Annual Report 2013 Cover photo: Farming family in their field of local eggplant and bananas, Burundi.

Credit: Bioversity International/P.Lepoint

Download this report at: http://www.bioversityinternational.org/AR13 Table of contents

Global hotspots of agricultural and tree biodiversity 2

Foreword 3

Consume 4 Improved nutrition through sustainable food choices 6 Biodiversity for food and nutrition 7 Big results from small plots: Home gardens in Nepal 8 Preventing micronutrient deficiencies through vitamin A-rich bananas 9

Produce 10 Learning from resilient landscapes 12 Racing to save Colombian mahogany from extinction 13 A pathogen on the move: Fusarium wilt TR4 now in Africa 14 CIALCA: Planting for future growth in the humid tropics 15

Plant 16 Giving farmers choices: ‘Seeds for Needs’ 18 A year for Quinoa 19 Spotlight on forgotten crops 20 Promoting fruit tree diversity in Central Asia 21

Safeguard 22 Custodian farmers: The ‘go-to’ people for agricultural biodiversity 22 Strategic Action Plan for Mesoamerica: A 10-year roadmap 24 Supporting international cooperation in access and benefit sharing of germplasm for climate change adaptation 25 Bananas in the deep freeze: 10 years of cryopreservation 26 What to board on the Ark? 27

Gender special 28 Fellowship examines gender roles in managing forest resources 29

Financial Information 30

Funding Partners 33

Research Partners 35

Bioversity International Scientific Publications 41

Board of Trustees 50

Looking Ahead to 2014 51

Establishment Agreement 52 2 Global hotspots of agricultural and tree biodiversity

Tashkent, Uzbekistan

Heverlee, Belgium Beijing, China

Rome, Italy (HQ) Montpellier, France

New Delhi, India

Pokhara, Nepal

Los Baños, the Philippines

Turrialba, Costa Rica Cali, Colombia Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Cotonou, Benin Yaounde, Cameroon Nairobi, Kenya Kampala, Uganda Serdang, Malaysia Bujumbura, Burundi

≥15 crop species harvested per pixel i ≥1500 vascular plant species per 10,000km2 ii Both

Bioversity International of ces

i Monfreda, C.; Ramankutty, N.; Foley, J.A. (2008). Farming the planet: 2. Geographic distribution of crop areas, yields, physiological types, and net primary production in the year 2000. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22(1): GB1022. ii Barthlott, W.; Kier, G.; Kreft, H.; Küper, W.; Kreft, H.; Mutke, J.; Daud Ra qpoor, M.; Sommer, J.H. (2007). Geographic patterns of vascular plant diversity at continental to global scales. Erdkunde 61(4): 305-315. 3 Foreword

Agricultural biodiversity is the foundation of agriculture. It provides vital options for future generations to attain sustainable global food and nutrition security. For Bioversity International, 2013 has been a memorable year in which we enriched our portfolio with new partnerships and received generous support from many funding partners, including strengthened relationships with Italy and India. We are grateful for the continuous collaboration with our research partners and the hard work of our scientists and support staff.

This year, we launched the ‘Bridging Agriculture and Conservation Initiative’ that brings together thought leaders and global experts, including the UN Environment Programme and the Convention on Biological Diversity, amongst others. The initiative will develop policy and management options to sustainably feed a growing population while ensuring ecosystem function and long-term conservation of biodiversity within agricultural landscapes.

As we look ahead to 2014, in which we celebrate 40 years of research for development in agricultural biodiversity, we invite you to join us to celebrate our achievements during the past year.

Here are some highlights of our work, carried out in collaboration with partners, about how we consume, produce, plant and safeguard agricultural biodiversity.

Consume. Our research on sustainable diets has provided increasing evidence of how food diversity can contribute to healthy diets and how whole food systems can provide people with access to safe, diverse, nutritious and healthy food.

Produce. We developed 20 resilience indicators to help measure the capacity of a community’s landscape to adapt to change while maintaining biodiversity. They also provide a tool for local communities to plan strategies to strengthen their resilience and increase sustainable production.

Plant. Our ‘Seeds for Needs’ initiative is now working with 8,000 farmers around the world, increasing their access to more information on a wider range of crops and varieties that can help them cope with climate variability.

Safeguard. Through our ‘Genetic Resources Policy Initiative’, Rwanda and Nepal have created legal mechanisms to participate in the multilateral system of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, under which countries pool and share the genetic diversity of a range of crops and forages for their sustainable use and conservation, subject to agreed benefit-sharing rules.

This year marked the end of the 10-year leadership of Director General Emile Frison, who continues to play a pivotal role in our organization as an Honorary Research Fellow. We also welcome several new members to the Bioversity International Board of Trustees, and take this opportunity to thank outgoing Board Chair Paul Zuckerman for his strong leadership during his tenure, and all the Board members for their hard work and commitment to the future of our organization.

We hope you enjoy reading about some of our achievements during 2013 in this annual report, and we wish you a productive and prosperous year.

M. Ann Tutwiler Cristián Samper Director General Board Chair diverse, affordable and nutritious diets CONSUME

The World Health Organization estimates that one in every four children under 5 years old suffers from chronic malnutrition. At the same time, 2 billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, and over 1 billion are overweight, with 300 million obese. Bioversity International is helping to address this double burden of malnutrition, by providing evidence on how food diversity can contribute to healthy and sustainable diets.

Here are some highlights from 2013. Farmer harvesting groundnuts in a community field, Ghana. Credit: Bioversity International/C.Zanzanaini 6 Improved nutrition through sustainable food choices

The food choices you make for a healthier you and a healthier ecosystem researcher Céline Termote at the conference on Forests for Food Security must consider nutritional, environmental and cultural trade-offs. In the and Nutrition in May. “Understanding local knowledge on the wealth of same way, choices being made by farmers and manufacturers must ensure plants and animals that people use but are losing is necessary if we are to that food is accessible, affordable, nutritionally adequate and culturally respect and promote diverse food cultures.” acceptable, and respects the environment by optimizing the use of natural In September, Bioversity International and the Daniel and Nina Carasso and human resources. The emerging and exciting research area on Foundation held a symposium Sustainable Food and Diets: From Theory sustainable diets looks at food and food systems, taking into account food to Evidence-based Successful Practice, at the IUCN 20th International diversity and how it can be produced and acquired across all seasons and Congress of Nutrition in Spain. It highlighted our ongoing work to establish under different economic circumstances. a community of practice on metrics and indicators to understand and Research by Bioversity International is contributing to the understanding and quantify the sustainability of food systems – much-needed tools in this promotion of sustainable diets. In particular, we are looking at how whole complex and evolving cross-cutting field. This work has been the basis of food systems – including policies and investments throughout the food active involvement with universities, research organizations, foundations, value chain – can provide people with access to safe, diverse, nutritious and governments and even large food companies. healthy food throughout the year. This represents a shift away from relying on By emphasizing the nutritional qualities and environmental resilience single nutrients or foods to treat nutrient deficiencies, towards using the best of agricultural and forest systems, as well as their cultural relevance, combinations of foods to maintain good nutrition and health over the long term. Bioversity International is leading the way as to how certain combinations In 2013, the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and of many healthy – and sometimes forgotten – foods can secure a safe, Health adopted whole-diet approaches within its research strategy for the culturally appropriate and sustainable food supply for both present and first time. Moreover, Food Tank named Bioversity International in its list, ‘40 future generations. organizations that are shaking up the food system’. This research area contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on “We should put people at the centre of research on sustainable diets Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. as food is an expression of their culture,” said Bioversity International

Forest foods: Sustainable and resilient

The Contribution of Forests to Sustainable Diets was one of seven As a result of these and other issues discussed during the background publications for the international conference on Forests conference, participants developed the policy brief Towards food for Food Security and Nutrition, held in Rome at the Food and security and improved nutrition: Increasing the contribution of forests Agriculture Organization of the UN during May 2013. Co-written and trees, which summarizes their main policy recommendations. by Bioversity International researchers Barbara Vinceti, Céline Termote, Bruce Cogill, Danny Hunter and CGIAR partners, the paper highlighted the potential for trees and forests to contribute to food security and better nutrition.

Affordable, nutritious and culturally important, forest foods can supply the micronutrients, fibres and other key components that have been found to be missing from local diets in several developing countries. And it is not just fruits and nuts: populations around the world consume leaves, mushrooms, roots, insects, wild animals and eggs to complement staple food and as a way to cope during food shortages. This is especially important for rural men and women who often have limited livelihood options.

“But despite these benefits, the reduced access and increasing perception of indigenous foods as old-fashioned or inferior can discourage their consumption,” says Barbara Vinceti. “In order to Forest foods from Cameroon. Credit: Bioversity International/ overcome the issues, there is a need for sustainable management L.Snook and strong awareness-raising campaigns.” 7 Biodiversity for food and nutrition

Launched in 2012, the Global Environment Facility-funded initiative new budgets to assess the nutrient content of 40 promising species of ‘Biodiversity for Food Nutrition’ (B4FN) is finding ways to mainstream Brazilian flora. agricultural biodiversity into national and global policies and programmes The revision of the NBSAP is bringing together different sectors that do tackling nutrition and food security. not normally work together, with B4FN partners firmly integrated into B4FN is working to address growing concerns over the rapid disappearance this process. But this approach also brings challenges. Camilla Oliveira, of traditional crops and wild species by promoting and lobbying for the use Environment Analyst for the Ministry of the Environment of Brazil and of nutritionally promising species, as well as by documenting the knowledge national B4FN manager explains: “One big challenge is that many associated with the preparation, storage and cultural use of these foods. programmes in Brazil have a relationship with the B4FN project but don’t It is led by four countries – Brazil, Kenya, Sri Lanka and Turkey – with integrate well. We need to integrate and learn from best practice and implementation support from the United Nations Environment Programme avoid duplication of effort and we need a policy framework and platforms (UNEP) and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO). for enhancing biodiversity conservation.”

This year, Brazil took great strides to promote the enhanced use of In March, Bioversity International marked another milestone for the B4FN biodiversity for food and nutrition while effectively meeting national initiative with the publication Diversifying Food and Diets – Using Agricultural obligations as a party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) to Biodiversity to Improve Nutrition and Health (see box below). revise its National Biodiversity and Action Plan (NBSAP) by 2015. Building The Biodiversity for Food and Nutrition Initiative is coordinated by on the country’s 2012–2015 multi-year development plan, six national Bioversity International and contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on ministries and various institutes analyzed gaps between the development Agriculture for Nutrition and Health. and biodiversity plans, identifying new partnerships and making available

Diversifying food and diets for improved nutrition and health

A new book, Diversifying Food and Diets: Using Agricultural state of knowledge on agricultural biodiversity and how it can Biodiversity to Improve Nutrition and Food Security, explores the be used to improve people’s well-being and food and nutrition latest research on the role of agricultural biodiversity in improving security. The series identifies research gaps, summarizes lessons diets, nutrition and food security. It identifies research and learned and offers recommendations for future research and implementation gaps that need to be addressed to promote the development planning. better use of agricultural biodiversity in food-based approaches that tackle malnutrition and food security. It also includes 12 case studies from around the world that showcase success stories.

Diversifying Food and Diets includes forewords by Braulio Dias, Executive Secretary for the Convention on Biological Diversity, and United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Right to Food, Olivier De Schutter, who comments: “This book is important and deserves a wide readership. Only once governments are convinced of the importance of agricultural biodiversity shall they implement the policies that are urgently required to move away from the direction of agricultural development that is dominant today.”

Danny Hunter, Bioversity International scientist and co-editor of the book series comments: “It is essential to understand how the global agricultural system and the benefits derived from agricultural biodiversity influence the drivers of global dietary consumption patterns, nutrition and health status, in particular in the developing world … As this book highlights, local biodiversity has the potential for contributing to food security and nutrition, as well as for enhancing There are now six books in the series, on topics including adaptation to global climate change.” conservation of genetic resources and the social, policy and legal Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity, a book series published by aspects of managing biodiversity in agriculture. All are available for Earthscan/Routledge in association with Bioversity International, free download from the Bioversity International website. More book is the only series of its kind devoted to reviewing the current titles will be published in the near future. Diversity of vegetables produced in home gardens, Nepal. Credit: LI-BIRD/ A.Subedi

Big results from small plots: Home gardens in Nepal

Home gardens play a big role when it comes to improving dietary Thanks to the project interventions, home gardeners saw their yields diversity, bringing in extra income, and improving family well-being nearly triple from 300kg per year to as much as 900kg per year in some through the use and conservation of biodiversity. Often part of a larger households. More households were selling their garden products as well. farming system, they are usually tended by rural women, who manage Biodiversity increased in the home gardens of participating households, to coax from the soil a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, herbs, medicinal with 66 species under cultivation as compared to fewer than 40 species plants, flowers, fodder and even building materials. Yet these productive before the project began. Farmers now maintain higher plant diversity on gardens are often overlooked by mainstream policy and agricultural farms and cultivate a greater range of plant groups – vegetables, fruits, development priorities when assessing the nutritional diversity and spices, medicinal herbs, fodder and ornamentals – and a larger variety livelihood options of poor rural communities. of different vegetables. Participating households doubled their overall consumption of produce, including the amount of green leafy vegetables, With support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, and have increased their intake of vitamin A-rich foods like mango and Bioversity International started a home garden initiative in Nepal in 2002 papaya by 36%. to study how these small plots contribute to biodiversity, food security, nutrition and household income. Working with Local Initiatives for After the successful scaling up of the project in 16 districts with Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) and other partners such our partners – the Center for Environmental and Agricultural Policy as the Department of Agriculture, we aimed to understand the scientific Research, Extension and Development; Tuki Association Sunkoshi; Rural basis of the management of agricultural biodiversity in home garden Development Tuki Association, Dolakha and Group of Helping Hands ecosystems in Nepal – a true agricultural biodiversity hotspot. (SAHAS) Nepal – the Government of Nepal is now planning to mainstream the home garden initiative in 20 districts as part of its efforts towards Towards the end of the third phase of the project in 2013, a thorough achieving the Millennium Development Goals. LI-BIRD has integrated impact assessment study was conducted in two districts to analyze home gardening in all its projects to contribute to women’s empowerment changes in livelihood, nutrition and homestead biodiversity, both in and family well-being. participating homes and control groups. 9 Preventing micronutrient deficiencies through vitamin A-rich bananas

Vitamin A deficiency is a common nutrition problem throughout the world, The trials have shown that five of the cultivars have great variability in and severe deficiency is the leading cause of acquired blindness in provitamin A content across the different growing conditions. When ripe children and increased mortality from diarrhoeal diseases. Bananas could and raw, the selected cultivars have significantly higher levels of vitamin A hold the key to preventing vitamin A deficiency in places where they are than other varieties. Importantly, six out of nine cultivars are able to meet consumed as a staple food. more than the daily recommended vitamin A content for children aged 1–3 years – a level similar to that of Pacific cultivars. Studies on vitamin A-rich banana varieties from the Pacific show that eating just one banana a day can provide the entire requirement of provitamin A Testing for acceptability of the cultivars involves groups of equal numbers carotenoids – the precursors used by the body to produce vitamin A. of men and women trying different recipes to create local dishes. Dishes are scored using various attributes such as taste, aroma and appearance. To date, we have screened more than 400 banana cultivars for elevated So far, six new nutrient-rich cultivars have been rated as equal to or better nutrient content, and 12 cultivars show promise for their content of than local varieties, with five new cultivars planned to be officially released provitamin A carotenoids. These varieties, originally from the Pacific, are in Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo next year. now undergoing trials in Eastern Africa to see how they perform under different agroecological conditions, both to measure their nutrient content This research contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture at different stages of ripening and to see if local communities will accept for Nutrition and Health and the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers them as part of their diet. and Bananas.

