Occurrence of Paramphistomosis in Cattle

Haryana Vet. (Dec., 2019) 58(2), 298-300 Short Communication Table 1 Association of different variables in relation to presence of paramphistome eggs in the faeces

OCCURRENCE OF PARAMPHISTOMOSIS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALOES WITH DIGESTIVE 2 DISORDERS IN AMBALA DISTRICT OF HARYANA Variable Category (n) Positive for (95%) CI  (df) p paramhistome VANDNA BHANOT* and RENU GUPTA1 egg (%) Disease Investigation Laboratory, Ambala, 1Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Faecal examination results 557 68 (12.21) (9.61-15.22) Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125004, India Species 1.560 (1) 0.213 Cattle (244) 25 (10.25) (6.74-14.75) Received: 04.12.2018; Accepted: 08.03.2019 Buffalo (313) 43 (13.74) (10.12-18.06) SUMMARY Season 19.217 (3) <0.001 Rainy (175) 28 (16.00) (10.90-22.29) Epidemiological studies on occurrence of paramphistomiasis in cattle and buffaloes with digestive disorders in Ambala district of Haryana Spring (122) 7 (5.74) (2.34-11.46) were carried out. A total of 557 faecal samples were examined from bovines during July 2016 to June 2017. The occurrence of paramphistomiasis was Summer (158) 29 (18.35) (12.65-25.28) 12.21% (95% CI; 9.61-15.22) in cattle and buffalo. Occurrence of paramphistome eggs was found higher in buffaloes as compared to cows. Winter (102) 4 (3.92) (1.08-9.74) Significant association was observed between season and detection of paramphistome eggs in the faeces. Maximum positivity was observed in Anorexia 0.0001 (1) 0.991 summer season followed by rainy and spring season. Significant difference was observed between diarrheic and non-diarrheic animals in relation to Absent (328) 40 (12.20) (8.86-16.23) presence of paramphistome eggs in the faeces. No such significant associations were observed for other variables i.e., species, presence of anorexia, Present (229) 28 (12.23) (8.28-17.18) indigestion, reduced growth rate and weight loss. Diarrhoea 10.927 (1) 0.001 Keywords: Diarrhoea, Occurrence, Paramphistomosis, Season Absent (243) 17 (7.00) (4.13-10.96) Paramphistomosis/Amphistomiasis is an important of parasitic infections. Characteristics of the variables Present (314) 51 (16.24) (12.34-20.80) Indigestion 0.156 (1) 0.694 parasitic disease of livestock, which causes heavy recorded for individual animals are given in Table 1. Absent (483) 60 (12.42) (9.61-15.70) economic losses. Ruminant amphistomosis a severe Association of different variables in relation to presence of Present (74) 8 (10.81) (4.78-20.19) infection of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and other wild paramphistome eggs in the faeces was analysed by chi- Reduced Growth Rate 0.805 (1) 0.370 ruminants with immature amphistomes in the small square test of independence. Logistic regression analysis Absent (528) 66 (12.50) (9.80-15.63) Present (29) 2 (6.90) (0.85-22.77) intestines of immunologically incompetent hosts and was applied to calculate Odds ratios (ORs) for association Weight Loss 0.594 (1) 0.441 considered as a copacetic obstacle in health and production of detection of paramphistome eggs in faeces and different Absent (520) 62 (11.92) (9.26-15.02) performance of animals throughout the globe (Horak, variables. Four models were applied i.e. i) crude, ii) Present (37) 6 (16.22) (6.19-32.01) 2009). In India its occurrence has been reported from adjusted for season, iii) adjusted for diarrhoea and iv) was observed in summer season (18.35%; 95% CI- 12.65- summer season farmers allow their animals to graze different states (Hassan et al., 2005; Satyanarayan et al., adjusted for season and diarrhoea. All the statistical 25.28) followed by rainy (16%; 95% CI-10.90-22.29), outside increasing the possibility of picking infection as 2007; Shukla et al., 2012). A major distinctive feature of analysis was carried out using STATA/IC 15 (StataCorp spring season (5.74%; 95% CI-2.34-11.46) whereas in the animal have access to snail intermediate hosts (Jyoti et this gastrointestinal parasitism is the loss of protein into the LLC, CollegeStation, Texas, USA). winter season the occurrence was minimum (3.92%; 95% al., 2012).The highest occurrence of amphistomes during gut and increased rates of gastrointestinal tissue protein Coprological examination revealed the overall CI- 1.08-9.74). Significant difference was observed summer months may be attributed to the fact that during metabolism and a net movement of