Lyrics of Revolution and Resistance in Latin America

EXISTIMOS PORQUE Latin AmericanRESISTIMOS: Music as Resistance Towards U.S. Imperialism Lyrics of Revolution and Resistance in Latin America

María de los Ángeles Reyes Olmedo Dr. Aguilar-Hernández EWS 462- Senior Capstone Project Spring 2016 What brought you to this research?

 Music . Education and resistance Research Questions  What historical events led to the formation of an anti-U.S. imperialism musical movement in Latin America?  How is language employed in songs resisting

U.S. imperialism?  How are Latin American musicians using music to raise social consciousness regarding oppressive social structures?  How has transnationalism and globalization affected said movement? Literature Review  Roberto Avant-Mier (2010) . “The deconstruction of musical genres and styles imported from modern metropolises often amounts to ‘cannibalization’ of cultural hierarchies, as … a medium of…political resistance ” (p. 179).

 Luis Camnitzer (2007) Written by Avant- . “In the capitalist system, education is a bourgeois Mier (2010) and pro-imperialist system that functions to maintain, reproduce and develop a social system” (p. 110).  Pegram Harrison (1995) . Acceptance of art by marginalized communities ≠ acceptance of the people themselves Theoretical Frameworks

 Critical Race Theory

 Feminist Theory

 Resistance Theory

 Concientização/ Critical Consciousness Methods

 Critical Qualitative Research

 Discourse Analysis

. Linguistic Approach

 Constant Comparative Method

. Semistructured interviews

•1 English, 1 Spanish Songs Main genres Countries represented Language of songs analyzed Main contributors translated and analyzed

32 Hip hop, rock Guatemala, Mexico, Primarily Spanish, with: Calle 13: 8 songs Panama, Peru, Puerto English, Spanglish, Portuguese, Ana Tijoux: 5 songs Rico Indigenous languages (Quechua and Mapuche)

Calle 13- Eduardo Cabra Martínez (Visitante, left) and René Pérez Joglar (Residente, right) Summary of Findings

I. Generational political and social René Pérez Joglar (Residente, Calle 13) performing at 2014 influences Latin Grammys II. Language as a form of resistance III. De-institutionalization and de- materialization of teaching Víctor Jara IV. Music as in-between protest V. Infiltrating the master’s house I. Generational political Global criminalization and social influences and oppression of PoC “El aguante”- Calle 13

“Aguantamos Nagasaki, Aguantamos Hiroshima... Aguantamos ser esclavos por nuestro color de piel ... Aguantam os Pinochet, aguantam os a Videla... Stalin, Bush, Truman, Ariel Sharón, y Hussein. Aguantamos más de veinte campos de concentración... Aguantamos que Monsanto infecte nuestr a comida... Aguantamos el Agente Naranja y los pesticidas. Calle 13- René Pérez Joglar (Residente, left) and Eduardo Cabra ¡A brindar por el aguante!” Martínez (Visitante, right) resilience “Somos sur”- Ana Tijoux feat. II. Language as a Shadia Mansour form of resistance “Soñamos en grande que se caiga el imperio , Lo gritamos alto, no queda más remedio… Levantarnos para decir ya basta Ni África, ni América Latina se subastan Con barro, con casco, con lápiz, zapatear el fiasco, Creation of Provocar un social terremoto en este counter-hegemonic statements charco… Saqueo, pisoteo, colonización… Global Ana Tijoux (left) and Shadia Mansour (right) Somos este sur y juntamos nuestras manos.” south unity Question “What III. De-institutionalization is knowledge?” and de-materialization of “Vengo”- Ana Tijoux

teaching “Vengo en busca de respuestas…

Challenge Ansiosa de aprender la historia no contada de Euro-centric nuestros ancestros. education , Sin miedo, tú y yo, beauty ideals and imposed Descolonizemos lo que nos enseñaron. homogeneity Con nuestro pelo negro, con pómulos marcados, Con el orgullo Indio en el alma tatuado… Vengo a buscar la historia silenciada, Colonizing practices; La historia de una tierra saqueada.” “Commemoration of Indigenous raping of land Resistance” and women “Frijolero”-Molotov IV. Music as in-

