District Wise Poverty Estimates for Madhya Pradesh S.P.Batra, Chitranjan Tyagi and Mangesh Tyagi 1

District wise Poverty

Estimates for

Madhya Pradesh

State Planning Commission, Madhya Pradesh District wise Poverty Estimates for Madhya Pradesh S.P.Batra, Chitranjan Tyagi and Mangesh Tyagi 1

The scope of most of the studies on poverty is limited to states. The main source of data for these studies is “Consumer Expenditure Surveys” undertaken by the National Sample Survey Organization. In past years, the disparities are growing at both between and within the states. This necessitate to do the analysis at disaggregated level say district for identification of the critical areas/ districts for taking necessary steps in implementation of programmes and framing new policy interventions. The sample design adopted for National Sample Survey Organization's Consumer Expenditure Survey 2004-05, allows estimating parameters such as percentage of population living below poverty line at district level. It is because the sample design had taken districts as strata in both the rural and urban sectors. The paper “Levels of Living and Poverty Pattern: A District-wise Analysis for India” published in Economic and political Weekly, Vol XLIV No 9, February 2009 by Siladitya Choudhuri and Nivedita Gupta is appreciated attempt in this direction. On observing the results area wise i.e. rural and urban, seems to be counter intuitive in the opinion of experts knowing their state better. The main constraint is the number of observations at the district level, which varies from 30 to 520 in rural areas and in urban area 10 to 1136 depending upon the rural and urban population. Districts with low number of observations may not provide desired estimates. The national sample survey cell in state (under Directorate of Economic and Statistics) also collect data for equal sample size for each round of NSS, but collected data is not used in estimation of poverty. Directorate of Economic and Statistics, Madhya Pradesh had validated/cleaned the data collected for NSS 61st round. Thus using state sample along with national sample will increase the number of observation two times. Combined sample may be in the position to provide better estimates of poverty at district level for the state. In present exercise an attempt is made to analyze the State and Central sample of Consumer Expenditure Survey 2004-05 for the state of Madhya Pradesh to estimate the percentage of population living below poverty line by districts. Comparative poverty ratios calculated from Central, State and combined sample are presented separately for rural, urban and over all. Details are given in tables 4-6. In case of rural population below poverty line by district shows that from central sample, Neemuch, East Nimar, Barwani, Rajgarh and West Nimar have lowest proportion (between 0.2 to 14.1%) of population living below poverty line while Seoni, Shahdol, Dindori, Mandla and Umaria have highest proportion (between 59.9 to 76.4 %) of population living below poverty line. Estimates obtained from state sample shows that Gwalior, Mandla, Bhind, Indore, Morena and Seoni have lowest proportion (between 0.0 to 4.4%) of

1 S.P.Batra, Specialist (Statistics) and Mr. Chitranjan Tyagi (Team L eader) with Poverty Monitoring and Policy Support Unit (PMPSU), Mr. Mangesh Tyagi, Advisor, State Planning Commission, Govern ment of Madhya Pradesh.

1 population living below poverty line while districts of Bhopal, Harda, Panna, Shadol and Barwani have highest proportion (between 43.8 to 64.0 %) of population living below poverty line. This reveals that observed trend from two samples are divergent e.g Barwani is district with low proportion of population below poverty line as per central sample while as per state sample it is having high proportion of population below poverty line. Same is the case with Seoni which has been ranked exactly opposite by two samples. To study the relative positioning of districts, four categories are made depending on proportion of population below poverty line as compare to state average. These categories are (a) District with more than 50 % less poverty than state average poverty (b) District with 50 % less poverty than state average poverty (c) District with 50 % more poverty than state average poverty and

Category Central Sample State Sample Combined Sample No. of common district District with Neemuch, Morena, Gwalior, Neemuch, Bhind, 1 more than 50 % East Nimar, Mandla, Sehore, Gwalior, Morena, less poverty than Barwani, Bhind, Indore, Rajgarh, Indore, State Average Rajgarh, West Sheopur, Balaghat, Guna, Ratlam, Datia Nimar, Datia, Seoni, Shajapur, Povert y Mandsaur, Dindori, Sagar, Bhind, Guna, Jhabua, Ratlam, Ratlam, Shivpuri, Dewas Hoshangabad, Guna District with 50 Satna, Gwalior, Neemuch, Umaria, Dewas, Mandsaur, 3 % less poverty Morena, Indore, Dewas, Rajgarh, East Nimar, Shajapur, than State Dhar, Ujjain, Dhar, Narsimhapur, Dhar, Sheopur, Average Poverty Shajapur, Datia, Raisen, Sehore, Shivpuri, Chhindwara, Mandsaur, Damoh, West Nimar, Jabalpur, Chhindwara Narsimhapur, Ujjain, Bhopal. Chhindwara, Narsimhapur Hoshangabad District with 50 Hoshangabad, Vidisha, Sidhi, Rewa, Satna, Balaghat, 3 % more poverty Harda, Sheopur, Ujjain, Tikamgarh, Jabalpur, Barwani, than State Shivpuri, Sehore, Jabalpur Sagar, Rewa, Jhabua, Average Poverty Rewa, Tikamgarh, Vidisha, Tikamgarh, Damoh, Seoni, Katni, Katni, Damoh, Raisen, Bhopal Panna, Vidisha, Chhatarpur, Balaghat, Betul District with Sagar, Jhabua, Katni, East Nimar, Dindori, Sidhi, Harda, 1 More than 50 % Sidhi, Raisen, Chhatarpur, West Chhatarpur, Mandla, higher poverty Seoni, Shahdol, Nimar, Betul, Satna, Betul, Panna, Umaria, than State Dindori, Panna, Bhopal, Shahdol Mandla, Umaria Harda, Shahdol, Average Poverty Barwani

2 (d) District with more than 50 % higher poverty than state average poverty The relative positioning of district is not in line with general perception as revealed from central, state and combined sample as shown in chart 1. Chart 1: Rural Poverty: To improve upon the estimates, there is need to probe further and to find available alternatives. In this direction, examination of average per capita consumer expenditure per person per month as estimated from both samples is shown below. It is found that there is variation in average per capita consumer expenditure for both rural and urban areas. In rural arSeaample av erage MPCE is higher in Rcaseural of state sample than centralUrban sample and reverse trend is found in case of urban areas. Central S ample Estimated A439.06verage MPCE- 2004-05 903.67 State Sample 521.06 728.06

Assuming that estimates as obtained from central sample are close to actual average MPCE, than state sample is overestimating in case of rural area and under estimating in urban area. To bring both the sample at same levels, than MPCE at household level has been neutralized by the factor of extent of over estimation and under estimation for both rural and urban areas in state sample. On revised data, estimates of population below poverty level have been estimated for state sample and combined sample. The results are depicted in table 7 to 9. The relative positioning of districts for central, state and combined sample is presented below. It is observed that in each of four categories the number of common district has increased. Overall the number of common districts has increased from eight to twelve. This indicates an improvement over previous exercise. See Chart 2.

3 Chart 2: Rural Poverty: MPCE Normalized at State Level:

Category Central Sample State Sample Combined Sample No. of common district District with More Neemuch, East Mandla, Indore, Gwalior, Indore, 2 than 50 % less Nimar, Barwani, Gwalior, Morena, Morena, Bhind, poverty than State Rajgarh, West Seoni, Bhind, Guna, Neemuch Average Poverty Nimar, Datia, Balaghat, Shajapur, Mandsaur, Bhind, Shivpuri, Guna, Guna, Ratlam, Sheopur Dewas District with 50 % Satna, Gwalior, Sehore, Rajgarh, Dewas, 3 less poverty than Morena, Indore, Narsimhapur, Mandsaur, Shajapur, State Average Dhar, Ujjain, Dewas, Dhar, Datia, Dhar, East Poverty Shajapur, Hoshangabad, Nimar, Shivpuri, Chhindwara, Sagar, Mandsaur, Sheopur, Ratlam, Jabalpur, Bhopal. Rajgarh, Dindori, Narsimhapur, Sehore, Narsimhapur Datia, Raisen, Ujjain, Hoshangabad, Jhabua, Neemuch, Balaghat, West Ujjain Nimar, Chhindwara

District with 50 % Hoshangabad, Vidisha, Satna, Seoni, Sagar, 5 more poverty than Harda, Sheopur, Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Bhopal, State Average Shivpuri, Sehore, Damoh, Ratlam, Vidisha, Rewa, Poverty Rewa, Tikamgarh, Rewa, Betul, Sidhi, Damoh, Jhabua, Katni, Damoh, Tikamgarh, East Mandla, Barwani, Panna, Vidisha, Nimar, Jabalpur, Tikamgarh, Raisen, Chhatarpur, Chhatarpur Katni, Betul, Balaghat, Betul Chhatarpur, Dindori District with More Sagar, Jhabua, Bhopal, Katni, Sidhi, Panna, Harda, 2 than 50 % higher Sidhi, Raisen, West Nimar, Satna, Shahdol, Umaria poverty than State Seoni, Shahdol, Shahdol, Umaria, Average Poverty Dindori, Panna, Harda, Mandla, Umaria Barwani

On comparison of average MPCE, at district level for rural and urban area for both central and state sample, it is observed that the degree of variation differs for each district as show in table below. Thus the variation in state sample has to be neutralized for each district to bring it in line with central sample as done at state level in earlier exercise. The proportion of population below poverty line has been calculated for state and combined sample. This exercise revealed that the number of common district in each category has increase substantially. In case of rural area overall the number of common districts has increased from increased from 8 to 25. See Chart 3.

4 Comparison of Average MPCE District wise:

Variation in MPCE as compare to central State Sample Central Sample Difference in MPCE sample (in %) Districts Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban

Sheopur 506 735 481 790 -25 55 -5.26 6.92 Morena 614 704 469 645 -145 -59 -31.00 -9.17 Bhind 597 683 567 596 -30 -87 -5.29 -14.59

Gwalior 570 955 502 941 -68 -13 -13.47 -1.42

Datia 545 705 542 698 -3 -7 -0.59 -1.00 Shivpur i 572 761 361 479 -210 -282 -58.18 -58.83 Guna 698 809 444 665 -254 -143 -57.13 -21.57 Tikamgarh 441 615 358 653 -82 38 -22.99 5.82 Chhatarpur 430 491 354 496 -76 5 -21.42 1.02 Panna 392 506 376 589 -16 83 -4.26 14.13 Sagar 571 584 377 551 -194 -33 -51.42 -6.03

Damoh 506 803 378 486 -127 -317 -33.65 -65.25

Satna 443 692 508 646 65 -45 12.80 -7.02 Rewa 465 576 405 773 -61 197 -15.00 25.43 Umaria 423 730 289 973 -134 242 -46.45 24.89 Shahdol 373 796 333 961 -40 164 -12.05 17.12 Sidhi 480 782 366 1121 -113 339 -30.96 30.22 Neemuch 502 878 668 933 166 55 24.88 5.91 Mandsaur 582 635 566 1043 -16 408 -2.81 39.14

Ratlam 534 700 416 565 -118 -135 -28.49 -23.96

Ujjain 596 874 566 1542 -30 668 -5.32 43.33 Shajapur 619 705 483 725 -136 21 -28.18 2.84 Dewas 499 482 749 577 250 95 33.42 16.43 Jhabua 469 740 350 778 -119 37 -33.99 4.81 Dhar 537 737 589 654 52 -83 8.88 -12.69 Indore 614 1075 535 1648 -79 573 -14.77 34.77 West Nimar 420 513 475 708 55 196 11.55 27.61

Barwani 358 601 438 627 81 26 18.38 4.20 East N imar 398 721 504 701 106 -20 21.05 -2.85 Rajgarh 553 610 599 893 46 283 7.64 31.68 Vidisha 580 507 416 817 -163 310 -39.28 37.97 Bhopal 602 1016 421 856 -182 -159 -43.13 -18.62 Sehor e 601 629 373 632 -228 3 -61.23 0.41 Raisen 535 588 327 626 -208 39 -63.74 6.18 Betul 464 659 350 960 -114 302 -32.65 31.41

