Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

MARITIME INVESTMENT FOR CLIMATE RESILIENT

Public Disclosure Authorized OPERATIONS Environmental and Social Impact Assessment: Nanumaga Harbour and Funafuti Port

Prepared for: Ministry of Communications and Transport, Government of Tuvalu World Bank Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations

Quality Information

Document Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations (MICRO) Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Date 6 October 2018 Prepared by Kate Walker & Malakai Kaufusi, Safeguard Specialists, TFSU

Revision History

Authorised Version Version Date Details Name/Position A July 2018 First draft for internal and WB review

B 9 Aug 2018 ESIA for MCA and stakeholder review ESMP elements removed and WB C 27 Sept 2018 review comments incorporated. D 6 Oct 2018 For appraisal

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Table of Contents Executive Summary ...... 8 1 Introduction ...... 10 1.1 Project Background ...... 10 1.2 Scope and Objectives ...... 11 1.3 Development of the Report ...... 11 2 Project Description ...... 12 2.1 Site Location and Study Area ...... 12 2.2 Current Situation ...... 16 2.2.1 Nanumaga ...... 16 2.2.2 Funafuti Port ...... 18 2.3 Scope of Works ...... 22 2.3.1 Nanumaga Harbour ...... 22 2.3.2 Cargo Shed and Passenger Area ...... 24 2.3.3 Funafuti Port ...... 27 2.4 Construction Methodology: Nanumaga and Funafuti...... 27 2.4.1 Workers Camp on Nanumaga ...... 27 2.4.2 Workers Accommodation on Funafuti ...... 29 2.4.3 Laydown and Stockpile Area Nanumaga ...... 29 2.4.4 Laydown and Stockpile Sites Funafuti ...... 30 2.5 Program of Works ...... 30 2.6 Related Projects ...... 30 2.6.1 ADB OIMIP ...... 30 2.6.2 UNDP TCAP ...... 31 3 Analysis of Alternatives ...... 33 3.1 Introduction ...... 33 3.2 The ‘No Project’ Alternative ...... 33 3.3 Alternative Harbour Locations ...... 33 3.4 Alternative Concept Harbour Designs ...... 34 3.5 Alternative Concepts Layouts ...... 35 3.6 Alternative Locations Passenger Building ...... 35 3.7 Alternative Solutions Funafuti Port ...... 36 4 Policy, Legislative and Regulatory Framework ...... 37 4.1 Introduction ...... 37 4.2 Applicable Tuvalu Policies, Legislations, Standards and Regulations ...... 37 4.2.1 Environmental Protection Act 2008 ...... 37 4.2.2 Environmental Protection (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2012 ...... 37

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4.2.3 Waste Operations and Services Act 2009 ...... 38 4.2.4 Conservation Areas Act 2008 ...... 38 4.2.5 Marine Resources Act 2006 ...... 38 4.2.6 Employment Act 2008 ...... 38 4.2.7 Falekaupule (Local Government) Act 1977 ...... 39 4.2.8 Harbours Act (1957 CAP 48.08) ...... 40 4.2.9 Public Health and Safety Regulations (Revised 1990) ...... 40 4.2.10 Foreshore and Land Reclamation Act...... 40 4.3 International Treaties and Conventions ...... 40 4.3.1 International Labour Organisation ...... 40 4.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1998) ...... 40 4.3.3 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals...... 41 4.3.4 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage ...... 41 4.3.5 Waigani Convention ...... 41 4.4 World Bank Operational Policies ...... 42 4.5 Land Acquisition ...... 42 5 Natural Environment Baseline...... 45 5.1 Introduction ...... 45 5.2 Location and Setting ...... 45 5.3 Physical Environment ...... 46 5.3.1 Meteorology ...... 46 5.3.2 Geological Resources ...... 49 5.3.3 Coastal Hydrology Nanumaga ...... 52 5.3.4 Bathymetry and Topography ...... 56 5.3.5 Natural Hazard Vulnerability and Risks...... 57 5.3.6 Climate Change ...... 60 5.4 Biological Environment ...... 62 5.4.1 Introduction ...... 62 5.4.2 Terrestrial Environment ...... 62 5.4.3 Marine Environment ...... 63 5.4.4 Local Marine Managed Areas ...... 69 5.4.5 Vulnerable and Endangered Species ...... 70 5.4.6 Invasive and Alien Species ...... 71 6 Human & Built Environment Baseline ...... 72 6.1 Land Use ...... 72 6.1.1 Nanumaga ...... 72 6.1.2 Funafuti ...... 72 6.2 Demographics ...... 73 6.2.1 Nanumaga ...... 73

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6.2.2 Funafuti ...... 74 6.3 Education ...... 75 6.3.1 Nanumaga ...... 75 6.3.2 Funafuti ...... 75 6.4 Health ...... 75 6.4.1 Nanumaga ...... 75 6.4.2 Funafuti ...... 76 6.5 Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women ...... 76 6.5.1 Nanumaga ...... 76 6.5.2 Gender Based Violence ...... 77 6.6 Economy and Employment ...... 77 6.6.1 Nanumaga ...... 77 6.7 Subsistence ...... 78 6.7.1 Nanumaga ...... 78 6.8 Outer Island Structure and Governance ...... 78 6.9 Land Tenure and Rights ...... 79 6.10 Utilities ...... 79 6.10.1 Water ...... 79 6.10.2 Energy Sources ...... 80 6.11 Cultural Heritage Resources ...... 80 6.11.1 Nanumaga ...... 80 7 Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation ...... 81 7.1 Stakeholder Groups ...... 81 7.1.1 National Government Authorities ...... 81 7.1.2 Project Affected Communities and Individuals ...... 82 7.1.3 Civil Society and NGOs...... 82 7.1.4 Other Stakeholders and Development Partners ...... 83 7.2 Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Program ...... 83 7.2.1 Engagement Mediums ...... 83 7.2.2 Implementation Plan ...... 84 7.3 Resources and Responsibilities ...... 85 7.4 Public Consultations to Date ...... 85 8 Determination of Potential Impacts ...... 87 8.1 Introduction ...... 87 8.1.1 Environmental and Social Receptors ...... 87 8.1.2 Impact Identification Methods...... 88 8.1.3 Impact Tables ...... 90 8.2 Identified Impacts & Mitigation ...... 101 8.2.1 Water Resources ...... 101

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8.2.2 Geological Resources ...... 102 8.2.3 Coastal Hydrodynamics ...... 105 8.2.4 Marine Environment ...... 108 8.2.5 Terrestrial Environment ...... 110 8.2.6 Community Services and Infrastructure ...... 111 8.2.7 Land and Resource Use ...... 113 8.2.8 Social Environment ...... 113 8.2.9 Community Health and Safety ...... 116 8.3 Cumulative Impacts ...... 117 8.4 Uncertainties in Identifying Impacts ...... 118 9 Mitigation and Monitoring Measures ...... 119 9.1 Introduction ...... 119 10 Institutional Capacity ...... 120 Appendix A: Mitigation Table ...... 121 Appendix B: Monitoring Table ...... 135 Appendix C: Alternative Harbour Locations at Nanumaga ...... 142 Appendix D. Consultation Meeting Minutes ...... 144

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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank AOI Area of Impact AP Affected Persons CA Conservation Areas CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CESMP Contractors Environmental and Social Management Plan CLO Community Liaison Officer CMS Convention of Migratory Species DOE Department of Environment EA Executing Agency EISA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment EKT Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu EPA Environmental Protection Act ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESR Environmental and Social Receptor GBV Gender Based Violence GoTv Government of Tuvalu GRM Grievance Redress Mechanisms HIV/AIDS Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IA Implementing Agency IEE Initial Environmental Examination ILO International Labour Organisation IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LCC Live coral cover LMMA Locally Managed Marine Area MCT Ministry of Community and Transport MHARD Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development MFAT Ministry of Foreign Trade and Affairs MICRO Maritime Investment for Climate Resilient Operations MSL Mean Sea Level NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan NCD Non-Communicable Diseases NEMS National Environmental Management Strategy NGO Non-Governmental Organisation NIWO Nanumaga Island Women Organisation OIMIP Outer Island Maritime Investment Project OP Operational Policy PEAR Preliminary Environmental Assessment Report

