Going Natural

The Danish road to natural refrigerants Going natural!

“Two of the global environmental problems that concern me the most are the greenhouse effect and the threat to the ozone layer. But we cannot solve one problem at the expense of another. Concentrating exclusively on reducing CO2 emissions to prevent a rise in the greenhouse effect is not enough.

We must also limit the emission of other greenhouse gases. It is therefore my sincere hope that in ten years, not a single fridge, freezer or cooling plant will be built in that requires HFCs or other greenhouse gases.”

Svend Auken, 1996, conference on natural refrigeration in 1996 in .

When the former Danish Minister for the The refrigeration community (including technology has resulted in better energy of the experience presented in this report. Environment, , expressed national associations and the trade organi- efficiency. As a consequence, the total I would like to see the EU take the first step his hope for a future with less emissions sation for installers) played an important amount of greenhouse gases emitted to the towards climate friendly refrigeration with- from greenhouse gases, he shocked some part in organising conferences and exhibi- atmosphere has decreased significantly. out harmful HFCs – not only for our sake, parts of the refrigeration industry. Sceptics tions and maintaining a constant dialogue but also as an inspiration for actions glob- claimed that without F-gases it would be with the Danish Environmental Protection I believe that this report tells a story of how ally for the benefit of coming generations. impossible to have efficient refrigeration Agency about hurdles and opportunities the development of green technologies and cooling and Denmark would become for using hydrocarbons, CO2 or ammonia very quickly turns from being an additional the land of warm beers and melted butter. in the refrigeration systems. All subsequent cost to being the basis for a sound business It was believed to be impossible to produce governments continued Svend Auken’s that both the industry and the environment Danish Minister for the Environment freezers without using a lot of HFCs or work to reduce the use of F-gases and to can benefit from. Now, 15 years later, the other greenhouse gases. encourage the development of alternative consumption of HFCs in Denmark has been technologies. reduced dramatically and we have a very But we have proved differently! innovative refrigeration industry based on Ida Auken The fruitful co-operation between indus- environmentally friendly technologies. Danish Minister for the The Danish refrigeration industry made try, science and government resulted in a Environment a great effort to develop new technology remarkable reduction in the use of F-gases We all know that while there is a growing and new refrigeration and freezing meth- and a quick implementation of cooling demand for refrigeration, the climate and (Foto: Claus Bjørn Larsen) ods, and soon new products using natural equipment with natural refrigerants. The other natural resources are under threat. It refrigerants emerged and became available change took place with low costs and high is my hope that when the new EU regula- on the market. reliability. In most cases the alternative tion is developed, we will have taken note

