Caribbean Immigrants Living in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD Metropolitan Areas

Figure 1. Caribbean* Immigrant Population in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas NUMBERS AT A GLANCE

 83,400: Approximate number of Caribbean immigrants* living in the DC and Baltimore metro areas (1% of the area’s population). Among them:

 45% Male and 55% Female

 23 years: Median years in the U.S.

 48: Median age

 60% Eligible to vote

Note: data is displayed at the county level. Maps are based on IPUMS National Historical Information System: (naturalized U.S. citizens Version 12.0. ACS 2012-2016 dataset. age 18+)

Figure 2. Citizenship Status Figure 3. English Proficiency Foreign-Born Individuals in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas Foreign-Born Individuals, age 5+, in the DC and Baltimore Metro

Foreign Born from the 60% 64% 36% 86% Caribbean

40% All Other Foreign Born 49% 51% 14% Foreign Born from the All Other Foreign Born Naturalized Citizen Not a Citizen Caribbean Not Proficient in English Proficient in English

All analysis in this fact sheet is based on source data from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey, 2012-2016 distributed through IPUMS-USA, University of Minnesota, www.ipums.org. *Please note that the terms “immigrant” and “foreign born” are used interchangeably throughout this fact sheet. Foreign born refers to individuals who are not a U.S. citizen at birth or who were born outside the U.S., Puerto Rico or other U.S. territories and whose parents are not U.S. citizens. The foreign born may include naturalized U.S. citizens, Legal Permanent Residents, temporary residents, refugees and asylees, and others. Additionally, native born includes those who are U.S. citizens at birth, those born in the United States, Puerto Rico, or other U.S. territories, and those born abroad to a parent who is a U.S. citizen. *This fact sheet uses the U.S. Census Bureau’s definition of the Caribbean region, which includes Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, the former country of Guadeloupe (including St. Barthélemy and Saint-Martin), Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, the former country of the Netherlands Antilles (including Bonaire, Curaçao, Saba, Sint Eustatius, and Sint Maarten), St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Turks and Caicos Islands.

Caribbean Immigrants Living in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD Metropolitan Areas

Education ,Income, Health Insurance, and Housing Figure 4. Educational Attainment Individuals, age 25+, in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas 9% from the Caribbean

immigrants living in the 15% Graduate, Professional or 21% 22% DC and Baltimore metro Doctoral Degree areas are below the 18% Bachelor's Degree 22% poverty line compared 25% 27% Some College or to 10% of all other 18% Associate's Degree 25% foreign born and 9% of High School Diploma 26% 19% native-born U.S. 22% No High School Diploma citizens. 20% 14% 6% Foreign Born from the All Other Foreign Born Native-Born U.S. Citizens Caribbean Figure 5. Median Total Family Income and Personal Earned Income Individuals who are employed, age 16-65, in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas 87% of foreign born from the Caribbean living $62,856 Foreign-Born from the Caribbean $50,000 in the DC and Baltimore metro areas have

$70,067 health insurance coverage compared to 76% All Other Foreign Bo rn $47,041 of all other foreign born and 95% of native- $81,350 Native-Born U.S. Citizens born U.S. citizens. $64,000

Median Family Income Median Personal Income

Figure 6. Home Ownership Household Heads in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas

Caribbean Immigrants Living in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD Metropolitan Areas

Employment and Occupation

Figure 7. Top Five Occupational Groups Individuals who are employed, age 16-65, in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas

Foreign Born All Other Native Born Top Five Occupational Groups from the Top Five Occupational Groups Foreign Top Five Occupational Groups U.S. Citizens Caribbean Born

Office and Administrative Management, Business, Science, Management, Business, Science, 13% 10% 14% Support Occupations and Arts Occupations and Arts Occupations Management, Business, Science, Office and Administrative Support 10% Construction Occupations 9% 13% and Arts Occupations Occupations

Sales and Related Occupations 8% Sales and Related Occupations 8% Sales and Related Occupations 9%

Building and Grounds Cleaning Education, Training, and Library Healthcare Support Occupations 7% 8% 7% and Maintenance Occupations Occupations Building and Grounds Cleaning Office and Administrative Support Computer and Mathematical 7% 8% 6% and Maintenance Occupations Occupations Occupations

18 Other Occupational Groups 55% 20 Other Occupational Groups 57% 20 Other Occupational Groups 51%

Est.Pop. 54,542 Est.Pop 988,291 Est.Pop 3,323,969

7% of the foreign born from the Caribbean in the labor force living in the DC and Baltimore metro areas are unemployed compared to 5% of all other foreign born and 6% of native-born U.S. citizens.