Diverse banana varieties for sale in Uganda. Credit: concretedreams.be, courtesy of Musarama in sustainable, resilient and productive farms and landscapes PRODUCE

Many farming communities depend on ecosystem services and agricultural biodiversity for their livelihoods – yet that diversity faces threats from changes in land use, habitat destruction and climate change. Bioversity International is helping to increase scientific understanding of the value of ecosystem processes for agriculture and human well- being, taking into account insights from traditional knowledge.

Here are some highlights from 2013. Diverse agricultural ecosystem in Palani Hills, India. Credit: Bioversity International/A.Vezina, courtesy of Musarama 12 Learning from resilient landscapes

Socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes are areas of mixed and translators are essential, and the language must be tailored to the land-use patterns, including villages and farmland adjacent to forests, community’s context. grasslands, wetlands or coastal areas. Shaped over centuries by human- The indicators are being refined in the field to develop a user-friendly toolkit nature interactions, these landscapes have proven they are sustainable, that will be launched later in 2014, and a forthcoming paper by Bioversity maintaining their biodiversity while providing humans with goods and International will compare results from the different field test sites. services needed for their well-being. This work is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and To understand what makes these landscapes resilient and to help Ecosystems. communities continue to adapt to new changes, Bioversity International and the United Nations University-Institute of Advanced Study of Sustainability developed a set of 20 indicators of resilience as a collaborative activity under the International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative. Ecosystem services: How scales affect These indicators help measure a landscape’s capacity to adapt to change management planning by providing a tool for local communities to plan strategies to strengthen their resilience. The indicators are spread over five broad categories: Pollination, pest control, clean water, erosion reduction and flood landscape/seascape diversity and ecosystem protection; biodiversity prevention – these are all ecosystem services that contribute to human well-being. (including agricultural biodiversity), knowledge and innovation; landscape/ seascape governance and social equity; livelihoods and well-being. But not all ecosystem services are produced or consumed at the same scale, and many are provided by ecological drivers at “One unusual thing about our indicators is that rather than focusing on multiple scales. Some ecosystem services, such as soil nutrient eco-biological traits – species, habitats, etc. – they are more holistic, and cycling, are very local – they can be directly affected by the actions of farmers, who are often the primary beneficiaries of emphasize the need for strong institutions to support communities and their actions. Water storage and purification, on the other hand, enhance resilience,” says Pablo Eyzaguirre, lead scientist of the Bioversity are affected by many users and across a larger area, such as a International research team. river basin. Action plans such as reforestation, riverside forest conservation or agroforestry systems can improve water storage Because they also include social and economic aspects, the indicators are and filtration. But to be effective, these interventions need to better accepted by communities. “They find the link between conservation be executed and coordinated at a greater scale, with benefits manifested over a longer time period. To summarize, various lags and socio-economic issues more relevant for them,” says Diana Salvemini, in time and space exist between the production and consumption coordinator of the United Nations Development Programme’s ‘Community of different ecosystem services. Development and Knowledge Management for the Satoyama Initiative’ To show how these differences can complicate governance (COMDEKS) project. options, Bioversity International scientists and partners recently published a paper emphasizing the importance of matching COMDEKS has been piloting the indicators in 20 countries since 2011, and ecological, social and governance scales when developing Bioversity International has conducted its own field tests in Bolivia, Cuba, incentive mechanisms for ecosystem-service management.

Kenya and Nepal with the help of local NGOs such as Local Initiatives for The science from the paper was also used to develop the concept Biodiversity, Research and Development (LI-BIRD) and Fundación para la for a video game that helps people understand how appropriate, Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA). New insights adaptive management of agricultural ecosystems can improve the delivery of ecosystem services across different scales. on how to make communities and landscapes more resilient have already come out of the trials.

The indicators have been well received by participants, but their success is clearly dependant on external factors: for instance, good facilitators 13 Racing to save Colombian mahogany from extinction

Ecosystem restoration is now a global priority. It contributes to biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and adaptation, and helps combat Minimum requirements for genetic desertification. Forests that have been cut down for mining, agriculture or conservation units of forest trees other reasons are clear targets for restoration, but genetic quality or diversity is often overlooked in the selection of replacement species. in Europe Assessing conservation of forest genetic resources in Europe This is a major oversight. Deforested areas often exhibit harsh environmental is hampered by the fact that the distribution ranges of many conditions that make it difficult for seedlings to survive. The success of European forest trees extend across large geographical areas restoration initiatives hinges on the careful choice and combination of tree and cover many countries with diverse forest management species with particular genetic qualities – such as native tree species. Native traditions and practices. Because of this, it is difficult to identify gaps in conservation efforts and to develop genetic conservation species are not only more likely to thrive in their original environment, they strategies for forest trees at the pan-European level. can also provide ecosystem services and support local livelihoods. A new article ‘Translating conservation genetics into management: Abarco, also known as Colombian mahogany, is critically endangered in Pan-European minimum requirements for dynamic conservation Colombia. Originally widespread in the northern Colombian lowland, abarco’s units of forest tree genetic diversity’, written by experts from the European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN), exceptional sturdiness made it a prime target in the construction industry. which is hosted by Bioversity International, offers solutions to It has been identified by the International Tropical Timber Organization as these problems. In this paper, EUFORGEN experts present a promising species for enrichment planting in the restoration of degraded minimum requirements for implementing genetic conservation of forest trees in a coordinated manner across different countries primary forests. Now, more than 80% of the original populations are gone. and situations. They are based on a dynamic conservation In 2013, Bioversity International collaborated with the Colombian company approach that aims to maintain evolutionary processes and adaptive potential across generations, instead of preserving Forestpa and the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research a static sample of genetic diversity. Currently 34 countries Institute to safeguard the genetic base of the few remaining Colombian are applying the minimum requirements through practical abarco populations, and to conserve enough of the abarco to permit its conservation work. This article provides other regions with a useful example on how regional collaboration can foster the large-scale sustainable use in Colombia and abroad. conservation of forest genetic resources.

So far the researchers managed to sample 12 populations across The minimum requirements were developed as part of a project Colombia and collect 250 individuals for genetic characterization. They entitled ‘Establishment of a European Information System on are halfway through the development of genetic markers for the species, Forest Genetic Resources’, based on the earlier work done by EUFORGEN networks. The project was coordinated by and have measured several characteristics at the tree and population Bioversity International and implemented in collaboration with level. Branch material has been collected from 80 elite individuals for the EUFORGEN member and associated countries. It received vegetative propagation. co-funding from the Directorate-General for Agriculture and Rural Development of the European Commission. This work is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry.

Native abarco in Colombian forest. Credit: Bioversity International/ C.Alcazar Caisedo 14 A pathogen on the move: Fusarium wilt TR4 now in Africa

In late 2013, fusarium wilt tropical race 4 (TR4) was found for the first time Cavendish cultivars and the plants take longer to bear fruit, it is a sweeter in Africa. Widely considered to be one of the most devastating diseases banana and has been well received by farmers who have successfully in agricultural history, fusarium wilt (also known as ‘Panama disease’) exported the variety. The next step is to increase the production of has wreaked havoc on the commercial banana industry for decades. It is planting material and to collaborate with the private sector to help lethal, persistent and attacks a wide range of hosts. farmers meet the growing demand for GCTCV 219.

Now TR4 is threatening the Cavendish subgroup of bananas, the most In 2011–2012, anticipating the possibility that the disease might make widely grown group of bananas for international trade and domestic use. the jump to Africa, we started looking at how African bananas would While it is a serious threat for large-scale producers, TR4 causes problems react to the virulent fungal strain. The tests showed promise: East African particularly for smallholder farmers who grow Cavendish bananas, as they highland bananas were less affected by the disease in field trials in China lack the technical and financial resources to cope with such epidemics. and the Philippines. Unlike large-scale producers, they don’t have the option of relocating Preventing the spread of TR4 is paramount. If it were to reach Latin when their farms become severely infested. America – the world’s largest exporter of bananas – it would devastate Bioversity International is researching ways to prevent the spread of both commercial exporters and related local economies. To raise TR4, as well as disease management strategies, including the use of awareness of the disease, we organized 11 workshops on quarantine resistant cultivars. pests with an emphasis on TR4, as part of the contingency plan for TR4 published by OIRSA (see box, below). In 2013, we conducted field trials in the Philippines on a resistant type of Cavendish from Taiwan known as GCTCV 219, which is helping to This work is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and safeguard the livelihoods of TR4-affected smallholders. Although the Bananas and is supported by the Global Crop Diversity Trust and the bunches of GCTCV 219 are slightly smaller than those of the most popular Philippines Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Agricultural Research.

Banana cultivar infected with fusarium wilt, Australia. Credit: B.Cassey, courtesy of Musarama First ever banana crop contingency plan published

In 2013, the Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA), an international organization for plant and animal health in nine Mesoamerican and Caribbean countries, published the first contingency plan for banana production in Latin America.

The TR4 fusarium strain is now considered the greatest threat to banana production. After cutting a swath through Southeast Asia’s Cavendish banana plantations, TR4 was recently found in Jordan and Mozambique (see main story, above). So far, it has not been detected in Latin America, but its threat is of greatest concern to these countries, which represent 80% of global banana export and are host to cultivars susceptible to TR4. An outbreak of the disease could have devastating impacts on the livelihoods and food security of millions of people.

The contingency plan outlines what countries need to do to identify, eradicate, contain and/or properly handle any case of TR4. Lead author Miguel Dita, scientist with Bioversity International, along with Plutarco Elías Echegoyen Ramos of OIRSA and Luis Fernando Perez Vicente of the Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal in Cuba and an honorary researcher with Bioversity International, structured the plan according to existing plant health standards. The publication details the steps to be followed in the event of a suspected or confirmed TR4 case, and offers guidance on how to organize and run eradication and containment/deletion programmes. Intercropping of banana and beans on farmers’ field to mitigate banana xanthomonas wilt, Burundi. Credit: Bioversity International/P.Lepoint

CIALCA: Planting for future growth in the humid tropics

After seven years of delivering agricultural technologies to family farmers, helped increase household incomes and protein intake, improved farm the Consortium for Improving Agriculture-based Livelihoods in Central productivity and created demand for new agricultural technologies. CIALCA Africa (CIALCA) merged its activities with the CGIAR Research Program on also strengthened national scientific capacity, engaging and supporting 20 Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics (Humidtropics) in 2013. The CIALCA PhD and more than 30 MSc students in CIALCA research. Several CIALCA partnership developed over 30 technical and management innovations for alumni now hold senior public positions in their respective countries, farmers in Burundi, Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. providing new vision and leadership in agricultural research management, and contributing to the development of home-grown solutions to national CIALCA was an inclusive research-for-development partnership spearheaded agricultural challenges. by Bioversity International, the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA). Upstream A 2011 study of the programme’s organizational model found it to be highly scientific input was provided by Universities UCL and KU Leuven in Belgium, organic and adaptable to local contexts. Importantly, partners felt entrusted and there was strong collaboration with national research and development with ownership and treated as equals, increasing their enthusiasm for institutes. Bioversity International contributed cutting-edge research on engaging in joint innovation and learning. banana diseases (banana xanthomonas wilt, banana bunchy top disease CIALCA has shown that agricultural research can provide insights and and fusarium wilt), banana agronomy, nutrition and Musa germplasm innovations that guide investments in a more food-secure future. In the characterization in the Congo Basin. Project innovations were packaged and years to come, Humidtropics will build on CIALCA’s achievements to further scaled out to development partners through the Bioversity International-led reduce household vulnerability to climatic shocks, high food prices, crop Knowledge Resource Centre based in Bujumbura, Burundi. pests and diseases, and declining soil fertility. CIALCA’s research investments in agricultural system productivity and resilience have paid off: impact assessments have found the programme a diversity of quality seeds and other planting materials PLANT

Farm households and rural communities are increasingly dealing with environmental changes such as shifting weather patterns and land degradation – increasing access to a diverse range of quality seeds and planting material can help them cope better. Bioversity International is carrying out research to give farmers access to a greater range of quality planting material, including important neglected, underutilized and wild species.

Here are some highlights from 2013. Quinoa variety in Peru. Credit: Bioversity International/ A.Camacho 18 Giving farmers choices: ‘Seeds for Needs’

“Earlier we used to have only a few choices in wheat and rice farming. In most cases, women involved are responsible for their own trials or are With Bioversity, we came to know how many types are available for our part of a women’s group. use and some of them are really performing better than our regular ones,” Four ‘Seeds for Needs’ policy briefs were published in 2013 for East says one Indian farmer, describing how Bioversity International’s ‘Seeds for Africa, with major results and policy recommendations. Five countries – Needs’ initiative has introduced him to more crop varieties. Cambodia, Colombia, Honduras, Laos, Rwanda and Uganda – joined the The idea behind ‘Seeds for Needs’ is simple: farmers who have access to initiative in 2013. more information and a wider range of crops and varieties can make better This work contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, decisions based on their knowledge of local conditions – and can better Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS). cope with climate variability.

In recent years, the initiative has adopted a crowdsourcing approach, where local farmers become citizen scientists. Each farmer grows a different combination of three varieties drawn from a broader set of ten. Closing the weather data gap with The farmer then ranks them according to different characteristics such as early vigour, yield and culinary quality. Researchers then combine the iButtons rankings and share the results with the farmers so that they can identify iButtons are small, steel-encased computer chips that can record the best varieties for their conditions and preferences. The approach temperature and relative humidity. Economical and user-friendly, these coin-sized weather sensors are rugged enough to withstand was launched in 2011 in India with 30 farmers. News spread by word of harsh environments, and can be set up in the field to monitor mouth, and there are now over 5,000 citizen farmers in the country, joining weather conditions over time. They are especially useful for another 3,000 around the world. investigating microclimates in hilly areas, where local weather data can fluctuate drastically over short distances. Capacity strengthening is another key aspect of the initiative. Farmers Bioversity International scientists are using iButtons to are trained in data collection, cultivation practices and seed saving characterize local climates as part of the ‘Seeds for Needs’ techniques. As of 2013, the initiative is also training partners and initiative (see main story, opposite) across East Africa, Latin extension agents in GIS climate modelling (see box below). The year America, and South and Southeast Asia. Using iButton data in also marked the launch of iButtons (see box opposite) to measure combination with farmers’ observations, researchers are getting a more complete picture of the climate adaptation capabilities of local temperature and humidity in farmers’ fields to correlate with crop different varieties and crops. performance (such as frost or heat resistance). Finally, ‘ClimMob’, a In 2013, we published the manual Collecting weather data in the field computer program that analyzes data and processes the feedback from with high spatial and temporal resolution using iButtons, by Bioversity and for farmers, will be released in 2014. International scientists Sarika Mittra, Jacob van Etten and Tito Franco. The manual, which is also available in Spanish, describes in Both men and women are involved in the research, with household detail how to use iButtons for research purposes in the field. surveys and focus groups being conducted together and/or separately.