2 The Danish road to natural refrigerants The Danish road to natural refrigerants 3 A short description of the ban of the extent of alternative refrigeration technology. Today, hydrocarbon technology gases are installed in Denmark (<10 kg HFC). In the Danish Statutory Order, no. 552, on technology in Denmark. is standard in bottle coolers, food service Recently, a commercially competitive chill- Denmark: The use regulation of certain industrial greenhouse cabinets, ice cream freezers, etc. Several er with water as refrigerant was developed gases from 2002 there is a general ban on Supermarkets: international food and beverage companies at DTI together with Japanese companies. new products containing or using F-gases A number of different centralized refrigera- use professional refrigerators with hydrocar- It is expected to be introduced to the of F-gases has de- from 1 January 2006. tion systems using CO2 refrigerant were bon technology. market in about 3 years by Kobelco and built and tested in supermarkets in Den- Johnson Controls. The chiller is at least as There are some exemptions from this mark. Soon it appeared that the transcritical Industrial refrigeration systems: energy efficient as the very best HFC chill- general ban. For instance, the use of HFCs systems were well-suited for conditions In Denmark, ammonia has been used for ers and 10 to 20% better than typical creased significantly! in refrigeration systems is still allowed for in Danish supermarkets and today the industrial refrigeration for more than 100 existing installations. Demonstration of the cooling equipment with HFC charges of technology is standard technology and years. Today, only very small industrial technology will be established in the near The Danish F-gas regulation has led to a decline in use. The import between 0.15 kg to 10 kg and the use of hundreds of systems are installed showing refrigeration systems are built with F-gases future. HFC for service purposes is exempt from good performance, energy efficiency and (< 10 kg HFC). of bulk HFC substances has decreased significantly from around the Statutory Order. economy. There is also considerable export Domestic refrigerators and freezers: 1000 tonnes/year in 2000 to around 350 tonnes in 2010. of CO2 equipment to installers in other Chillers for air-conditioning The introduction of the regulation soon The export of HFC containing products is countries. and the process industry: resulted in an almost 100 % penetration also exempt from the ban. Ammonia chillers have been produced in of hydrocarbon technology for domestic Commercial plug-in cabinets: Denmark for at least 30 years. In addition, refrigerators and freezers, for domestically Support for alternatives Commercial, refrigerated cabinets using two manufacturers have developed and produced as well as imported appliances. In 2001 and 2002, Denmark introduced on the most frequently used F-gas refriger- When the regulation had been approved hydrocarbon refrigerants were devel- marketed hydrocarbon chillers during the national regulation on F-gases. The aim ant (HFC-134a). it was decided to support R&D projects to oped and tested in the past decade. New past decade. The ammonia chillers are very Decline in consumption and emissions was to reduce the consumption and emis- ensure rapid development of alternative components (including compressors) were efficient and competitive for high-cooling ca- The Danish F-gas regulation has led to a sion of F-gases and the Danish Parliament In practice, the system is implemented by technology. The Danish Environmental developed and marketed and the technol- pacity, and the hydrocarbon chillers are very decline in consumption. The import of bulk (Folketinget) agreed on a number of instru- taxation on all gas in bulk and on imported Protection Agency (EPA) conducted the ogy appeared to be more energy efficient efficient and competitive in the medium to HFC substances has decreased significantly ments. They comprised a ban on the use of products. The tax is administrated by the scheme and a number of projects in the compared to similar HFC refrigeration small range. Only very small chillers with F- from around 1000 tonnes/year in 2000 to F-gases for certain purposes, F-gas taxation Danish Customs and Tax Administration, refrigeration area were supported finan- around 350 tonnes in 2010. and support for research and development which is an organisation under the Danish cially with app. DKK 20 million. In addition, of alternative technology. Ministry of Taxation. the “HFC free Centre” was established by There is a delay in the impact for emission the Danish EPA. The Centre offers consul- Import of HFCs to Denmark of F-gases as most of the consumed bulks In Denmark, taxation was implemented in Information from the market indicates tancy services that are free of charge (up to 1200 are filled into refrigeration systems with 2001 and a ban on certain applications was that the tax/refund scheme has led to 5 hours of engineering consultancy) for the certain leakage rates. But in 2008-2010, the introduced in 2002. more awareness from owners as well as refrigeration industry and installers to help 1000 Danish emission of F-gases declined from operators of the equipment. The tax has them implement alternative technologies. 895,000 tonnes CO2 equivalents in 2008 800 A short description of the tax/refund also increased the interest in alternative to 854,000 tonnes CO2 equivalents in 2010. R-­‐134a scheme substances (HCs, CO2, ammonia or other Simultaneously, the capacity for educating R-­‐152a Tonnes 600 The main principle was the imposition of tax substances or techniques) and has resulted installers was increased, and hundreds of R-­‐404A R-­‐407C amounting to DKK 100 (app. 13 Euro) per in improved housekeeping of reused gas. refrigeration technicians have now been R-­‐410A 400 tonne of CO2 equivalent on the importation educated to handle refrigeration systems All HFCs of HFC/PFC/SF6. That figure was increased Teething troubles have been solved with CO2, hydrocarbons and ammonia. 200 by 50 % from January 2011 to DKK 150 (app. through good co-operation between the in- 20 Euro) per tonne of CO2 equivalent. That dustry and ministries and subsequently the Implementation of alternative 0 means that a tax amounting to DKK 195 administration of the system has worked technologies 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year (app. 26 Euro) per kilogram is now imposed satisfactorily. In this section, some examples are given Figure: Import of HFC bulk to Denmark 2000 – 2010. Source: Danish Environmental Protection Agency, 2011.

4 The Danish road to natural refrigerants The Danish road to natural refrigerants 5 Interview with Kim G. Christensen, Advansor Interview with Mr. Tom Gøttsch, Superkøl Gazelle company produces supermarket refrigeration packs