Figure 8. Employment in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM) Occupations Individuals who are employed, age 16-65, in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas

Caribbean Immigrants Living in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD Metropolitan Areas Self-Employment Figure 9. Self-Employment Individuals who are employed, age 16-65, in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas

Foreign Born from the 5% 3% 92% Caribbean

All Other 6% 4% 90% Foreign Born

Native-Born 4% 93% U.S. Citizens 3%

Self-employed and Unincorporated  Median personal Self-employed in Own Incorporated Business $40,000:* Works for Wages or Salary income of Caribbean immigrants who are self- employed and living in the DC Figure 10. Caribbean Immigrant Population in the United States, 1950-2017 and Baltimore metro areas 5,000,000 12%  $40,505:*Median personal 4,500,000 10% income of all other foreign 4,000,000 born who are self-employed 3,500,000 8% and living in the DC and 3,000,000 Baltimore metro areas 2,500,000 6%

2,000,000  $61,000:*Median personal 4% 1,500,000 income of native-born U.S.

1,000,000 citizens who are self-employed 2% 500,000 and living in the DC and Baltimore metro areas 0 0% 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2017 *Please note that these numbers are generated Foreign Born from the Caribbean based on individuals who are employed full time. Foreign-Born Caribbean as a Percentage of Total Foreign Born Population in U.S.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau. United States, 1850-2017. ipums.org extracts (the nativity variable was used for 1950, 1960, 1970 and the citizen variable was used for 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2017)

Caribbean Immigrants Living in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD Metropolitan Areas

Figure 11. Country of Origin Caribbean immigrants in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas Caribbean immigrants in the United States

Cuba Cuba 8% 12% 7% Dominican Republic 6% Domincan Republic 17% 29% 19% Haiti 17% Haiti 10% Jamaica Jamaica 25% 34% 16% Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago

All other 9 countries All other 9 countries

Figure 12. Educational Attainment by Country of Origin  Foreign born from Foreign-Born Individuals, age 25+, in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas Jamaica are more likely 10% Graduate, Professional or 15% 16% 13% to be proficient in 23% 19% Doctoral Degree English (99 percent) in 16% 18% 20% 17% Bachelor's Degree comparison to foreign 19% 19% born from Haiti 21% Some College or Associate's (67percent), the 26% 31% 31% Degree Dominican Republic 23% 31% (54 percent), Cuba (75 29% High School Diploma 28% percent), Trinidad and 17% 22% 29% 20% Tobago (97 percent) No High School Diploma 24% and all other Caribbean 17% 13% 13% 9% 11% countries (98 percent). Haiti Cuba Dominican Jamaica Trinidad All Other Republic and Tobago

 Foreign born from Cuba tend to have higher median personal earned income ($72,000) in comparison to foreign born from Haiti ($52,268), the Dominican Republic ($36,588), Jamaica (50,690), Trinidad and Tobago ($47,041) and all other Caribbean countries ($58,800).

Caribbean Immigrants Living in the Washington, DC and Baltimore, MD Metropolitan Areas

Figure 13. Homeownership by Country of Origin Household Heads in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas

Foreign Foreign Born Homeownership Foreign Born Foreign Born Born from Foreign Born from All Other status from Haiti from Cuba Dominican from Jamaica Trinidad and Republic Tobago Own a Home or 54% 69% 45% 59% 64% 60% Buying a Home Rent, Do not Own 46% 31% 55% 41% 36% 40% Home

Figure 14. Citizenship by Country of Origin Foreign-Born Individuals in the DC and Baltimore Metro Areas

Haiti 67% 33%

 Foreign born from Cuba are more Cuba 78% 22% likely to be naturalized citizens (78 percent) in comparison to foreign Dominican Republic 51% 49% born from Haiti (67 percent), the Dominican Republic (51 percent), Jamaica 68% 32% Jamaica (68 percent), Trinidad and Tobago (62 percent) and all other Trinidad and Tobago 62% 38% Caribbean countries (66 percent). All other 66% 34%

Naturalized Citizen Not a Citizen

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The IIR works to refocus the immigration conversation among academics, policy-makers and the public, including the business community and media, by producing and disseminating unbiased and objective, interdisciplinary academic research related to immigrants and immigration to the United States. The Institute for Immigration Research is a joint venture between George Mason University and the Immigrant Learning Center, Inc. (ILC) of Massachusetts. To learn more about the Institute for Immigration Research call (703) 993-5833, email [email protected], or visit us online at iir.gmu.edu.