Harda 371 597 469 1076 97 479 20.78 44.54 Hoshangabad 559 608 470 855 -88 246 -18.75 28.82 Katni 436 692 375 640 -60 -53 -16.13 -8.25 Jabalpur 452 632 459 871 8 238 1.66 27.36 Narsimhapur 558 928 394 681 -164 -247 -41.67 -36.27 Dindor i 521 709 278 637 -242 -72 -87.10 -11.24 Mandla 650 969 312 669 -338 -300 -108.24 -44.76 Chhindwara 465 432 462 859 -3 426 -0.69 49.66 Seoni 760 1026 349 621 -412 -405 -118.10 -65.13 Balaghat 634 844 368 644 -267 -200 -72.51 -30.98 MP 521 728 439 904 -82 176 -18.68 19.43

5 Chart 3: Rural Poverty: Normalized at District Level State Level:

Category Central Sample State Sample Combined Sample No. of common district District with More Neemuch, East Neemuch, Neemuch, East 7 than 50 % less Nimar, Barwani, Gwalior, Dewas, Nimar, Bhind, poverty than State Rajgarh, West Dhar, Bhind, Gwalior, Dewas, Average Poverty Nimar, Datia, Indore, Morena, Rajgarh, Indore, Mandsaur, East Nimar, Dhar, Barwani, Bhind, Guna, Rajgarh, Satna, Datia, Morena, Ratlam, Datia, Sheopur, West Nimar, Satna, Dewas West Nimar Mandsaur (11) (13) (14)

District with 50 % Satna, Gwalior, Mandsaur, Sheopur, Guna, 5 less poverty than Morena, Indore, Chhindwara, Chhindwara, Ujjain, State Average Dhar, Ujjain, Barwani, Shajapur, Ratlam, Poverty Shajapur, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Chhindwara, Ujjain, Shajapur, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Bhopal. Jabalpur, Harda, Harda Narsimhapur Guna (9) (11) (9)

District with 50 % Hoshangabad, Rewa, Ratlam, Shivpuri, Rewa, 5 more poverty than Harda, Sheopur, Balaghat, Panna, Narsimhapur, State Average Shivpuri, Sehore, Shivpuri, Katni, Panna, Sehore, Poverty Rewa, Narsimhapur, Tikamgarh, Katni, Tikamgarh, Sagar, Tikamgarh Balaghat, Bhopal, Katni, Damoh, (9) Vidisha, Panna, Vidisha, Chhatarpur, Sagar Chhatarpur, (12) Balaghat, Betul (14)

District with More Sagar, Jhabua, Chhatarpur, Damoh, Jhabua, 8 than 50 % higher Sidhi, Raisen, Jhabua, Vidisha, Betul, Raisen, Sidhi, poverty than State Seoni, Shahdol, Betul, Seoni, Seoni, Shahdol, Average Poverty Dindori, Sehore, Raisen, Mandla, Dindori, Mandla, Umaria Shahdol, Sidhi, Umaria (9) Damoh, Bhopal, (10) Mandla, Dindori, Umaria (14)

6 The results of similar exercise for urban areas have revealed improvement in relative positioning. See chart 4 to 6.

Chart 4: Urban Poverty: Category Central Sample State Sample Combined Sample No. of common district District with More Shahdol, Seoni, Gwalior, Indore 1 than 50 % less Mandsaur, Indore, Mandla Sidhi, Indore, poverty than State Average Poverty Umaria District with 50 % Ujjain, Rajgarh, Guna, Balaghat, Sidhi, Ujjain, 6 less poverty than Neemuch, Ujjain, Neemuch, Neemuch, Gwalior, State Average Jabalpur, Morena, Shivpuri, Shahdol, Morena,

Poverty Bhopal, East Sidhi, Narsimhapur, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Nimar, Jabalpur, Bhopal, Mandla, Bhopal, Hoshangabad, Damoh, Dindori, Seoni, Morena, Jhabua Shahdol, Bhind, Narsimhapur, Shajapur, Sheopur, Guna, Shajapur, Betul, Sehor e, Satna, East Nimar, East Nimar Mandsaur, Umaria, Dindor i, Betul, Satna District with 50 % Dhar, Satna, Sehore, Sheopur, 8 Rewa, Gwalior, Jhabua, Damoh, more poverty than Ratlam, Jhabua, Shajapur, Panna, Rajgarh, State Av erage Umaria, Tikamgarh, Sehore, Sheopur, Tikamgarh, Poverty Katni, Mandsaur, Harda, Raisen, Hoshangabad, Rajgarh, Harda, Balaghat, Harda, Katni, Barwani, Dhar, Mandla, Dewas, Bhind, Rewa, Dhar, Rewa, Datia, Sagar, Betul, West Shivpuri, Ratlam, Hoshangabad, Nimar, Dindori, Barwani, Vidisha, Vidisha Vidisha, Katni, Datia, Panna, Sagar Barwani, Narsimhapur, Tikamgarh, Guna, Seoni, Chhindwara,

Ratlam,

Chhatarpur,

Datia

District with More Sagar, Bhind, Panna, Raisen, Dewas, Raisen, 0 than 50 % higher Damoh, Dewas, West Nimar, West Nimar , Shivpuri Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, po verty than State Average Poverty Chhindwara Chhatarpur

7 Chart 5: Urban Poverty: Normalized at State Level:

Category Central Sample State Sample Combined No. of Sample common district District with More Shahdol, Mandla, Seoni, Ujjain 0 than 50 % less Mandsaur, Sidhi, Ujjain, Morena, poverty than State Indore, Umaria Bhind, Shivpuri, Average Poverty Guna, Gwalior, Neemuch, Bhopal, Sidhi

District with 50 % Ujjain, Rajgarh, Narsimhapur, Sidhi, Neemuch, 0 less poverty than Neemuch, Indore, Damoh, Morena, Indore, State Average Jabalpur, Bhopal, Ratlam, Shajapur, Shahdol, Mandla, Poverty East Nimar, Shahdol, Balaghat, Bhopal, Shajapur, Hoshangabad, Dindori, Satna, Mandsaur, Umaria Morena, Jhabua Dhar, Umaria , Narsimhapur, Gwalior, Guna, Dhar, Balaghat, Jabalpur, Rajgarh

District with 50 % Dhar, Satna, Rewa, Sehore, Rewa, Sehore, 7 more poverty than Rewa, Gwalior, Katni, Jabalpur, Seoni, Jhabua, State Average Shajapur, Panna, Mandsaur, Jhabua, Dindori, Satna, Poverty Sehore, Sheopur, Betul, Sheopur, Betul, Bhind, Harda, Raisen, Rajgarh, Sagar, Damoh, East Balaghat, Mandla, Tikamgarh, East Nimar, Tikamgarh, Dewas, Betul, Nimar, Barwani Katni, Sheopur, West Nimar, Ratlam, Barwani, Dindori, Vidisha, Hoshangabad, Katni, Barwani, Raisen, Sagar, Narsimhapur, Shivpuri, Harda, Tikamgarh, Guna, Dewas Seoni, Chhindwara, Ratlam, Chhatarpur, Datia

District with More Sagar, Bhind, Raisen, Dewas, Panna, Vidisha, 0 than 50 % higher Damoh, Shivpuri Harda, West Nimar, poverty than State Hoshangabad, Datia, Chhatarpur,

Average Poverty Vidisha, Datia, Chhindwara West Nimar, Panna, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara

8 Chart 6: Urban Poverty: Normalized at District Level:

Category Central Sample State Sample Combined Sample No. of common district District with Shahdol, Mandsaur, Ujjain, Mandsaur, Ujjain, 4 More than 50 % Mandsaur, Sidhi, Indore, Indore, Sidhi, less poverty than Indore, Umaria Chhindwara, Sidhi, Shahdol State Average Betul, Gwalior Poverty District with 50 Ujjain, Rajgarh, Rajgarh, Neemuch, Rajgarh, Betul, 3 % less poverty Neemuch, Jabalpur, Shahdol, Neemuch, than State Jabalpur, Bhopal, Rewa, Harda, Chhindwara, Average Poverty East Nimar, Vidisha, Umaria, Umaria, Jabalpur, Hoshangabad, Morena, Sehore, Rewa, Gwalior, Morena, Jhabua West Nimar Harda, Morena, Vidisha, Sehore, Hoshangabad

District with 50 Dhar, Satna, Shajapur, Shajapur, East 13 % more poverty Rewa, Gwalior, Hoshangabad, Nimar, West Nimar, than State Shajapur, Panna, Sheopur, Jhabua, Jhabua, Satna, Average Poverty Sehore, Sheopur, Satna, Narsimhapur, Sheopur, Tikamgarh, Harda, Raisen, East Nimar, Guna, Narsimhapur, Balaghat, Mandla, Tikamgarh, Bhopal, Dewas, Betul, Dindori, Mandla, Balaghat, Mandla, West Nimar, Seoni, Balaghat, Dewas, Dindori, Dindori, Vidisha, Dewas, Panna, Guna, Panna, Seoni, Katni, Barwani, Bhopal, Barwani Barwani, Dhar, Narsimhapur, Katni, Raisen Tikamgarh, Guna, Seoni, Chhindwara, Ratlam, Chhatarpur, Datia

District with Sagar, Bhind, Dhar, Katni, Raisen, Datia, Ratlam, 4 More than 50 % Damoh, Shivpuri Datia, Bhind, Bhind, Damoh, higher poverty Ratlam, Damoh, Sagar, Chhatarpur,

than State Sagar, Shivpuri, Shivpuri

Average Poverty Chhatarpur

9 Thus the improvement in relative positioning shows that the estimates obtained from combined sample after neutralizing state sample at district level are much better as compare to those obtained from without neutralizing state sample and neutralizing state sample at state level with that of central sample. The results obtained are in line with general perception of experts who are well versed with state situation though with few exceptions. Thus using these results one has to be cautious. The estimated proportion of population obtained from combined sample of State and Central after neutralizing MPCE of state level with respect to central at district level is used to revise the estimates of district wise poverty taking over all Rural and Urban poverty for the state as given by Planning Commission Government of India, 2007. In addition to this following assumption have been made: Assumptions: 1. Distribution of Rural and urban Population among districts will be same as estimated from combined sample. 2. Using District-wise, Rural and Urban Poverty ratio as calculated from above exercise. The population below poverty line for each district has been calculated. 3. Number of BPL Households has been estimated on the basis of (i) assuming Average Household size in the district (ii) assuming Average Household size of BPL families in the district as calculated from combined sample. On comparison of district wise rural poverty and per capita income from agriculture (inclusive of animal husbandry) below and above state average 18 out of 22 are common districts (above state average of rural poverty) and 9 out of 23 are common in case of state below average of rural poverty. In case of urban poverty, comparison is done per capita income from other than primary sector. It is found that24 out of 27 districts are common in case of above state average of urban poverty and 10 out of 18 districts are common in case of below state average of urban poverty. As poverty is the function of extent of equitable distribution of income among population under consideration. In absence of income distribution data to estimate Gini coefficients/ Lorenz curve etc., which are measures to judge how equitable is income distribution. Thus it seems that estimates of poverty obtained from combined central and state sample with normalization of monthly per capita expenditure (uniform reference period) at district levels are better as compare to those obtained from individual samples. It is estimated that of the total population 65.20 million 25.03 million were below poverty line in 2004-05. In rural Madhya Pradesh during 2004-05, there were 30, 19,221 households living below poverty line and in urban area the number of such households were 12, 95,423. The total number of households living below poverty line were 43, 14,644. It has been calculated on the basis of average household size of BPL households. The district wise estimates are presented for rural, urban and combined in Table 1 to 3.