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PM Project Manager PMU Project Management Unit PWD Public Works Department SECP Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Plan SPREP Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environmental Program SPC South Pacific Commission SWA Solid Waste Agency SWMP Solid Waste Management Plan TC Tropical Cyclone TCAP Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project TEC Tuvalu Electric Corporation TMP Traffic Management Plan TOR Terms of Reference TTC Tuvalu Telecommunications Corporation TvAIP Tuvalu Aviation Investment Project UNDP United Nations Development Program USP University of South Pacific WB World Bank WMD Waste Management Department WMP Workers Management Plan YCA Yellow Crazy Ant

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Executive Summary The Government of Tuvalu has requested support from the World Bank (WB) to develop a stronger, more resilient maritime sector and provide improved access to and from outer islands. The objective of the Tuvalu Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations (MICRO) Project is to “improve the climate resilience of Nanumaga Harbor and Funafuti Port, and in the event of an Eligible Crisis or Emergency, to provide an immediate response to the Eligible Crisis or Emergency.” The proposed works at Funafuti Port and Nanumaga have been screened based on field investigations, stakeholder consultation and a review of potential options, and classified as Category B. Potential impacts are less than significant, site specific, mostly reversible and that a range of potential measures for mitigation can be readily designed in the majority of cases. Building on work started by the ADB Outer Island Maritime Investment Project, the key outputs of the MICRO project are the design and construction of a climate resilient small-scale harbour on Nanumaga at the existing boat ramp location. As well as the harbour, the Project will provide the community with a combined storage shed and a passenger waiting area. Two concept designs for the harbour were developed and the conceptual plans currently include minimal widening and deepening of the existing channel, creation of a slightly larger basin, construction of small scale breakwater(s) to protect the channel from wave action and a piled jetty connecting the harbour to the land. Currently, Nanumaga has an unprotected 10m wide boat channel that is subject to the local wave conditions. Cargo is manually carried to and from the inter-island ferry workboats, often while walking in the water on the reef flat. When offloading outside the low tide range, the workboat is subject to action from the swell and is carried with the wave action while the transfer of passengers and cargo is ongoing. During the mid-high-mid tidal range, the workboats also need to navigate through the wave breaking zone and into the channel entrance to reach the shore for a beach landing during high tide. Transfer operations are not possible when the sea is rough or after dark, further reducing the efficiency of ship operations. Two small harbor concept options were developed and presented to the community (“Re” and “Blue”). Following community consultations, the “Blue” concept was decided on and will be used for the detailed design.

• RED: This option concentrates all the operations to a single side of a sheltered harbour. The Red concept provides a concrete access ramp for passengers and it also provides a harbour basin at right angles to the channel. The main breakwater provides access to the wharf from the access road. Passengers will transfer to and from the workboats at the ramp and cargo could be removed from any of the other parts of the main wharf depending on the tidal state. The secondary breakwater would provide protection from the northern waves but would not be connected to the main wharf and would not be used for passengers or cargo. A gap between the two breakwaters provides access to the OIMIP flex-mat for bringing local fishing boats to and from the water. The two breakwaters and the wharf are solid structures, while the access jetty along the sand is an open piled structure. • BLUE: This option utilises a two-sided harbour with passengers and their luggage for one side of the basin and Cargo being handled on the other side of the basin. A key feature is the sand retention wall which allows some wave transmission rather than reflection and reduces sand entering the basin. The sand retention wall can be adopted in either design. The blue concept calls for the channel to be widened by 6m and better aligned with the access road. The breakwaters are integrated with two offloading ramps which are accessible at all tides and do not require any steps. By providing adequate space for berthing along the length of the new basin, the workboats can come alongside whichever section of the ramp allows the passengers to step off the boat and onto the ramp. The preferred location for the cargo shed within the footprint of the former storage shed and copra shed on the waterfront between the co-operative building and the vegetation line was selected by the

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Nanumaga Falekaupule and the Nanumaga community. The exact location of the passenger building is still not confirmed, however integration of it with the cargo shed is the recommendation of this ESIA. Additionally, the MICRO Project will be improving the functionality of the Funafuti International Port by paving the 6,000m2 container handling area. The final design for Funafuti port has not yet been finalised, however, it will likely consist of a form of concrete pavement for the existing container area (approximately 6,000m2), with no expansion of the size. It is likely that the existing work shed will be demolished as part of the upgrade work, however the plan for its replacement is not yet known. The overall objective of this report is to provide an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the climate resilient infrastructure solutions which encompass items described above and includes all ancillary infrastructure for works. As part of that process, this ESIA has undertaken screening of the project as it is known and scoping of the potential impacts, it provides a description of the baseline conditions, it details the predicted qualitative and quantitative impacts from the project activities and provides safeguards management and monitoring plans to avoid, mitigate or remedy. The key impacts identified within this report are: Nanumaga

- Potential coastal erosion and accretion from breakwaters; - Influx of overseas workers to the island; - Protection of the beach berm and vegetation line; - Source of aggregates; - Location of workers camp; - Management of freshwater resources; - Solid Waste Management. Funafuti Port

- Protection of the foreshore; - Solid waste management; - Water quality in the nearshore environment; - Waste water management.

The separate Environmental and Social Management Plan and a Stakeholder Engagement Plan are designed to address these issues through:

- Implementation of the ESMP through a more detailed Contractors ESMP and associated management plans outlined in the ESMP. - Regular supervision and monitoring of the implementation of the ESMP.

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1 Introduction 1.1 Project Background The Government of Tuvalu has requested support from the World Bank (WB) to develop a stronger, more resilient maritime sector and provide improved access to and from outer islands. The objective of the Tuvalu Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations (MICRO) Project is to “improve the climate resilience of Nanumaga Harbor and Funafuti Port, and in the event of an Eligible Crisis or Emergency, to provide an immediate response to the Eligible Crisis or Emergency.” Located approximately 1,100km north east of Fiji, Tuvalu consists of nine atolls and islands with a total land area of around 26 km2. Few of the islands are more than 800 meters wide. Of the nine islands, three are reef islands (Nanumaga, Niutao and Niulakita) and six are atolls (Funafuti, Nanumea, Vaitupu, Nui, Nukulaelae and Nukufetau). The islands are very low-lying with a maximum officially recorded elevation of approximately 4.5 meters. These geographical features combine to expose the country to the impacts of climate change. Storm surges, king tides and floods, which are common occurrences and have intensified due to changes in weather patterns, as well as sea level rise and more extreme weather events such as tropical storms and cyclones, have resulted in significant damage to the islands and their inhabitants in the past. In 2015, Tropical Cyclone Pam negatively impacted Tuvalu. Nanumaga experienced severe damage from cyclone induced storm surges, including the destruction of the boat ramp on the island, undermining of some coastal building foundations and structural damage to several buildings. The maritime sector is crucial to connecting Tuvalu’s outer islands with the country’s main port in Funafuti. The small size of the outer islands and the infertile soil make inhabitants heavily reliant on shipping operations. Most foodstuffs (excluding local foods, such as fish, breadfruit, root crops, coconuts and some fruits), building materials, and manufactured products, as well as critical emergency relief after natural disasters, are imported from Fiji and distributed among the islands with inter-island vessels. The inter- island vessels visit each island with an average frequency of once every two to three weeks, depending on the length of the route. There is no viable alternative to these vessels as there are no domestic aviation services in the country. The Government appointed Deltares to undertake a Vulnerability Assessment to inform potential maritime infrastructure on Nanumaga. The Vulnerability Assessment collated bathymetric (submarine topographic), wave action and sedimentation flow data, and assessed the impacts of, and resilience to, local environmental conditions on different locations and designs/layouts. Design options ranged from limited interventions in the existing channel including minor dredging without infrastructure works to large- scale interventions allowing direct access for the Nivaga III (about 60 meters length). The report was finalized in December 2017, with the findings indicating that a smaller harbor for work boats would be the most suitable option. Developing new facilities for larger vessels to berth are not considered economically or environmentally feasible. The consultants also assessed the suitability of locating the various design options at different sections of the island. Within each section there are different locations that would be more or less optimal, but the consultants confirmed that based on available information the differences within each section would be small. According to the Vulnerability Assessment, for the preferred small-scale design option, the location of the facility could either be at the site of the existing access channel or a new site on the opposite side of the island. Given the proximity of the existing channel to the community and the environmental impact of a new construction that would require access infrastructure at an entirely greenfield site, using the existing location was deemed to be a more suitable option. The Government engaged a design consultant (Cardno) to develop the concept and detailed designs and bid documents for the proposed works at Nanumaga. The design consultants, in consultation with the community in Nanumaga, have developed two design concepts for the boat harbor in Nanumaga (Red and Blue options). The consultants will undertake the necessary hydrodynamic modeling to understand the potential environmental impacts. In addition, geotechnical investigations have been undertaken and the results provided to the design engineer. The final design will be based on the Blue concept and