Enhancing capacity to build resilient seed systems

Bioversity International is strengthening the capacity of its partners participated in a long-term training programme, and nearly to use climate monitoring and modelling tools for crop adaptation, 4,500 trainees – an equal number of men and women – attended as well as international information systems to identify potentially 33 short programmes on climate-smart agriculture. The short useful germplasm. Workshops are ongoing, and we have also been programmes included farmers, scientists and extension specialists developing various training materials over the year. from over ten countries, including Bolivia, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Nepal and Tanzania. We are currently finalizing a resource kit on resilient seed systems, featuring a series of research processes that countries need to carry To date, about 100 researchers, genebank managers and extension out in order to identify, acquire, test with farmers, conserve and agents have also been trained in the use of GIS and climate modelling evaluate seeds that are adapted to climate change. tools and techniques applied to crop experimentation.

In collaboration with CCAFS, we trained partners in the use of This training relates to the ‘Seeds for Needs’ initiative (see main text, new monitoring and modelling tools for climate change adaptation above) and our policy work with the International Treaty on Plant for different crops, including underused ones. Thirteen scientists Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. 19 A year for Quinoa

The United Nations designated 2013 as the International Year of Quinoa. Quinoa is an ancient crop that has been cultivated for centuries in the Andean New book puts the spotlight on region of South America. It is high in protein, contains all of the essential Andean ‘super grains’ amino acids and it is also rich in minerals, fatty acids and vitamins. The International Year represented a great opportunity to raise awareness of how Launched at the Fourth World Congress on Quinoa held in 2013 in quinoa can help fight food and nutrition insecurity and help eradicate poverty. Ibarra, Ecuador, the book Biodiversity of andean grains: Balancing market potential and sustainable livelihoods focuses on the Bioversity International and partners have been researching quinoa and Andean ‘super grains’ – quinoa, amaranth and cañahua. These highly nutritious and resilient crops are important for the food and other Andean grains for over a decade. This work has provided a better nutrition security of people of the Americas and the world. The understanding of the genetic diversity of these crops and their conservation book launch was part of celebrations for the 2013 International status, and has developed methods, approaches and tools to enhance their Year of Quinoa. use to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmer communities. “With this book, we hope to provide food for thought on the occasion of the UN 2013 International Year of Quinoa, and serve In July 2013, Bioversity International participated in the Fourth World as guidance for the future promotion of the currently underutilized Congress on Quinoa and the First Symposium on Andean Grains in crops,” says co-author Stefano Padulosi, Senior Scientist at Ecuador. The symposium examined how Andean grains such as quinoa Bioversity International. can improve nutrition and boost incomes, as well as ways to better In the book, Padulosi and other authors examine the current use conserve crop diversity through farmer incentives. Two publications were of these grains from the perspective of smallholder farmers and also launched by Bioversity International at the event, Biodiversity of researchers, highlighting the trade-offs involved in the transition from traditional to commercial agricultural systems. They also andean grains: Balancing market potential and sustainable livelihoods and address research gaps in assessing local knowledge related to Descriptors for quinoa and its wild relatives. super grains, as well as in their commercial value, taking into account the livelihood assets of local communities. We also unveiled a travelling exhibition on quinoa to mark the International Year at the symposium. ‘Quinoa: From the Andes to the World’ is an exhibition that tells the story of the origin, history, characteristics and current state of quinoa. It also highlights sustainable ways to realize the full potential of the crop through new products to improve livelihoods for Andean Updated descriptors for quinoa and its communities. Created in several languages, it was also displayed at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO) as part of World Food Day wild relatives celebrations, as well as at international food fairs in Germany. The exhibition In 2013, as part of activities to mark the 2013 International Year of will continue to be used to raise awareness and promote quinoa cultivation Quinoa, Bioversity International and FAO released Descriptors for and consumption. quinoa and its wild relatives in Spanish and English. This work is a revision of the original descriptors list published by These activities are part of the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Bioversity International in 1981, which provided a minimum set of Institutions and Markets and are supported by the International Fund for key descriptors for characterization and use, including nutritional Agricultural Development (IFAD) and Bundesministerium für wirtschaftliche aspects. The 2013 revision, which now includes quinoa wild relatives, aims to contribute to studies focusing on the analysis of Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ)/Deutsche Gesellschaft für genetic diversity, germplasm management, the definition of new Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). varieties and useful traits for crop improvement. During the review process, more than 50 quinoa scientists from 11 countries and different organizations provided their expert advice.

Descriptors provide an international language for exchanging data on plant genetic resources, allowing researchers across the globe to describe, store, manage and share information about their plant resources, whether they are stored in genebanks or grown in the field. More than 100 crop descriptors are now available.

The 2013 publication is a result of collaboration with Fundación para la Promoción e Investigación de Productos Andinos (PROINPA), the Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agropecuaria y Forestal and IFAD, with the financial support of the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation through the Semillas Andinas project.

Andean grains in Peru. Credit: Bioversity International/A.Camacho 20 Spotlight on forgotten crops

This year neglected and underutilized species found the spotlight: 2013 was chilli diversity. While chilli pepper is not an underutilized crop as such, designated the UN International Year of Quinoa (see related story, page 19), it is little studied and its diversity holds market potential for smallholder and Professor M.S. Swaminathan, World Food Prize laureate, called for the producers. There is also growing interest from food companies as United Nations to devote a year to the world’s “forgotten crops”. consumers demand more exotic and spicy flavours. Work to collect and characterize chilli varieties stored in genebanks carried out in Bolivia and Neglected and underutilized species (NUS) are species that have fallen Peru assessed commercially valuable traits to identify the most promising under the radar of mainstream research and development, which typically varieties. Improved cultivation practices, harvest and post-harvest methods focuses on just a few staple crops – rice, wheat and maize. This lack of were developed, and innovative value-added products such as jams and a attention means their potential value is often underestimated. This in turn speciality cheese were successfully commercialized. leads to their marginalization, reduced use and ultimate disappearance from the market and our tables. Yet these species are often better adapted to Bioversity International has worked with partners on NUS for over 10 years, cultivation on marginal lands and in changing climates, are more nutritious, contributing to a better understanding of their genetic diversity, as well and require less pesticide and fertilizer than their staple counterparts. as further determining their conservation status, traditional and potential uses, and potential contribution to the livelihoods of smallholder farming The 3rd International Conference on Neglected and Underutilized Species communities. We also advocate for policies to support the conservation and – for a Food-secure Africa, which took place in Accra, Ghana, in September, sustainable use of these crops in many countries. was co-organized by Bioversity International. Participants from 36 countries shared research results and debated policy issues around the resilience of Work in this area is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, agricultural and livelihood systems, developing value chains and creating an Institutes and Markets and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, enabling policy environment. Agriculture and Food Security, and is supported by IFAD and BMZ/GIZ.

In 2013, we also saw the completion of a 3-year initiative to assess the market potential of chilli pepper in Peru and Bolivia – home to the world’s

Pinchoto de Mono capsicum variety in Peru. Credit: CIDRA/L.Quiñonez Harvesting apples in Kyrgyzstan. Credit: K.Turgunbaev

Promoting fruit tree diversity in Central Asia

Apple, apricot, almond, cherry, grape, pistachio and walnut are some of the led to better produce, market linkages and the establishment of farmer many temperate fruit trees that originated in Central Asia. Yielding fruit and associations that have improved local incomes and livelihoods. nuts even on poor land, these perennial trees can transform the surrounding One unexpected benefit was seen in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, where landscape to encourage the growth of other crops. They are also culturally, areas planted with traditional varieties have helped to restore degraded nutritionally and economically vital to the region. lands. This is now being researched further in new projects in the region. Bioversity International is promoting the in situ conservation (on farm and In 2013, the Convention on Biological Diversity recognized a publication in the wild) of biodiversity in fruit tree species in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, developed by Bioversity International, Guidelines: Access and benefit sharing Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Our goal is to help conserve in research projects, as an important tool to help countries and policymakers the wild relatives of native fruit crop species, improve farmers’ access to implement the Nagoya Protocol. germplasm, land and water resources, and explore ways in which farmers who conserve genetic resources in situ can share in the benefits derived Gender-specific knowledge is a key aspect of work with fruit trees in from their use. Central Asia (see story in Gender, page 29). Through gender-responsive participatory research in two villages in Kyrgyzstan, we found that Since this UNEP-GEF-funded project was launched in 2006, Bioversity women of varying ages hold significant knowledge that can contribute to International has been helping to strengthen the capacity of farmers biodiversity conservation. Engaging both women and men in participatory in agronomic techniques, improving their access to varieties through research allows for knowledge sharing within the community as well as nurseries, and pushing for benefit-sharing policies. In 2013, the project with researchers. launched its website. This work contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land Over 50 fruit tree nurseries have been established to date, producing and Ecosystems, and the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees more than 1.5 million traditional variety seedlings annually of apple, grape, and Agroforestry. pomegranate and other fruit and nut trees. The project trains 300 farmers each year in soil, water and crop management practices. All of this has priority agricultural biodiversity for current and future needs SAFEGUARD

The reduction of agricultural biodiversity in global food systems is an increasing concern. During the last two decades, policymakers and scientists have recognized the complementary roles of conservation in genebanks, on farm and in the wild to safeguard vital agricultural biodiversity. Bioversity International promotes global actions to conserve, assess and monitor priority agricultural biodiversity, and provides information on priority traits of useful crop and tree species.

Here are some highlights from 2013. Custodian farmers: The ‘go-to’ people for agricultural biodiversity

Supporting custodian farmers is a big part of many of Bioversity he resisted planting his family plot with the cash crop betel nut, choosing International’s conservation and availability initiatives, both on farm and in instead to invest in a fruit for which his family has a deep cultural the wild. Custodian farmers are defined as “those farmers (men and women) attachment. “Since ‘appe mango’ is a delicacy in our daily meals, I have who actively maintain, adapt and disseminate agricultural biodiversity and been naturally inclined to conserve more of the traditional varieties of this related knowledge, over time and space, at farm and community levels and species,” he explains. His wife, Bharathi Hegde, produces a brand of ‘appe’ are recognized by community members for it”. mango pickle for local markets as part of a community self-help group.

In 2013, three workshops were held with partners in Bolivia, India and Nepal Although we strive to include more women in the list of custodian farmers, to share this definition of custodian farmers, to bring these farmers together many find it difficult to leave their household responsibilities to travel to to share experiences and knowledge, and to discuss their roles, challenges workshops. Efforts are currently under way to identify and support more and needs in order to strengthen on-farm conservation. Bioversity custodian farmers (both men and women) in Asia and Latin America. International published this definition in a publication featuring 20 custodian Supporting farmers through capacity building and improving access to farmers from South and Southeast Asia. agricultural biodiversity through community seedbanks and nurseries is Custodian farmers are also being supported through initiatives such as the prevalent in much of our work, including with temperate fruit trees in Central UNEP-GEF ‘Conservation and sustainable use of cultivated and wild tropical Asia (see story in Plant section, page 21) and Andean grains in Latin America fruit diversity’ project, which works to strengthen the capacity of farmers (see story in Plant section, page 19). through community-based management. This research is part of the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Dattatreya Hegde, a farmer in a remote village of India’s forest-rich Agroforestry, the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Karnataka state, was elected as the Custodian Farmers’ Ambassador for Markets and the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture, Climate Change 2013. Having shown an interest in diversifying fruit crops since childhood, and Food Security.

Custodian farmer in Malaysia shows off langsat variety. Credit: MARDI/Salma I. 24 Strategic Action Plan for Mesoamerica: A 10-year roadmap

Bringing more than 100 regional stakeholders together, Bioversity “Not only are we creating alliances between different sectors,” says Juanita International and partners have spent over a year gathering data and Chaves from ITPGRFA, “but the SAPM is saying that you have to be more discussing how the agriculturally biodiverse region of Mesoamerica can consistent with each other, strengthen capacity, and improve not only the best use its plant genetic resources to adapt to climate change. The result collection and understanding of your genetic resources, but also document is a strategic action plan that is now available in both English and Spanish: it better and make that information open access.” SAPM – Strategic action plan to strengthen conservation and use of The SAPM is one of Bioversity International’s main contributions to Mesoamerican plant genetic resources in adapting agriculture to climate supporting the implementation of the ITPGRFA in the Americas (see change. opposite). It also contributes to CCAFS – the CGIAR Research Program on The Strategic Action Plan for Mesoamerica (SAPM) has been adopted by Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security. the Ministers of Agriculture who make up the Central American Agricultural Council, and the Director General of the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture (IICA) pledged support for its implementation. In fact, IICA has already begun to implement actions included in the SAPM, and its Programme on Agriculture, Natural Resources Management and Climate Change has emphasized that the SAPM will guide their actions regarding plant genetic resources for food and agriculture over the next 10 years. The plan is also influencing the development of the national seed legislation of Guatemala, and several projects of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA).

This rapid uptake of the SAPM by policymakers, regional organizations, NGOs and others is attributed to the plan’s inclusive consultation process and scientific assessment, which included geospatial analysis, genebank questionnaires, relevant policy reviews and farmer consultations to understand the status of ex situ, in situ and on-farm conservation of plant genetic resources. The geospatial analysis resulted in more than 3,000 maps of 384 cultivated species and their wild relatives.

The unprecedented consultation process invited representatives from multiple sectors of national governments, universities, regional and international agriculture organizations, farmers, civil society and donors from all countries in the region. Some were not even aware that they were stakeholders until they were invited.

A selection of common bean varieties from Latin America. Credit: Bioversity International/J.Corondel 25 Supporting international cooperation in access and benefit sharing of germplasm for climate change adaptation

Climate change is already forcing farmers around the world to find sharing under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food substitutes for currently grown crop varieties that cannot tolerate changing and Agriculture (ITPGRFA). Through the multilateral system, the 130 member weather conditions. One approach is to look for varieties and species that states of the ITPGRFA have pledged to pool and share the genetic diversity of have evolved under climatic conditions that are similar to the ‘new normal’. a range of crops and forages for the purposes of conservation, plant breeding This calls for cooperation on a global scale. Bioversity International is bringing and training. So far, few countries have put mechanisms in place to use the together its work on locating adapted germplasm for use in vulnerable multilateral system, so GRPI’s support in this regard is novel and welcome. agroecosystems affected by climate change with policy research focusing on During its fifth session in September 2013, the Governing Body of the the implementation of international access and benefit-sharing agreements. ITPGRFA passed a resolution where it expressed appreciation of Bioversity International’s work in this regard. Bioversity International’s ‘Genetic Resources Policy Initiative’ (GRPI) is helping to strengthen the capacity of national partners in eight countries – Bhutan, Two national-level policy outcomes of GRPI work in 2013 were particularly Burkina Faso, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Guatemala, Nepal, Rwanda and notable: (1) Rwanda’s confirmation and notification to all other treaty Uganda – to combine climate data, geographic information, genebank parties about the germplasm it is making available through the multilateral collection coordinates and data on crop suitability to identify potentially system; and (2) Nepalese partners submitting proposals to the ministries adapted genetic resources from collections around the world. These of agriculture and environment to amend the National Agrobiodiversity activities provide a pretext for the same countries to explore institutionalizing Policy and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan to create legal mechanisms to participate in the multilateral system of access and benefit space for the multilateral system. Teams in the other six countries are also developing draft policies and administrative guidelines so they can participate fully in the multilateral system. At the same time, they are learning how to use information systems and climate and crop modelling tools to identify New decision-making tool on ‘mutually adapted germplasm that they can obtain through the multilateral system. supportive’ access and benefit-sharing This work contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, mechanisms Agriculture and Food Security and the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) commit their member states to implementing very different access and benefit-sharing systems. One system, under the ITPGRFA, encourages international pooling and sharing of genetic diversity. The other system, under the CBD, maximizes each country’s sovereign control over their genetic resources. Progress in domestic implementation of both systems has been relatively slow. One factor contributing to delays is that policymakers in many countries are uncertain about how to address the interface between these two systems.