10 Table 1: Estimates of Population and households living below poverty line in Rural MP 2004-05

Districts Rural

Projected Population Projected % of Population Number of Number of Population below poverty line Households Households below below poverty below poverty poverty line(based on line line(based on Avg. HHD size of Avg. HHD siz e) BPL hhd ) Sheopur 527744 129445 24.5 22956 21489 Mor ena 1405864 209416 14.9 33130 30122 B hind 1167312 104008 8.9 17019 15559 Gwalior 777090 75053 9.7 10860 11008 D atia 570136 80744 14.2 14772 12129 Shivpuri 1239552 532520 43.0 98361 98280 Guna 1287108 335284 26.0 67375 55562 T ikamgarh 1102876 542491 49.2 98689 80742 Chhatarpur 1395381 757202 54.3 125721 104024 Panna 858985 409073 47.6 87856 71624 S agar 1574855 856959 54.4 172606 166346 D amoh 1021636 578581 56.6 116389 97886 Satna 1651686 278020 16.8 52067 48524 Rewa 1739255 757540 43.6 151284 158078 U maria 466281 396787 85.1 78294 73058 Shahdol 1267929 812512 64.1 165362 166083 Sidhi 1689850 1024824 60.6 197029 194365 Neemuch 528127 471 0.1 97 121 M andsaur 972088 173277 17.8 33444 27364 Ratlam 1032674 308009 29.8 55382 45661 Ujjain 1089695 297692 27.3 55388 44156 Shajapur 1158221 319539 27.6 58033 60885 D ewas 979599 95523 9.8 17617 17512 Jhabua 15347 75 877705 57.2 141881 121932 Dhar 1593679 214574 13.5 38934 28632 Indor e 824066 100191 12.2 18477 14044 West N imar 1367278 210441 15.4 38596 26935 Bar wani 920441 124521 13.5 21462 17148 East Nimar 1334267 98191 7.4 17531 12260 Rajgarh 1129988 137275 12.1 22728 18663 Vidisha 857088 463690 54.1 97633 69511 Bhopal 365069 195911 53.7 34910 28658 S ehore 814420 400152 49.1 71571 63019 Raisen 938734 566914 60.4 99156 91220 Betul 1265703 727253 57.5 126588 107299 H arda 437446 151970 34.7 28038 23766 Hoshangabad 757244 247552 32.7 45786 43614 Katni 931159 460757 49.5 95236 86818 Jabalpur 1000311 302944 30.3 66705 63957 Narsimhapur 834196 367244 44.0 70781 60333 Dindori 567580 457291 80.6 97034 87580 M andla 765370 593038 77.5 130927 100816 Chhin dwara 1392132 367012 26.4 77622 72515 Seoni 1198463 740599 61.8 157537 127172 Balaghat 1300646 646057 49.7 148677 152751 MP 47634000 17528263 36.8 3377540 3019221

11 Table 2: Estimates of Population and households living below poverty line in urban MP 2004-05

Districts Urban

Datia 146535 96716 66.0 19867 18832

Shivpuri 200601 168872 84.2 33983 29860 Guna 388269 213327 54.9 45732 37885 T ikamgarh 412029 209442 50.8 37721 39040 Chhatarpur 389978 324797 83.3 64050 58887 P anna 148045 81579 55.1 15421 14288 S agar 795431 589355 74.1 106558 101467 Damoh 188452 137362 72.9 27929 26509 Satna 388666 184350 47.4 32929 28630 R ewa 295404 96048 32.5 16719 15586 Umaria 106620 29944 28.1 7253 7206 Shahdol 714404 148135 20.7 30748 28608 Sidhi 259496 44358 17.1 8808 7976 Neemuch 203711 52636 25.8 9760 9716

Mandsaur 208083 17763 8.5 3939 3679

Ratlam 494512 341169 69.0 58941 53913 Ujjain 797565 103711 13.0 19933 16978 Shajapur 460089 203009 44.1 38992 37641 Dewas 363747 197527 54.3 35252 32768 Jhabua 192028 87602 45.6 17464 15155 Dhar 228987 139117 60.8 26623 24150 Indor e 1378971 232401 16.9 50663 35366 West Nimar 234855 106848 45.5 19871 18595 Bar wani 193945 116461 60.0 27687 26154 East Nimar 530933 234500 44.2 44377 42119 Rajgarh 485956 114898 23.6 20633 19712 V idisha 260298 102408 39.3 19744 15992 Bhopal 1455781 750199 51.5 152999 116559

Sehore 213972 86769 40.6 15846 15694

Raisen 483275 309263 64.0 52198 41025 Betul 403389 100153 24.8 17709 15628 Harda 102620 37242 36.3 7010 6499 Hoshangabad 520361 220945 42.5 41327 39443 Katni 228720 145341 63.5 31394 26696 Jabalpur 870594 250842 28.8 49860 45953 Narsimhapur 187966 95621 50.9 21183 19235 Dindori 10297 5636 54.7 1191 1035 Mandla 65382 34513 52.8 7208 6840 Chhindwara 596317 163963 27.5 33572 31450 Seoni 95223 55542 58.3 13464 11756 Balaghat 224159 117814 52.6 27324 28305 MP 17567000 7503136 42.7 1454557 1295423

12 Table 3: Estimates of Population and households living below poverty line in MP 2004- 05

District s Rural and Urban Combined Projected Population Projected % of Population Number of Number of Population below below poverty line Households below Households below poverty line poverty line(based poverty line(based on on Avg. HHD Avg. HHD size of BPL size) hhd ) Sheopur 606177 167279 27.60 29240 27613 Mor ena 1771852 351046 19.81 59838 54201 B hind 1634783 431495 26.39 78441 68267 Gwali or 1506531 323060 21.44 57121 50688

Datia 716671 177460 24.76 34639 30961

S hivpuri 1440152 701393 48.70 132344 128140 Guna 1675377 548610 32.75 113106 93448 Tikamgarh 1514906 751932 49.64 136410 119783 Chhatarpur 1785360 1082000 60.60 189771 162911 P anna 1007030 490652 48.72 103276 85913 Sagar 2370285 1446314 61.02 279164 267813 D amoh 1210088 715943 59.16 144318 124395 S atna 2040351 462370 22.66 84996 77154 Rewa 2034659 853588 41.95 168002 173665 Umaria 572901 426732 74.49 85547 80264 Shahdol 1982333 960648 48.46 196110 194691 Sidhi 1949347 1069182 54.85 205837 202341

Neemuch 731838 53108 7.26 9857 9838

M andsaur 1180171 191040 16.19 37384 31043 Ratlam 1527186 649178 42.51 114324 99574 Ujjain 1887260 401403 21.27 75321 61134 Shajapur 1618310 522548 32.29 97025 98526 Dewas 1343346 293050 21.81 52869 50279 Jhabua 1726803 965306 55.90 159345 137087 Dhar 1822666 353692 19.41 65556 52782 Indor e 2203037 332592 15.10 69140 49410 West N imar 1602133 317288 19.80 58467 45531 Bar wani 1114386 240982 21.62 49148 43301 East Nimar 1865199 332691 17.84 61907 54379

Rajgarh 1615944 252173 15.61 43361 38374

V idisha 1117386 566098 50.66 117377 85503 B hopal 1820849 946110 51.96 187909 145217 Sehor e 1028392 486921 47.35 87417 78713 Raisen 1422009 876176 61.62 151354 132246 B etul 1669091 827406 49.57 144296 122927 Har da 540067 189212 35.04 35048 30265 Hoshangabad 1277605 468497 36.67 87114 83057 Katni 1159880 606098 52.26 126630 113514 Jabalpur 1870905 553787 29.60 116565 109909 Narsimhapur 1022163 462865 45.28 91964 79568 D indori 577877 462927 80.11 98225 88615 Mandla 830752 627551 75.54 138135 107656 Chhindwara 1988449 530975 26.70 111194 103965 Seoni 1293686 796141 61.54 171001 138929 Balaghat 1524805 763871 50.10 176001 181056 MP 65201000 25031399 38.39 4832097 4314644

13 Table 4: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample: Rural

Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined

% of Rank % of Rank % of Population Rank Population Population below poverty belo w poverty belo w poverty line line line Sheopur 37.6 25 14.0 17 18.0 15 Morena 20.8 14 1.5 4 10.0 4 Bhind 16.4 8 0.8 2 8.2 2 Gwalior 20.5 13 0.0 1 8.9 3 Datia 14.7 6 11.4 13 13.1 9 Shivpuri 38.7 26 7.2 10 20.8 17 Guna 16.6 9 8.1 11 11.7 7 Tikamgarh 44.1 29 32.5 33 32.6 30 Chhatarpur 52.8 34 38.3 37 40.8 40 Panna 49.6 32 48.4 42 43.3 43 Sagar 55.7 37 11.2 12 29.1 27 Damoh 49.0 31 26.1 28 34.5 32 Satna 19.8 12 41.5 38 26.4 23 Rewa 43.1 28 32.3 32 31.0 28 Umaria 76.4 45 31.2 31 48.4 44 Shahdol 64.4 42 50.3 43 55.3 45 Sidhi 57.6 39 26.5 29 39.8 38 Neemuch 0.2 1 21.7 24 4.5 1 Mandsaur 15.5 7 17.3 20 14.4 11 Ratlam 17.1 10 22.1 26 11.8 8 Ujjain 28.9 17 22.1 25 23.3 20 Shajapur 29.0 18 7.0 9 16.9 13 Dewas 17.7 11 13.5 15 14.0 10 Jhabua 56.9 38 18.8 21 32.3 29 Dhar 23.9 16 14.5 18 17.2 14 Indore 21.8 15 1.0 3 11.2 6 West N imar 14.1 5 41.6 39 21.7 18

Barwani 6.3 3 64.0 44 29.0 26 East N imar 4.7 2 35.7 35 16.6 12 Rajgarh 11.9 4 16.1 19 11.2 5

Vidisha 51.3 33 19.9 23 33.0 31

Bhopal 34.5 21 43.8 40 37.5 36

Sehore 39.1 27 6.2 7 20.6 16

Raisen 58.1 40 19.3 22 37.0 35

Betul 53.7 36 36.0 36 42.9 42

Harda 37.2 24 47.7 41 40.4 39

Hoshangabad 37.2 23 13.1 14 24.0 22

Katni 48.9 30 35.1 34 36.5 34

Jabalpur 33.3 20 27.8 30 28.0 25

Narsimhapur 36.6 22 13.8 16 23.3 19

Dindori 72.0 43 6.7 8 39.5 37

Mandla 73.7 44 0.0 1 42.9 41 Chhindwara 30.9 19 23.9 27 23.5 21 Seoni 59.9 41 4.4 5 34.9 33

Balaghat 53.5 35 5.9 6 27.0 24 MP 36.8 25 21.9 26.3

14 Table 5: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample: Urban

Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined % of Population Rank % of Population Rank % of Population Rank below poverty line below poverty line below poverty line Sheopur 49.2 22 40.4 24 44.7 23 Morena 42.1 13 18.7 5 30.8 7

Bhind 69.1 43 32.0 18 53.0 31 Gwalior 46.8 18 16.0 3 30.6 5 Datia 64.0 41 60.3 37 61.2 38 Shivpuri 77.4 45 24.2 9 54.3 34 Guna 58.4 36 14.0 2 38.2 14

Tikamgarh 58.3 35 45.7 29 50.8 27 Chhatarpur 62.2 40 78.3 44 77.2 45 Panna 48.2 20 64.9 41 62.2 39 Sagar 67.5 42 60.3 38 63.5 40 Damoh 70.1 44 28.8 13 48.3 25

Satna 45.0 16 38.0 22 44.0 21 Rewa 46.5 17 51.0 32 53.3 32 Umaria 20.9 5 46.0 30 42.5 18 Shahdol 12.6 1 31.6 17 30.8 6 Sidhi 19.4 3 22.4 8 23.3 2

Neemuch 32.7 8 20.6 6 27.9 4 Mandsaur 18.0 2 45.1 28 42.4 17 Ratlam 61.7 39 35.9 20 54.5 35 Ujjain 25.4 6 25.2 11 25.7 3 Shajapur 48.0 19 39.2 23 40.9 15 Dewas 53.4 27 69.9 42 67.0 41

Jhabua 42.3 14 42.3 25 45.5 24 Dhar 44.5 15 53.8 34 53.5 33 Indore 20.2 4 21.0 7 20.9 1 West N imar 54.9 29 76.5 43 70.6 43 Barwani 58.0 33 55.1 35 55.7 36

East N imar 37.7 11 43.5 26 41.0 16 Rajgarh 25.9 7 52.7 33 49.0 26 Vidisha 56.8 31 61.4 40 61.1 37 Bhopal 34.8 10 28.7 12 34.6 11 Sehor e 48.5 21 30.4 15 44.1 22

Raisen 50.9 24 60.7 39 67.5 42 Betul 54.1 28 36.5 21 43.9 20 Harda 50.6 23 49.6 31 52.7 29 Hoshangabad 39.3 12 57.1 36 50.8 28 Katni 56.9 32 44.5 27 52.9 30