amino acid nitrogen occurrence of paramphistome eggs to be 12.21% (95% CI; between diarrheic and non-diarrheic animals in relation to summer season temperature slowly increases above 20 ºC from muscles and skin to liver and gastrointestinal tract 9.61-15.22) in cattle and buffalo during July 2016 to June 2 presence of paramphistome eggs in the faeces,  (1, N = which is a favourable temperature for larval development which decreases their availability for growth, milk and 2017 (Table 1). Detection of paramphistome eggs was 557) = 10.927, p =0.001 (Table 1). No such significant in intermediate host (Mir et al., 2008). Odds ratios for wool production. Haryana state has a population of found higher (13.74%) in buffaloes as compared to cow associations were observed for other variables i.e., species, association of different variables with presence of 15,52,361 cattle and 59,53,228 buffaloes (Anonymous, (10.25%) but the difference was statistically non- presence of anorexia, indigestion, reduced growth rate and paramphistome eggs in faeces are given in fig. 1. 2007) and these animals are responsible for milk significant (p=0.213). Chaudhri et al. (2014) reported weight loss. Percentage of paramhistome eggs was Odds of detection of paramphistome eggs in production which in turn augments the income of livestock significantly higher infection of paramphistomes (14.2%) recorded higher in buffaloes than cow in all the seasons. summer and rainy season was higher as compared to owners and also fulfils the nutritional need of human in buffaloes than cross-bred cows. The overall occurrence Species wise highest occurrence of paramphistomiasis winter season (OR - summer- 5.51, p=0.002; rainy- 4.67, population. The present study involves the epidemiology (12.21%) recorded in the present study is comparable to was observed in summer season both in cow and buffaloes. p=0.005). Further, chances of detection of eggs was 2.58 of paramphistomosis in cattle and buffaloes of Ambala 12.8 percent as recorded by Chaudhri et al. (2014) in Chaudhary et al. (2014) observed higher prevalence in (95% CI- 1.45-4.59; p=0.001) times in diarrheic animals District of Haryana from July 2016 to June 2017. diarrhoeic cows and buffaloes of eastern Haryana. These monsoon and post monsoon (12.9%) followed by summer than in non-diarrheic animals. Odds ratio was significantly From July 2016 to June 2017, faecal samples of 245 results are also in agreement with those of Kumar et al. (11.3%) and least in winter (6.06%). Results are in altered for presence of anorexia in model adjusted for cows and 312 buffaloes brought to Disease Investigation (2011) but higher prevalence of paramphistomiasis in accordance with Yadav et al. (2010) who observed higher diarrhoea (OR-2.32, 95% CI-1.22-4.40; p=0.010) and laboratory, LUVAS, Ambala for examination with cattle (9.73%) was observed in hills as compared to prevalence in summer (12.65%) and rainy (12.35%) and adjusted for season and diarrhoea (OR-2.33, 95% CI-1.23- indications of digestive disorders (diarrhoea, anorexia, buffaloes (7.44%). These variations in the occurrence may the least during winter (6.46%). The higher occurrence in 4.43; p=0.010) but not in model adjusted for season (OR- bloat, and indigestion) were selected for this study. The be due to the different geographical locations, time periods summer and rainy season may be due to husbandry 1.01, 95% CI-0.61-1.70; p=0.957). This indicates that faecal samples were processed as per standard procedure and various methods of sample analysis. practice by the farmers and they allow their animal in diarrhoea has confounding effect on association between for sedimentation and flotation techniques (Urquhart et al., Significant association was observed between pasture. Moreover, population of snail intermediate hosts presence of anorexia and detection of paramphistome eggs 1987). The slides were prepared and examined under low season and detection of paramphistome eggs in the faeces, is also maximum during rainy season. In winter season in faeces. No significant association was observed for (10x) and high (40 x) power of microscope for the presence 2  (3, N = 557) = 19.217, p =<0.001. Maximum positivity animals are mostly stall fed so as to avoid cold and in *Corresponding Author: [email protected] detection of paramphistome eggs in faeces and other

298 299 Haryana Vet. (Dec., 2019) 58(2), 298-300 Short Communication Table 1 Association of different variables in relation to presence of paramphistome eggs in the faeces