In a recent paper in Law Environment and Development Journal, Michael Halewood, head of the policy group at Bioversity International, and his co-authors provide a decision-making tool for policymakers implementing the multilateral system of access and benefit sharing. The paper highlights points of intersection with mechanisms developed at national levels to implement the CBD and its Nagoya Protocol. The authors also analyze factors contributing to the lack of coordination between the national public environment and agriculture agencies responsible for implementing these agreements. The paper has laid the conceptual framework for a meeting in 2014, co-organized by Bioversity International, the Access and Benefit Sharing Capacity Development Initiative and the secretariats of the CBD and the ITPGRFA to bring together the National Focal Points for the CBD/Nagoya Protocol and ITPGRFA from 20 countries to ensure cooperation and harmonious implementation of these agreements.

Bean varieties at seed fair in Uganda. Credit: Bioversity International/ I.Lopez-Noriega 26 Bananas in the deep freeze: 10 years of cryopreservation

The Bioversity International Musa Germplasm Transit Centre (ITC) holds the Cryopreservation involves plunging plant material in liquid nitrogen (-196°C) world’s largest collection of banana (Musa spp.) germplasm, and in 2013 it or storing it in its vapour phase (-150°C). The process avoids the formation marked 10 years of cryopreservation – deep-freezing biological tissue so of harmful ice crystals, no sophisticated freezers are needed, and the that its genetic material can be used at a later time. material can be kept safely for hundreds of years in liquid nitrogen tanks without any biological changes taking place. Now with over 1,400 samples of edible and wild species of banana held at KU Leuven in Belgium, the ITC is well on its way to meeting its goal of In 2003, the ITC began to apply a cryopreservation protocol for banana conserving the entire banana genepool for the benefit of future generations. that is efficient and applicable to all Musa accessions in the ITC collection. The protocol proved to be very robust and was successfully applied to 30 Seedbanks are the more common way to conserve plant genetic material, different plant species – one of the reasons the ITC is now recognized as a but the bananas we eat don’t produce seeds – they need to be propagated centre of excellence in cryopreservation. vegetatively through stem cuttings. Years of selective breeding have produced one of the world’s most important crop groups, depended upon Thanks to financial support by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation, the both as a staple food and an important commodity by over 400 million World Bank, the Global Crop Diversity Trust, the Belgian Development people throughout the tropics and subtropics. Cooperation, and the CGIAR Research Program on Managing and Sustaining Crop Collections, 885 banana accessions (61% of the in vitro The raw materials for banana breeding are the wild Musa species and collection) belonging to 30 different genomic banana groups are now diverse varieties found in Asia, Africa and Latin America. These are the genes safely stored in liquid nitrogen. that may help sustainably improve production in the face of pest and disease attacks and changing environmental conditions, and cryopreservation is the best way to store Musa tissue over the long term.

Banana cryopreservation at the International Transit Centre. Credit: Bioversity International/B.Panis

Harmonizing crop trait data: Crop Ontology

To improve crops and adapt them to changing environments, researchers need access to a broader pool of information on plant genetic diversity, which not only explains the interaction between a genotype and its environment, but also identifies its genetic basis and heritability of its adaptive traits. To address this gap of knowledge, eight CGIAR centres and their national partners developed Crop Ontology.

This open-source tool provides scientists and breeders with a common language that describes crop phenotypes and interprets descriptions provided by farmers for the performance of the varieties they prefer.

Led and developed by bioinformatics experts at Bioversity International, Crop Ontology houses standard lists of crop traits, methods and scales for breeders’ field books and crop information systems. Currently, it boasts trait descriptions for 17 crops: cassava, banana, barley, chickpea, common bean, cowpea, groundnut, lentil, maize, pearl millet, pigeonpea, potato, rice, soybean, sorghum, wheat and yam. A total of 146 breeders, students and professors were trained in the use of the field book to record field evaluation data in 27 countries using the Crop Ontology traits.

Crop Ontology is currently being used for data annotation by the International Cassava Database, Wageningen University and Research Centre, and the CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security’s repository of evaluation trials. Cacao tree in Malaysia. Credit: Bioversity International/B.Sthapit

What to board on the Ark? Collecting missions: an online agricultural heritage Of the 7,000 edible species in the world today, one in seven is under Currently more than 7.4 million plant accessions are conserved in threat. Since there aren’t enough resources to save all of them, more than 1,750 ex situ conservation facilities around the world. policymakers need to decide which species to focus on. Bioversity To a large extent, the use of this germplasm depends on the International researchers Aurelia Samuel, Adam Drucker and Maarten van quality and quantity of data available about each accession.

Zonneveld, together with colleagues from the University of Copenhagen Detailed eco-geographic, environmental, biotic and climate and the Georg-August University, took up this challenge in a study information was and still is necessary to improve breeders’, published in Ecological Economics. scientists’ and farmers’ knowledge about the accessions, and to further increase their use. The authors applied the Weitzman approach – previously used to prioritize In the 1970s, a global plant genetic resources conservation the conservation of wild animals and livestock – to clusters of cacao species, movement arose from the concern that genetic diversity was using existing molecular markers. Cacao was used as a case study because being lost. Bioversity International, then the International Board it is an important crop for smallholder farmers and also because its diversity for Plant Genetic Resources, was part of this movement. In 1974 we began to send plant collectors from national and has been well documented, including revealing signs of genetic erosion. international institutions on worldwide collecting expeditions. By 1995 more than 200,000 samples had been collected – In Development of a cost-effective diversity-maximizing decision-support today they total 226,618. tool for in situ crop genetic resources conservation: the case of cacao, Reports on each of the 559 collecting expeditions were stored the authors estimate the maximum diversity that can be conserved using at Bioversity International’s headquarters. In 2013, based on different clusters of cacao species. this Collecting Missions Files Repository, Bioversity International launched an open-access online database through which one They conclude that the Weitzman approach can indeed allow the can access an interactive map and query by species, country, outcomes of different plant genetic resources conservation strategies to be collector’s name, mission title and other topics. Passport and assessed according to their differentiated impacts on overall diversity. The traits datasets are also available for download. identification of an appropriate choice of diversity and risk measures (such as inbreeding or climate change) is also shown to be a crucial first step in informing such assessments. Traditional way of drying apricots, Tajikistan. Credit: B.Toshmatov

Men and women have different knowledge, roles and responsibilities with respect to agriculture and the use of tree and forest products. They also have different priorities, skills and access to resources and knowledge.

Bioversity International includes gender as a cross-cutting theme in all its work. In particular, we explore the roles that women and men play in our agricultural and food systems, and in conserving and using diversity in our fields, farms, gardens and forests. GENDER SPECIAL

Collecting fruit grapes in Kyrgyzstan. Credit: K.Turgunbaev 29 Fellowship examines gender roles in managing forest resources

Women play an enormous role in agriculture worldwide, and many female Five research fellows are examining these themes in five African and smallholders also conserve and sustainably use their agricultural resources Asian countries to discover how gendered knowledge, roles, rights and in ways that promote biodiversity. Tree food products complement responsibilities affect the conservation and management of forest genetic agricultural crops to enhance nutrition and food security, and often it is resources. The goal of this participatory research is to develop gender- women who put them on the dinner table. Rural people gain roughly 27% responsive recommendations for the sustainable management of forests of their income from wild resources, mostly from forests and woodlands, and for increased social equity. compared to 28% from agriculture. For example, in South India early findings show that traditional gender- Men and women value, collect and use different forest products, gather specific knowledge is playing a crucial role in the conservation of the the same products in different spaces, or use the same product in different 25 native fruit tree species, including several varieties of wild mango ways. Women are traditionally the main collectors of fuel wood, medicinal in the Western Ghats. Women in Kyrgyzstan contribute to sustainable and aromatic plants and other non-timber forest products from forest and biodiversity management and conservation of walnut forests – but they agroforestry landscapes, and can generate more than half of their income are often excluded from meetings relating to forest management and from forests, compared with about one-third for men. have difficulties accessing information. Bioversity International’s gender- responsive participatory research in the country engages both men and Whereas both men and women play active roles in the management and women in discussion to improve knowledge sharing and co-learning within conservation of tree and forest resources, they do not benefit equally from the community, as well as with researchers (see page 21 on promoting these resources or from efforts to sustainably manage them. fruit tree diversity in Central Asia). In 2013, Bioversity International launched a 1-year research fellowship Bioversity International’s Gender Research Fellowship Programme programme to study how differences in men’s and women’s knowledge contributes to the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and of trees and forests, access to forest resources, and tree management Agroforestry. practices can affect the conservation and management of forest genetic resources and associated livelihood benefits.

Traditional way of drying apricots, Tajikistan. Credit: B.Toshmatov 30 Financial Information

Bioversity International’s good financial health and stability continued in We also successfully completed a 3-year project to link capsicum small- 2013. With robust internal controls and a risk management framework that scale producers with production, processing and marketing companies that engages the Board, management and staff, Bioversity International received supply local and international markets through generous support from the an unqualified audit option from PwC systems and process assurance. Government of Germany.

Revenue in 2013 amounted to US $39.3 million (2012: $37.7 million) Finally, at the policy level, the Government of the Netherlands continues to against expenditure of $38.3 million (2011: $37.1 million) resulting in an support our ‘Genetic Resource Policy Initiative’, now in its second phase, operating surplus of $1 million for 2013. Financial support for our research which is assisting national multi-stakeholder research teams to implement programmes comes from a wide variety of government, foundation, the multilateral system of access and benefit sharing under the International corporate and private partnerships, with about half of our support received Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Furthermore, through our participation and membership in the CGIAR Consortium. A list of the Government of Switzerland continues to serve as an important partner our funding partners can be found on page 33. for the promotion of underutilized crops and improving seed systems for smallholder food security. Our business plan calls for substantial growth over the next several years to deliver scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural biodiversity to attain sustainable global 2013 REVENUES AND GAINS food and nutrition security.

We are seeing positive signs that our funding partners continue to invest in Bilateral the important agenda Bioversity International is pursuing. Window 1&2 Window 3 Some highlights of investments by funding partners include: Other revenues and gains • The Government of Italy for renewed generous support for Bioversity International’s entire research agenda.

• The Government of India for significant support to Bioversity International’s research agenda and our strategic research for development partnership with the Indian Council of Agricultural Research.

• The Global Environment Facility for financing a wide range of initiatives, such as a project to use biodiversity as a buffer in the face of unpredictable environment change in the Nepalese Himalaya.

• The International Fund for Agricultural Development for its expanded commitment to improving smallholder farmers’ food and nutrition security through sustainable use and conservation of agricultural biodiversity.

• The Government of Belgium for its steadfast partnership and major financing of the Bioversity International-managed International Transit Center (the banana genebank).

• The Government of Austria for the strategic, long-term assistance to our forestry projects, with our newest project exploring methods to ensure forestry practice enhances livelihoods and sustains forests in Mesoamerica. 31

STATEMENT OF FINANCIAL POSITION At December 31 (US dollar 000s)

2013 2012

ASSETS Current assets Cash and cash equivalents 26,468 41,086 Endowment fund 137,965 Investments 2,966 210 Accounts receivable Donors (net) 8,098 12,600 Other CGIAR Centres 489 517 Others 415 443 Prepaid expenses 216 419 Total current assets 38,652 193,240

Non-current assets Property and equipment (net) 1,585 1,305 Investments 1,247 Total non-current assets 2,832 1,305

Total assets 41,484 194,545

LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS Current liabilities Accounts payable Donors 9,204 8,744 Employees 1,442 1,534 Other CGIAR Centres 547 363 Others 7,602 8,935 Accruals 1,768 1,815 Funds in trust 687 153,950 Total current liabilities 21,250 175,341

Non-current liabilities Accounts payable Employees 7,501 7,482 Total non-current liabilities 7,501 7,482

Total liabilities 28,751 182,823

Net assets Undesignated 9,712 8,707 Designated 3,021 3,015 Total net assets 12,733 11,722

Total liabilities and net assets 41,484 194,545

The accompanying notes are an integral part of this statement. 32

STATEMENT OF ACTIVITES For the year ended December 31 (US dollar 000s)

2013 2012 Note Unrestricted CRP* Non-CRP Total Unrestricted CRP Non-CRP Total

REVENUE AND GAINS Grant revenue Exhibits 1&2 Window 1 & 2 19,491 19,491 20,155 20,155 Window 3 441 1,769 71 2,281 20 572 592 Bilateral 1,327 12,115 1,817 15,259 1,733 10,083 3,413 15,229 Other revenues (18) 2,154 2,154 1,665 1,665 and gains Total revenues 3,922 33,375 1,888 39,185 3,418 30,810 3,413 37,641 and gains

EXPENSES Research expenses 1,924 28,991 1,641 32,556 1,389 26,852 2,917 31,158 General and 5,606 5,606 5,895 5,895 administration expenses Subtotal expenses 7,530 28,991 1,641 38,162 7,284 26,852 2,917 37,053 and losses Indirect cost recovery (4,631) 4,384 247 0 (4,454) 3,958 496 0 Total operating 2,899 33,375 1,888 38,162 2,830 30,810 3,413 37,053 expenses

Financial income (18) 98 98 84 84 Financial costs 110 110 108 108 Surplus/(deficit) 1,011 0 0 1,011 564 0 0 564 for the year

EXPENSES BY FUNCTION Personnel costs 4,641 11,646 1,082 17,369 4,124 10,588 1,591 16,303 CGIAR collaboration 288 288 289 289 Other collaboration 103 6,325 118 6,546 6,713 296 7,009 Supplies and 1,934 9,503 377 11,814 2,314 8,342 926 11,582 Services Travel 495 1,102 59 1,656 433 779 103 1,315 Depreciation 331 75 406 307 141 1 449 Subtotal 7,504 28,939 1,636 38,079 7,178 26,852 2,917 36,947 expenses and losses System Cost (CSP) 26 52 5 83 106 106 Indirect cost (4,631) 4,384 247 0 (4,454) 3,958 496 0 recovery Total operating 2,899 33,375 1,888 38,162 2,830 30,810 3,413 37,053 expenses

* CRP represents funds allocated through a CGIAR Research Program. The accompanying notes are an integral part of this statement. 33 Funding Partners