The Danish company Advansor produces remote refrigeration the systems have to be tailor-made for each packs for supermarkets and is now the world’s biggest individual case due to higher ambient tem- and that is for the benefit of our customers peratures in order to be energy efficient. Installer gains market who count 3 of the biggest supermarket manufacturer of transcritical CO2 refrigeration systems. chains in Denmark. The additional investment will be paid back in 1 to 2 years in countries with tax on HFC share on CO CO2 systems are becoming more com- refrigerants (as in Denmark and Norway) 2 petitive in relation to price, due to better and the pay-back time in countries without availability of components. However, the tax will be 3 to 5 years. “It makes sense to refrigeration systems price is still a bit higher compared to HFC invest in CO2 supermarket refrigeration systems. Mr. Gøttsch explains: The exercise systems”, says Mr. Christensen. of reducing CO2 emissions works very well. Every 700 m2 supermarket (typically small The customers are often installers who Mr. Gøttsch says: We were one of the able price, says Mr. Gøttsch. supermarkets) saves the atmosphere 35 deliver cabinets to supermarket chains first companies that started using CO2 in In 2007, we started a co-operation with the tons of CO2 equivalents every year. Most and install all the refrigeration and freezing supermarket systems. In 1998, we built the new company Advansor, and in the spring of the savings come from less HFC from first rather simple system in a small COOP of 2008 the first direct expansion, “tran- leakages. A 700 m2 supermarket with a Production of supermarket refrigeration systems at Advansor. equipment in the supermarket. More than 150 refrigeration technicians have attended supermarket using a cascade system with scritical” CO2 system was installed. This first HFC system will normally have a charge of courses to learn more about the technol- propane on the first step and CO2 on the generation system was rather expensive 85 kg R-404A. The leakage rate is at least The company was founded in 2006 by ried out by sub-suppliers and an indepen- ogy and how to install the systems. second step. It did not work very well, but due to a limited amount of components. 8.5 kg R404A, equivalent to 32 tons of CO2. former employees of Danish Technological dent certification company tests the sy- gave us a lot of experience. During 2009, a second generation of the In addition, the energy savings will reduce Institute and the company now makes 8 stems for leakage at the plant in Aarhus. system was built and the energy efficiency CO2 emissions from power plants. Bigger supermarket refrigeration systems a week. It was followed by another supermarket was improved due to new and better com- supermarkets will reduce more CO2. By the end of 2011, the factory in Aarhus will According to Mr. Christensen the success In Denmark, all new supermarkets are installed system in 2002. At that time, there was very ponents optimized for CO2 systems. with CO refrigeration systems. It is expected have built about 300 supermarket systems of the company is based on high-quality 2 little experience with CO2 in supermarkets and almost 80 % of the systems will have products that are competitive with “normal” that about 500 supermarkets will be equipped and there was only limited access to com- Superkøl has installed more than 100 su- with CO2 systems by the end of 2011. For the EU, Mr. Tom Gøttsch is managing director at been exported to mainly Northern Euro- HFC centralized systems, which formerly the figure will be about 2000 supermarkets by ponents and knowledge. permarket systems with CO2. The company pean countries. were used in supermarkets in Denmark: We has carried out on-line surveillance of about Superkøl, which is the biggest installer the end of 2011. of supermarket refrigeration systems in have optimized the products so they are The method of “trial and error” was applied. 2000 supermarket systems, including both Denmark. Mr. Kim Gardø Christensen, managing direc- competitive and highly efficient. In 2011, the There were no guidelines or available HFC and CO2 systems. tor, tells us that 30 employees currently are price is about 4 to 5 % higher than for simi- training on how to build a CO2 system. In The company has a market share of 35- 40 busy assembling the systems at the 2000 lar HFC systems, but the efficiency is better co-operation with the engineers at Danish Mr. Gøttsch: I can assure you that the %, app. 100 employees and works together m2 production facility and another 25 full- than in HFC systems especially in Northern Technological Institute we had to find solu- second generation transcritical CO2 system with 8 other companies that work as sub- time employees are employed at sub-sup- Europe (about 10 % less energy consump- tions from the very beginning. We did make is more efficient than a similar HFC system. suppliers. In that way, it is possible to cover pliers producing the frames, vessels and the tion) and Central Europe (about 5 % less mistakes on the way, but we found solu- The energy consumption is about 10 % the entire country. system controls. The insulation work is car- energy consumption). In Southern Europe Kim G. Christensen tions that were reliable and had an afford- lower. In addition, the systems are reliable Advansor

6 The Danish road to natural refrigerants The Danish road to natural refrigerants 7 Interview with Mr. Eskild Andersen, Carlsberg Breweries,

Carlsberg: We prefer natural refrigerants!

Carlsberg Breweries is a global company with headquarters in Copenhagen. Carlsberg produces beer at 75 breweries across 3 continents and sells beer in 140 markets around the world.