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1.2 Scope and Objectives

The overall objective of this report is to provide an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) for the climate resilient infrastructure solutions which encompass items described above and includes all ancillary infrastructure for works. As part of that process, this ESIA has undertaken screening of the project and scoping of the potential impacts, it provides a description of the baseline conditions, it details the predicted qualitative and quantitative impacts from the project activities. It also provides recommended mitigation measures and monitoring plan which have been taken forward and incorporated into the stand-alone ESMP. The proposed works at Funafuti Port and Nanumaga have been screened based on field investigations, stakeholder consultation and a review of the updated options and is classified as a Category B project. It finds that potential impacts are less than significant, site specific, mostly reversible and that a range of potential measures for mitigation can be readily implemented. Category A risks are those that are likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive, diverse or unprecedented. Category A impacts are not acceptable to the Project, and no investments will be undertaken that are classified as Category A. This ESIA examines the project’s potential negative and positive impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the “without project” option) and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. Given the above project categorisation, Section 8 and 9 of this ESIA will focus on quantifying and detailing the significant positive and negative impacts of the project works at Nanumaga and describing recommended measures. The ESIA does also address the expected impacts related to the paving of the Funafuti Port, however, these works are minor in comparison and do not have any anticipated major or moderate impacts that cannot be effectively mitigated in the ESMP. 1.3 Development of the Report This ESIA presents the two Category B scale concept designs that were developed for Nanumaga Harbour and one concept design for Funafuti Port. The ESIA has been developed based on previous reports and studies undertaken by the OIMIP and other projects. It has also been based on consultation with the Nanumaga community, government and NGO stakeholders. Input from the consultations has been provided to the design engineer for appropriate incorporation into the concept and final designs and has also been incorporated into this report. Brief overview of some key decisions made during project preparation:

1 At the concept stage, it was envisaged that the works might involve a much larger and intrusive investment of sufficient size to harbor a sea-going vessel. In addition, the location of the Nanumaga Harbor was yet to be determined and two options were being considered – the existing access channel or a new location on the island. Given the scope and high impacts of such a proposal, the project was classified as a Category A project. 2 A Vulnerability Assessment was undertaken to quantify present and future coastal hazards at Nanumaga and, based on a multi-criteria analysis, identify potential locations for new harbor facilities and identified preliminary port layouts at these locations including initial cost estimates. The vulnerability of infrastructure to present and future coastal hazards (e.g. as a Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 11

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result of sea level rise), and the possible impact of the new infrastructure on the surrounding coastline (e.g. in terms of coastal morphodynamical changes and flooding) were also evaluated. The report was completed in December 2017 and it was agreed with the Government that based on the findings of the report, environmental and social safeguard considerations and economic feasibility, the option of a small-scale work boat harbor at the site of the existing access channel in Nanumaga would be the most favorable option. 3 Following consultations with the Government and Nanumaga community it was determined that the project would proceed with a small-scale work boat harbor at the site of the existing access channel in Nanumaga rather than a different location on the island given the proximity of the existing channel to the community and the environmental impact of a new construction would require access infrastructure at an entirely greenfield site. This recalibration of community expectation based on the assessments undertaken, turned the project from one being high impact to a far more modest project. 4 Based on the small-scale work boat harbor proposal, the design consultants, in consultation with the community in Nanumaga, have developed two design concepts for the small-scale boat harbor in Nanumaga. Key considerations in the development of the designs were to ensure passenger safety, operational and cost effectiveness of the harbor while minimizing environmental impact. 5 The two concept designs were subject to community consultations, following which it was decided that the project would proceed with the Blue Concept based on the decision made by the community. 6 Geotechnical investigations were undertaken at Funafuti and Nanumaga and will be used to inform the detail designs. In addition, the design consultant is undertaking detailed hydrodynamic modeling to understand the potential environmental impacts and inform the detailed design at Nanumaga. 7 A detailed ESIA has been produced to examine the potential negative and positive impacts of the small-scale work boat harbour at Nanumaga and Funafuti Port works, compare them with those of feasible alternatives (including the “without project” option) and recommend any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance.

2 Project Description 2.1 Site Location and Study Area The Project has two main sites (Figure 1): Nanumaga Island and Funafuti Port. The Nanumaga investments will be built at the site of the existing boat ramp which is located on the northwest shoreline of the island at the village, approximately 450m north of the western apex of the island. The boat ramp is located directly in front of the village center with residential areas stretching out towards the north and south along approximately 450m of coastline in total. Funafuti Port is located towards the northern end of Fongafale Island, approximately 1km from the main administrative center of Funafuti. The port is on an 80m wide section of island and is on the western shore within the sheltered lagoon of Fongafale. It has two deep water berthing docks and a port operations area totaling approximately 9,000m2 of which the 6,000m2 container storage area is the site for this Project. The Funafuti Port is surrounded by commercial businesses and government buildings.

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Figure 1: Nanumaga Harbour and Funafuti Port locations (yellow star)

To determine the geographical scope of this ESIA, it has first been necessary to determine the Area of Impact (AOI). The AOI is defined through consideration of the physical and social project footprint including all ancillary project components and also considering project impacts on various environmental, economic and social components. For the purpose of this assessment, the AOI has been determined using a precautionary approach. With this in mind, the following delineations have been developed for the AOI (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4).

Environment AOI The reef flat, reef crest and reef slope all make up the fringing reef environment. A 150m corridor either side Fringing Reef of the existing boat ramp and extending seawards will be assessed within the AOI A 250m stretch of coastline from either side of the Coastline center of existing boat ramp. 150m radius from the center point of new terrestrial Buildings buildings 150m buffer around the perimeter of the Funafuti Port Funafuti Port work area A 150m radius rom any static ancillary sites, and 50m Ancillary sites corridor from any transient sites (such as haulage routes) will be assessed.

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Figure 2: AOI areas for Nanumaga including harbour, buildings, anticipated laydown site, anticipated workers accommodation and main haulage route.

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Figure 3: Length of AOI along beach from Nanumaga harbour.

Figure 4: Funafuti Port AOI for cargo handling area.

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2.2 Current Situation 2.2.1 Nanumaga The dependence on the inter-island vessels for the supply of most foodstuffs, building materials, and manufactured products, as well as critical emergency relief after natural disasters, mean that living conditions at those islands are directly linked to the development of the maritime sector.

Figure 5: Existing channel and basin from the boat ramp (top) and from the reef flat (bottom) at low tide.

In Nanumaga there is currently only a small partial access channel through the reef, but no berths exist for offloading. The channel is located on the northwest side of the island in front of the main village. The channel is approximately 100m long, 10m wide and has a depth of 2m at low tide. It ends 38m from Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 16

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations the sand line. The channel sits within the reef flat which is void of any sediments, live coral or macroalgae (Figure 5). Nanumaga used to have a concrete boat ramp leading from the edge of the channel to the top of the berm (Figure 6), however TC Pam in 2015 destroyed that structure.