CGIAR CGIAR Fund (Includes: Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bill & Melinda CTA (Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation) Gates Foundation, Canada, China, Denmark, European Commission, Cyprus (Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Environment) Finland, France, India, International Development Research Centre Czech Republic (Ministry of Agriculture) (IDRC), International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), Iran, Denmark (AgriFish Agency, Ministry of the Environment, Nature Agency) Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Portugal, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Estonia (Ministry of the Environment) Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States European Commission of America, the World Bank) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Finland (Ministry for Foreign Affairs; Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry) Collective Action and Property Rights (CAPRi) Generation – Challenge Fontagro (Regional Fund for Agricultural Technology) Program France (Ministère de l’Agriculture, de l’Agroaliment aire et de la Forêt, Harvest Plus – Challenge Program Direction Générale de l’Alimentation, Ministère de l’Agriculture et de International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) la Pêche) International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) Georgia (The Georgian Academy of Agricultural Sciences) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Germany [Federal Ministry for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (BMELV); Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ); Federal Agency for Agriculture and Food (BLE)] International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Global Environmental Facility through the United Nations Environment International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) Programme (UNEP-GEF) International Potato Center (CIP) Greece (Ministry of Environment, Energy and Climate Change; Ministry of International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Rural Development and Food) WorldFish Hungary (Ministry of Rural Development, Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Hunting) Governments and intergovernmental institutions Iceland (Ministry of Industries and Innovation) Albania (Agricultural University of Tirana) India (Ministry of Agriculture – Department of Agricultural Research and Armenia (Ministry of Agriculture) Education) Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) Africa (ASARECA) Ireland [Department of Agriculture and Food; National Council for Forest Australia (Australian Center for International Agricultural Research, ACIAR) Research and Forestry Development and Promotion, Department of Austria (Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (COFORD)] Management; Federal Ministry of Finance) Israel (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) Azerbaijan (National Academy of Sciences) Italy (Consiglio per la Ricerca e la Sperimentazione in Agricultura CRA; Belgium (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and International Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Cooperation; Service Public Féderal Santé Publique, Sécurité de la Japan (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Chaîne Alimentaire et Environnement Direction Générale Animaux, Korea, Republic of (Rural Development Administration) Végétaux & Alimentation) Latvia (Ministry of Agriculture) Biodiversity for Agriculture Commodities Program (BACP) Lithuania (Institute of Agriculture; State Forest Service) Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Relations) Luxembourg (Administration de la Nature et des Forêts; Ministry of Finance) Brazil (through the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa) Macedonia FYR (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Economy) Bulgaria (Institute of Plant Genetic Resources ‘K. Malkov’; Ministry of Agriculture and Food) Malaysia (Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, MARDI) China (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences) Montenegro (Phytosanitary Directorate) Croatia (Ministry of Agriculture) 34

Netherlands (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) Ukraine (Yuryev Institute of Plant Production – National Centre for Plant Norway (Forest and Landscape Institute; Genetic Resources Centre) Genetic Resources) Peru (Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria, INIA) United Kingdom (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs; Forestry Commission) Philippines (Ministry of Agriculture) United States of America (United States Department of Agriculture, USDA) Poland (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development; Ministry of the Environment) World Bank Portugal (Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agraria e Veterinaria) Romania (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) Foundations The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Serbia (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management) The Christensen Fund Slovakia (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) Daniel and Nina Carasso Foundation Slovenia (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Food; Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment) The McKnight Foundation South Africa (Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries) Spain (Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnología Agraria y Other funding partners Alimentaria, INIA; Area de Relaciones Cientificas Internacionales) Bioversity International United Kingdom Fundraising Initiative Sweden (Ministry of Rural Affairs, Animal and Food Division) Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD) Switzerland (BUWAL–Swiss Forest Agency; Federal Department of Economic Affairs FDEA; Office Fédéral de l’Agriculture; Office Fédéral Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) de l’environnement, OFEV; Swiss Agency for Development and Congo Basin Forest Fund (CBFF) Cooperation, SDC) EcoAgriculture Partners Thailand Global Forum on Agricultural Research Turkey (Ministry of Environment and Forestry; Ministry of Food, Agriculture Global Crop Diversity Trust and Livestock; General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policy, Grains Research and Development Corporation (GRDC), Australia Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, AARI; Ministry of Forest and Organismo Internacional Regional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (OIRSA) Water Affairs) Wageningen University and Research Centre Uganda (National Agricultural Research Organization) 35 Research Partners

Academy of Agricultural Science, Almaty, Asociación Especializada para el Desarrollo Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Thailand Kazakhstan (AEDES–Arequipa), Peru Center for Interdisciplinary Studies of Industrial Academy of Sciences, Uzbekistan Assam Agricultural University, India Property Law and Economics, University of ADEDRA Zagora, Morocco Association des Conseillers Agronomiques du Buenos Aires, Argentina Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey Sahel (ACAS–Gao), Mali Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), CGIAR African Evaluation Association (AfrEA) Association for strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa Central Advisory Service on Intellectual Property Africa Rice Center (AfricaRice), CGIAR (ASARECA) (CAS-IP), CGIAR African Biodiversity and Innovations Centre Association of Agricultural Research Institutions Central American And Mexico Coniferous (ABCIC), Kenya in the Near East and North Africa (AARINENA) Resources Cooperative (CAMCORE) African Forest Research Network (AFORNET) Association of farmers – Abyan Governorate, Central Asian and Trans-Caucasian Network on Agencia Estatal Consejo Superior de Republic of Yemen Plant Genetic Resources (CATCN-PGR) Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain Association of Forestry Research Institutions of Central Food Technology Research Institute, India Agency for Agricultural Quarantine, Indonesia Eastern Africa (AFREA), Kenya Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, India Agriculture Genetic Institute (AGI), Hanoi, Vietnam Association of herbalists – Hadramout Central Research Institute for Field Crops, Turkey Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Governorate, Republic of Yemen Centre Africain de Recherche sur Bananiers et Tanzania Ateneo School of Government, Philippines Plantains (CARBAP) Agricultural Research and Extension Authority, AUGURA-URABA, Colombia Centre de coopération internationale Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Yemen Australian Council for International Agricultural en recherche agronomique pour le Agricultural Research Council, Sudan Research, Australia développement (CIRAD), France Agricultural Research Institute – Maruku, Austrian Research Centers GmbH (ARC), Austria Centre de Recherche Agronomique de Loudima, Tanzania Banana Research Station, Kerala, India Congo Agricultural Research Institute, Cambodia Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute Centre de Recherche Public Gabriel Lippmann, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel Belize Banana Board Luxembourg Agrobiotec, Burundi Biosphere Reserve Management Committee, Centre for Genetic Resources, the Netherlands Agroindustrial Union and Association of Farmers, Thailand Centre National de Gestion des Réserves de Kazakhstan BOKU, Austria Faune, Bénin Amazon Initiative Consortium, Brasil Bolama-Bijagos Archipelago Biosphere Reserve, Centre National de la Recherche Appliquée au APLARI, Nicaragua Guinea-Bissau Développement Rural (FOFIFA), Madagascar APROCAV, Peru Botanic Gardens Conservation International, UK Centre National de Recherche Agronomique, Argan Biosphere Reserve, Morocco British Cocoa, Chocolate and Confectionary Côte d’Ivoire Alliance Asia Pacific Association of Forestry Research Centre of Agrarian Science and Consultancy Institutions (APAFRI), Malaysia Bureau of Plant Industry, Philippines Services of the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources Management and Processing Asia Pacific Forest Genetic Resources Bushyeni Farmers Association, Uganda Industry, Kyrgyzstan Programme (APFORGEN), Malaysia Bvumbwe Agriculture Research Station, Centre on Science and Technologies under the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Department of Agricultural Research Services, Cabinet of Ministers of Uzbekistan Centre (AVRDC), Taiwan, China Malawi Centre Régional d’Enseignement Spécialisé en Asociación de Agricultores de Quinua – Puno, Peru Cameroon Gatsby Foundation Agriculture, Niger Asociación de Agroindustriales de Granos Caribbean Plant Genetic Resources Network Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Andinos, Peru (CAPGERNet) Enseñanza (CATIE), Costa Rica Asociación de Organizaciones de Los CARE, Africare, Mozambique Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Brazil Cuchamantes (ASOCUCH), Guatemala CARE, Peru Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan, Asociación de Productores de Azangaro, Peru Case Western Reserve University, United States of America Mexico 36

Centro de Investigación de Recursos Naturales y Cooperativa de Servicios Agroforestal y Empresa Fortigrano, Peru Medio Ambiente (CIRNMA), Peru Comercialización de Cacao (CACAONICA), Escuela Agrícola Panamericana, Zamorano, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados Nicaragua Honduras del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Cooperativa Huacullani, Bolivia Escuela Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Ecuador Mexico Cooperativa Irpa Chico de la Comunidad de Estación Biologica del Beni, Bolivia Centro de Investigaciones Fitoecogenéticas de Jalsuri, Bolivia Estación Experimental Andenes (INIA, Cuzco), Peru Pairumani, Bolivia Cooperative Research Center for Tropical Plant Estación Experimental Illpa (INIA, Puno), Peru Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Mandioca e Pathology, Australia Estación Experimental Santa Catalina, Ecuador Fruticultura Tropical/Empresa Brasileira de Coordination Nationale du Projet parc W, Burkina Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization Pesquisa Agropecuária (CNPMF-EMBRAPA) Faso European Commission Centro para el Desarollo Agropecuaria y Forestal, Cornell University, United States of America Dominican Republic Corporación Bananera Nacional (CORBANA), European Cooperative Programme for Genetic Centro Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Costa Rica Resources (ECPGR) Rural (CRIDER), Peru Corporación Colombiana de Investigación European Forest Genetic Resources Programme CEPICAFE, Peru Agropecuaria (CORPOICA), Colombia (EUFORGEN) CGIAR Genetic Resources Policy Committee Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Ezemvelo KwaZulu Natal Wildlife, South Africa CGIAR Inter-center Working Group on Genetic Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Ghana Farmers Union of Malawi Resources Délégation générale à la recherche scientifique et Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Development and CGIAR System-wide Genetic Resources technologique, Congo Marketing, Ethiopia Programme (SGRP) Department of Agricultural Research & Technical Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Chiang Mai University, Thailand Services, Malawi Consumer Protection, Germany CIP-UPWARD, Philippines Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Austria Cocoa and Coconut Institute, Papua New Guinea Research, Philippines Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana Department of Agriculture, Tanzania Field Crop Research and Development Institute Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria Department of Agriculture, Thailand Department of Science and Technology, (FCRDI), Department of Agriculture, Grain Cocoa Research Unit of the University of the West Philippines Legume and Oil Crops Research Center Indies, Trinidad and Tobago (GLORC), Sri Lanka Departments of Ministries of Agriculture and Coconut Research Institute, Sri Lanka Environment Protection in the Almaty, Jambyl Fondation pour le Développement du Sahel Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura and South-Kazakhstan provinces, Kazakhstan Fondo Ecuatoriano Populorum Progressio, Cacaueira, Brazil Desarrollo Integral Campesino, Bolivia Ecuador Comité National Man and the Biosphere, Guinea Desert Research Center, Egypt Fontagro Bissau Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH Forest Research Centre of the National Institute Agriculture, FAO, UN Direction de la Faune, de la Pêche et de la for Agriculture and Food Research and Committee for Forestry and Hunting, Ministry of Pisciculture, Niger Technology (CIFOR–INIA), Spain Agriculture, Kazakhstan Directorate General for Development Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) Common Fund for Commodities Cooperation, Begium Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, Conference of the agricultural research leaders in Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT), Australia University of Pretoria, South Africa West and Central Africa (CORAF) Eastern Africa Plant Genetic Resources Network Fundación Hondureña de Investigación Agrícola, Congressional Hunger Center, United States of (EAPGREN) Honduras America Ecoregion for Paramos, Ecuador Fundación para el Desarrollo Agropecuario Consorcio para el Desarrollo Sostenible de (FUNDAGRO), Ecuador Ucayali (CODESU), Peru Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasil Fundación Promoción e Investigación de Consortium on Spatial Information, Sri Lanka, Productos Andinos (PROINPA), Bolivia CGIAR Empresa Altiplano, Peru Fundación Servicio para el Agricultor (FUSAGRI), Convention on Biological Diversity, Secretariat Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa), Brazil Venezuela 37

G.B.Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Institut de Recherche Agronomique et Institute of Plant Breeding (NPGRL-UPLB), Hill Campus, Ranichauri, India Zootechnique, Burundi University of Philippines Los Baños Garrygala Research and Production Centre of Institut de Recherche en Écologie Tropicale, Institution of Agricultural Research and Higher Plant Genetic Resources, Turkmenistan Gabon Education (IRESA), Tunisia General Office of Forestry under the Ministry of Institut de recherche pour le développement, Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal, Agriculture and Water Resources, Uzbekistan France Bolivia Generation Challenge Programme, CGIAR Institut de Recherches Agronomiques et Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Cuba Global Crop Diversity Trust Forestières, Gabon Instituto de Innovación Tecnológica y Promoción Governing Body of the International Treaty Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Rwanda del Desarrollo (PIWANDES), Peru on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Institut National d’Études et de Recherches Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique, Agriculture, UN Agricoles, Congo Mozambique Government of Australia Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Instituto de Investigação Cientifica, Centro de Graz Technical University, Austria Algeria Ecofisiologia, Bioquímica e Biotecnologia Vegetal (IICT), Portugal Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Fruit Tree Research Institute, China Morocco Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá, Panama Guittard Chocolate Company, United States of Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, America Tunisia Instituto de Investigaciones Agrícolas y Forestales, Dominican Republic Hanoi Agricultural University, Vietnam Institut National de Recherche Agronomique du Niger Instituto de Investigaciones de Sanidad Vegetal, HarvestPlus, CGIAR Institut National des Études et des Recherches Cuba Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts, Morocco Agricoles, Burkina Faso Instituto de Investigaciones de Viandas Tropicales Honduran Coffee Institute (IHCAFE) Institut National des Recherches Agricoles du (INIVIT), Cuba Horticultural Crop Research and Development Bénin Instituto de Investigaciones en Fruticultura Institute, Sri Lanka Institut National pour l’Étude et la Recherche Tropical, Cuba Horticulture Research Institute, Thailand Agronomique, Democratic Republic of the Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Huazhing Agricultural University, China Congo Agricultura Tropical, Cuba INDACO S.A., Peru Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Instituto Nacional Autónomo de Investigaciones Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), India Senegal Agropecuarias (INIAP), Ecuador Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Institut Togolais de Recherche Agronomique, Togo Instituto Nacional de Innovación Agraria (INIA), India Institute for Agrobiotechnology, IFA – Tulln, Austria Peru Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, India Institute for Genomic Research, United States of Instituto Nacional de Investigaçao e Tecnologia Indonesia Fruit Research Institute America Apligada, Guinea-Bissau Indonesian Center for Estate Crops Research and Institute for the Promotion of Horticultural Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria, Spain Development, Indonesia Exports, Sudan Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agrícola, Indonesian Center for Horticulture Research and Institute for Tropical and Sub-Tropical Crops Bolivia Development, Indonesia (ARC-ITSC), South Africa Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Extensión Institut Agronomique et Veterinaire Hassan II, Institute of Agri Biotechnology and Genetic Agraria, Peru Morocco Resources, National Agricultural Research Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrícolas, Institut Centrafricain de la Recherche Agricole, Center, Pakistan Venezuela Central African Republic Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Ethiopia Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Institut d’Economie Rurale, Mali Institute of Botany of the Tajik Academy of Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Mexico Institut de l’Environnement et de la Recherche Sciences, Tajikistan Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa Agraria, Guinea- Agricole, Burkina Faso Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Chinese Bissau Institut de Recherche Agricole pour le Academy of Agricultural Sciences Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Développement, Cameroon Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Argentina Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée Agricultural Sciences Instituto Nicaraguense de Tecnología Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Republic Agropecuaria, Nicaragua 38