Jabalpur 33.9 9 30.8 16 32.6 9 Narsimhapur 58.1 34 29.6 14 36.8 13 Dindori 55.8 30 32.7 19 43.4 19 Mandla 52.8 26 18.2 4 33.2 10 Chhindwara 60.1 38 80.0 45 76.4 44 Seoni 59.8 37 9.0 1 36.1 12 Balaghat 52.3 25 24.6 10 31.7 8 MP 42.7 41.0 44.0

15 Table 6: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample: Total

Tikamgarh 45.4 28 33.4 32 38.1 32

Chhatarpur 53.9 38 47.1 44 49.9 45

Panna 49.4 30 44.4 41 46.5 42

Sagar 59.1 41 29.5 27 42.0 37

Damoh 51.7 33 19.6 18 37.0 30

Satna 25.1 11 35.8 37 30.2 22 Rewa 43.4 27 26.8 24 34.8 26 Umaria 71.6 43 22.1 21 47.1 43 Shahdol 51.0 32 41.7 39 45.5 41 Sidhi 51.7 34 18.1 16 37.2 31 Neemuch 7.3 1 14.8 14 11.8 1 Mandsaur 15.9 5 23.1 23 20.0 5 Ratlam 33.7 18 20.3 19 27.2 18 Ujjain 27.5 14 22.2 22 24.4 13 Shajapur 31.9 15 19.5 17 24.5 14 Dewas 27.2 13 32.9 31 30.2 21 Jhabua 55.8 39 13.5 11 34.0 24 Dhar 25.0 10 20.4 20 22.5 8 Indore 20.7 7 14.3 13 17.7 3

West Nimar 18.8 6 40.6 38 29.9 20

Barwani 11.1 2 50.5 4 34.3 25

East Nimar 14.2 4 34.0 5 24.4 12

Rajgarh 13.5 3 32.5 10 23.9 10

Vidisha 52.4 35 30.4 7 40.4 35 Bhopal 34.7 20 35.3 25 35.1 28 Sehor e 40.5 26 13.7 8 26.2 17 Raisen 57.1 40 43.1 9 48.5 44 Betul 53.8 37 35.6 32 43.1 40 Harda 39.5 25 46.0 44 43.0 39 Hoshangabad 38.1 22 33.6 41 36.0 29 Katni 50.4 31 30.4 27 40.2 34 Jabalpur 33.5 17 27.9 18 30.3 23 Narsimhapur 39.2 23 15.8 37 26.1 15 Dindori 71.8 44 5.3 24 39.6 33 Mandla 72.5 45 3.0 21 42.0 38 Chhindwara 37.3 21 44.4 39 41.3 36

Seoni 59.9 42 4.8 16 35.0 27 Balaghat 53.4 36 8.4 14 27.8 19 MP 38.2 26.1 31.7

16 Table 7: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample (After MPCE Neutralization using Average MPCE at State Level for State Sample): Rural Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined % of Rank % of Rank % of Population Rank Population Population below poverty below poverty below poverty line line line Sheopur 37.6 25 14.0 11 24.4 15

Morena 20.8 14 2.6 4 11.4 3

Bhind 16.4 8 7.7 6 11.9 4

Gwalior 20.5 13 2.1 3 10.1 1

Datia 14.7 6 26.9 21 20.7 11

Shivpuri 38.7 26 12.2 9 24.0 14

Guna 16.6 9 13.1 10 14.9 5 Tikamgarh 44.1 29 42.5 33 43.4 35 Chhatarpur 52.8 34 44.3 36 48.4 39 Panna 49.6 32 60.7 43 55.7 42 Sagar 55.7 37 21.7 17 38.0 26 Damoh 49.0 31 32.7 28 42.1 31 Satna 19.8 12 52.9 40 35.4 24 Rewa 43.1 28 39.4 30 41.3 30 Umaria 76.4 45 60.2 42 69.7 45 Shahdol 64.4 42 58.6 41 61.6 44 Sidhi 57.6 39 42.3 32 51.0 41 Neemuch 0.2 1 27.5 24 15.3 6 Mandsaur 15.5 7 21.8 18 18.9 9 Ratlam 17.1 10 36.7 29 26.7 16 Ujjain 28.9 17 29.5 25 29.3 19 Shajapur 29.0 18 10.4 8 19.8 10

Dewas 17.7 11 19.6 14 18.6 8

Jhabua 56.9 38 27.3 23 42.5 32

Dhar 23.9 16 19.9 15 21.9 12

Indore 21.8 15 1.0 2 11.2 2

West Nimar 14.1 5 49.4 39 31.0 22

Barwani 6.3 3 75.4 45 43.2 34 East Nimar 4.7 2 43.3 34 23.6 13 Rajgarh 11.9 4 24.4 19 16.9 7 Vidisha 51.3 33 31.3 26 41.1 29 Bhopal 34.5 21 45.3 37 40.3 28 Sehor e 39.1 27 17.1 12 28.5 18 Raisen 58.1 40 27.3 22 43.8 36 Betul 53.7 36 41.3 31 47.5 38 Harda 37.2 24 75.1 44 56.9 43 Hoshangabad 37.2 23 21.0 16 30.2 20 Katni 48.9 30 45.4 38 47.2 37 Jabalpur 33.3 20 44.2 35 38.9 27 Narsimhapur 36.6 22 19.4 13 27.9 17 Dindori 72.0 43 25.1 20 49.4 40 Mandla 73.7 44 0.0 1 42.9 33

Chhindwara 30.9 19 32.1 27 31.4 23

Seoni 59.9 41 6.2 5 35.7 25 Balaghat 53.5 35 10.0 7 30.4 21 MP 36.8 25 29.8 33.4

17 Table 8: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample (After MPCE Neutralization using Average MPCE at State Level for State Sample): Urban

Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined % of Population Rank % of Population Rank % of Population Rank below pover ty line below pover ty line below poverty line Sheopur 49.2 22 32.1 30 40.5 31

Morena 42.1 13 9.3 4 18.2 4 Bhind 69.1 43 9.8 5 37.6 26 Gwalior 46.8 18 11.4 8 27.7 13 Datia 64.0 41 49.4 41 53.0 43

Shivpuri 77.4 45 10.0 6 46.7 37 Guna 58.4 36 10.4 7 29.6 14

Tikamgarh 58.3 35 37.2 33 39.6 29 Chhatarpur 62.2 40 54.8 44 56.2 44

Panna 48.2 20 52.2 43 51.1 40 Sagar 67.5 42 35.6 32 45.9 36 Damoh 70.1 44 18.1 14 38.1 27 Satna 45.0 16 25.9 20 35.7 24 Rewa 46.5 17 27.8 23 33.3 19

Umaria 20.9 5 27.4 22 26.0 11 Shahdol 12.6 1 21.7 17 19.2 6 Sidhi 19.4 3 13.2 11 16.8 2 Neemuc h 32.7 8 12.0 9 17.7 3

Mandsaur 18.0 2 29.1 27 25.7 10 Ratlam 61.7 39 19.2 15 41.8 32 Ujjain 25.4 6 7.6 3 14.3 1 Shajapur 48.0 19 20.2 16 25.6 9

Dewas 53.4 27 43.4 37 47.6 39 Jhabua 42.3 14 30.8 28 34.0 22 Dhar 44.5 15 26.8 21 29.8 15 Indor e 20.2 4 16.5 13 18.5 5 West Nimar 54.9 29 51.0 42 52.3 42

Barwani 58.0 33 39.8 35 43.3 33 East Nimar 37.7 11 39.5 34 38.7 28 Rajgarh 25.9 7 34.0 31 32.7 18 Vidisha 56.8 31 48.9 40 51.8 41

Bhopal 34.8 10 12.4 10 20.3 8 Sehore 48.5 21 27.9 24 33.9 20 Raisen 50.9 24 42.4 36 43.6 35 Betul 54.1 28 31.4 29 36.0 25

Har da 50.6 23 44.6 38 46.8 38 Hoshangabad 39.3 12 47.6 39 43.4 34 Katni 56.9 32 28.7 25 40.4 30 Jabalpur 33.9 9 28.8 26 30.7 17 Narsimhapur 58.1 34 15.9 12 26.6 12 Dindori 55.8 30 23.3 19 34.8 23 Mandla 52.8 26 1.7 1 19.8 7 Chhindwara 60.1 38 66.6 45 64.7 45 Seoni 59.8 37 4.2 2 33.9 21 Balaghat 52.3 25 22.4 18 29.9 16 MP 42.7 27.7 33.1

18 Table 9: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample (After MPCE Neutralization using Average MPCE at State Level for State Sample): Total

Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined

% of Rank % of Rank % of Population Rank Population Population below pov erty below po verty below po verty line line line Sheopur 39.5 24 16.5 11 26.8 13 Morena 23.9 9 4.6 2 13.0 1 Bhind 33.1 16 8.4 5 20.1 6 Gwalior 34.7 19 6.9 4 19.4 5 Datia 20.9 8 34.1 27 28.2 17 Shivpuri 46.1 29 11.9 7 27.6 16 Guna 26.0 12 12.3 8 18.7 4 Tikamgarh 45.4 28 40.2 34 42.2 32

Chhatarpur 53.9 38 47.9 40 50.3 42

Panna 49.4 30 58.9 43 54.9 44

Sagar 59.1 41 27.7 21 40.9 29

Damoh 51.7 33 29.2 23 41.4 30

Satna 25.1 11 46.8 38 35.4 24 Rewa 43.4 27 36.8 31 40.0 27

Umaria 71.6 43 49.0 41 60.4 45 Shahdol 51.0 32 40.2 35 44.7 38 Sidhi 51.7 34 37.8 33 45.7 40 Neemuch 7.3 1 21.7 17 16.0 2 Mandsaur 15.9 5 23.6 18 20.3 7 Ratlam 33.7 18 30.6 25 32.2 21 Ujjain 27.5 14 18.6 14 22.3 10 Shajapur 31.9 15 14.7 10 21.7 8 Dewas 27.2 13 27.7 20 27.4 14 Jhabua 55.8 39 28.0 22 41.4 31 Dhar 25.0 10 21.5 16 23.1 11 Indore 20.7 7 10.8 6 16.1 3

West Nimar 18.8 6 49.8 42 34.6 22

Barwani 11.1 2 65.7 44 43.3 34

East Nimar 14.2 4 42.0 37 28.4 18

Rajgarh 13.5 3 29.4 24 22.2 9

Vidisha 52.4 35 36.8 30 43.9 36

Bhopal 34.7 20 17.4 12 23.8 12 Sehor e 40.5 26 20.5 15 29.8 19 Raisen 57.1 40 35.3 28 43.7 35 Betul 53.8 37 37.6 32 44.3 37 Harda 39.5 25 67.4 45 54.7 43 Hoshangabad 38.1 22 33.8 26 36.1 26 Katni 50.4 31 41.1 36 45.7 39 Jabalpur 33.5 17 35.7 29 34.8 23 Narsimhapur 39.2 23 18.4 13 27.6 15 Din dori 71.8 44 25.0 19 49.1 41 Mandla 72.5 45 0.2 1 40.8 28

Chhindwara 37.3 21 46.9 39 42.6 33 Seoni 59.9 42 6.0 3 35.5 25 Balaghat 53.4 36 12.7 9 30.3 20 MP 38.2 29.1 33.3

19 Table 10: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample (After MPCE Neutralization using Average MPCE at District Level for State Sample): Rural

Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined

% of Rank % of Rank % of Population Rank Population Population below poverty below poverty below poverty line line line Sheopur 37.6 25 14.0 11 24.4 15 Morena 20.8 14 2.6 4 11.4 3 Bhind 16.4 8 7.7 6 11.9 4 Gwalior 20.5 13 2.1 3 10.1 1

Datia 14.7 6 26.9 21 20.7 11 Shivpuri 38.7 26 12.2 9 24.0 14 Guna 16.6 9 13.1 10 14.9 5 Tikamgarh 44.1 29 42.5 33 43.4 35 Chhatarpur 52.8 34 44.3 36 48.4 39 Panna 49.6 32 60.7 43 55.7 42 Sagar 55.7 37 21.7 17 38.0 26 Damoh 49.0 31 32.7 28 42.1 31