Figure 6: Pre-TC Pam concrete boat ramp at Nanumaga

It is estimated that, currently, about 700-800 passengers and 650-800m3 of cargo per year1 use the inter-island service on Nanumaga. These small throughputs are in line with the present transport demand of the inhabitants of the island and while they may increase in the future it does demonstrate that, at the current demand, a small-scale solution is the most appropriate approach for the islands. Presently, there are two government owned vessels carrying both cargo and passengers that visit the islands. These boats are the Manu Folau (46m length) and the Nivaga III (60m length). At the moment all cargo and passengers, whether transported by the Manu Folau or the Nivaga III, are transferred in the same way at Nanumaga. The transported goods are loaded onto flat bottom workboats (between 7 and 10m in length) (Figure 7) on the open ocean about 100-150m from shore and transported through the small access channel to the beach where they are offloaded (from here on referred to as ship to shore transfer). It normally takes between half a day and a full day to onload/offload a full shipment of cargo and passengers.

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Figure 7: Work boats being loaded with fuel drums for Nanumaga.

Cargo is manually carried to and from the workboats, often while walking in the water on the reef flat. When offloading outside the low tide range, the workboat is subject to action from the swell and is carried with the wave action while the transfer of passengers and cargo is ongoing. During the mid-high- mid tidal range, the workboats also need to navigate through the wave breaking zone and into the channel entrance to reach the shore for a beach landing during high tide. This is potentially dangerous depending on the sea conditions, and serious accidents do occur, resulting in injury, loss of property and economic value, and occasionally loss of life. Transfer operations are not possible when the sea is rough or after dark, further reducing the efficiency of ship operations. Workboat to ship transfer (from here on referred to as ship to ship) is precarious as it calls for all passengers and their personal luggage to step or be passed directly between the workboat and the ferry, this includes children, babies, the elderly and those with limited mobility. This is precarious when the sea state is calm, however it becomes very dangerous when there are rough seas or swells. Infants are transferred between hands over the gap between the workboat and the ferry which is very unsafe and high risk. Persons with disabilities and the infirmed are transferred ship to ship in crates that are also used to transfer cargo and do not afford the passenger much dignity and leave them feeling treated like cargo. The sailing schedule of the vessels are fixed up to 2 months in advance and may be adapted based on weather conditions, vessel availability and important social needs such as the start of school term. Currently there is no cargo shed on the island, it was damaged during TC Pam and removed by the Kaupule. There is a small shaded seated area which as enough space for about 20 people to sit on benches, everyone else sits under trees or in their motorbike trucks while waiting for their cargo or to board. 2.2.2 Funafuti Port The existing container storage area at the port is an uneven gravel surface through its entirety. There are several separate storage types at the site. Containers make up the bulk of the storage needs, however there are also drums of used lubricants waiting for export and also an informal livestock holding area for pigs. There is currently no distinct segregation between these areas and the livestock holding area is located in such a way that it is difficult to access.

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Figure 8: Current pavement condition at Funafuti Port container storage area.

Additionally, there is no bunding or containment areas for the drums of hazardous materials which is particularly critical as the drums are often in poor condition and are not self-bunded. The informal livestock holding area is also poorly designed with no containment or treatment for the waste created by the pigs. Both are located on the shoreline at the port and post environmental and health risks to the port workers and users of the nearby shoreline.

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Figure 9: Hydrocarbon storage drums and livestock holding area at Funafuti Port.

The gravel surface is uneven and pitted creating large puddles after rain. As well as creating puddles, the uneven surface also means that the movement of full containers by the forklift can be quite unsafe.

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Figure 10: Forklift carrying 20ft container on uneven surface at Funafuti Port.

The northernmost tip of the container handling area does not have any form or retaining wall between the surface and the beach and several of the containers are sitting partially on the beach itself. The beach is a rocky beach without any sand. The beach is also littered with large pieces of rusting and broken equipment which seem to be from the port itself.

Figure 11: Transition area at northern end of container storage yard at Funafuti Port.

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There is a large central storage shed within the port which is used to store loose cargo as it is loaded or unloaded from containers. The storage shed is in good condition, however during king tides and storm events, there the shed floor is subject to low level flooding indicating that the shed floor is approximately 1m lower than it should ideally be.2 From this it can be determined that, while the sea wall is in good condition, it is too low to adequately address the needs of the changing climate. 2.3 Scope of Works 2.3.1 Nanumaga Harbour The MICRO Project seeks to address the risks and issues related to ship to shore transfer of passengers and cargo. It is important to note that the MICRO Project will not provide solutions to many of the current risks faced by the ship to ship passengers transfer process. As per the Design Engineer TOR, the engineer provided two concept designs for assessment prior to selection of the final design. The TOR required that the design be based on the Concept B- proposed in the Vulnerability Assessment, however site inspections have determined that this proposed solution is not adequate and does not address a number of the key parameters, particularly the swell direction and wave patterns. Taking this into consideration, and in order to achieve the best results for the community of Nanumaga, the engineer has provided 2 concept designs, one based on the B- Concept and one based on the conditions found at the island and the needs of the community. Both concept harbour designs included: a) Wharf structure: the wharf incorporates access for passengers to the workboats, docking points for workboats from the interisland ferries, jetty access from the land side to the wharf for a loaded 2-ton vehicle. The concept designs provide space and capacity for the combined load of a small mobile crane with a lifting capacity of 3 tons and a vehicle to transport the related handled road. b) Breakwaters: Breakwaters to provide a sheltered location with regard to wave penetration for approach channels, turning basins, wharfs, ramps, and access roads will need to be included. c) Passenger facilities: include gender segregated restrooms, provisions for persons with disabilities, and be self-contained including solar panels for electricity generation and rainwater harvesting facilities for water supply. Space for a back-up generator should also be included for emergencies.

2.3.1.1 Concept Designs The first concept design (labelled ‘Red’ by Cardno) proposed is more closely aligned with the Concept B- in the Vulnerability Assessment and Design Engineer TOR (Figure 11). The main difference is the inclusion of a second breakwater. The Vulnerability Assessment failed to capture the southwestern swell that occurs on Nanumaga for 20%3 of the year and therefore did not include a second breakwater in their concept. To improve on that, it has been necessary to develop concept designs that address this oversight. This option concentrates all the operations to a single side of a sheltered harbour. This design with further refinement during the design process is a design closest to the ADB OIMIP design with alterations for the change in community needs and to fit with existing channel and berm crossing. The Red concept provides a concrete access ramp for passengers and it also provides a harbour basin at right angles to the channel as per ‘B- ‘. The main breakwater provides access to the wharf from the access road. Passengers will transfer to and from the workboats at the ramp and cargo could be removed from any of the other parts of the main wharf depending on the tidal state. The secondary breakwater would provide protection from the northern waves but would not be connected to the main wharf and would not be used for passengers or cargo. A gap between the two breakwaters provides access to the OIMIP flex-

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations mat for bringing local fishing boats to and from the water. The two breakwaters and the wharf are solid structures, while the access jetty along the sand is an open piled structure.

Figure 12: Red concept for Nanumaga Harbour based on the proposed B- concept The second concept (Blue) (Figure 13), the option chosen by the community, takes its inspiration from the Vulnerability Assessments recommendation for Concept 0+ and the recommendations of a satellite harbour proposed by the Tautai Foundation4 specifically for the islands of Tuvalu. This option utilises a two-sided harbour with passengers and their luggage for one side of the basin and Cargo being handled on the other side of the basin. A key feature is the sand retention wall which allows some wave transmission rather than reflection and reduces sand entering the basin. The sand retention wall can be adopted in either design. The blue concept calls for the channel to be widened by 6m and better aligned with the access road. It also calls for the existing basin area to the widened and lengthened but does not change the orientation of the basin allowing the workboats to approach and dock without having to maneuver around 90o to come alongside. The breakwaters are integrated with two offloading ramps which are accessible at all tides and do not require any steps. By providing adequate space for berthing along the length of the new basin, the workboats can come alongside whichever section of the ramp allows the passengers to step off the boat and onto the ramp. At its entrance, the channel will be deepened to reduce the wave height during high tide and a short way into the channel a deep sump will be dredged to act as a sand trap and therefore prevent the sand being lost out of the channel. The sump will be fitted with a dredge pump which will be able to pump the sand, back onto the beach. It is estimated that total dredge volume will be approximately 9,000m3. Additional breakwater structures could be placed at the channel entrance to further reduce the wave disturbance entering the channel should the modelling show that this is necessary.