298 299 Species cattle ref Haryana Vet. (Dec., 2019) 58(2), 301-303 Short Communication Buffalo (A) (B)* Season winter ref KNOWLEDGE LEVEL OF DAIRY FARMERS ABOUT PREVENTION OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES Rainy RAKESH AHUJA*, GAUTAM, S.S. SANGWAN and RAJESH Spring Department of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education, College of Veterinary Sciences, Summer Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125004, India Anorexia absent ref Received: 20.04.2109; Accepted: 21.08.2019 Present SUMMARY Diarrhoea absent ref The present study was carried out to assess the knowledge level of dairy farmers about prevention of zoonotic diseases. The study was Present conducted in 8 villages from 2 districts district of Haryana. A majority of the respondents were having moderate knowledge about such practices. The Indigestion absent ref assessment was done based on both the recommended and contradicted practices suggested by public health experts. Correlation between personality Present traits of the respondents and their knowledge was also ascertained. It was observed that different variables like age, experience, social participation, caste, land holding, herd size, extension participation and scientific orientation were varyingly associated with the knowledge scores. The Reduced growth rate absent ref respondents were divided in to three categories for appropriate analysis. It was observed that commercial category farmers were having an edge as Present compared to the household farmers. Weight loss absent ref Keywords: Dairy farmers, Haryana, Knowledge, Zoonoses Present Even though, the farmers in India have been living in cattle owners was prepared and 20 dairy farmers from each 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 close proximity to the animals traditionally, but the village were then selected randomly. In this way, a total of chances of zoonotic diseases were far less given the lower 160 dairy farmers constituted the sample for the study. Fig. 1. Results from logistic regression modeling the association of different variables and detection of paramphistome eggs in faeces; density and frequency of interaction. The situation has Similarly, lists of peri-urban dairy farmers engaged in A- crude model, B- model adjusted for season and diarrhoea. The x-axis represents odds ratios. The horizontal lines represent 95% confidence intervals for the estimated odds ratios. *Seasons-adjusted for diarrhoea only; Diarrhoea- adjusted for season only changed drastically in the past few years. There is an commercial dairying were compiled for both the districts. increasing intensification of the livestock production Thereafter, 20 commercial dairy farm owners from each variables in the study (Table 1 and Fig. 1). eastern Haryana. Indian J. Anim. Res. 48(1): 55-58. systems and mobility of both domestic animals and district were selected randomly. The data were collected The overall monthly detection percentage in bovines Hassan, S.S., Kaur, K., Joshi, K. and Juyal, P.O. (2005). Epidemiology humans is on rise. The threat of zoonotic diseases being through well-structured pre-tested schedule by holding of paramphistomosis in domestic ruminants in different districts contracted and their spread is significantly higher now. It is interview with the farmers during 2017-18. revealed highest in April (20.7%), June (20.6%) and of Punjab and other adjoining areas. J. Vet. Parsitol. 19: 43-46. important that dairy personnel or farmer have a clear September (19%) and lowest in January (2.4%) and Horak, I.G. (2009). Paramphistomiasis of domestic ruminants. Adv. The university extension publications were scanned February (2.8%). As per Yadav et al. (2010), monthly Parasitol. 9: 33–70. understanding of the farm’s policy and works instructions for zoonoses prevention recommendations. However, it prevalence of amphiostomosis indicated peak prevalence Jyoti, Haque, M., Singh, N.K., Singh H., Juyal, P.D. and Rath, S.S. and have the right attitude to personal and operational was not there as such. The recommendations of the experts in cattle in cattle in May (34%) and in buffaloes in July (2012). Gastro-intestinal parasitism in dairy animals of western hygiene. The biosecurity measures undertaken on farms from public health were obtained and these were divided (37.26%). The study of Chaudhary et al. (2014) on Punjab. J. Vet. Parasitol. 