Cooling is vital for producing beer and Bottle coolers deploys hydrocarbon coolers whenever it Today, most single-door beer coolers in Denmark use Carlsberg has used huge refrigeration Every year, Carlsberg buys thousands of is possible and where educated technicians hydrocarbons and in total more than 9000 HC coolers systems with ammonia for more than a cen- bottle coolers and installs them in super- can service the appliances. Hydrocarbon have been installed. tury. Ammonia is used for process cooling markets, at petrol stations, in kiosks and coolers have proved reliable and Carlsberg in all Carlsberg breweries as it is the most other locations in many countries. It is im- is installing bottle coolers in the Nordic efficient refrigerant according to Group En- portant to offer cold drinks to our custom- countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and vironmental Manager Mr. Eskild Andersen, ers, says Mr. Andersen. We have had great Sweden) and has also started to install them Carlsberg Breweries. Ammonia is a refriger- success with the implementation of bottle in several countries in Europe. We prefer ant with no impact on the ozone layer and coolers with hydrocarbon refrigerant. We natural refrigerants where it is available, it is not a greenhouse gas. Ammonia is participated in a field test in supermarkets reliable, safe and efficient, and so far our inexpensive and the most energy-efficient in Copenhagen and hydrocarbon refrigera- experience has been very good, says Mr. refrigerant for the industrial refrigeration tors used 28 % less energy compared to Andersen. systems at our breweries. Safety is an similar coolers with HFC refrigerant. important issue and has to be considered. We have no problems with safety at our Hydrocarbon bottle coolers are now be- installations, says Mr. Andersen. coming a standard product and Carlsberg Mr. Eskild Andersen Carlsberg Breweries, Copenhagen

8 The Danish road to natural refrigerants The Danish road to natural refrigerants 9 Interview with Mr. Lars Gorzelak, Vestfrost Solutions Interview with Mr. Anders Sjøgaard, Gram Commercial A/S

Professional drink The Danish manufacturer Gram Commercial produces about 30.000 refrigerators and Mr. Lars Gorzelak freezers for professional use per and vaccine cooling Vestfrost Solutions year, and about 85% is exported to mainly UK, Germany, Austria, the , Belgium, Sweden and Norway. The Danish Company Vestfrost Solutions produces refrigerators and freezers for professional use The company has about for soft drinks, beer, wine, pharmaceuticals, blood and vaccines, and has offered coolers and freezers 200 employees. with hydrocarbon refrigerants since 1994 to the domestic market and since 2000 for commercial use. In total, several million units with hydrocarbon refrigerants have been sold since the introduction.

installed at health centers in areas without grid electricity. The SolarChill technology has been developed in a partnership, and Professional kitchens need includes the organizations: WHO, UNICEF, UNEP, PATH, GTZ, Greenpeace International and Danish Technological Institute. professional and natural cooling! Our products are competitive on the global market, and our hydrocarbon coolers use less energy compared to HFC coolers. We conducted a big field test in co-operation Sales director Anders Sjøgaard: We are now most of our customers in Europe (over wegian service technicians have attended a with Carlsberg, Danish Technological using the natural refrigerant hydrocar- 90%) prefer natural refrigerants. 2-day practical course in service work with Institute and the Danish Energy Agency. bons (HC), propane (R290) and isobutane flammable refrigerants at the Technical The SolarChill vaccine cooler built by Vestfrost Solutions. 18 bottle coolers were installed in supermar- (R600a), and our products are placed in top Before 2002, the company annually used College of Jutland. kets in Copenhagen, and the result showed of both the Carbon Trust Energy Technol- about 7.8 tons of HFC refrigerant (7.1 tons The company has 330 employees and 90% recently been awarded for that achieve- 28% less energy consumption for the cool- ogy List for service cabinets and the Danish of R134a and 0.7 tons of R404A), which is Gram Commercial has good experience in of the production is exported to the global ment. ers with natural refrigerants compared to product list for energy efficient food service equivalent to about 12,000 tons of CO2, and using HC refrigerants. This technology has market. the HFC units, says Mr. Gorzelak. cabinets, administered by the Danish En- that has been reduced to almost nothing. proved reliable and energy efficient which The company was also the first company to ergy Saving Trust. Only a few of our customers still prefer HFC has been warmly welcomed on the market. We were the first company to offer bottle introduce the SolarChill vaccine cooler on Vestfrost Solutions offers training of techni- cabinets, primarily due to service issues, Good reliability is the main reason why we coolers with natural refrigerants, and today the global market. The vaccine cooler has cians so they can handle hydrocarbon Mr. Sjøgaard adds: We started developing says Mr. Sjøgaard. can give a 5-year guarantee on our prod- these products have become a great suc- been approved by WHO and is powered refrigerant and service of the units in new the new products in 2000 and the prod- ucts. It is the longest warranty period in the cess for us. We were also the first company directly by photovoltaic panels, using hy- markets. However, that is often not neces- ucts were marketed in Denmark in 2002. He adds: When we started marketing the market. We have experienced growth in our to offer energy optimized open-air impulse drocarbon refrigerant. It has an ice storage sary as technicians already are available They were welcomed by our customers HC products, we had to educate our techni- market share in all major markets, says Mr. sales coolers for soft drinks and energy which can keep the vaccine cold for up to in many countries and they can repair after a field trial showed good results and cians, including the local service personnel Sjøgaard. drinks, says R&D manager Mr. Gorzelak 5 days without any power. Several hun- domestic appliances that use hydrocarbon energy savings. From the beginning, the in the countries where the products are from Vestfrost Solutions. The Company has dreds of SolarChill vaccine coolers are now refrigerants. products were also offered for export, and sold. For instance, several groups of Nor-