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Figure 13: Concept 2 (Blue) developed for Nanumaga Harbour Common features of both concept designs are:

• The same Flex-Mat structure for small craft boat ramp but in different locations • Raised on pile structures for the passenger and freight jetties across the shoreline to reduce littoral drift impact • Integrated landing craft ramp for cargo and climate response emergencies • Long passenger ramp operating area to produce lower stepped ramp angles for lower mobility passengers • Sufficient area for cargo truck to turn around at the end of the structures 2.3.2 Cargo Shed and Passenger Area The preliminary design for the building areas have not yet been completed. The preferred location for the cargo shed of the Nanumaga Falekaupule was within the footprint of the former storage shed and copra shed on the waterfront between the co-operative building and the vegetation line.

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Figure 14: Proposed location for cargo shed on pre-existing building foundations with existing damaged area shown in red. The selected location was damaged during the Tropical Cyclone Pam. A pre-existing retaining wall and the associated foundation structures were damaged during the cyclone. The damage was contained to an area approximately 10m x 4m. Up until this storm event, the retaining wall (which was constructed before the memory of any of the Kaupule) had stood up against the cyclonic activity of recent times. The seawall and foundation structures which were damaged were not built to withstand a severe Category 5 TC and it was unsurprising that this level of damage occurred. Having said that, considering the destructive power of the waves and the age and lack of sophistication of the construction methods, the damage can be considered minimal.

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Figure 15: Area of damage from TC Pam and subsequent years additional degradation at proposed cargo shed location. The damage caused by TC Pan does show that, as this area is vulnerable to storm surge, the design of the buildings must be conservative in its approach to climate resilience. An elevated floor and reinforced resilient foundations are necessary if the integrity of the building is to be maintained in the event of another storm of TC Pam’s intensity. The proposed building location is near the top of the coastal berm, therefore integrating the design of the foundations into the berm in a considerate way to afford the best protection from climactic events will be critical to the buildings long term integrity. Looking beyond the damaged section, the selected location for the combined cargo and passenger area currently consists of two large foundations fronted by an old retaining wall. The wall is approximately 35m long with an additional 4-5m additional length of damaged seawall area. At this stage the size and configuration of the buildings is unknown, but it is anticipated that the usable area within this location will be 28m in length by 10-12m in width. It is anticipated that the building would be set back from the old retaining wall by approximately 5-8m. It is not anticipated that the final footprint design of the building will exceed the pre-existing foundations. It is also anticipated that, given the selected location, the building will have climate resilient reinforced foundations and will be elevated to avoid inundation of the building itself. It is important to note that building within this inundation zone calls for mitigation measures to counter the potential impact of future cyclone events. The hierarchical preference for management of impacts prioritizes avoidance over mitigation therefore building in this location is suboptimal as it cannot avoid these impacts. To address this, alternative locations for siting the cargo shed were explored by the PMU and the Nanumaga Falekaupule. Secondary locations should seek to avoid impacts related to building damage from wave inundation and coastal degradation from building works. The following criteria should be applied when selecting locations:

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- 20m behind the existing vegetation line for refurbishment of existing building (for example refurbishing the cooperative building); • Cargo shed and passenger building should be combined to minimise environmental footprint and therefore impact. If not able to combine, then two separate but smaller locations can be investigated; • Building will be located at least 15m from any inland water bodies; • Priority will be given to sites currently leased by the Kaupule, the Government of Tuvalu or land which is designated as community land. If private land is selected for the buildings, land lease negotiations will follow the process described in Section 4.5. • It is now suggested that the cargo shed/passenger shed be located in the old supermarket owned by the Tuvalu Cooperative.

2.3.3 Funafuti Port The final design for Funafuti port has not yet been finalised, however, it will likely consist of a form of concrete pavement for the existing container area (approximately 6,000m2), with no expansion of the size. It is likely that the existing work shed will be demolished as part of the upgrade work, however the plan for its replacement is not yet known. 2.4 Construction Methodology: Nanumaga and Funafuti Based on the construction method being applied in Nukulaelae by the ADB funded project which is importing pre-cast concrete blocks, it is expected that the harbour will be constructed in such a way as to minimise the need for concrete production on Nanumaga, minimise the need for large scale excavating equipment and maximise the number of skilled and unskilled local residents that can be utilised, thereby minimising the number of expatriate workers that will be needed for the project. The design engineer will stipulate certain methodologies within the bid documents to enable effective execution of the design and to minimise the Projects’ impact footprint on the island. A strategy which the Contractor will be required to adopt is maximizing the use of the local Nanumaga skilled and unskilled workforce. The Nanumaga Kaupule are in the process of creating a labour registry for the island which will appended to this ESIA prior to tender. The MICRO ESMP provides the template for this labour registry. 2.4.1 Workers Camp on Nanumaga The number of foreign workers that are needed for the harbour works is not known at this stage. To be conservative, this document follows the Nukulaelae OIMIP example of 45 foreign workers. However, with effective management and proper contractual controls, it could be possible bring this down to 25 people if the local labour force is effectively utilised (as per the Nanumaga Labour Registry) and the construction methods planned to be minimally intrusive. It will not be possible to accommodate the foreign workers on offshore accommodation barges as with other outer island projects in Tuvalu, therefore all workers will need to be housed on the island itself. Accommodation needs include a project management office, project managers and workers camps. Several options have been assessed on Nanumaga and a preferred location has been identified based on: (i) distance from sensitive receptors; (ii) distance from center of village; (iii) proximity to worksite; (iv) existing infrastructure and (v) land ownership. The preferred location is the damaged former clinic and associated wards (Figure 16). This site has been approved by the Kaupule and the Falekaupule. As it is the site of a government facility, the land is currently leased by the Government of Tuvalu through the Kaupule. This building was functional and in use as a health center/clinic until TC Pam caused a level of damage which left the buildings unfit for purpose. The buildings consist of a large open plan building, a bathroom block with toilets and showers and the former clinic itself. There are also 3 other buildings, 2 of which are completely destroyed, and the rubble can be removed to provide the bare foundation slab which is an additional usable space for

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations the workers accommodation. The third outer building is standing but has suffered damage to the foundation slab which makes it unsuitable for accommodation but could be used as a non-watertight storage area.

Figure 16: Location of abandoned medical clinic approved for use as workers camp on Nanumaga.

The site is connected to the electrical mains, has a functioning cistern with well-maintained guttering and several bathroom and toilet units. Repair and renovation works will be required to bring the buildings to a structurally sound and watertight livable standard, and these will be financed by the contractor as part of their bid. The most significant of these works will be the repair or replacement of 2 outer walls. All of the roofs are water tight and the rest of the buildings will require relatively minor renovations to make the buildings habitable. Additional space also exists for workers tents should this be necessary. Figure 17 shows the buildings and their current interiors. On completion of the project, the renovated buildings will be handed back to the Kaupule for use by the community.

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Figure 17: Sample range of conditions at proposed workers accommodation. Images show: main ward building (top left), cyclone damage to wall (top right), ablutions block (middle left), bathroom stalls (middle right), interior of old nursess clinic (bottom left) and demolished ward (bottom right).