Integrated Rural Development Center, China Kunming Institute of Botany, CAS, China Ministry of Nature Protection, Armenia Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on La Coronilla, Bolivia Ministry of Nature Protection, Turkmenistan Agriculture (IICA) Lapanday Foods Corporation, Philippines Movimondo, Italy International Center For Agricultural Research in Latin American Forest Genetic Resources M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation, India The Dry Areas (ICARDA), CGIAR Network (LAFORGEN) MTT Agrifood Research Finland International Center for Tropical Agriculture Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Musa Instituto Politécnico Loyola, Dominican (CIAT), CGIAR Development (LI-BIRD), Nepal Republic International Center for Underutilized Crops, Sri Makerere University, Uganda Myanmar Agriculture Service, Ministry of Lanka Malaysian Agricultural Research and Agriculture and Irrigation, Department of International Cocoa Organisation, United Development Institute (MARDI), Malaysia Agricultural Planning, Myanmar Kingdom Malaysian Cocoa Board, Malaysia N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry International Crops Research Institute for the Man and Biosphere National Committee, Cuba (VIR), Russian Federation Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), CGIAR Maradi Integrated Development Program, NABIC – Network for Agrobiodiversity International Development Research Centre Serving in Mission, Niger Conservation in Nepal (IDRC), Canada Masterfoods, United Kingdom Namulonge Crops Resources Research Institute, International Food Policy Research Institute Uganda Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, (IFPRI), CGIAR Germany National Academy of Science, Kazakhstan International Fund for Agricultural Development McGill University, Canada National Agricultural Research Coordinating (IFAD), United Nations Council, Sierra Leone Michigan State University, United States of International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), America National Agricultural Research Institute, Papua CGIAR New Guinea Ministério do Meio Ambiente, Secretaria di International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Biodiversidade e Florestas, Brazil National Agricultural Research Organisation, CGIAR Uganda Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, General International Maize and Wheat Improvement National Banana Research Centre, India Directorate of Agricultural Research, Turkey Center (CIMMYT), CGIAR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources International Potato Center (CIP), CGIAR (NBPGR), India Management, Uzbekistan International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), CGIAR National Centre for Genetic Resources and Ministry of Agriculture, Kazakhstan International Union for Conservation of Nature Biotechnology (NACGRAB), Nigeria Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine (IUCN) National Forestry Resources Research Institute Resources, Trinidad and Tobago Istituto Sperimentale per la Frutticoltura, Italy (NaFORRI), Uganda Ministry of Agriculture, Malawi Japan International Research Center for National Genebank of Tanzania (TPRI) Ministry of Agriculture, Tajikistan Agricultural Sciences National Horticultural Research Institute Ministry of Agriculture, Turkmenistan Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear (NIHORT), Nigeria Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources Techniques in Food and Agriculture, United National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Management and Processing Industry, Nations Japan Kyrgyzstan Julius Kühn-Institut – Bundesforschungsinstitut National Parks, Wildlife and Conservation Ministry of Ecology and Emergency, Kazakhstan für Kulturpflanzen, Germany Department, Thailand Ministry of Economics, Uzbekistan Kastom Gaden Association, Solomon Islands National Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium Ministry of Education and Science, Kazakhstan Tanzania Kazakh National Agrarian University, Kazakhstan Ministry of Education, Syrian Arab Republic National Quarantine and Inspection Authority, Kenya Agricultural Research Institute Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Papua New Guinea Sri Lanka Kenya Forestry Research Institute National Research Centre for Banana (NRCB- Ministry of Environment Protection, Kazakhstan ICAR), India Kenyatta University, Kenya Ministry of Environment, Cuba National Research Centre for Soybean, Indore, Kerala Agricultural University, India Ministry of Environment, Ecuador India Khorezm Academy of Mamun, Uzbekistan Ministry of Forestry and Soil Conservation, Nepal National Science Foundation, United States of Khorog State University, Tajikistan America 39

Naturaleza y Cultura Internacional, Ecuador Red de Recursos Genéticos del Cono Sur Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China Nebek Municipality, Syrian Arab Republic (REGENSUR) Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences, China Nepal Agricultural Research Council Red Mesoamericana de Recursos Fitogenéticos Silo National des Graines Forestières, (REMERFI) Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs (DGIS) Madagascar Republican Self-Sustained Association Nicaraguan Agricultural Research Center (INTA), Sime Darby Technology, Malaysia ‘Tajiknikholparvar’ of the Ministry of Nicaragua Sociedad de Provincial de Productores de Quinua Agriculture, Tajikistan Nordic Genetic Resource Center (NordGen) (SOPROQUI), Bolivia Research and Production Association, Tajikistan Nunhems B.V., Netherlands Sociedad Peruana de Derecho Ambiental, Peru Research Institute for Economy of Agroindustrial South China Agricultural University, Tropical and Office Régional de Mise en Valeur Agricole de Complex and Development of Rural Territories, Subtropical Fruit Research Laboratory Ouarzazate, Morocco Kazakhstan Southern African Development Community, Office Régional de Mise en Valeur Agricole du Research Institute for Fruits, Agency for Namibia Tafilalet (ORMVA/TF), Morocco Agricultural Research and Development, Oregon State University, United States of America Indonesia Southern African Development Community, Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Zambia Outma Natural Conservation Association, Research Institute of Botany and Republic of Yemen Phytointroduction, Kazakhstan Stanfilco, Dole, Philippines Pairumani, Bolivia Research Institute of farming, Kazakhstan State Committee for Nature Protection and Forestry, Tajikistan Philippine Coconut Authority Research Institute of Horticultural and Viticulture State Committee for Nature Protection, Uzbekistan Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and of the Research and Production Centre of Natural Resources Research and Development Processing and Food Industry of the Ministry of State Forest Service, Kazakhstan (PCARRD) Agriculture, Kazakhstan Stellenbosch University, South Africa Phu Ho Fruit Crop Research Center, Vietnam Research Institute of Plant Physiology, Genetics Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek and Bioengineering, Kazakhstan Plant Genetic Resource Network for South – DLO (Foundation for Agricultural Research American Tropics (TROPIGEN) Réseau des Association de la Réserve de Service), Netherlands Biosphère de l’Arganier, Morocco Plant Genetic Resources Network for North Strategic Initiative on Urban and Periurban America (NORGEN) Reserva de la Biosfera Cuchillas del Toa, Unidad Agriculture (Urban Harvest), CGIAR de Servicios Ambientales de Guantánamo, Plant Genetic Resources Research Institute, Sub Saharan Africa Challenge Programme, Cuba Ghana Malawi, CGIAR Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Rosario, Centro Plant Protection Institute, Vietnam Sub Saharan Africa Challenge Programme, de Investigaciones y Servicios Ambientales Mozambique, CGIAR Plant Research International, Wageningen Ecovida, Cuba University, Netherlands Sub-Saharan African Forest Genetic Resources Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, United Kingdom Pro Mundo Humano, Germany Programme (SAFORGEN) Rural Development Administration, National Supreme Council of Science, Syrian Arab Programa Campesino a Campesino, National Institute for Agricultural Biotechnology, Republic Agrarian University, Nicaragua Republic of Korea Swedish International Development Cooperation PROMARENA Project, Bolivia Samah Agriculture Cooperative, Dhamar, Agency, Sweden Proyecto de Investigación en Waru Warus (PIWA), Republic of Yemen Swedish University of Agricultural Science, Peru Save the Children, United Kingdom Sweden Queensland Department of Primary Industries SCC-VI, Uganda (QDPI-South Johnstone), Australia Taiwan Banana Research Institute Scientific and Technological Research Council of Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tajikistan Queensland Department of Primary Industries Turkey and Fisheries (QDPI&F), Australia Tajik Research Institute of Economics and Secretaria del Estado de Agricultura, Dominican Agricultural Production of the Tajik Academy of Queensland Horticultural Institute, Australia Republic Agricultural Sciences, Tajikistan Queensland University of Technology, Australia Secretariat of the Pacific Community Tajik State Commission on Agricultural Crop Quirino State University, Philippines Sekem, Egypt Varieties Testing and Variety Protection of the Rainforest Alliance, Ecuador ServiceXS BV, Netherlands Ministry of Agriculture, Tajikistan Red Andina de Recursos Fitogeneticos Servicio Nacional de Sanidad Agraria (SENASA), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, India (REDARFIT), Venezuela Peru 40

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) University of Biskra, Algeria Volunteer Efforts for Development Concerns Tashkent State Agrarian University, Uzbekistan University of Bonn, Germany (VEDCO), Uganda Texas A&M University, United States of America University of Cambridge, United Kingdom Washington State University, United States of America The John Innes Centre, United Kingdom University of Costa Rica Wazer Farmer Cooperative, Hadramout The Mickey Leland International Hunger Fellows University of Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic Governorate, Republic of Yemen Program, Congressional Hunger Center, United University of Frankfurt, Germany States of America West and Central Africa Council for Agricultural University of Gembloux, Belgium Research and Development (CORAF/WECARD) Third World Network, China University of Georgia, United States of America Women Economics Empowerment Association, U.S. Agency for International Development University of Ghana Republic of Yemen (USAID) University of Göttingen, Germany World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF), CGIAR UCODEP, Italy University of Hannover, Germany World Bank UNESCO University of Hohenheim, Germany World Cocoa Foundation, United States of Union of Indigenous Organization from Cotacachi, University of Kassel, Germany America Ecuador University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of World Intellectual Property Organization, United United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) the Congo Nations United Nations Environment Programme World University of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of World Vegetable Centre (AVRDC), Tanzania Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) the Congo World Vision United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa (UNSCN) World Vision International, Mozambique University of Leicester, United Kingdom United Nations University Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China University of Liege, Belgium United States Department of Agriculture Yunnan Academy of Social Sciences, China University of Malawi Universidad Católica Boliviana, Bolivia Yunnan Agricultural University, China University of Malaya, Malaysia Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela Zambia Agriculture Research Institute University of Malaysia Universidad EARTH, Costa Rica 2 Self Help Group Associations from Namakkal, University of Mauritius Tamil Nadu State, India Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, Bolivia University of Minnesota, United States of America 3 Self Help Group Associations from Balia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua- Jeypore, Orissa State, India León, Nicaragua University of Nottingham, United Kingdom 3 Self Help Group Associations from Universidad Nacional de la Selva, Peru University of Panama Chembuthuvalavu, Kolli Hill, Tamil Nadu State, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Peru University of Philippines – Los Baños India Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain University of Puerto Rico 3 Self Help Group Associations from Padasolai, University of Queensland, Australia Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brazil Kolli Hill, Tamil Nadu State, India Università degli Studi di Perugia, Italy University of Reading, United Kingdom Université Catholique du Graben, Democratic University of Samarqand, Uzbekistan Republic of the Congo University of Sana’a, Republic of Yemen Universite de Agadir, Faculty of Agronomy, University of Tuscia, Italy Morocco University of Wageningen, Netherlands University Central Florida, United States of University of Witwatersrand, South Africa America University of Wuppertal, Germany University of Aden, Republic of Yemen University Southern Mindanau, Philippines University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, USC Canada India Uzbek Research Institute of Plant Industry, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Uzbekistan India Viceministerio de Biodiversidad, Recursos University of Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Bolivia University of Birmingham, United Kingdom Vietnam Agricultural Science Institute 41 Bioversity International Scientific Publications

2013 SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS Shrestha, P.; Vernooy, R.; Chaudhary, P. (eds.) (2013) Community seed banks in Nepal: past, present, future. Proceedings of a National Workshop, Books Pokhara (Nepal) 14-15 Jun 2013. LI-BIRD. 151 p

Book chapters Vanlauwe, B.; van Asten, P.; Blomme, G. (eds.) (2013) Agro-ecological

Conference papers intensification of agricultural systems in the African highlands. Routledge. 336 p Journal papers

Book chapters Thomas, E. (2013) ‘Medicinal plant use as an adaptive strategy in the Bolivian Andes: evidence from the Quechua community of Apillapampa’, in: L.R. Lozny (ed.) Continuity and change in cultural adaptation to mountain environments. Springer Science p.275-301 Adheka, J.G.; Dhed’a, D.B.; Sivirihauma, C.; Karamura, D.; De Langhe, E.; Swennen, R.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Plantain collection and morphological Books characterization in Democratic Republic of Congo: past and present Bioversity International; Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y activities and prospects’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in de Alimentos, Universidad Tecnica Particular de Loja; Instituto de the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and Conservacion y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV) productivity. CAB International (UK) p.1-7 (2013) Descriptors for tree tomato (Solanum betaceum Cav.) and wild Bergamini, N.; Padulosi, S.; Bala Ravi; Nirmala Yenagi (2013) ‘Minor millets relatives. 67 p in India: a neglected crop goes mainstream’, in: Fanzo, J. et al. (eds.) Bioversity International; FAO; PROINPA; INIAF; FIDA (2013) Descripteurs Diversifying food and diets: using agricultural biodiversity to improve pour le quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) et ses especes sauvages nutrition and health. Earthscan/Routledge p.313-325 apparentees. 60 p Coates, D.; Pert, P.L.; Barron, J.; Muthuri, C.; Nguyen-Khoa, S.; Boelee, E.; Bioversity International; FAO; PROINPA; INIAF; FIDA (2013) Descriptores para Jarvis, D.I. (2013) ‘Water-related ecosystem services and food security’, quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) y sus parientes silvestres [Descriptors in: Boelee, E. (ed.) Managing water and agroecosystems for food security. for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and their wild relatives]. 52 p CAB International (UK) p.29-41 Bioversity International; FAO; PROINPA; INIAF; IFAD (2013) Descriptors for de Boef, W.; Thijssen, M.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘Participatory crop improvement quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and wild relatives. 60 p in a context of community biodiversity management: introduction’, in: de Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity management: promoting Blomme, G.; van Asten, P.; Vanlauwe, B. (eds.) (2013) Banana systems in resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources. Earthscan/ the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and Routledge p.219-232 productivity. CAB International (UK). 268 p DeClerck, F. (2013) ‘Harnessing biodiversity: from diets to landscapes’, de Boef, W.S.; Subedi, A.; Peroni, N.; Thijssen, M.; O’Keeffe, E. (2013) in: Fanzo, J. et al. (eds.) Diversifying food and diets: using agricultural Community biodiversity management: promoting resilience and the biodiversity to improve nutrition and health. Earthscan/Routledge p.17-34 conservation of plant genetic resources. Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity (Halewood, M.; Hunter, D., eds.). Earthscan/Routledge. 422 p Descheemaeker, K.; Bunting, S.W.; Bindraban, P.; Muthuri, C.; Molden, D.; Beveridge, M.; van Brakel, M.; Herrero, M.; Clement, F.; Boelee, E.; Jarvis, Fanzo, J.; Hunter, D.; Borelli, T.; Mattei, F. (eds.) (2013) Diversifying food and D.I. (2013) ‘Increasing water productivity in agriculture’, in: Boelee, E. (ed.) diets: using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health. Issues Managing water and agroecosystems for food security. CAB International in Agricultural Biodiversity (Halewood, M.; Hunter, D., eds.) Earthscan/ (UK) p.104-123 Routledge. 368 p Ekesa, B.N.; Kimiywe, J.; Davey, M.; Dhuique-Mayer, C.; Van den Bergh, Halewood, M.; Lopez Noriega, I.; Louafi, S. (eds.) (2013) Crop genetic I.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Contribution of bananas and plantains to the diet resources as a global commons: challenges in international law and and nutrition of Musa-dependent households with preschoolers within governance. Issues in Agricultural Biodiversity (Halewood, M.; Hunter, D., Beni and Bukavu territories; eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, in: eds.) Earthscan/Routledge. 440 p Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands of Sub- Shepherd, K.D.; Farrow, A.; Ringler, C.; Gassner, A.; Jarvis, D. (2013) Review Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB International of the evidence on indicators, metrics and monitoring systems. ICRAF (UK) p.202-209 (Kenya) 94 p 42

