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Insects of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico Juan A ,6 United States fl Department of Insects of the Luquillo 3/ Agriculture Forest Service Mountains, Puerto Rico Southern Forest Experiment Station New Orleans, Juan A. Torres Louisiana General Technical Report SO-105 July 1994 SUMMARY In this review of the literature on forest entomology in Puerto Rico, emphasis is given to research conducted in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (LEF). This review should serve as an intro- duction to the insects inhabiting the LEF for researchers and as a guide for the identification of possible insect pests. There are three sections to this review. The first deals with basic insect ecology; the second, forest insect pests; and the third, insect attacks on dry wood and during wood seasoning. The reference section and appen- dixes contain information on the systematics and taxonomy of different insect orders found in Puerto Rico. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank the following people for their help in the preparation of this work: Maribel Torres, Silverio Medina, and Jose Maldonado. The cover drawing of the fungus grower ant Chyphomyrmex minutus was drawn by R.A. DeNicola. Figures 1 and 15 were drawn by Jesus Gonzhlez. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................ 1 INSECT ECOLOGY .............................................................. 2 Order Coleoptera (beetles) ..................................................... 2 Carabidae (ground beetles) ...................................................... 2 Leiodidae (round fungus beetles) ................................................ 3 Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles) .................................................... 3 Scolytidae bark beetles) and Platypodidae (pin-hole borers) ........................ 4 Order Dipteratflies) ........................................................... 4 Culicidae (mosquitoes) ......................................................... 4 Muscidae (muscid flies) ........................................................ 5 Phoridae (humpbacked flies) .................................................... 5 Syrphidae (flower flies) ......................................................... 5 Tipulidae (crane flies) .......................................................... 6 Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) ................................... 7 Anthophoridae (carpenter bees. cuckoo bees and digger bees) ...................... 7 Apidae (honey bees) ............................................................ 7 Formicjdae (ants) .............................................................. 7 Vespidae (wasps) .............................................................. 8 Orderlsoptera (termites) ..................................................... 8 Order Odonata (dragonflies, damselflies) ...................................... 11 Order Ortboptera (crickets, grasshoppers, and walking sticks) ............... 12 Phasmatidae (walking sticks) ................................................... 12 Order Tricboptera (caddisflies) ................................................ 13 Faunistic Studies .............................................................. 13 Bromeliad communities ........................................................ 13 Seed and fruit consumers ...................................................... 14 Insect diversity and abundance ................................................. 14 Herbivores .................................................................... 15 Jnsectbiomass ................................................................. 17 Pollinators .................................................................... 17 Lizard and frog predation on insects .............................................17 Bird predation on insects ....................................................... 18 INSECTS THAT ATTACK FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS ......................19 Order Coleoptera (beetles) ..................................................... 19 Bostrichidae (branch and twig borers) ........................................... 19 Buprestidae (metallic wood-boring beetles) ....................................... 22 Cerambycidae (long-horned beetles) and Elateridae (click beetles) ................... 22 Curculionidae (snout beetles) ....................................................22 Platypodjdae (pin-hole borers) ..................................................23 Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles) ................................................... 23 Scolytidae (bark and ambrosia beetles) ........................................... 25 OrderDiptera (flies) .......................................................... 26 Tephritidae (fruit flies) ......................................................... 26 Order Hemiptera (bugs) ....................................................... 26 Pyrrhocoridae (red bugs or stainers) ............................................. 26 Tingididae (lace bugs) .......................................................... 26 Order Hornoptera (aphids, scale insects, leafhoppers, and mealybugs) ......... 26 Aphididae (aphids) .............................................................26 Asterolecaniidae (pit scales) .....................................................27 Cicadellidae (leafhoppers) .......................................................27 Coccidae (soft. wax. and tortoise scales) ......................................... 28 Diaspididae (armored scales) ....................................................28 Margarodidae (giant coccids and ground pearls) ..................................28 Pseudococcidae (mealybugs) .................................................... 29 Order Hymenoptera (ants. bees, sawflies, and wasps) ......................... 29 hgidae (sawflies) ..............................................................29 Formicidae (ants) ..............................................................29 Order Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) ....................................30 Cosmopterygidae (cosmopterigid moths) ......................................... 30 Gelechiidae (gelechiid moths) ...................................................30 Gometridae (measuring worms) ................................................ 30 Hyblaeidae (hyblaeid moths) ..................................................... 30 Megalopygidae (flannel moths) ................................................... 30 Noctuidae (noctuid moths) ...................................................... 30 Psychidae (bagworms) .........................................................31 Pyralidae (snout and grass moths) .............................................. 31 Order Thysanoptera (thrips) ...................................................34 Other Insect Groups ........................................................... 34 mSECTS THAT ATTACK FOREST PRODUCTS .................................. 35 Order Coleoptera (beetles) ....................................................35 Bostrichidae (branch and twig borers) ........................................... 35 Lydidae (powderpost beetles) ...................................................36 Order Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, and allies) ............................36 Eumenidae (mason and potter wasps) ........................................... 36 Order Isoptera (termites) ......................................................36 LITERATURE CITED ...........................................................38 APPENDIXES ................................................................... 45 Appendix A - Forest and Plantation Trees and Their Associated or Potential Insect Pests ........................................... 46 Appendix B - List of Important Entomological Studies in the Luquillo Mountains .... 49 Appendix C - Additional References .............................................. 50 Insects of the Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico Juan A. Torres Insects have several beneficial roles in a forest. Many plants require insects for pollination and seed dispersal There is a generalized belief that Puerto Rico lacks (Beattie 1985). Many vertebrate species that humans problems with forest insects. The reason for this belief consider esthetic elements of the biota are completely or may be that, unless forests are profoundly disturbed partially dependent on the presence of insects for their through silvicultural practices or natural disasters, nutrition (Garcia 1938, Janzen 1973b, Ross and others indigenous insect pests normally do not cause cata- 1982). In bodies of water in the forest, many fish rely on strophic or appreciable damage to stands. The initial insects for much of their food, and aquatic insects success of exotic tree species does not guarantee that recycle nutrients in their habitats before the nutrients they will not eventually face insect or disease problems. are carried downstream into the ocean (Ross and oth- Time is required for populations of insect pests and ers 1982). Insects are also important in nutrient re- pathogens to build up and for local pests to adapt to a cycling in terrestrial systems. Many species of birds new host (Bakshi 1976). In addition, increases in the and other terrestrial predators feed on aquatic insects, area of forest cultivation will lead to an increase in returning nutrients back to the terrestrial environ- insect pests associated with the host (El Servicio de ment. The burrowing activities of invertebrates, includ- Extensi6n Agricola 1948, Strong 1979). The cultivation ing several insect species, help reduce soil erosion by of small areas
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