At this stage in project preparation it is desirable that the work to renovate the buildings to habitable standard be contracted to the Nanumaga Community prior to mobilisation of the main works Contractor. Site visits to Nanumaga determined that there are construction facilities and several skilled and unskilled workers with experience in construction of buildings of this type. The PMU should consider utilising international expertise to oversee the development of the building design and construction by local contractors to a standard approved within the IFC Workers Accommodation Standard and Guidelines (in the MICRO ESMP). This would create multiple benefits such as reducing costs, avoiding potential delays as works are undertaken and creating economic opportunity within the Nanumaga community. Once the buildings are complete to an acceptable habitable standard, the furnishing and facilities of the workers accommodations must follow the stipulations of the IFC Workers Accommodation Guidelines. Critical to the selection of the medical center as a potential workers camp site is the requirement within these guidelines for a minimum space of 4m2 to 5.5m2 per worker either in singe rooms or in dormitories of between 2 to 8 people. For the high estimate of 45 workers, this equates to 180m2 to 247m2, if the Contractor reduces it to 25 workers by using local labour, this would equate to 100m2 to 137m2 of personal space needed for the bedrooms. Initial measurements of the medical center show that the large open plan building is approximately 200m2 and the main clinic is approximately 70m2. Both of these buildings are suitable for accommodations. The destroyed buildings sit on a foundation area of approximately 250m2 and this would be a suitable area to place any additional cabins that might be needed. 2.4.2 Workers Accommodation on Funafuti At this stage in project preparation it is not known how many foreign workers will be required for the Funafuti Port works. As with the Nanumaga works, the Contractor will be expected to maximise use of local labour to minimise the need for foreign workers. The Contractor for the Funafuti works is required to utilise the Funafuti Labour Registry in the MICRO ESMP. It is not anticipated that a worker’s camp will be needed on Funafuti and workers will be able to utilise existing accommodations, particularly if the Contract employs local labour as a priority. 2.4.3 Laydown and Stockpile Area Nanumaga It is anticipated that there will be a need for an area for the laydown and construction staging site (approximately 0.5 hectares) and a separate area for the storage of the dredged material stockpiles (approximately 25 x 60m). Potential locations of appropriate sizes have been proposed by the Kaupule and Falekaupule. The sites are privately owned and are located at least 150m from the coastline at the northern and southern end of the village, away from the densely populated areas. The land owners have been identified and the ownership of these properties is not under dispute or contention. Initial meetings between the land owners, the Kaupule, the MICRO PMU and the Design

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Engineer have demonstrated that the landowners are willing to enter into a short-term rental arrangement with the Contractor for the duration of the works. The terms of the rental agreement will be negotiated by the Contractor with the facilitation of the Kaupule. All terms are subject to approval by the Supervision Engineer and the MICRO PMU and a signed copy of the agreements must be submitted to the Supervision Engineer prior to commencement of works. Should there be any productive non-land assets at the laydown or stockpile site, the preference is to avoid clearance of these assets where practical. If clearance is required, then the owners of these non- land assets non-land assets are entitled to compensation. The compensation rates and amounts shall be paid by the Contractor (see ESMP for government rates) and will be based on the latest government valuation and/or on full replacement cost at existing market prices. 2.4.4 Laydown and Stockpile Sites Funafuti It is expected that aggregate will be shipped in multiple (up to three) shipments and these are likely to be in shipping containers, which the port is well equipped to store and manage. There will be sufficient space within the vicinity of the port, on MCT leased land to accommodate all laydown and stockpiling needs. Given the material would be arriving at the port and not leaving the precinct, it is not expected that off-site impacts, other than readily managed aspects such as construction noise etc., will be experienced. 2.5 Program of Works It is expected that the Nanumaga and Funafuti works will be released for tender late 2018/early 2019 with a potential mobilization timeframe of late 2019. For Nanumaga, the contractor should be required to mobilize just after cyclone season (which runs from November to April) to give maximum opportunity for completion within calmer weather. For Funafuti Port, while it is preferable to undertake works outside cyclone season, it is not as critical as with the Nanumaga works. The contractor will be required to sequence works so as to ensure minimal impacts. 2.6 Related Projects There are two related projects which are planned for Nanumaga. Some minor works (flex-mat installation) are planned at the existing boat ramp under the ADB OIMIP project and are currently scheduled to take place before the MICRO works. The second project is a UNDP funded Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project (TCAP) which proposes to increase coastal protection along the foreshore in the vicinity of the existing boat landing area. It is expected that these works will take place after the MICRO works have been completed. 2.6.1 ADB OIMIP This project is planning on providing Nanumaga with a flex-mat boat ramp (Figure 8) to provide 30m of solid surface between the start of the sand and the firm surface of the existing ramp. These works are proposed for the end of 2018 and will take approximately 4 weeks to complete. Joint site inspections between the OIMIP and MICRO teams identified that no flex-mat should be installed over the hard reef flat, instead the mat should be keyed into the reef flat, just before the start of the sand and then laid up the beach towards the ramp. Over time, the flex-mat would become covered in sand and would provide a firm surface under a layer of sand giving the haulage vehicles better traction. Consultations between the OIMIP and MICRO Design Engineers will aim for integration of the flex-mat ramp into the MICRO design to avoid the removal of the ADB investment.

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Figure 18: An example of the type of flex-mat to be installed on Nanumaga under OIMIP

2.6.2 UNDP TCAP The TCAP project proposes coastal protection along the shoreline of the Nanumaga villages to protect the beach and village from erosion during storm events. The final scope of works for TCAP on Nanumaga has not yet been finalised, however it is expected that the works will mainly be a minimally intrusive berm topping structure possibly using geotextile bags (geobags). The concept of these works is to provide additional support to the natural berm that runs through the village and to enhance that protection rather than create a new barrier defense in front of the village. The final scope of the project is not yet finalised, however initial planning shows installation of the berm top protections measures in the area indicated below in Figure 19.

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Figure 19: Approximate location of proposed TCAP berm top protection measures (green line). While it is anticipated that the TCAP works on Nanumaga will occur after the MICRO project works, there will be interactions between the two projects. The design engineers and technical advisors for both projects will consult with each other as the designs develop to try and maximize the level of integration and minimise any negative impacts. The consultations between projects will be facilitated by the MICRO safeguard specialists.

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3 Analysis of Alternatives 3.1 Introduction The primary objective of the MICRO project is to provide improved maritime transportation access for the village of Nanumaga and to pave the container holding area of the Funafuti Port. This section examines the technically and financially feasible alternatives to achieve the objectives on Nanumaga. These alternatives were considered during the project preparation phase and have led to the validation of the project as it is described in Section 2. Decisions taken in consultation with the Nanumaga community have significantly influenced the selected harbour location. This section refers to consideration of alternatives and is structured to follow a narrowing approach involving a series of logical steps, starting with the high-level alternatives followed by a description of more detailed alternatives considered as part of the Project. Using this commonly adopted narrowing approach, the analysis of alternatives considers alternatives in the following sequence:

• The ‘No Project’ alternative • Alternative harbour locations • Alternative harbour design concepts • Alternative harbour layouts The alternatives analysis for the project underpins the process applied during project design to minimize environmental and social impacts associated with the project. Initially, the community and Government considered a new harbor would be required at Nanamaga however based on the iterative work undertaken and the ESIA process, including technical work, assessment and community consultation, the initial concept has been replaced by a far more nuanced project with greatly reduced environmental and social impacts. 3.2 The ‘No Project’ Alternative The ‘No Project’ alternative for the purposes of this ESIA is the situation where the harbour element of the Project does not proceed. Under this scenario, there are no adverse environmental impacts as there is no construction or operation of the harbour on the island. However, the need for the harbour, and therefore the Project, is driven by the government and the community’s long-standing need for improved access and safety for all outer island passengers. Should the Project not proceed the safety risks and weather limited operations currently experienced by the community will continue, and likely increase as the effects of climate change become more pronounced. 3.3 Alternative Harbour Locations At the outset of project preparation, a Vulnerability Assessment was undertaken which proposed three (Figure 10) potential coastal sections for development of a harbour. Initial screening of the three sections resulted in one being rejected (Eastern side) and two being selected for further evaluation: the southwest section and the northwest section. Among other things, the purpose of this work was to identify an alternative which would provide the required development outcomes while also limiting any environmental and social impacts. It also played a role in providing technical and analytical work which resulted in the concept of a new harbor being dropped. Based largely on this work, the current proposal was identified. Utilising the preferred existing boat ramp along the north western coastline is more feasible from an economic perspective as the construction works required will be greatly reduced compared to an undeveloped site and would also have far lower environmental and social impacts. Importantly from an environmental and social impact perspective, this site does not have scope for future expansions of the harbor development to the scale originally anticipated by the community which ensures that the general scale of the development will be contained. A longer assessment of how the ESIA process, integrated with technical work and community engagement resulted in the transition of the project from one with

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations potentially significant environmental and social impacts to one where the risks are more predictable and readily manageable is held in Appendix C.