10 The Danish road to natural refrigerants The Danish road to natural refrigerants 11 Interview with Mr. Alexander C. Pachai, Johnson Controls International

Chillers with natural refrigerants Hydrocarbon chiller from Bundgaard Køleteknik A/S.

At least two companies in Denmark produce chillers with natural refrigerants. A chiller is a factory-made refrigeration system, which can produce cold water (or liquid) to air-condition big buildings or to cool industrial processes.

The shopping mall ”Fields” in Copenhagen is cooled by ammonia chillers.

Ammonia chillers Copenhagen University Hospital. Ammonia working with refrigerants and that is also is the same as for HFC systems due to the used in other industries such as plastic Johnson Controls International in Denmark chillers also cool the new shopping mall the case for ammonia, says Mr. Pachai. tax on HFC refrigerant in the chillers. The moulding. Almost 100 % of the industrial (formerly known as Sabroe) has produced “Fields” in Copenhagen. payback time for countries without tax is refrigeration systems in Denmark use am- big ammonia chillers for at least 30 years. Chillers with hydrocarbons typically 1 to 2 years says Mr. Pachai. monia as refrigerant. Industrial refrigeration The chillers are placed all over the world In addition, ammonia chillers are used by Two Danish companies (Bundgaard Kølete- systems are built on site, using components with cooling capacities of between 300 kW industry e.g. to cool fermentation processes knik and Johnson Controls International) A number of hydrocarbon-chillers are suited for ammonia refrigeration systems. to 6.5 MW. at the Novo Nordisk insulin production site have started the production of hydrocarbon used to cool the new University Hospital As an example we have built the refrigera- in Denmark. chillers in the medium to larger range (50 in Aarhus (Skejby), and in addition, two tion system at the biggest slaughterhouse According to Mr. Alexander Pachai, Johnson – 400 kW). The two competing companies high-temperature heat pumps produce hot in Scandinavia (Danish Crown in Horsens), Mr. Alexander C. Pachai Controls International, about 200 chillers Ammonia chillers are more expensive than make about 150 units per year, and most water at 80°C using hydrocarbon as work- says Mr. Pachai. Johnson Controls International are produced every year at the site in Den- HFC chillers, but the energy efficiency is of the units are installed in Denmark, but ing fluid. mark. The company has a lot of references much better which gives a short payback exports to e.g. Norway, UK and Germany Some industrial refrigeration systems are and here are some examples: time of additional costs. That will normally have started. Industrial refrigeration systems built as “cascade systems”, consisting of be 2 to 3 years. Ammonia chillers are com- Ammonia has been used in industrial refrig- two stages: ammonia in the high tempera- Ammonia chillers cool terminal buildings at petitive when looking at the total costs, The energy efficiency is better than that eration systems for more than a century, ture stage and CO2 in the low temperature Heathrow Airport in London and at Copen- according to Mr. Pachai. of HFC systems (about 10 %) and the price and ammonia is used in the food industry stage. That is in many cases more efficient hagen Airport. Ammonia chillers are used is about 20 % higher compared to HFC e.g. in slaughterhouses, dairies, breweries and minimizes the amount of ammonia in to cool hospitals, including Rigshospitalet – It is important to use skilled installers when systems. In Denmark and Norway, the price and the fishing industry. Ammonia is also the system.