Satna 19.8 12 52.9 40 35.4 24

Rewa 43.1 28 39.4 30 41.3 30 Umaria 76.4 45 60.2 42 69.7 45 Shahdol 64.4 42 58.6 41 61.6 44 Sidhi 57.6 39 42.3 32 51.0 41 Neemuch 0.2 1 27.5 24 15.3 6 Mandsaur 15.5 7 21.8 18 18.9 9 Ratlam 17.1 10 36.7 29 26.7 16

Ujjain 28.9 17 29.5 25 29.3 19 Shajapur 29.0 18 10.4 8 19.8 10 Dewas 17.7 11 19.6 14 18.6 8 Jhabua 56.9 38 27.3 23 42.5 32 Dhar 23.9 16 19.9 15 21.9 12 Indore 21.8 15 1.0 2 11.2 2 West N imar 14.1 5 49.4 39 31.0 22 Barwani 6.3 3 75.4 45 43.2 34

East Nimar 4.7 2 43.3 34 23.6 13

Rajgarh 11.9 4 24.4 19 16.9 7 Vidisha 51.3 33 31.3 26 41.1 29 Bhopal 34.5 21 45.3 37 40.3 28 Sehore 39.1 27 17.1 12 28.5 18 Raisen 58.1 40 27.3 22 43.8 36 Betul 53.7 36 41.3 31 47.5 38 Harda 37.2 24 75.1 44 56.9 43 Hoshangabad 37.2 23 21.0 16 30.2 20 Katni 48.9 30 45.4 38 47.2 37 Jabalpur 33.3 20 44.2 35 38.9 27 Narsimhapur 36.6 22 19.4 13 27.9 17 Dindori 72.0 43 25.1 20 49.4 40 Mandla 73.7 44 0.0 1 42.9 33 Chhindwara 30.9 19 32.1 27 31.4 23 Seoni 59.9 41 6.2 5 35.7 25 Balaghat 53.5 35 10.0 7 30.4 21 MP 36.8 25 29.8 33.4

20 Table 11: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample (After MPCE Neutralization using Average MPCE at District Level for State Sample): Urban Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined % of Rank % of Rank % of Rank Population Population Population below poverty below poverty below poverty line line line Sheopur 49.2 22 32.1 30 40.5 31 Morena 42.1 13 9.3 4 18.2 4 Bhind 69.1 43 9.8 5 37.6 26 Gwalior 46.8 18 11.4 8 27.7 13

Datia 64.0 41 49.4 41 53.0 43 Shivpuri 77.4 45 10.0 6 46.7 37 Guna 58.4 36 10.4 7 29.6 14 Tikamgarh 58.3 35 37.2 33 39.6 29 Chhatarpur 62.2 40 54.8 44 56.2 44 Panna 48.2 20 52.2 43 51.1 40

Sagar 67.5 42 35.6 32 45.9 36 Damoh 70.1 44 18.1 14 38.1 27 Satna 45.0 16 25.9 20 35.7 24 Rewa 46.5 17 27.8 23 33.3 19 Umaria 20.9 5 27.4 22 26.0 11 Shahdol 12.6 1 21.7 17 19.2 6 Sidhi 19.4 3 13.2 11 16.8 2

Neemuch 32.7 8 12.0 9 17.7 3 Mandsaur 18.0 2 29.1 27 25.7 10 Ratlam 61.7 39 19.2 15 41.8 32 Ujjain 25.4 6 7.6 3 14.3 1 Shajapur 48.0 19 20.2 16 25.6 9 Dewas 53.4 27 43.4 37 47.6 39

Jhabua 42.3 14 30.8 28 34.0 22 Dhar 44.5 15 26.8 21 29.8 15 Indore 20.2 4 16.5 13 18.5 5 West N imar 54.9 29 51.0 42 52.3 42 Barwani 58.0 33 39.8 35 43.3 33 East N imar 37.7 11 39.5 34 38.7 28 Rajgarh 25.9 7 34.0 31 32.7 18

Vidisha 56.8 31 48.9 40 51.8 41 Bhopal 34.8 10 12.4 10 20.3 8 Sehore 48.5 21 27.9 24 33.9 20 Raisen 50.9 24 42.4 36 43.6 35 Betul 54.1 28 31.4 29 36.0 25 Harda 50.6 23 44.6 38 46.8 38

Hoshangabad 39.3 12 47.6 39 43.4 34

Katni 56.9 32 28.7 25 40.4 30 Jabalpur 33.9 9 28.8 26 30.7 17 Narsimhapur 58.1 34 15.9 12 26.6 12 Dindori 55.8 30 23.3 19 34.8 23 Mandla 52.8 26 1.7 1 19.8 7 Chhindwara 60.1 38 66.6 45 64.7 45 Seoni 59.8 37 4.2 2 33.9 21 Balaghat 52.3 25 22.4 18 29.9 16 MP 42.7 27.7 33.1

21 Table 12: District wise Poverty Ratio Estimates based on Central, State and Combined Sample (After MPCE Neutralization using Average MPCE at District Level for State Sample): Total

Districts Central Sample State Sample Combined % of Rank % of Rank % of Population Rank Population Population below pov erty below po verty below po verty line line line Sheopur 39.5 24 16.5 11 26.8 13 Mor ena 23.9 9 4.6 2 13.0 1 Bhind 33.1 16 8.4 5 20.1 6 Gwalior 34.7 19 6.9 4 19.4 5 Datia 20.9 8 34.1 27 28.2 17 Shivpuri 46.1 29 11.9 7 27.6 16 Guna 26.0 12 12.3 8 18.7 4 Tikamgarh 45.4 28 40.2 34 42.2 32 Chhatarpur 53.9 38 47.9 40 50.3 42 Panna 49.4 30 58.9 43 54.9 44 Sagar 59.1 41 27.7 21 40.9 29 Damoh 51.7 33 29.2 23 41.4 30 Satna 25.1 11 46.8 38 35.4 24 Rewa 43.4 27 36.8 31 40.0 27

Umaria 71.6 43 49.0 41 60.4 45

Shahdol 51.0 32 40.2 35 44.7 38

Sidhi 51.7 34 37.8 33 45.7 40

Neemuch 7.3 1 21.7 17 16.0 2

Mandsaur 15.9 5 23.6 18 20.3 7

Ratlam 33.7 18 30.6 25 32.2 21

Ujjain 27.5 14 18.6 14 22.3 10

Shajapur 31.9 15 14.7 10 21.7 8 Dewas 27.2 13 27.7 20 27.4 14 Jhabua 55.8 39 28.0 22 41.4 31 Dhar 25.0 10 21.5 16 23.1 11 Indore 20.7 7 10.8 6 16.1 3 West Nimar 18.8 6 49.8 42 34.6 22 Barwani 11.1 2 65.7 44 43.3 34 East N imar 14.2 4 42.0 37 28.4 18 Rajgarh 13.5 3 29.4 24 22.2 9 Vidisha 52.4 35 36.8 30 43.9 36 Bhopal 34.7 20 17.4 12 23.8 12 Sehor e 40.5 26 20.5 15 29.8 19 Raisen 57.1 40 35.3 28 43.7 35 Betul 53.8 37 37.6 32 44.3 37 Har da 39.5 25 67.4 45 54.7 43 Hoshangabad 38.1 22 33.8 26 36.1 26 Katni 50.4 31 41.1 36 45.7 39 Jabalpur 33.5 17 35.7 29 34.8 23 Narsimhapur 39.2 23 18.4 13 27.6 15 Dindori 71.8 44 25.0 19 49.1 41 Mandla 72.5 45 0.2 1 40.8 28

Chhindwara 37.3 21 46.9 39 42.6 33

Seoni 59.9 42 6.0 3 35.5 25 Balaghat 53.4 36 12.7 9 30.3 20 MP 38.2 29.1 33.3

22 While estimating the population living below poverty line district wise distribution of observations by monthly per capita expenditure classes (MPCE classes) were looked into. MPCE class wise range is presented in Annexure 1 It is observed from the central sample that in rural areas, district wise number of observations varies from 40 to 120 (Annexure 2). In some districts lower MPCE classes have no observation for example Gwalior, Mandsaur and Ratlam are the districts where lowest MPCE class does not have any observation. The districts of Datia, Guna, Satna, West Nimar, Barwani and East Nimar do not have any observation in lowest two MPCE classes and Neemuch is the district where three lowest categories of MPCE class have no presentation. These three categories represent MPCE less than Rs.320 which is lower than poverty line cut off point of Rs.327.18 paise as set by Planning Commission GOI. Thus number of observation reveals that there is no poverty in district of Neemuch and other districts mentioned above have less poverty which is not true especially in case of West Nimar, Barwani and East Nimar. These observations leads to the conclusion that district wise poverty estimates based on central sample needs to be used cautiously and may be along with other parameters. It also necessitates finding out other alternative to estimate district wise poverty. The state sample also reveals similar type of observations as that of central sample as shown in Annexure 3. In this case also the number of districts, with no observations in lowest category, is 16 in number. In all there are 59 observations in lowest category. The districts with no observations in first two lowest categories are 7 in number. Districts of Sheopur, Morena and Mandla have no observation in first three lowest categories. These facts also reveal that district wise poverty estimates based on state sample also need to be scrutinized properly. The last alternative, to estimate poverty at district level is to use combined sample i. e. central and state sample. On combining central and state sample, the District wise Distribution of observations by MPCE class is given in Annexure 4. This reveals that there are only five districts namely Gwalior, Datia, Guna, Neemuch and West Nimar for which lowest MPCE class does not have any observation. In combined sample all the districts have observation in second and third lowest categories. Thus on combining sample the number of observations has doubled in totality and improvised at category levels. The number of observations in first three MPCE classes is sufficient (i.e. more than 5) in most of the districts except Gwalior and Neemuch having 5 and 4 observations. Thus in case of poverty estimate for these two districts should be used cautiously. Similar situation in respect of sample observation is observed in case of urban area. It reveals that sample size is not sufficient for estimating district wise poverty. Thus the sample size has to be increased in case of NSSO rounds for central and state samples. In case of urban area, the representation of different town classes has to be ensured to have better estimates of urban poverty and sample size is also to be increased. Keeping in view, the Report of Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty under the chairmanship of Prof. Suresh Tendulkar to Planning Commission,

23 Government of India, It is necessary to re-estimate district wise poverty. The similar exercise was undertaken as mentioned in this paper. The new cut-off points, as mentioned in the report, are used to estimate the percentage of people living below poverty. These cut-off points are Rs. 408.41 and Rs. 532.26 per capita per month for rural and urban area of the state using mixed reference period instead of uniform reference period.

The estimated proportion of population obtained from combined sample of State and Central after neutralizing MPCE of state level with respect to central at district level is used to revise the estimates of district wise poverty taking over all Rural and Urban poverty for the state as given by Planning Commission Government of India, November 2009. In addition to this following assumption have been made: Assumptions: 1. Distribution of Rural and urban Population among districts will be same as estimated from combined sample. 2. Using District-wise, Rural and Urban Poverty ratio as calculated from above exercise. The population below poverty line for each district has been calculated. 3. Number of BPL Households has been estimated on the basis of (i) assuming Average Household size in the district (ii) assuming Average Household size of BPL families in the district as calculated from combined sample. On comparison of district wise rural poverty and per capita income from agriculture (inclusive of animal husbandry) below and above state average 15 out of 21 are common districts (above the state average of rural poverty) and 17 out of 24 are common in case of below state average of rural poverty. In case of urban poverty, comparison is done per capita income from other than primary sector. It is found that 9 out of 20 districts are common in case of above the state average of urban poverty and 22 out of 25 districts are common in case of below the state average of urban poverty. As poverty is the function of extent of equitable distribution of income among population under consideration. In absence of income distribution data to estimate Gini coefficients/ Lorenz curve etc., which are measures to judge how equitable is income distribution. Thus it seems that estimates of poverty obtained from combined central and state sample with normalization of monthly per capita expenditure at district levels are better as compare to those obtained from individual samples.

It is estimated that of the total population 65.20 million 31.68 million were below poverty line in 2004-05. In rural Madhya Pradesh during 2004-05, there were 43, 74,657 households living below poverty line and in urban area the number of such households were 10, 69,100. The total number of households living below poverty line were 54, 43,757. The district wise estimates are presented for rural, urban and combined in Table 13 to 15.

