravská, 2010, pp. 436- Gruyter, 2006. 464. /21/ Beneš, Josef: Německá příjmení u Čechů I. Regis- /9/ Czech-German bilingualism denotes a command of ters created by Marie Nováková. Ústí nad Labem: German among Czechs, conversely, German-Czech Univerzita J. E. Purkyně v Ústí nad Labem, 1998. bilingualism refers to a command of Czech among /22/Ibidem Germans (Kreisslová: 2010).

ISSN 1330-0067 Coden: IORME7