Esquinas-Alcazar, J.; Hilmi, A.; Lopez Noriega, I. (2013) ‘A brief history of Lassois, L.; Lepoivre, P.; Swennen, R.; Van Den Houwe, I.; Panis, B. (2013) the negotiation on the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources ‘Thermotherapy, chemotherapy, and meristem culture in banana’, in: for Food and Agriculture’, in: Halewood, M.; Lopez Noriega, I.; Louafi, Lambardi, M. et al. (eds.) Protocols for micropropagation of selected S. (eds.) Crop genetic resources as a global commons: challenges in economically-important horticultural plants. Springer p.419-433 international law and governance. Earthscan/Routledge p.135-149 Lepoint, P.; Iradukunda, F.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Macropropagation of Musa Halewood, M.; Lopez Noriega, I.; Louafi, S. (2013) ‘The global crop spp. in Burundi – a preliminary study’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana commons and access and benefit-sharing law: examining the limits of systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing international policy support for the collective pooling and management resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.58-65 of plant genetic resources’, in: Halewood, M.; Lopez Noriega, I.; Louafi, Lopez Noriega, I.; Wambugu, P.; Mejas, A. (2013) ‘Assessment of progress to S. (eds.) Crop genetic resources as a global commons: challenges in make the multilateral system functional: incentives and challenges at the international law and governance. Earthscan/Routledge p.1-36 country level’, in: Halewood, M.; Lopez Noriega, I.; Louafi, S. (eds.) Crop Halewood, M.; Sood, R.; Hamilton, R.S.; Amri, A.; Van den Houwe, I.; genetic resources as a global commons: challenges in international law Roux, N.; Dumet, D.; Hanson, J.; Upadhyaya, H.D.; Jorge, A.; Tay, D. and governance. Earthscan/Routledge p.199-225 (2013) ‘Changing rates of acquisition of plant genetic resources by McEwan, M.; Prain, G.; Hunter, D. (2013) ‘Opening a can of mopane worms: international gene banks: setting the scene to monitor an impact of can cross-sectoral partnerships leverage agricultural biodiversity for the International Treaty’, in: Halewood, M.; Lopez Noriega, I.; Louafi, better quality diets?’ in: Fanzo, J. et al. (eds.) Diversifying food and diets: S. (eds.) Crop genetic resources as a global commons: challenges in using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health. Earthscan/ international law and governance. Earthscan/Routledge p.99-132 Routledge p.207-228 Iosefa, T.; Taylor, M.; Hunter, D.; Saena Tuia, V. (2013) ‘Supporting farmers’ Mpiira, S.; Staver, C.; Kagezi, G.H.; Wesiga, J.; Nakyeyune, C.; Ssebulime, access to the global gene pool and participatory selection in taro G.; Kabirizi, J.; Nowakunda, K.; Karamura, E.; Tushemereirwe, W.K. in the Pacific’, in: de Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity (2013) ‘The use of trees and shrubs to improve banana productivity and management: promoting resilience and the conservation of plant production in central Uganda – an analysis of the current situation’, in: genetic resources. Earthscan/Routledge p.285-290 Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub- Israel Oliver King, E.D.; Bala Ravi, S.P.; Padulosi, S. (2013) ‘Creating an Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB International economic stake for conserving the diversity of small millets in the (UK) p.150-157 Kolli Hills, India’, in: de Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity Muller, K.; Kanyaruguru, J.P.; van Asten, P.; Blomme, G.; Lorenzen, J.; management: promoting resilience and the conservation of plant Njukwe, E.; Crichton, R.; Van den Bergh, I.; Ouma, E.; Mucunguzi, P. (2013) genetic resources. Earthscan/Routledge p.194-200 ‘Agronomic evaluation of common and improved dessert bananas at Jarvis, D.E.; Khaka, P.L.; Pert, L.; Boelee, E. (2013) ‘Managing different altitudes across Burundi’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana agroecosystem services’, in: Boelee, E. (ed.) Managing water and systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing agroecosystems for food security. CAB International (UK) p.124-141 resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.37-47 Jefwa, J.M.; Blomme, G.; Rurangwa, E.; Gaidashova, S.; Kavoo, A.M.; Narloch, U.; Drucker, A.G.; Pascual, U. (2013) ‘Exploring the potential Mwashasha, M.; Robinson, J.; Vanlauwe, B. (2013) ‘Indigenous of payments for ecosystem services for in-situ agrobiodiversity arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and growth of tissue cultured banana conservation’, in: Kumar, P; Thiaw, I. (eds.) Values, payments and plantlets under nursery and field conditions in Rwanda’, in: institutions for management of ecosystems: a developing country Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands perspective. Edward Elgar (UK) p.150-171 of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB Ntamwira, J.; Pypers, P.; van Asten, P.; Vanlauwe, B.; Ruhigwa, B.; Lepoint, International (UK) p.83-92 P.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Effect of leaf pruning of banana (Musa spp. Karamura, D.; Ocimati, W.; Ssali, R.; Jogo, W.; Walyawula, S.; Karamura, AAA-EA) on legume yield in banana-legume intercropping systems in E. (2013) ‘Banana genotype composition along the Uganda-Democratic the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Republic of Congo Border: a gene pool mix for plantain and highland Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing bananas’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.158-165 highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. Ocimati W.; Karamura, D.; Rutikanga, A.; Sivirihauma, C.; Ndungo, V.; Adheka, CAB International (UK) p.22-29 J.; Dhed’a, B.; Muhindo, H.; Ntamwira, J.; Hakizimana, S.; Ngezahayo, F.; Koskela, J.; Lefevre, F. (2013) ‘Genetic diversity of forest trees’, in: Ragama, P.; Lepoint, P.; Kanyaruguru, J.P.; De Langhe, E.; Gaidashova, Kraus D. et al. (eds.) Integrative approaches as an opportunity for the S.; Nsabimana, A.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Musa germplasm diversity status conservation of forest biodiversity. European Forest Institute p.232-241 across a wide range of agro-ecological zones in Rwanda, Burundi and Kumar, S.; Gupta, P.; Barpete, S.; Sarker, A.; Amri, A.; Mathur, P.N.; Baum, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) M. (2013) ‘Grass pea’, in: Singh, M. et al. (eds.) Genetic and genomic Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resources of grain legume improvement. Elsevier p.269-292 resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.8-21 43

Ocimati, W.; Karamura, D.; Rutikanga, A.; Sivirihauma, C.; Ndungo, Rao, R.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘Conservation of tropical plant genetic resources: V.; Ntamwira, J.; Kamira, M.; Kanyaruguru, J.P.; Blomme, G. (2013) in situ approach’, in: Normah, M.N. et al. (eds.) Conservation of tropical ‘Agronomic practices for Musa across different agro-ecological zones plant species. Springer p.3-26 in Burundi, Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo and Rwanda’, in: Rietveld, A.M.; Mpiira, S.; Jogo, W.; Staver, C.; Karamura, E.B. (2013) ‘The Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub- beer-banana value chain in central Uganda’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB International Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing (UK) p.175-190 resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.191-201 Ocimati, W.; Ssekiwoko, F.; Buttibwa, M.; Karamura, E.; Tinzaara, W.; Rojas, W.; Pinto, M.; Alanoca, C.; Gomez Pando, L.; Leon, P.; Alercia, A.; Eden-Green, S.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Systemicity and speed of movement Padulosi, S.; Diulgheroff, S.; Bazile, D. (2013) ‘Estado de la conservación of Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum in the banana plant after ex situ de los recursos genéticos de quinua’ [Status of ex situ garden tool-mediated infection’, in Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana conservation of quinoa genetic resources], in: Bazile, D. et al. (eds.) Estado systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing del arte de la quinua en el mundo en 2013: Libro de resumenes. Una resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.101-108 publicacion FAO/CIRAD en el marco del Ano Internacional de la Quinua. Ouma, E.; Birachi, E.; Kasereka, V.; Garming, H.; Macharia, I.; Van Asten, P.; FAO/CIRAD (Italy) p.20-21 Chifizi, A.; Nyagaya, M.; Ekesa, B.; Van Damme, J.; Vanlauwe, B.; Blomme, Roux, N.; Ruas, M.; Laliberte, B. (2013) ‘A global information and knowledge G.; Niyuhire, M.C.; Ndimurirwo, L.; Ochieng, J.; Dubois, T.; Pypers, P.; sharing approach to facilitate the wider use of Musa genetic resources’, Wairegi, L. et al. (2013) ‘Agricultural technology diffusion and adoption in in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub- the banana and legume-based systems of Central Africa’, in: Vanlauwe, B. Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB International et al. (eds.) Agro-ecological intensification of agricultural systems in the (UK) p.235-240 African highlands. Routledge p.187-199 Rutikanga, A.; Sivirihauma, C.; Murekezi, C.; Uwera, A.; Ndungo, V.; Ocimati, Pascual, U.; Jackson, L.; Drucker, A.G. (2013) ‘Economics of W.; Ntamwira, J.; Lepoint, P.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Banana Xanthomonas agrobiodiversity’, in: Levin, S.A. et al. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity wilt management: effectiveness of selective mat uprooting coupled with (2nd ed.) Elsevier p.31-44 control options for preventing disease transmission. A case study in Pert, P.L.; Boelee, E.; Jarvis, D.I.; Coates, D.; Bindraban, P.; Barron, J.; Rwanda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, in: Blomme, G. et Tharme, R.E.; Herrero, M. (2013) ‘Challenges to agroecosystem al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: management’, in: Boelee, E. (ed.) Managing water and agroecosystems enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.116-124 for food security. CAB International (UK) p.42-52 Shrestha, P.; Sthapit, S.; Subedi, A.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘Community Pudasaini, R.; Sthapit, S.; Suwal, R.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘The role of biodiversity management fund: promoting conservation through livelihood integrated home gardens and local, neglected and underutilized development in Nepal’, in: de Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity plant species in food security in Nepal and meeting the Millennium management: promoting resilience and the conservation of plant genetic Development Goal 1 (MDG)’, in: Fanzo, J. et al. (eds.) Diversifying food resources. Earthscan/Routledge (UK) p.118-122 and diets: using agricultural biodiversity to improve nutrition and health. Shrestha, P.; Subedi, A.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘Enhancing awareness on the Earthscan/Routledge (UK) p.242-256 value of local biodiversity in Nepal’, in: de Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community Pypers, P.; Bimponda, W.; Birachi, E.; Bishikwabo, K.; Blomme, G.; Carpentier, biodiversity management: promoting resilience and the conservation of S.; Gahigi, A.; Gaidashova, S.; Jefwa, J.; Kantengwa, S.; Kanyaruguru, J.P.; plant genetic resources. Earthscan/Routledge (UK) p.72-76 Lepoint, P.; Lodi-Lama, J.P.; Manzekele, M.; Mapatano, S.; Merckx, R.; Sikyolo, I.; Sivirihauma, C.; Ndungo, V.; De Langhe, E.; Ocimati, W.; et al. (2013) ‘CIALCA interventions for productivity increase of cropping Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Growth and yield of plantain cultivars at four sites of system components in the African Great Lakes zone’, in: Vanlauwe, B. differing altitude in north Kivu, eastern Democratic Republic of Congo’, et al. (eds.) Agro-ecological intensification of agricultural systems in the in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands African highlands. Routledge (UK) p.55-69 of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB Ramesh, V.; Hegde, N.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘Promoting the community International (UK) p.48-57 management of garcinia genetic resources in the central Western Ghats, Silwal, S.; Gyawali, S.; Bhandari, B.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘Participatory genetic India’, in: de Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity management: enhancement of the Jethobudho rice variety in Nepal’, in: de Boef, W. et promoting resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources. al. (eds.) Community biodiversity management: promoting resilience and Earthscan/Routledge (UK) p.163-168 the conservation of plant genetic resources. Earthscan/Routledge (UK) Ramirez, M.; Ortiz, R.; Taba, S.; Sebastian, L.; Peralta, E.; Williams, D.; Vezina, p.253-258 A.; Ebert, A. (2013) ‘Demonstrating interdependence on plant genetic Sivirihauma, C.; Rutikanga, A.; Murekezi, C.; Blomme, G.; Anuarite, U.; resources for food and agriculture’, in: Halewood, M.; Lopez Noriega, I.; Ocimati, W.; Lepoint, P.; Ndungo, V. (2013) ‘Effect of length of a fallow Louafi, S. (eds.) Crop genetic resources as a global commons: challenges period after total uprooting of a Xanthomonas wilt-infected banana field in international law and governance. Earthscan/Routledge (UK) p.39-61 on infection of newly established planting materials: case studies from 44

Rwanda and North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo’, in: Blomme, G. et Vanlauwe, B.; Blomme, G.; van Asten, P. (2013) ‘Agro-ecological al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: intensification of farming systems in the East and Central African enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.125-130 highlands’, in: Vanlauwe, B. et al. (eds.) Agro-ecological intensification of Sivirihauma, C.; Vigheri, N.; Ocimati, W.; Blomme, G. (2013) ‘Xanthomonas agricultural systems in the African highlands. Routledge (UK) p.1-19 wilt incidence in banana plots planted with asymptomatic suckers Vernooy, R. (2013) ‘In the hands of many: a review of commmunity gene/ obtained from a diseased field compared with plots with suckers obtained seed banks around the world’, in: Shrestha, P.; Vernooy, R.; Chaudhary, from a disease free zone in North Kivu, Eastern Democratic Republic P. (eds.) Community seed banks in Nepal: past, present, future. of Congo’, in: Blomme, G. et al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid Proceedings of a National Workshop, Pokhara (Nepal) 14-15 Jun. highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: enhancing resilience and productivity. LI-BIRD (Nepal) p.3-15 CAB International (UK) p.138-143 Vernooy, R.; Ruiz Muller, M. (2013) ‘Access and benefit-sharing: putting a Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘Emerging theory and practice: community seed banks, global legal concept into practice through local initiatives’, in de Boef, W. seed system resilience and food security’, in: Shrestha, P.; Vernooy, R.; et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity management: promoting resilience Chaudhary, P. (eds.) Community seed banks in Nepal: past, present, future. and the conservation of plant genetic resources. Earthscan/Routledge Proceedings of a National Workshop, Pokhara (Nepal) 14-15 Jun. LI-BIRD (UK) p.320-326 (Nepal) p.16-40