24 Table 13: Estimates of Population and households living below poverty line in Rural MP 2004-05

Districts Rural

Satna 1651686 989089 59.88 185236 170631

Rewa 1739255 1172474 67.41 234148 225591

Umaria 466281 420553 90.19 82983 79977 Shahdol 1267929 1089770 85.95 221790 222517 S idhi 1689850 1275366 75.47 245197 246640 Neemuch 528127 82518 15.62 16945 16480 Mandsaur 972088 312297 32.13 60277 52568 Ratlam 1032674 592196 57.35 106481 92075 Ujjain 1089695 470001 43.13 87448 80448 Shajapur 1158221 414688 35.80 75314 78754 De was 979599 310804 31.73 57321 55781 Jhabua 1534775 1037432 67.60 167701 150946 D har 1593679 627326 39.36 113826 95069 Indor e 824066 217378 26.38 40088 33495 West Nimar 1367278 850779 62.22 156039 129309

Barwani 920441 694725 75.48 119739 105117

East Nimar 1334267 786981 58.98 140505 98600

Rajgarh 1129988 379602 33.59 62850 53494 Vidisha 857088 472260 55.10 99437 76259 Bhopal 365069 238859 65.43 42563 32457 Sehor e 814420 403189 49.51 72114 63379 Raisen 938734 601667 64.09 105234 101473 Betul 1265703 1000977 79.08 174233 159000 H arda 437446 327271 74.81 60381 56621 Hoshangabad 757244 399301 52.73 73854 71176 Katni 931159 707360 75.97 146207 130602 Jaba lpur 1000311 457631 45.75 100765 98853 Narsimhapur 834196 378776 45.41 73004 63429 Dindori 567580 341597 60.18 72485 65831 765370 479796 62.69 105926 84869 Mandla Chhindwara 1392132 734386 52.75 155320 141206

Seoni 1198463 654898 54.64 139307 116463

Balaghat 1300646 567833 43.66 130676 129858 MP 47634000 25524922 53.59 4852824 4374657

25 Percent of Population below Poverty Line -Rural:2004-05 (Percent) MP-53.59

Morena 24.68Bhind 21.82

Gwalior 12.19

Sheopur 38.81 Datia 22.23

Shivpuri 47.77

Tikamgarh 68.67 Chhatarpur 70.60 Rewa 67.41 Neemuch 15.62 Guna 38.49 Satna 59.88 Panna 78.68 Mandsaur 32.13 Sidhi 75.47

Rajgarh 33.59 Vidisha 55.10 Sagar 56.54Damoh 59.80 Katni 75.97 Ratlam 57.35 Shajapur 35.80 Umaria 90.19 Bhopal 65.43 Ujjain 43.13 Shahdol 85.95 Raisen 64.09 Jabalpur 45.75 Sehore 49.51 Narsimhapur 45.41 Dindori 60.18 Indore 26.38Dewas 31.73 Jhabua 67.60 Mandla 62.69 Dhar 39.36 Hoshangabad 52.73

Harda 74.81 Seoni 54.64 Chhindwara 52.75 West Nimar 62.22 Betul 79.08 Balaghat 43.66 Barwani 75.48 East Nimar 58.98

Source :Estimates of District Poverty , PMPSU MP

26 Table 14: Estimates of Population and households living below poverty line in Urban MP 2004-05

Districts Urban Projected Population Projected % of Population Number of Number of Population below poverty line Households below Households below below poverty poverty line(based poverty line(based on line on Avg. HHD Avg. HHD size of size) BPL hhd )

Sheopur 78433 29663 37.82 4927 4802 M orena 365987 60027 16.40 11320 10206 Bhind 467472 202066 43.23 37899 32521 Gwalior 729441 212030 29.07 39551 33924 Datia 146535 71006 48.46 14586 13826 S hivpuri 200601 75965 37.87 15287 13432 Guna 388269 119877 30.87 25699 21289 Tikamgarh 412029 185353 44.99 33382 34550 389978 247652 63.50 48837 44900 Chhatarpu r P anna 148045 82685 55.85 15630 14482 Sagar 795431 376380 47.32 68051 64800

Damoh 188452 73361 38.93 14916 14158

Satna 388666 127129 32.71 22708 19744

Rewa 295404 134857 45.65 23474 21884

Umaria 106620 33487 31.41 8111 8059 Shahdol 714404 138677 19.41 28785 26781 S idhi 259496 53724 20.70 10668 9660 Neemuch 203711 22838 11.21 4235 4216 Mandsaur 208083 54418 26.15 12068 11271 Ratlam 494512 250501 50.66 43277 39585 Ujjain 797565 167588 21.01 32211 27435 Shajapur 460089 170507 37.06 32749 31615 D ewas 363747 174587 48.00 31158 28962 Jhabua 192028 76469 39.82 15245 13229 D har 228987 78277 34.18 14980 13589 Indore 1378971 247180 17.92 53885 37615

West Nimar 234855 147639 62.86 27457 25695

Barwani 193945 105883 54.59 25172 23778

East Nimar 530933 208042 39.18 39370 37367 Rajgarh 485956 229597 47.25 41229 39389 Vidisha 260298 125691 48.29 24233 19628 Bhopal 1455781 289030 19.85 58946 44907 Sehor e 213972 71922 33.61 13135 13008 Raisen 483275 237042 49.05 40008 31445 Betul 403389 135010 33.47 23872 21067 H arda 102620 46335 45.15 8721 8085 Hoshangabad 520361 214577 41.24 40136 38306 Katni 228720 130693 57.14 28230 24006 Jabalpur 870594 217143 24.94 43162 39779 187966 51598 27.45 11431 10380 Narsimhapur Dindori 10297 3740 36.32 790 687

Mandla 65382 15167 23.20 3168 3006

Chhindwara 596317 375711 63.01 76929 72066 Seoni 95223 32753 34.40 7940 6933 Balaghat 224159 54253 24.20 12583 13034 MP 17567000 6158130 35.06 1190148 1069100

27 Percent of Population below Poverty Line-Urban:2004-05 (Percent) MP-35.06

Morena 16.40 Bhind 43.23

Gwalior 29.07

Sheopur 37.82 Datia 48.46

Shivpuri 37.87

Tikamgarh 44.99 Chhatarpur 63.50 Rewa 45.65 Neemuch 11.21 Guna 30.87 Satna 32.71 Panna 55.85 Mandsaur 26.15 Sidhi 20.70

Rajgarh 47.25 Vidisha 48.29 Sagar 47.32Damoh 38.93 Katni 57.14 Shajapur 37.06 Ratlam 50.66 Umaria 31.41 Bhopal 19.85 Ujjain 21.01 Shahdol 19.41 Raisen 49.05 Jabalpur 24.94 Sehore 33.61 Narsimhapur 27.45 Dindori 36.32 Indore 17.92Dewas 48.00 Jhabua 39.82 Mandla 23.20 Dhar 34.18 Hoshangabad 41.24

Seoni 34.40 Harda 45.15 Chhindwara 63.01

West Nimar 62.86 Betul 33.47 Barwani 54.59 Balaghat 24.20 East Nimar 39.18

Source :Estimates of District Poverty , PMPSU MP

28 Table 15: Estimates of Population and households living below poverty line in MP 2004- 05

Districts Rural and Urban Combined

Projected Projected % of Population Number of Number of Population Population below poverty line Households Households below below poverty below poverty poverty line(based line line(based on on Avg. HHD size Avg. HHD size) of BPL hhd ) Sheopur 606177 234457 38.68 41245 38632 Morena 1771852 406980 22.97 66209 61602 Bhind 1634783 456800 27.94 79580 72000 Gwalior 1506531 306747 20.36 53255 48333 Datia 716671 197763 27.59 37776 35028 Shivpuri 1440152 668082 46.39 124655 120568 Guna 1675377 615247 36.72 125242 105836 Tikamgarh 1514906 942647 62.22 171148 149429 1785360 1232825 69.05 Chhatarpur 212409 185362 1007030 758514 75.32 Panna 160776 129885 Sagar 2370285 1266827 53.45 247402 229863

Damoh 1210088 684317 56.55 137818 122042

Satna 2040351 1116219 54.71 207944 190374

Rewa 2034659 1307331 64.25 257622 247475

Umaria 572901 454041 79.25 91095 88035

Shahdol 1982333 1228447 61.97 250574 249298

S idhi 1949347 1329091 68.18 255866 256300 Neemuch 731838 105356 14.40 21179 20696 Mandsaur 1180171 366715 31.07 72345 63838 Ratlam 1527186 842697 55.18 149758 131660 Ujjain 1887260 637589 33.78 119658 107884 Shajapur 1618310 585195 36.16 108063 110369 Dewas 1343346 485391 36.13 88479 84743 Jhabua 1726803 1113901 64.51 182946 164175 1822666 705603 38.71 Dhar 128805 108657 2203037 464557 21.09 Indore 93973 71110 West Nimar 1602133 998417 62.32 183495 155003

Barwani 1114386 800608 71.84 144911 128896

East Nimar 1865199 995023 53.35 179875 135967

Rajgarh 1615944 609200 37.70 104079 92883

Vidisha 1117386 597951 53.51 123670 95887

Bhopal 1820849 527889 28.99 101509 77364

Sehore 1028392 475110 46.20 85249 76388 Raisen 1422009 838709 58.98 145243 132918 Betul 1669091 1135988 68.06 198105 180067 Harda 540067 373606 69.18 69102 64707 Hoshangabad 1277605 613878 48.05 113990 109483 Katni 1159880 838053 72.25 174437 154607 Jabalpur 1870905 674775 36.07 143927 138632 Narsimhapur 1022163 430373 42.10 84434 73809 Dindori 577877 345337 59.76 73275 66518 830752 494963 59.58 Mandla 109094 87875 Chhindwara 1988449 1110097 55.83 232249 213272

Seoni 1293686 687652 53.15 147247 123396

Balaghat 1524805 622087 40.80 143258 142892

MP 65201000 31683052 48.59 6042972 5443757

29 Percent of Population below Poverty Line-Total:2004-05 (Percent) MP-48.59

Morena 22.97 Bhind 27.94

Gwalior 20.36

Sheopur 38.68 Datia 27.59

Shivpuri 46.39

Tikamgarh 62.22 Chhatarpur 69.05 Rewa 64.25 Neemuch 14.40 Guna 36.72 Satna 54.71 Panna 75.32 Mandsaur 31.07 Sidhi 68.18

Rajgarh 37.70 Vidisha 53.51 Sagar 53.45 Damoh 56.55 Katni 72.25 Shajapur 36.16 Ratlam 55.18 Umaria 79.25 Bhopal 28.99 Ujjain 33.78 Shahdol 61.97 Raisen 58.98 Jabalpur 36.07 Sehore 46.20 Narsimhapur 42.10 Dindori 59.76 Indore 21.09Dewas 36.13 Jhabua 64.51 Mandla 59.58 Dhar 38.71 Hoshangabad 48.05

Seoni 53.15 Harda 69.18 Chhindwara 55.83

West Nimar 62.32 Betul 68.06 Barwani 71.84 Balaghat 40.80 East Nimar 53.35

Source :Estimates of District Poverty , PMPSU MP

30 The problem of high proportion of population living below poverty line results in various problems such as hunger, malnutrition, low level of education etc. Both central and state governments have taken many direct and indirect initiatives to reduce poverty, some of these initiatives are Mahatama Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, Better irrigation facilities under Balram Talab, Percolation Tanks, minor, medium and major irrigation projects, Deen Dyal Antodaya Upchar Yojana and many other. These schemes have started showing the impact on income thus reducing poverty.

Conclusions: For understanding of the level of living prevailing in any part of the state and country, district-level estimates of poverty are necessary along with other socio economic indicators. This paper may to cater to the need for generation of district-level estimates of poverty for the state.

In the NSS 2004-05 survey, in a good number of cases, low sample size resulted in high RSE of the district-level estimates especially in the urban sector and same is true in case of state sample. To arrive at more reliable and conclusive district- level estimates, the number of sample observations needs to be suitably augmented at district level for rural and urban areas. In case of urban areas, the representation of different type of urban area (i.e. different town classes) is to be ensured in future surveys for estimating poverty at district level. Combined Central and State Sample may provide more robust and conclusive district- level estimates.