Figure 20: Three identified coastal sections of Nanumaga: Eastern, South West and North West.

3.4 Alternative Concept Harbour Designs The Vulnerability Assessment presented a number of concept designs which, after initial screening, were reduced down to two feasible alternatives: Concept ‘O+’ and Concept ‘B- ‘, of which ‘B- ‘was the selected preferred concept as Concept ‘O+’ consists of no new breakwaters or jetties and did not meet the community’s objectives. Concept ‘O+’ is to apply an optimized version of the present way of offloading. It is more economically feasible than B- as it only requires improvement or construction of a boat ramp rather than any solid infrastructure. The ‘O+’ design allows for a deeper entrance channel to make the offloading process less dependent on the tide and also results in smaller waves within the deepened channel. Additionally, a deeper channel would create a buffer for siltation which would mean that the channel would still have some functionality after a severe storm. The Concept ‘O+’ design does not allow for a breakwater or jetty to be installed therefore the existing methods of onloading and offloading would still need to be improved to offer a safer transfer of passengers. This design concept is a very short-term solution and would only part-way address the objectives of the Project. While Concept ‘O+’ leads to minimal environmental impacts, it does not provide a satisfactory outcome to the community and therefore was not selected as the preferred option. Concept B- consists of a basin with a berth protected by an L-shaped breakwater and a separate wharf is suggested for boat docking and access to the wharf via a jetty. The size of the breakwater means that it could be placed a distance from the reef’s edge, which is expected to lead to lower design waves at the structure because the waves will (partly) break as they propagate onto the shallow reef. The concept calls for the L-shaped breakwater to be positioned so that the elbow of the breakwater is protecting the channel from the main swell direction.

Factor Concept ‘O+’ Concept ‘B-’ Infrastructure No breakwaters or jetties One ‘L’ shaped breakwater with constructed under this option. elbow towards the prevalent storm Works allow for optimization of direction. Harbour basin connected Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 34

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channel but no protective to shore by wharf and jetty infrastructure. structure, protected on one side by the breakwater but not connected to the breakwater. Costs Very low as no infrastructure to be High cost for breakwater and installed concrete wharf and jetty. Changes to entrance safety Increased safety as channel can be Decreased wave height in channel widened and deepened to reduce entrance from wider and deeper standing waves in entrance channel, however proximity of breakwater to reef crest will determine extent of increased safety. If the distance is too small then the benefits of deepening the channel may be negated due to wave refraction and movement of surface water around breakwater. Operational days Unchanged from current situation Increased due to protection against wave action from one direction. Passenger/cargo safety Improved safety at channel Improved due to calmer waters entrance, but unchanged at beach within harbour and secure wharf offloading zone for offloading cargo and passengers Community/GoTv aspirations Not met. Unchanged from current Partially met as aspiration exists to situation. eventually have larger scale harbour Environmental Impact Negligible and short term as there Changes to long-shore drift are no infrastructure is required. expected leading however preliminary modelling results have indicated that this will be minimal

3.5 Alternative Concepts Layouts Two concepts are discussed in section 2.3.1.1. The two concepts have been presented to the community for comment and input. Details of these consultations can be found in Appendix D. The community decided on the “Blue” concept. 3.6 Alternative Locations Passenger Building The Nanumaga community have indicated a strong preference for the passenger waiting area to be located on the northern side of the boat ramp, just to the left of the church cistern (approximate location below in yellow). This ESIA recognised that it is the communities desire to house the passenger building in this location to provide for complete separation of the passengers and cargo handling.

It is the assessment of this ESIA that this location would be suboptimal for placement of the passenger building. The proposed alternative location is currently a construction site for the new church building and the timeframe for completion of those works is not yet known. The proposed location does not currently have any foundation base and is in the inundation zone of the 1 in 50 year cyclone as experienced during cyclone Pam. In order to house the passenger building in this vulnerable location, significant engineering would be needed to provide a climate resilient structure. As the cargo shed is already being

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations built in an equally vulnerable area, it is already going to be subject to increased costs to make the foundations climate resilient. To increase the scope of this again by an additional building for the passenger waiting area has the potential to significantly increase project costs. Environmentally, the proposed location is on the top of the coastal berm, as with the cargo shed, and to build a second new building in this vulnerable location would create a cumulative negative impact on the resilience of the berm to withstand future cyclone events. In accordance with the impact mitigation hierarchy, the avoidance of impacts, by not building structures in wave impacted coastal areas, is preferred to mitigating impacts, by providing climate resilient foundations. Furthermore, given the size of the Nanumaga community and the volume of cargo handled per vessel, it is difficult to justify the additional cost and impact of a completely separated passenger and cargo facility. Hence, it is recommended to not further contemplate the passenger terminal being located in a potential impact zone and instead to seek an alternative location and ideally integrated into the cargo shed building. 3.7 Alternative Solutions Funafuti Port The ‘No Project’ option for the Funafuti Port was explored as part of this ESIA and would result in no negative environmental impacts. However, the need for improvements at the Funafuti Port is driven by the governments aspiration to improve worker safety and efficiency of operations for all importing and exporting activities. Should the Project not proceed the safety risks and operational inefficiencies caused by the poor surface will continue, and likely increase as the effects of climate change become more pronounced. The final design solution of the pavement will be designed to ensure it is robust and climate resilient.

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4 Policy, Legislative and Regulatory Framework 4.1 Introduction The policies, legislation, regulations and environmental standards of the Government of Tuvalu, which pertain to this development, along with all applicable World Bank safeguard policies and ESH standards have been assessed to ensure this project complies with all legal requirements. The subject areas reviewed include environmental quality, health and safety, protection of critical habitats, protection of endangered species, site selection and land use control at the local and national levels. Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade has the responsibility of administering the Environmental Protection Act (2008) and the Environmental Protection (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations (2012). Within the MFAT, the Department of Environment has the responsibility, under the legislation, for reviewing, assessing and monitoring of projects. For all development projects, a Preliminary Environmental Assessment report (PEAR) is required in accordance with Regulation 8 and a full EIA be prepared for activities with significant impacts as identified in the PEAR meaning that an EIA isn’t automatically trigger for every proposed project. However, in the case of the MICRO Project, WB safeguard policies require that an environmental assessment be carried out for all Category B projects. It has been determined that as the proposed works are being carried out at a vulnerable site, a full EIA is the most appropriate assessment instrument. This assessment fulfills all WB safeguard policies and GoTv regulations and will be used as the basis for the PEAR submission to the DoE.