Sthapit, B.; Khadka, K.; Shrestha, P.; Subedi, S.; Poudel, I.P. (2013) Conference and workshop papers – proceedings ‘Grassroots breeding of local crops and varieties in support of Alercia, A.; Mackay, M. (2013) ‘A gateway to plant genetic resources community biodiversity management and resilience in Nepal’, in: de utilization’, in: VIII International Symposium on Artichoke, Cardoon and Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity management: promoting their Wild Relatives. Viterbo, Italy, 10-13 Apr 2013. ISHS p.25-30 resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources. Earthscan/ Blomme, G.; Price, N.; Coyne, D.; Lepoint, P.; Nicolas, N.; Ndayihazamaso, P.; Routledge (UK) p.233-239 Niyongere, C.; Yemataw, Z.; Addis, T.; Pillay, M.; Karamura, E.B.; Jones, D. Subedi, A.; Shrestha, P.; Upadhyay, M.; Sthapit, B. (2013) ‘The evolution (2013) ‘Current geographical distribution of Xanthomonas wilt of banana of community biodiversity management as a methodology for and enset, and some nematode species, within sub-Saharan Africa’, in: implementing in situ conservation of agrobiodiversity in Nepal’, in: de Van den Bergh, I. et al. (eds.) International ISHS-ProMusa Symposium Boef, W. et al. (eds.) Community biodiversity management: promoting on Bananas and Plantains: Towards Sustainable Global Production and resilience and the conservation of plant genetic resources. Earthscan/ Improved Use. Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, 10-14 Oct 2011. ISHS p.89-102 Routledge (UK) p.11-18 Bordoni, P. (2013) ‘Brokering knowledge on underutilized species: CFF’s Swennen, R.; Blomme, G.; van Asten, P.; Lepoint, P.; Karamura, E.; Njukwe, web platform’, in: Massawe, F. et al. (eds.) II International Symposium on E.; Tinzaara, W.; Viljoen, A.; Karangwa, P.; Coyne, D.; Lorenzen, J. (2013) Underutilized Plants: Crops for the Future – Beyond Food Security. Kuala ‘Mitigating the impact of biotic constraints to build resilient banana Lumpur, Malaysia, 27 Jun–1 Jul 2013. ISHS p.589-595 systems in Central and Eastern Africa’, in: Vanlauwe, B. et al. (eds.) Agro- Branca, F.; Ragusa, L.; Tribulato, A.; Maggioni, L.; Poulsen, G.; von Bothmer, ecological intensification of agricultural systems in the African highlands. R. (2013) ‘Diversity of kale growing in Europe as a basis for crop Routledge (UK) p.85-104 improvement’, in: Franca, F. et al. (eds.) VI International Symposium on Tinzaara, W.; Karamura, E.; Blomme, G.; Jogo, W.; Ocimati, W.; Kubiriba, Brassicas and XVIII Crucifer Genetics Workshop. Catania, Italy, 12-16 Nov J. (2013) ‘Communication approaches for sustainable management of 2013. ISHS p.141-148 banana Xanthomonas wilt in East and Central Africa’, in: Blomme, G. et Branca, F.; Artemyeva, A.; Maggioni, L.; Bas, N.; de Haro, A. (2013) ‘In al. (eds.) Banana systems in the humid highlands of sub-Saharan Africa: progress activities of the Brassica working group of the European enhancing resilience and productivity. CAB International (UK) p.224-234 Cooperative Programme for Plant Genetic Resources (ECPGR)’, in: Franca, van Asten, P.; Vanlauwe, B.; Ouma, E.; Pypers, P.; Van Damme, J.; Blomme, F. et al. (eds) VI International Symposium on Brassicas and XVIII Crucifer G.; Lepoint, P.; Ntamwira, J.; Bouwmeester, H.; Birachi, E.; Jassogne, Genetics Workshop. Catania, Italy, 12-16 Nov 2013. ISHS p.149-156 L.; Muliele, T.; Bizimana, S.; Nibasumba, A.; Delstanche, S.; Baret, P.; Dita, M.A.; Garming, H.; Van den Bergh, I.; Staver, C.; Lescot, T. (2013) Sanginga, J.; Bafunyembaka, F. (2013) ‘CIALCA efforts on integrating ‘Banana in Latin America and the Caribbean: current state, challenges farming system components and exploring related trade-offs’, in: and perspectives’, in: Van den Bergh, I. et al. (eds.) International ISHS- Vanlauwe, B. et al. (eds.) Agro-ecological intensification of agricultural ProMusa Symposium on Bananas and Plantains: Towards Sustainable systems in the African highlands. Routledge (UK) p.117-131 Global Production and Improved Use. Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, 10-14 Oct van Schagen, B.; Blomme, G.; VanLauwe, B.; van Asten, P.; Mutuo, P. (2013) 2011. ISHS p.79-86 ‘Walking the impact pathway: CIALCA’s efforts to mobilize agricultural Dita, M.A.; Herai, R.; Waalwijk, C.; Yamagishi, M.; Giachetto, P.; Ferreira, knowledge for the African Great Lakes region’, in: Vanlauwe, B. et al. G.; Souza, M.; Kema, G.H.J. (2013) ‘Comparative transcriptome (eds.) Agro-ecological intensification of agricultural systems in the African analyses and genome assembly of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. highlands. Routledge (UK) p.243-253 Cubense’, in: Van den Bergh, I. et al. (eds.) International ISHS-ProMusa 45

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(2013) ‘Cultural on Bananas and Plantains: Towards Sustainable Global Production and practices for banana bunchy top disease management: a sustainable Improved Use. Salvador (Bahia), Brazil, 10-14 Oct 2011. ISHS p.127-130 option for Burundian smallholders?’ in: Van den Bergh, I. et al. (eds.) Ekesa, B.; Mirroir, C.; Blomme, G.; Van den Bergh, I.; Davey, M.W. (2013) International ISHS-ProMusa Symposium on Bananas and Plantains: ‘Retention of provitamin A carotenoids during postharvest ripening and Towards Sustainable Global Production and Improved Use. Salvador processing of three popular Musa cultivars in south-western Uganda’, (Bahia), Brazil, 10-14 Oct 2011. ISHS p.111-117 in: Van den Bergh, I. et al. (eds.) International ISHS-ProMusa Symposium Maggioni, L.; von Bothmer, R.; Branca, F.; Jorgensen, R.B.; Poulsen, G. on Bananas and Plantains: Towards Sustainable Global Production and (2013) ‘Signs of inter-crossing between leafy kale landraces and Brassica Improved Use. 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Salako, V.K.; Fandohan, B.; Kassa, B.; Assogbadjo, A.E.; Rodrigue Idohou, van Zonneveld, M.; Castaneda, N.; Scheldeman, X.; van Etten, J.; Van F.A.; Castro Gbedomon, R.; Chakeredza, S.; Dulloo, M.E.; Glele Kaka, R. Damme, P. (2013) Application of consensus theory to formalize expert (2013) Home gardens: an assessment of their biodiversity and potential evaluations of plant species distribution models. Applied Vegetation contribution to conservation of threatened species and crop wild relatives Science On-line first paper in Benin. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 60(6) Vernooy, R.; Ruiz, M. (2013) Access to and benefit sharing of plant genetic Samuel, A.F.; Drucker, A.G.; Andersen, S.B.; Simianer, H.; van Zonneveld, M. resources: novel field experiences to inform policy. Resources 2(2):96-113 (2013) Development of a cost-effective diversity-maximising decision- Vernooy, R.; Yiching Song; Zongwen Zhang; Jingsong Li; Lijun Liu; support tool for in situ crop genetic resources conservation: The case of Christine Martins; Tianbao Qin; Fuyou Wang; Dayuan Xue; Yayun Yang; cacao. Ecological Economics 96:155-164 Shihuang Zhang; Xiaoyong Zhang. (2013) Developing an agricultural Schueler, S.; Kapeller, S.; Konrad, H.; Geburek, T.; Mengl, M.; Bozzano, M.; biodiversity policy for China. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems Koskela, J.; Lefevre, F.; Hubert, J.; Kraigher, H.; Longauer, R.; Olrik, D.C. 37(9):1078-1095 (2013) Adaptive genetic diversity of trees for forest conservation in a Vinceti, B.; Loo, J.; Gaisberger, H.; van Zonneveld, M.J.; Schueler, S.; Konrad, future climate: a case study on Norway spruce in Austria. Biodiversity and H.; Kadu, C.A.C.; Geburek, T. (2013) Conservation priorities for Prunus Conservation 22(5):1151-1166 africana defined with the aid of spatial analysis of genetic data and Soldati, M.C.; Fornes, L.; Van Zonneveld, M.; Thomas, E.; Zelener, N. (2013) climatic variables. PLoS ONE Journal 8(3):e59987 An assessment of the genetic diversity of Cedrela balansae C. DC. Vinceti, B.; Termote, C.; Ickowitz, A.; Powell, B.; Kehlenbeck, K.; Hunter, (Meliaceae) in northwestern Argentina by means of combined use of D. (2013) The contribution of forests and trees to sustainable diets. SSR and AFLP molecular markers. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology Sustainability 5(11):4797-4824 47:45-55 Xu, Wei; Zhang, Zong-Wen; Zhang, En-Lai; Wu, Bin (2013) A genetic linkage Song, Y.; Gubo, Qi; Zhang, Y.; Vernooy, R. (2013) Farmer cooperatives in map for naked oat (Avena nuda L.) Journal of Plant Genetic Resources China: diverse pathways to sustainable rural development. International 14(4):673-678 Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 12(2):95-108 Zander, K.K.; Mwacharo, J.M.; Drucker, A.G.; Garnett, S.T. (2013) Constraints Sossa, C.; Delisle, H.; Agueh, V.; Sodjinou, R.; Ntandou, G.; Makoutode, to effective adoption of innovative livestock production technologies in the M. (2013) Lifestyle and dietary factors associated with the evolution of Rift Valley (Kenya). Journal of Arid Environments 96:9-18 cardiometabolic risk over four years in West-African adults: the Benin Zander, K.K.; Signorello, G.; De Salvo, M.; Gandini, G.; Drucker, A.G. (2013) study. Journal of Obesity Article ID 298024:9 pages Assessing the total economic value of threatened livestock breeds in Italy: Tendo Ssali, R.; Kiggundu, A.; Lorenzen, J.; Karamura E.; Tushemereirwe W.; implications for conservation policy. Ecological Economics 93:219-229 Viljoen A. (2013) Inheritance of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Zapata, P.; Rusch, G.; Ibrahim, M.; DeClerck, F.; Casanoves, F.; Beer, J. cubense Race 1 in bananas. Euphytica 194(3):425-430 (2013) Influencia de los arboles en la vegetacion herbacea de sistemas Trognitz, B.; Cros, E.; Assemat, S.; Davrieux, F.; Forestier-Chiron, N.; Ayestas, ganaderos del tropico seco de Nicaragua [Influence of trees on grasslands E.; Kuant, A.; Scheldeman, X.; Hermann, M. (2013) Diversity of cacao trees in the Nicaraguan dry tropics]. Agroforesteria en las Americas 50:30-36 in Waslala, Nicaragua: associations between genotype spectra, product quality and yield potential. PLoS ONE 8(1):e54079 van Ginkel, M.; Sayer, J.; Sinclair, F.; Aw-Hassan, A.; Bossio, D.; Craufurd, P.; El Mourid, M.; Haddad, N.; Hoisington, D.; Johnson, N.; Velarde, C.L.; Mares, V.; Mude, A.; Nefzaoui, A.; w Noble, A.; Rao, K.P.C.; Serraj, R.; Tarawali, S.; Vodouhe, R. (2013) An integrated agro-ecosystem and livelihood systems approach for the poor and vulnerable in dry areas. Food Security 5(6):751-767 50 Board of Trustees

Bioversity International Board of Trustees Bioversity International is governed by a Board of Trustees that generally meets twice a year. The Board’s duties include approving Bioversity International’s board organizational framework, defining the organization’s objectives, and approving and monitoring efforts to achieve these goals. The Board appoints the Director General to act as Bioversity International’s chief executive officer. The Director General is responsible to the Board for Bioversity International’s operations and management and for ensuring that its programmes and objectives are properly developed and carried out.

Board Chair: Paul Zuckerman Vice Chair: Peter Hazell

Lidia Brito Jeremy Burdon Christina Frankopan Claudio Lenoci Trish Malloch-Brown Cristián Samper Shivaji Pandey Luis Téllez M. Ann Tutwiler

Bioversity International UK Trustees Bioversity International created a UK registered charity (no. 1131854) in October 2008 to increase awareness and support for its research agenda and activities.

Bioversity International UK is governed by an independent Board of Trustees:

Board Chair: Trish Malloch-Brown Jacqueline de Chollet Christina Frankopan Gillian Kettaneh M. Ann Tutwiler Simon Weil

Bioversity International USA, Inc Trustees Bioversity International USA, Inc aims to engage and inspire a wide range of partners and donors to ensure that small-scale farming communities in the developing world are sustainable, thriving and supported as custodians of the planet’s natural resources. It is led by a committed and highly regarded Board of Trustees:

Jessica Fanzo Trish Malloch-Brown Sara J. Scherr M. Ann Tutwiler 51 Looking Ahead to 2014

The Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Intergovernmental Panel on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services have all recognized the importance of agricultural biodiversity to achieve global food and nutrition security. We are reaching the midpoint of the UN Decade on Biodiversity, and the Sustainable Development Goals will soon be finalized.

As Bioversity International celebrates 40 years of research, we look ahead to 2014–2015 to build on the rich history of work through the implementation of our sharpened strategy. This strategy has been a collaborative process for our entire organization and external stakeholders. As you can see from this annual report, our work is focused on how we consume, produce, plant and safeguard agricultural biodiversity. Our vision is for agricultural biodiversity to nourish people and sustain the planet.

To accomplish this vision, Bioversity International will focus on delivering scientific evidence, management practices and policy options to use and safeguard agricultural biodiversity to attain sustainable global food and nutrition security. We will continue to work with partners in countries in different regions where agricultural biodiversity can contribute to improved nutrition, resilience and climate change adaptation.

Bioversity International’s sharpened strategy will ensure that agricultural biodiversity contributes to four strategic objectives:

1. Low-income consumers have expanded access to, and use of, diverse, affordable and nutritious diets.

2. Rural communities have increased the productivity, ecosystem services and resilience of farming systems, forests and landscapes.

3. Farm households and rural communities have increased access to a diversity of quality seeds and other planting materials.

4. Policymakers, scientists and rural communities have safeguarded, assessed and are monitoring priority agricultural biodiversity.

Our four objectives are synergistically linked, responding to the global community’s ongoing interest in and concern about global food and nutrition security, particularly in the lead-up to the post-2015 development agenda. This set of objectives builds on Bioversity International’s strong track record in the management of plant genetic resources and incorporates a deeper focus on adaptive systems management. With this set of objectives, we are confident that Bioversity International will deliver innovative solutions to shepherd the global food system towards “The Future We Want”.

Looking ahead, partnerships will be more critical than ever in our work to achieve this global mission, and we look forward to our continued partnership with you and your organization in 2014. 52 Establishment Agreement

The international status of Bioversity International is conferred under an Establishment Agreement which, by December 2013, had been signed by the Governments of:

Algeria, Australia, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Chile, China, Congo, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Cyprus, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Greece, Guinea, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Malaysia, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Nepal, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Sudan, Switzerland, Syria, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda and Ukraine.

Credits

Writing, design and layout: Green Ink (www.greenink.co.uk)

Annual Report 2013

Bioversity International is a member of the CGIAR Consortium. CGIAR is a global research partnership for a food-secure future.

Bioversity International is registered as a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization in the US.

Bioversity International (UK) is a Registered UK Charity No. 1131854.

© Bioversity International 2014

Bioversity Headquarters Via dei Tre Denari 472/a 00057 Maccarese, (Fiumicino) Rome, Italy

www.bioversityinternational.org

Tel. (39) 06 61181 Fax. (39) 06 61979661 Email: bioversity@cgiar.org

ISBN: 978-92-9043-991-2