References Ahluwalia, Montek S (2000): “Economic Performance of States in Post-Reform Period”, Economic & Political Weekly, 6 May. Bhanumurthy, N R and A Mitra (2004): “Economic Growth, Poverty and Reforms in Indian States”, DEG, Working Paper Series No E/247/2004. Deaton, A and J Dreze (2002): “Poverty and Inequality in India: A Re-examination”, Economic & Political Weekly, 3 September. Ghosh, B, S Marjit and C Neogi (1998): “Economic Growth and Regional Divergence in India, 1960 to 1995”, Economic & Political Weekly, Vol 33, No 26. Himanshu (2007): “Recent Trends in Poverty and Inequality: Some Preliminary Results”, Economic & Political Weekly, 10 February. Krishna, K L (2004): “Patterns and Determinants of Economic Growth in Indian States”, ICRIER, Discussion Paper No 144, New Delhi. Report on Small Area Estimation of Socio-Economic Variables-November (2000): A Study conducted by Indian Statistical Institute in Collaboration with National Sample Survey Organization.

31 Sastry, N S (2003): “District Level Poverty Estimates: Feasibility of Using NSS Household Consumption Expenditure Survey Data”, Economic & Political Weekly, 25 January. Sen, A and Himanshu (2004): “Poverty and Inequality – I and II, Widening Disparities during the 1990s”, Economic & Political Weekly, 18 and 25 September. Sundaram, K and S D Tendulkar (2003): “Poverty in India in the 1990s – An Analysis of Changes in 15 Major States”, Economic & Political Weekly, 5 April. Report of the Expert Group to Review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty: Planning Commission, Government of India, November 2009.

32 Annexure 1:

MPCE classes in Rs.

S. No. Rural Urban S. No. Rural Urban

1 0 – 235 0 - 335 7 455 – 510 790 – 930 2 235 – 270 335 - 395 8 510 – 580 930- 1100 3 270 – 320 395 - 485 9 580 – 690 1100- 1380 4 320 – 365 485 - 580 10 690– 890 1380 – 1880 5 365– 410 580 - 675 11 890 – 1155 1880 – 2540 6 410 – 455 675 - 790 12 1155+ 2540+

33 Annexure 2: District wise Distribution of observations by MPCE class for Central Sample: Rural

MPCE Class Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

Sheopur 5 1 4 3 2 2 4 2 6 7 3 1 40

Morena 1 2 2 12 10 14 18 17 17 17 6 4 120

Bhind 1 1 5 7 4 6 11 10 13 14 5 3 80

Gwalior 0 1 3 0 3 6 3 5 5 9 4 1 40

Datia 0 0 2 2 2 4 7 2 14 4 3 0 40

Shivpuri 4 5 18 17 22 12 12 8 12 8 2 0 120

Guna 0 0 8 14 26 15 12 20 11 10 3 1 120

Tikamgarh 2 2 7 10 13 8 15 10 6 5 1 1 80

Chhatarpur 1 1 10 7 15 15 8 9 4 7 3 0 80

Panna 2 4 9 16 8 7 8 7 9 5 2 3 80

Sagar 14 12 15 11 6 10 7 9 14 9 7 6 120

Damoh 7 5 10 8 11 10 3 6 8 4 4 4 80

Satna 0 0 8 15 11 12 11 11 18 20 6 8 120

Rewa 4 10 8 12 14 14 9 5 12 15 8 9 120 Umaria 3 4 1 1 7 3 1 2 3 1 2 0 3 40 Shahdol 5 9 18 20 17 9 10 9 8 8 4 3 120 Sidhi 6 10 9 16 16 11 7 5 15 6 10 9 120 Neemuch 0 0 0 1 0 4 5 3 4 12 7 4 40 Mandsaur 0 2 2 6 4 5 8 10 12 11 8 11 79 Ratlam 0 4 7 9 9 7 14 8 10 10 1 1 80 Ujjain 5 2 5 2 9 7 3 6 7 20 5 9 80 Shajapur 6 4 7 10 6 11 6 8 5 11 1 5 80 Dewas 2 0 5 4 3 3 7 7 8 16 7 18 80 Jhabua 4 9 23 16 23 16 7 3 3 4 7 5 120 Dhar 5 3 8 5 11 6 12 6 17 13 12 21 119 Indore 2 0 9 3 7 5 9 4 11 8 9 13 80 West Nimar 0 0 7 1 1 11 13 13 28 15 11 8 3 120 Barwani 0 0 6 6 10 9 23 13 7 4 2 0 80 East Nimar 0 0 6 9 14 16 23 16 15 14 5 2 120 Rajgarh 1 0 6 3 2 3 14 7 10 21 4 9 80 Vidisha 2 2 7 12 6 7 6 6 11 11 7 3 80 Bhopal 1 2 5 4 5 1 4 7 6 2 3 0 40 Sehore 4 3 12 12 11 6 10 4 12 3 3 0 80 Raisen 10 2 9 12 9 8 8 7 4 5 1 5 80

Betul 6 8 9 18 8 11 5 6 3 4 2 0 80

Harda 2 0 5 6 4 4 2 3 3 2 0 9 40

Hoshangabad 1 7 12 5 9 10 8 3 7 7 3 8 80

Katni 12 3 12 13 6 7 7 12 6 0 1 1 80

Jabalpur 3 2 10 9 7 10 8 7 11 5 5 3 80

Narsimhapur 1 0 10 9 11 7 12 11 9 6 3 1 80

Dindori 3 4 12 5 4 2 3 3 3 1 0 0 40

Mandla 9 13 15 8 8 1 7 6 5 5 1 2 80

Chhindwara 3 2 13 14 17 15 10 13 12 12 6 3 120

Seoni 12 7 6 13 10 4 5 3 9 4 4 3 80

Balaghat 1 7 20 19 19 8 12 6 10 11 3 4 120

MP 150 153 395 421 426 362 398 354 408 383 189 199 3838

34 Annexure 3: District wise Distribution of observations by MPCE class for State Sample: Rural

MPCE Class

Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

Sheopur 0 0 0 5 3 3 3 8 12 5 1 0 40 Morena 0 0 0 3 4 10 13 19 32 28 9 2 120 Bhind 0 0 1 1 4 6 11 10 21 20 6 0 80 Gwalior 0 0 0 0 1 4 5 10 7 9 4 0 40 Datia 0 2 0 1 7 4 3 4 5 8 5 1 40 Shivpuri 0 1 1 3 10 5 13 22 28 20 11 6 120 Guna 0 1 7 5 5 8 11 15 19 20 17 12 120 Tikamgarh 0 3 7 10 7 18 6 6 7 9 6 1 80 Chhatarpur 0 4 11 10 10 11 10 6 6 7 2 3 80 Panna 3 3 13 8 12 6 8 8 9 8 2 0 80 Sagar 0 1 4 10 16 9 10 19 17 17 10 7 120 Damoh 2 0 3 9 11 10 8 8 6 12 6 5 80 Satna 2 3 15 13 13 15 8 10 14 14 9 4 120 Rewa 8 4 8 17 12 7 10 9 15 16 10 4 120 Umaria 0 0 3 6 7 4 4 3 6 3 4 0 40

Shahdol 6 18 21 15 19 14 8 7 3 4 3 2 120

Sidhi 4 2 7 14 13 14 13 15 13 7 12 6 120

Neemuch 0 1 2 4 2 6 3 5 6 7 2 2 40

Mandsaur 0 2 4 5 5 7 8 15 4 19 7 4 80

Ratlam 0 1 4 11 7 9 8 8 12 10 7 3 80

Ujjain 1 1 5 6 8 5 6 9 9 16 7 7 80

Shajapur 1 1 4 3 5 5 8 8 17 16 8 4 80

Dewas 0 1 4 4 7 7 10 12 11 12 2 0 70

Jhabua 0 0 4 15 8 24 20 13 17 15 4 0 120

Dhar 0 0 9 6 11 20 22 19 9 12 3 9 120

Indore 0 1 2 0 5 4 13 11 13 22 6 3 80

West Nimar 0 4 13 19 19 15 14 13 14 5 3 1 120 Barwani 9 6 12 11 10 5 6 7 8 5 1 0 80 East Nimar 5 3 11 13 19 20 20 12 7 5 3 2 120

Rajgarh 0 2 3 6 7 4 11 15 12 13 4 3 80

Vidisha 1 0 6 6 6 10 6 8 13 9 8 7 80

Bhopal 0 3 6 3 1 5 7 3 3 4 4 1 40

Sehore 0 1 0 4 5 9 15 8 9 14 9 6 80

Raisen 1 0 7 7 9 7 6 12 10 11 7 3 80

Betul 1 3 9 6 9 5 10 14 5 13 1 4 80

Harda 4 3 4 5 8 2 2 3 1 4 4 0 40 Hoshangabad 0 1 2 9 9 7 4 10 18 10 8 2 80 Katni 1 2 10 12 9 9 5 12 9 7 1 3 80 Jabalpur 4 3 6 6 17 3 11 7 9 12 2 0 80 Narsimhapur 0 1 5 1 7 11 8 10 13 12 6 6 80 Dindori 0 0 1 4 6 2 5 4 5 8 5 0 40

Mandla 0 0 0 0 1 3 8 17 16 17 13 5 80

Chhindwara 5 7 5 12 11 17 12 16 14 18 3 0 120

Seoni 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 10 8 26 18 13 80 Balaghat 1 2 2 4 5 6 11 10 24 24 23 8 120 MP 59 92 242 312 371 375 405 470 516 553 286 149 3830

35 Annexure 4: District wise Distribution of observations by MPCE class for Combined (Central &State) Sample: Rural

MPCE Class

Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

Sheopur 5 3 2 9 5 7 7 13 15 12 1 1 80

Morena 3 1 8 11 14 25 28 39 49 44 15 3 240 Bhind 2 1 8 4 13 14 17 22 34 36 6 3 160 Gwalior 0 3 2 3 4 7 10 16 16 14 4 1 80 Datia 0 3 4 3 10 7 7 10 10 17 7 2 80 Shivpuri 6 7 21 22 30 18 23 30 39 26 12 6 240 Guna 0 2 20 23 27 21 21 35 31 27 20 13 240 Tikamg arh 5 9 16 14 22 32 14 12 14 12 9 1 160 Chha tarpur 4 13 21 29 19 17 18 10 12 8 6 3 160 P anna 11 12 28 15 22 13 12 16 14 12 2 3 160 Sag ar 16 17 18 18 24 18 21 25 28 25 21 9 240 Damoh 11 10 9 20 25 15 12 12 14 14 10 8 160 Sa tna 4 5 28 25 25 28 21 23 26 30 14 11 240 Rew a 23 13 21 31 23 11 16 25 23 27 16 11 240 Umaria 11 6 12 8 9 6 7 3 8 3 4 3 80 Shahdol 25 30 44 34 26 22 17 12 8 10 8 4 240 Sidhi 21 9 28 23 25 24 16 25 26 13 16 14 240 Neemuch 0 1 3 5 5 11 6 8 12 17 6 6 80 Mandsaur 1 4 8 11 8 10 16 28 17 31 13 12 159 Ra tlam 2 5 7 24 13 17 18 24 20 19 7 4 160 Ujjain 6 6 9 11 13 14 8 13 20 32 13 15 160 Shajapur 10 4 13 9 19 10 16 15 22 21 12 9 160 Dew as 3 4 7 9 11 11 14 19 17 26 11 18 150 Jhabua 11 16 21 31 24 39 27 16 19 20 13 3 240 Dhar 4 5 16 13 20 29 32 32 19 24 20 25 239 Indore 3 2 7 9 12 8 21 16 24 30 14 14 160 Wes t Nimar 0 5 18 28 38 24 32 26 30 25 9 5 240 Barwani 9 7 14 14 24 19 24 22 16 10 1 0 160 East Nimar 5 4 13 15 27 44 48 25 30 17 8 4 240

