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The Participants in Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676-1677

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W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 1992 Loyalists and Baconians: the participants in Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676-1677 John Harold Sprinkle Jr. College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Sprinkle, John Harold Jr., "Loyalists and Baconians: the participants in Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676-1677" (1992). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623817. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-8smw-cm72 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. Order Number 9236125 Loyalists and Baconians: The participants in Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia, 1676- 1677 Sprinkle, John Harold Jr., Ph.D. The College of William and Mary, 1992 Copyright © 1992, Sprinkle, John Harold Jr. All rights reserved. UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of the of copyright the copyright owner. owner.Further reproductionFurther reproduction prohibited without prohibited permission. without permission. LOYALISTS AND BACONIANS THE PARTICIPANTS IN BACON'S REBELLION IN VIRGINIA, 1676-1677 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by John Harold Sprinkle, Jr. 1992 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Autntor Approved, May 1992 {James P .' WhittenburgJ Kevin "P . Thad W. Tate ^=L Carter L. Hudgins Mary Washington College Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This Dissertation is Dedicated to Esther C. White. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................. ......................... V LIST OF TABLES........................................... vi ABSTRACT................................................. vii CHAPTER I. BEYOND BACON AND BERKELEY TO BACONIANS AND LOYALISTS............................ 2 CHAPTER II. "TOO YOUNG, TOO MUCH A STRANGER THERE": CHARACTERISTICS OF REBELS IN BACON'S REBELLION................................ 44 CHAPTER III. "SERVICES AND SUFFERINGS...MOST SIGNAL AND EMINENT": CHARACTERISTICS OF LOYALISM IN BACON'S REBELLION............ 115 CHAPTER IV. THE "SUBTLE INSINUATIONS" OF "SOME DISAFFECTED PERSONS": BACON'S REBELLION IN SURRY AND YORK COUNTIES, VIRGINIA 160 CHAPTER V. THE CHARACTER OF BACON'S REBELLION...... 219 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................. 240 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In 1982 I left the University of Delaware with a bachelors degree in anthropology and headed to Williamsburg to begin graduate studies in historical archaeology. Ten years later I have completed my education at William and Mary. I can not think of a better place to study the history and archaeology of colonial America. I wish to thank the members of the dissertation committee for their contributions to this research. The idea to study the participants in Bacon's Rebellion began in the classrooms of Professors Kelly and Selby and at symposia organized by Professor Tate at the Institute of Early American History and Culture. Professor Hudgins provided a model at William and Mary for dissertations on colonial society. In particular, I should acknowledge the committee's director, James P. Whittenburg, for his steadfast guidance and faith in my abilities. His support throughout my studies at William and Mary was invaluable. Portions of the research presented within this study were supported by an award from the Jamestowne Society in 1986 and a 1991 Mellon residential fellowship at the Virginia Historical Society. The financial assistance of these organizations is gratefully acknowledged. Much of this research was carried out in the academic environment provided at the Virginia State Library in Richmond, Virginia, the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, and the Swem Library at William and Mary. My personal debts are numerous. I thank every one on my family, friends, colleagues, clients, and employers who have endured endless discussions about Nathaniel Bacon and his followers. I especially thank my. parents, who from the moment I passed the comprehensive exams always believed that I would complete this dissertation and who were wonderfully negligent in asking about its progress. Finally, I must acknowledge my wife Esther, without whose encouragement and love, I would still be in the library doing research. V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Baconian Leadership........................... 52 2. Inventoried Baconians................ 70 3. Baconian Real Estate.......................... 75 4. Baconian Servants and Slaves.................. 85 5. Baconian Livestock............................ 88 6. Baconian Credits and Debts.................... 90 7. Baconian Estate Bonds......................... 92 8. Baconian Estate Bonds (By Value)............. 93 9. Baconian Economic Means Index (EMI).......... 99 10. Amenities Index Comparison.................... 102 11. Participation in Bacon's Rebellion Among Virginia's Elites...................... 139 12. Age Distribution Among Loyalists............. 143 13. Distribution of Loyalist Landholdings and Virginia Population Density............. 147 14. Lawnes Creek Parish Uprising Participants... 188 15. Plunder from Arthur Allen's Plantation....... 195 16. Surry County Baconians........................ 197 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT Previous interpretations of Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia (1676-1677) have focused on either the competition between the two major participants, Governor William Berkeley or Councilor Nathaniel Bacon, or the social and economic causes of the uprising. This study presents a collective description of the participants from both sides of the rebellion: Loyalists and Baconians. Participant characteristics such as wealth, social status, officeholding, family life, and standard of living were compared in an attempt to distinguish individual reasons for rebellion or loyal service. This research demonstrates that although all segments of colonial society were represented in the rebellion, both the Baconians and the Loyalists were primarily comprised of middling and elite Virginians. The study shows that the Baconians were well established farmers and were not poor farmers or ex-indentured servants. For individuals, participation in Bacon's Rebellion was influenced by three factors: a general frustration with the nature of colonial society; specific and personal grievances against the government of Sir William Berkeley; and accidents of family relations and geography. Bacon's Rebellion was thus an comprehensive, planned, personally and politically motivated
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