“Si tuvieras tú que esquivar las balas, between protest De unos cuantos gringos rancheros, ¿Les seguirás diciendo “good for nothing wetbacks” si tuvieras tú que empezar de cero? Now why don’t you look down to where your feet is planted? The U.S. soil that makes you take shit for granted, Still frame from Molotov’s “Frijolero” (2003) music video If not for Santa Ana just to let you know, Ahistoricism, and a monopoly That where your feet are planted would be on “American” due to Mexico.” Manifest Destiny mentality Challenge media’s and government’s control V. Infiltrating the over information and its master’s house dissemination “Calma pueblo”- Calle 13

“Yo estoy aquí para contarte lo que no cuentan los periódicos... Yo uso al enemigo, a mi nadie me controla Le tiro duro a los gringos y me auspicia Coca Cola… Adidas no me usa, yo estoy usando Adidas…. Me infiltro en el sistema y exploto desde adentro.”

Use of capitalism, globalization, and multinational “Adidas doesn’t use me, I am using Adidas” brands to gain funds and a platform to disseminate message against said entities and systems Limitations

 U.S. -centric historical knowledge  Accepted as “academic” work while still accessible Future Research Directions

 How media has influenced the diffusion

of this message and song.

 Machismo and gender politics

within the movement.

 Colorism and racism within

the movement. Ana Tijoux References

 Avant-Mier, R. (2010). Rock the nation: Latin/o Identities and the Latin rock diaspora. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing.

Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

 Beeton, D. (2014). Twenty Years after NAFTA, Mexico Has Experienced Lagging Growth, Persistent Poverty and Increased Unemployment. The Center for Economic and Policy Research. Retrieved from http://cepr.net/press-center/press-releases/twenty-years-

after-nafta-mexico-has-experienced-lagging-growth-persistent-poverty-and-increased-unemployment.

 Bridgeman, D. (Director). (2012). Hecho en México. Mexico. Pantelion Films.

 Camnitzer, L. (2007). Joe R. and Teresa Lozano. Conceptualism in Latin American art: Didactics of liberation. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

 Delgago, R. & Stefanic, J. (2012) Critical race theory: an introduction. New York University Press: New York.

 Diaz, S.I. (2015). Deviant politics: Hip hop as a form of resistance against hyper-criminalization and structural violence. ETD Collection for

University of Texas, El Paso. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.proxy.library.cpp.edu/

docview/1699058930/fulltextPDF/F16889EEF0EA44FBPQ/1?accountid=10357

 Freire, P. (2002). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Continuum: New York.

 Harrison, P. (1995). Music and imperialism. Repercussions, 4 (1), 53-84. Retrieved from https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~repercus/

wp-content/uploads/2011/07/repercussions-Vol.-4-No.-1-Harrison-Pegram-Music-and-Imperialism.pdf References (Continued)

 Hernandez, Viviana. (2002). Globalization, neoliberalism, and popular resistance: the case of Latin America. Purdue University. Retrieved from http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3099117/

 Hernandez, D. P., Zolov, E., & Fernandez-L'Hoeste, H. (2004). Rockin' las Americas: The global politics of rock in Latin/o America. Pittsburgh,

PA:University of Pittsburgh Press. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

 Lavquen , A. (2002). La poesía precolombina. Punto Final, 521. Retrieved from http://www.letras.s5.com/al270304.htm

 Memmi, A. (1965). The Colonizer and the colonized. Beacon Press: Boston.

 Merriam, S.B., & Tisdell, E.J. (2015). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation, 4th Edition. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

 Robbins, T. (2011) Mass culture as domination or resistance in Latin American narratives. University of Nebraska-Lincoln. Retrieved from

http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=modlangdiss

 Stavans , I. (2014). Latin music: musicians, genres, and themes, volumes 1-2. Westport, CT: Greenwood. Retrieved from http://www.ebrary.com

 Trask, Haunani-Kkay. (1999). From a native daughter: colonialism and sovereignty in Hawaii. Revised edition. Honolulu: University of

Hawai’iPress. Thank You!/¡Muchas gracias!

•María de los Ángeles Reyes Olmedo [email protected]