Rajgarh 1 3 5 11 16 10 17 23 20 30 11 13 160

Vidisha 4 5 23 11 11 15 13 16 18 22 12 10 160

Bhopal 3 5 11 7 3 11 13 6 5 10 5 1 80

Sehore 6 3 15 12 16 22 21 17 14 18 10 6 160

Raisen 12 7 19 19 18 11 15 14 14 16 10 5 160

Betul 9 10 26 19 22 13 14 15 8 16 3 5 160

Harda 6 4 8 17 10 4 4 4 6 4 6 7 80 Hoshangabad 2 11 10 17 17 12 11 16 27 15 13 9 160 K atni 12 9 19 22 15 14 14 21 18 10 2 4 160 Jabalpur 7 7 22 16 26 6 24 11 18 15 5 3 160 Narsimhapur 2 3 20 10 18 23 18 19 15 16 8 8 160 Dindor i 9 5 10 8 10 5 8 6 6 8 5 0 80 Mandla 15 17 14 4 7 8 12 20 22 21 14 6 160 Chhindw ara 10 10 26 25 25 24 26 26 21 34 9 4 240 Seoni 17 10 9 11 5 3 4 18 13 33 23 14 160 Balagha t 8 18 28 18 17 11 19 20 29 34 28 10 240 MP 324 334 691 698 773 713 762 824 867 904 462 316 7668

36 Annexure 5: District wise Distribution of observations by MPCE class for Central Sample: Urban

MPCE Class Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total 5 7 3 7 2 2 2 1 3 7 1 0 40 Sheopur

1 4 5 6 3 4 5 3 5 3 1 0 40 Morena

2 3 8 8 4 6 2 1 3 2 0 1 40 Bhind

4 5 12 11 12 6 4 5 4 7 3 7 80 Gwalior

5 6 6 6 1 2 4 2 3 3 1 1 40 Datia

5 2 7 7 3 3 4 2 3 3 1 0 40 Shivpuri

2 6 7 5 2 3 1 3 5 3 0 3 40 Guna 0 1 13 13 1 2 1 2 5 2 0 0 40 Tikamgarh 4 6 5 4 5 6 4 4 1 1 0 0 40 Chhatarpur 3 6 7 5 5 5 3 0 1 1 3 1 40 Panna 7 3 7 6 6 2 2 3 1 1 2 0 40 Sagar 7 4 5 3 3 1 3 3 3 1 6 1 40 Damoh 5 3 7 2 2 5 3 1 7 1 3 1 40 Satna 12 2 3 2 5 3 1 2 6 2 1 1 40 Rewa 2 2 2 5 2 3 5 4 6 2 4 3 40 Umaria 3 4 4 4 6 3 2 5 6 2 1 0 40 Shahdol 3 0 1 1 4 2 2 6 5 10 5 1 40 Sidhi 1 0 2 8 5 5 6 1 3 3 3 3 40 Neemuch 1 1 9 3 2 5 2 2 3 6 4 2 40 Mandsaur 2 7 8 8 4 4 3 1 1 2 0 0 40 Ratlam 1 4 13 10 5 7 6 5 4 8 8 8 79 Ujjain 3 4 3 5 9 3 0 4 2 2 3 1 39 Shajapur

2 3 4 8 0 7 6 5 3 1 1 0 40 Dewas

2 2 7 7 4 2 1 4 1 7 2 1 40 Jhabua

6 0 3 5 7 3 3 1 2 5 3 1 39 Dhar

3 4 9 10 6 8 13 5 11 19 13 18 119 Indore

3 5 8 6 3 3 3 3 5 1 0 0 40 West Nimar

0 7 11 4 0 3 4 6 2 1 2 0 40 Barwani

0 5 11 5 2 10 2 1 0 4 0 0 40 East Nimar 1 2 5 7 2 1 4 6 4 4 3 0 39 Rajgarh 4 2 6 9 6 1 0 3 3 1 1 4 40 Vidisha 11 12 15 15 11 5 7 9 12 12 7 4 120 Bhopal 5 2 5 5 5 2 4 7 3 2 0 0 40 Sehore 1 4 4 10 5 6 1 2 3 3 1 0 40 Raisen 8 3 6 5 1 1 5 3 5 0 2 1 40 Betul 2 7 5 4 3 4 3 1 5 4 1 1 40 Harda 1 1 12 6 3 5 1 3 2 2 3 1 40 Hoshangabad 7 6 4 5 2 4 5 2 2 2 1 0 40 Katni 10 2 5 7 13 10 7 5 12 7 2 0 80 Jabalpur 2 6 7 6 6 2 1 2 2 2 4 0 40 Narsimhapur 4 7 7 3 3 2 4 2 4 2 1 1 40 Dindori 3 8 3 6 3 2 4 2 3 1 4 1 40 Mandla 4 3 11 6 3 2 1 2 3 2 3 0 40 Chhindwara 8 8 5 3 2 2 0 2 6 2 1 1 40 Seoni 4 6 5 1 5 5 6 2 2 1 1 2 40 Balaghat

169 185 295 272 186 172 150 138 175 157 106 70 2075 MP

38 Annexure 6: District wise Distribution of observations by MPCE class for State Sample: Urban

MPCE Class Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total Sheopur 3 2 10 4 4 3 1 4 7 0 2 0 40

Morena 2 4 3 6 6 8 3 4 0 1 2 1 40

Bhind 0 3 8 5 6 0 4 1 9 3 1 0 40

Gwalior 0 3 14 9 12 9 3 10 7 5 6 2 80

Datia 3 10 7 3 2 3 2 1 1 5 3 0 40

Shivpuri 0 0 4 5 5 7 9 7 3 0 0 0 40

Guna 1 2 3 4 6 6 3 7 4 2 1 1 40

Tikamgarh 6 6 5 3 4 5 3 1 2 4 0 1 40 Chhatarpur 7 12 1 7 2 2 0 1 6 1 1 0 40 Panna 12 5 2 5 3 1 2 2 2 2 4 0 40 Sagar 2 4 10 5 6 3 1 2 3 2 1 1 40 Damoh 2 5 4 7 3 1 4 5 6 2 1 0 40 Satna 9 8 2 3 1 3 4 5 2 2 1 0 40 Rewa 5 8 2 5 8 3 0 2 0 6 1 0 40 Umaria 5 5 6 4 4 3 1 4 3 3 2 0 40 Shahdol 7 4 3 4 0 5 4 5 4 2 2 0 40 Sidhi 4 8 4 4 3 4 1 3 3 3 2 1 40 Neemuch 7 3 3 3 3 1 1 2 5 8 3 1 40 Mandsaur 1 4 7 8 5 1 3 1 5 3 1 1 40 Ratlam 0 4 11 5 2 3 3 1 5 2 2 2 40 Ujjain 5 3 16 8 4 2 11 7 5 13 4 2 80 Shajapur 1 7 8 4 5 2 2 0 5 6 0 0 40 Dewas 5 2 10 9 5 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 40 Jhabua 0 3 12 3 1 4 2 3 3 6 2 1 40 Dhar 1 7 6 10 0 2 2 2 4 6 0 0 40 Indore 6 7 13 7 8 11 12 13 13 20 6 4 120 West Nimar 3 5 12 4 2 3 2 3 6 0 0 0 40 Barwani 3 7 9 4 3 5 1 2 6 0 0 0 40 East Nimar 1 4 7 3 1 4 4 2 2 2 0 0 30 Rajgarh 2 4 7 5 6 5 5 3 1 1 0 1 40 Vidisha 4 4 6 5 12 3 3 1 2 0 0 0 40 Bhopal 3 10 17 12 15 9 6 4 4 8 15 7 110 Sehore 0 2 11 4 3 9 3 2 5 1 0 0 40 Raisen 0 7 9 5 6 2 4 2 2 2 1 0 40 Betul 0 9 6 5 5 7 1 3 1 3 0 0 40 Harda 12 6 3 3 6 0 2 3 2 0 3 0 40

Hoshangabad 4 9 5 5 1 2 4 4 2 4 0 0 40

Katni 3 6 7 8 3 3 2 2 3 2 1 0 40

Jabalpur 6 6 6 1 10 22 19 7 1 1 1 0 80

Narsimhapur 0 7 4 4 6 3 3 7 0 3 3 0 40

Dindori 2 4 5 4 6 5 3 3 3 4 0 1 40

Mandla 1 2 5 9 2 3 5 3 3 5 2 0 40

Chhindwara 8 8 7 6 5 2 2 1 1 0 0 0 40 Seoni 0 3 6 2 2 6 2 4 7 6 0 2 40 Balaghat 6 3 8 3 1 5 1 3 5 2 2 1 40 MP 152 235 314 232 203 193 154 153 165 152 77 30 2060

39 Annexure 7: District wise Distribution of observations by MPCE class for Combined (Central &State) Sample: Urban

MPCE Class Districts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 1 12 Total Sheopur 12 4 18 8 7 4 2 6 9 6 3 1 80 Morena 4 7 8 1 1 11 14 9 5 4 3 3 1 80 Bhind 4 8 21 6 8 4 8 3 12 3 2 1 80 Gwalior 7 11 25 19 20 12 9 16 11 11 8 11 160

Datia 7 18 13 9 4 4 3 4 4 7 6 1 80 Shivpuri 5 4 11 12 10 10 10 11 4 2 1 0 80 Guna 5 10 8 10 6 9 4 11 9 4 1 3 80 Tikamgarh 6 11 17 13 5 6 5 7 5 4 0 1 80 Chhatarpur 15 16 5 13 10 6 2 4 7 1 1 0 80 Panna 20 11 9 8 10 4 2 3 2 5 6 0 80 Sagar 12 9 15 10 12 3 4 5 3 3 3 1 80 Damoh 10 11 7 8 6 4 8 6 9 9 1 1 80 Satna 16 10 9 6 5 5 7 11 5 4 2 0 80 Rewa 18 10 5 9 11 5 2 5 5 7 3 0 80 Umaria 9 6 11 5 8 7 5 8 8 7 4 2 80 Shahdol 14 8 6 5 3 8 8 14 8 3 3 0 80 Sidhi 6 9 5 8 4 7 3 9 9 11 6 3 80 Neemuch 8 3 11 8 7 8 2 6 6 12 6 3 80 Mandsaur 2 10 14 10 8 3 7 2 9 10 4 1 80 Ratlam 4 12 19 1 1 6 6 5 3 6 4 2 2 80 Ujjain 9 6 31 16 8 8 16 11 10 26 10 8 159 Shajapur 3 11 13 9 10 7 5 2 7 9 2 1 79 Dewas 7 6 18 12 10 8 8 4 4 1 2 0 80 Jhabua 2 6 20 9 4 7 3 7 7 10 4 1 80

Dhar 7 9 9 14 7 3 7 2 6 11 2 2 79 Indore 8 13 21 16 14 20 25 23 26 34 16 23 239 West Nimar 5 10 23 8 3 5 4 8 11 1 2 0 80 Barwani 5 11 20 7 6 6 5 6 12 0 2 0 80 East Nimar 1 6 21 6 5 7 10 3 6 5 0 0 70 Rajgarh 3 9 12 8 10 8 6 10 4 6 0 3 79 Vidisha 8 7 13 12 17 5 4 2 6 2 1 3 80

Bhopal 21 20 37 23 22 14 14 13 17 17 25 7 230 Sehore 6 4 17 10 6 12 6 6 12 1 0 0 80 Raisen 2 12 18 1 1 11 5 6 4 5 5 1 0 80 Betul 9 14 11 9 6 8 3 6 3 7 2 2 80 Harda 18 11 10 6 9 1 5 8 4 4 3 1 80 Hoshangabad 6 10 18 9 7 4 4 8 5 6 2 1 80

Katni 9 9 16 11 7 5 3 6 8 4 2 0 80 Jabalpur 12 11 17 1 1 19 30 24 14 10 8 3 1 160 Narsimhapur 7 10 12 10 9 4 5 8 4 7 4 0 80 Dindori 11 8 12 7 8 10 4 6 5 7 0 2 80 Mandla 9 6 12 12 5 5 9 5 3 7 6 1 80 Chhindwara 13 15 14 12 8 2 2 4 6 2 0 2 80 Seoni 10 7 13 6 3 6 4 7 13 8 1 2 80 Balaghat 11 10 12 7 4 10 6 5 7 2 3 3 80 MP 386 429 657 450 379 329 293 317 336 306 158 95 4135

40 S. P. Batra Specialist (Statistics) PMPSU

Mangesh Tyagi Advisor State Planning Commission Madhya Pradesh Govt.

Chitranjan Tyagi Team Leader PMPSU