12 The Danish road to natural refrigerants The Danish road to natural refrigerants 13 Interview with Torben Funder-Kristensen, Head of Public and Industry Affairs, Danfoss Danfoss is ready to supply Info box

F-gases components to environmental F-gases are fluorinated gases (HFCs, PFCs and SF6) which are potent green- house gases. They are covered by the Kyoto Protocol.

The HFCs (HydroFluoroCarbons) are the most important and they are fre- refrigeration systems quently used in the refrigeration industry as the working fluid in the refrigera- tion cycle.

There are many different refrigerants based on HFCs. The most important Danfoss is the world-leading supplier of components are HFC-134a (R134a) and HFC mixtures: R404A, R410A and R407A. The most for the food cold chain. common refrigerants that are based on HFCs have Global Warming Potentials Photo of control valves for CO2-systems from about 1500 to 4000. The baseline is CO2, which has a value of 1.

Natural refrigerants A cold chain is a temperature-controlled refrigeration sector”, says Torben Funder- will be complete within a short time frame”, “New refrigeration technology has to be at Natural refrigerants are substances that can be found in nature’s own cycle, supply chain. It is an uninterrupted series Kristensen, Head of Public and Industry says Mr. Funder-Kristensen. least as efficient as the technology of the e.g. ammonia, hydrocarbons, CO2, water and air. of storage and distribution activities which Affairs. “old” systems. It is our goal to become world None of the refrigerants in the group of natural refrigerants are perfect and maintain a given temperature range. It is Hydrocarbon leaders within the production of compo- they all have technical limitations. Ammonia is toxic in high concentrations, used to help extend and ensure the shelf CO2 Hydrocarbon refrigerants have excellent nents for energy efficient refrigeration hydrocarbons are flammable when mixed with air, CO2 operates at high pres- life and safety of products. The cold chain CO2 was used as refrigerant decades ago thermodynamic properties and are very systems”, says Mr. Funder-Kristensen. sure and has a low critical point, water cannot be used below 0°C and air is covers every aspect from basic farm pro- but was almost forgotten when CFCs were good refrigerants. But hydrocarbons are only an interesting option at very low temperatures below -60°C. duction to processing in the food industry, introduced in the industry. inflammable, and special precautions must Environmental impact cold stores, refrigerated transport at sea be taken. “Danfoss is aware of the environmental Therefore, natural refrigerants have to be chosen with care and one fluid can- not cover all applications. and refrigerated land transport and super- “CO2 as refrigerant is a challenge as the impact from using F-gases and we sup- market refrigeration systems. refrigerant is very different from other “In the 1990s we started to develop com- port the use of refrigerants with low GWP Danish industry has successfully implemented natural refrigerants for a wide refrigerants. The pressure is much higher pressors for hydrocarbons for domestic re- (Global Warming Potential). We also support range of applications and they appear from the examples in this brochure. Ammonia and previously it was relatively expensive to frigerators, and today we market expansion a “phase-down” scheme for F-gases. In Danfoss develops and markets components build CO2 refrigeration systems”, says valves and other components for hydrocar- the future, we will see a range of different for a wide range of refrigerants, including Mr. Funder-Kristensen. bon refrigeration systems, including liquid low GWP refrigerants, including ammonia, HFCs, ammonia, CO2 and hydrocarbons. chillers. Danfoss only delivers components hydrocarbons and CO2,” says Mr. Funder- That has changed due to new materials and to companies and installers that are profes- Kristensen. “Today, we have a full range of components new research: “At this stage, we almost have sionally skilled to handle hydrocarbon refrig- intended for ammonia and Danfoss is the a full program for components for commer- erants. It is very important that the installers world leader of components for ammonia cial refrigeration systems in e.g. supermar- are trained”, says Mr. Funder-Kristensen. refrigeration systems, which often are used kets. We have expansion valves, magnet in e.g. the food industry. In the future, we valves, filters, sight glasses and control Energy efficiency Editor Per Henrik Pedersen, M.Sc., Senior Consultant at will also see smaller ammonia systems systems for both subcritical and transcritical Danfoss pays great attention to energy Torben Funder-Kristensen Danish Technological Institute, conducted the interviews and for new applications, in the commercial CO2 systems, and I suppose the program efficiency. Danfoss wrote the text in this brochure in the summer/autumn of 2011.

14 The Danish road to natural refrigerants The Danish road to natural refrigerants 15 Danish Ministry of the Environment Environmental Protection Agency Strandgade 29 DK-1401 Copenhagen K Denmark

Phone: +45 72 54 40 00 E-mail: [email protected] www.mst.dk