89: 20-22. appear to depend not only on economics or feasibility, but into two individual knowledge domains recommended and monthly prevalence of paramphistomiasis in all four Kumar, R.R., Yadav, C.L., Garg, R. and Vatsya, S. (2011). Incidence of on producers’ understanding of the principles of contradicted practices (i.e. Do’s and Don’ts of practices). domestic ruminants indicated highest egg per gram of paramphistomosis in cattle and buffaloes of Uttarakhand. biosecurity and their attitudes towards and motivations for Indian J. Anim. Sci. 4: 374-376. These recommendations were in the form of practices that faeces (EPG) in August (3.65%), July (3.51%) and June undertaking/not undertaking such disease preventive farmers should follow (Do’s) and practices that farmers Mir, R., Chishti, M.Z., Zarger, M.A., Tak, H. and Dar, F.A. (2008). measures (Gilmour et al., 2011). It has been opined that (2.49%) and lowest during December (0.7%), November Seasonal prevalence of trematode parasites of sheep (Ovis aries) should not follow (Don’t). These were used as a basis to (1.12%) and October (1.15%). It is concluded from the in Kashmir valley, India. Nigerian J. Parasitol. 29: 80-83. when dealing with emerging zoonoses, the first priority is assess the knowledge of the respondents regarding study that cow and buffaloes should not be allowed to Satyanarayana, A., Babu, A.P., Kumar, K.U. and Rao, H.P. (2007). A seeking knowledge how to deal with the zoonosis. This prevention of zoonotic diseases. Simple question based on graze near water bodies during summer and rainy season as prevalence of paramphistomes in coastal area of Andhra knowledge is the input of a control strategy (Boekhorst et these recommendations were prepared and the responses environmental conditions are conducive during this time Pradesh. Indian Vet. J. 84: 646-647. al., 2010). However, empirical information about the of selected farmers were obtained. A score of 1 was for development of larvae and be dewormed at least once Shukla, N., Singh, S.K., Sharma, M.C., Kumar, P., Singh, R. and Singh, farmers’ knowledge in preventing zoonoses is lacking. assigned for correct response and zero was assigned to during April/May and again during August/September M.P. (2012). Prevalence of helminth infection in cattle With this backdrop the present study was conducted to incorrect response. There were 68 items in all thus making (indigenous and crossbred) of Agra region of Western Uttar assess the farmers’ knowledge about zoonoses prevention especially in grazing animals. Pradesh. The J. Rural Agril. Res. 12: 71-73. the possible knowledge score range from 0 to 68. The practices. REFERENCES Urquhart, G.M., Armour, J., Duncan, J.L., Dunn, A.M. and Jennings, overall knowledge score for each respondent was then th Anonymous (2007). Livestock census, GOI. F.W. (1987). Veterinary Parasitology, (7 Edn.), Department of The study was carried out in Hisar and Jind districts calculated by adding up all the scores obtained under both Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chaudhary, S., Vatsya and Yadav, C.L. (2014). Epidemiology of of Haryana. These districts were selected on the basis of the sub areas. Dairy farmers were then grouped into three University of Glasgow, Longmanand Scientific and Technical, paramphistomiasis in domestic ruminants of Garhwal region of highest population of cattle and buffalo. Multistage categories viz., low, medium and high level of knowledge England. pp. 269-272. Uttarakhand, India. Vet. Res. Int. 2(1): 12-14. random sampling technique was used. Two blocks from using equal class interval method. Yadav, C.L., Kumar, R.R., Vatsya, S. and Garg, R. (2010). Prevalence of Chaudhri S.S., Bisla, R.S Bhanot, V. and Singh, H. (2014). Prevalence Total score obtained by respondents amphiostomosis in ruminants in national capital region, Delhi. each district were chosen randomly using simple lottery Knowledge mean score = of helminthic infection in diarrhoeic cows and buffaloes of method. Thereafter, two villages were again selected from Number of respondents J. Vet. Parasitol. 24(2): 125-127. Pearson’s coefficient of correlation was used to find each block randomly. In this way, 8 villages were selected the correlation between the variables. from both the districts. Village wise list of buffalo and *Corresponding author: [email protected] The average knowledge score of respondents was

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