4.2 Applicable Tuvalu Policies, Legislations, Standards and Regulations 4.2.1 Environmental Protection Act 2008 The Environmental Protection Act is the principle law governing the protection and management of the environment. This act defines the Tuvaluan Governments role in relation to all environmental management and decision-making processes. In relation to this ESIA, one of the principle roles of the EPA is outlining the requirements and making provisions for an EIA and monitoring of environmental impacts. Under the EPA, the DoE is responsible for ensuring the proper regulation, monitoring and control of solid wastes to minimise its impact on environmental quality. The DoE is mandated to regulate waste collection and disposal systems and set operational standards by applying guidelines for waste management operations within Tuvalu. The Act also sets out provisions for regulations dealing with pollution control and dealing with hazardous waste and substances 4.2.2 Environmental Protection (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2012 These regulations set out the process for undertaking environmental impact assessments. All developments require a preliminary environmental assessment report to be submitted in order to assess whether a full EIA is required. As the MICRO project will be undertaking an ESIA, the PEAR assessment will be null, and void and the DoE will instead undertake the full EIA assessment in the first instance. The regulations detail the required content of an EIA under GoTv law and this ESIA has been developed according to these stipulations. In brief, the regulations require a full assessment to contain: (a) a summary of the development proposal and its consequences; (b) a description of the development proposal and objectives; (c) a description of the development proposal including technical description, site boundaries and justification for the proposal; (d) review of the alternatives; (e) a description of the affected environment; (f) analysis of environmental consequences. In addition to these requirements listed under regulation 12, a full assessment of baseline conditions and a schedule of compliance monitoring will be included in the EIA. The Regulations also make provision for the DoE to identify and use a suitably skilled and qualified external review consultant to support the DoE at the cost of the project proponent.

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The Regulations state that after review of the full assessment, the DoE may issue instructions for the proponent to undertake consultations and may provide full details for the proposed consultations process. 4.2.3 Waste Operations and Services Act 2009 This Act, in combination with the EPA, gives the DoE responsibility for the waste regulations in Tuvalu and the regulatory control of waste management operations. The DoE is also responsible for implementing the international conventions relating to the management of hazardous wastes. Additionally, the regulatory control of waste dumps and waste disposal sites shall be exercised by the DoE in relation to environmental impact assessment and the imposition of standards, and the designated waste management operators relating to the management of wastes. The Act states that waste dumps and waste disposal sites shall be managed by each Kaupule or the Solid Waste Agency where the need exists for additional technical and operational capacity for the proper disposal of wastes. In the context of MICRO, as no waste will be permitted to be dumped on Nanumaga, the SWA will be an important stakeholder in the waste management plan. The storage and disposal of hazardous wastes shall be undertaken by the SWA. Regulation 12 of the Act states that all landfill sites, waste dumps and waste disposal facilities in Tuvalu must be licensed by the SWA. 4.2.4 Conservation Areas Act 2008 The CA Act makes provisions for the declarations and management of conservation areas. The minister may declare any part of the territory of Tuvalu as a conservation area upon the requires of a Kaupule after due consultation with the Kaupule recommending the establishment of a CA. The objective of the CA is to protect the coastal, marine and terrestrial environment; to conserve the living and non-living natural resources of the island communities and to provide for their sustainable utilization by present and future generations; to preserve biological diversity of the CA, especially those species which are endemic, threatened, or of special concern and the coastal and marine habitats upon which the survival of these species depend. Of Tuvalu’s 11 marine and terrestrial Conservation Areas, only Funafuti CA is covered by a formal Marine Protected Area which has been legally gazetted through national legislation. Nanumaga Kaupule have implemented an informal community-managed LMMA using traditional management practices with limited enforcement capabilities. 4.2.5 Marine Resources Act 2006 This Act is the main law dealing with fisheries in Tuvalu and makes provisions for the promotion and regulation to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainable use of the living marine resource for the benefit of the people of Tuvalu. The Marine Resources Amendments Act 2012 implements a number of changes to the principle act which are intended to ensure that Tuvalu’s internationals, regional, and national rights and responsibilities in relation to fisheries conservation, management and development are accommodated. The amendment significantly increased the level of penalties for various types of offences under the Act. It is also a requirement of the license to present each employee for a medical examination to ensure that they are fit to work. 4.2.6 Employment Act 2008 This Act outlines the requirements of the employer as they act towards their staff. In the context of the MICRO project there are several aspects which are noteworthy. Firstly, the employer requires a recruitment license when: (a) the employer employs more than 25 people at one time; or, (b) the workers are to be recruited from more than 25 miles from the place of work. The issuance of this license is to enable the GoTv to consider the impact of removing a number of adult males from their home area for the duration of employment. The application for this license requires detailed information on the health, safety and welfare of the employees.

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Secondly, section 43 of this act states that no person shall recruit a worker under the apparent age of 18. The Commissioner may grant permission to employ persons from 15 years of age with parental or guardian consent for employment in Tuvalu for light work duties. The act also stipulates the maternity arrangements for female employees, including 12 weeks paid maternity leave with at least 25% of her regular salary. The act also makes provisions for the allowance of twice daily breaks to breastfeed any nursing babies. This act also protects women from dismissal for absences relating to pregnancy complications, unless this absence exceeds 12 weeks. Part XI of the act provides for the care of workers and details the legal requirements governing the following: rations, water, sanitary arrangements, housing, medical care and treatment, hospital maintained by the employer, conveyance of workers by sea and reporting of deaths. 4.2.7 Falekaupule (Local Government) Act 1977 This act governs the establishment and composition of a Falekaupule and a Kaupule as well as their meetings, proceedings and functions. The act states that the Kaupule on each island shall be the executive arm of the Falekaupule and shall perform all of the functions conferred on the Falekaupule by this or any other Act and generally maintain order and good government and promote development within the area of its authority. The Act also states that the with the express approval of the Falekaupule (and the Minister for lands outside the Falekaupule area) a Kaupule may, for the purposes of performing its statutory functions or those of the Falekaupule, acquire by purchase, gift or lease any land within or outside the Falekaupule area. The Act determines that each March, and at 3 monthly intervals throughout the year an assemble of all residents of the Falekaupule area will be held to discuss treasury matters, local development plans and any other matters. Under the act, there is a local development plan for each Falekaupule which will set out programs and priorities for social and economic development for that area. The local development plan shall be reviewed each year by the Falekaupule Assembly. Schedule 3 of the Act details the functions of the Falekaupule in specific regard to: (1) Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries; (2) Building and Town or Village Planning; (3) Education; (4) Forestry and Trees; (5) Land; (6) Relief from Famine or Drought; (7) Markets; (8) Public Health; (9) Public Order, Peace and Safety; (10) Communications and Public Utilities; (11) Trade and Industry; and, (12) Miscellaneous. In the context of MICRO, some of the specific functions to note at this stage are:

- (2a) to regulate and control by bye-laws the erection and construction, demolition, re-erection and reconstruction, conversion and re-conversion, alteration, repair, sanitation and ventilation of any public or private building or structure; - (5a) to prevent and control erosion of land by the sea or other cause; - (8a) to safeguard public health and promote public health, including prevention and dealing with any outbreak of the prevalence of any disease in accordance with the Public Health Act; - (8l) to prevent the pollution of any water, and by bye-laws to prevent access to any polluted water; - (10a) to make, alter, divert, and maintain roads, streets, parking, paths, culverts; causeways, bridges, drains and water-courses; - (10c) to make alter and maintain wharves and jetties; - (10f) to erect and maintain navigational aids in conjunction with the Government in accordance with the Harbours Act; - (10g) to establish, acquire and maintain transport services by land or water, including ferries; - (10j) to regulate or prohibit by bye-laws the planting, cutting or destruction of trees or vegetation growing along any street, road, path or in any public place; - (12a) to establish, maintain and provide information and publicity services;

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4.2.8 Harbours Act (1957 CAP 48.08) The Harbours Act states that the Minister shall declare any harbour and shall define, by notice, and may by notice vary, the limits of any harbour. The Act also governs the maintenance and construction of harbours. The Minister may license and permit any part of the tidal lands and waters of a harbour to be used or occupied for the erection of and use of any boat-shed, landing-place or wharf. It is a requirement of the Act that any licensed areas for new harbour construction be lighted. It is an offence to erect or construct a wharf in any harbour or any other place in Tuvalu or encroaches in any way on the waters of any harbour without having first obtained a license and a permit to do so from the Minister.

4.2.9 Public Health and Safety Regulations (Revised 1990) These regulations set out the required standards in and around villages for maintaining public health. In relation to MICRO, the following regulations are applicable:

- No stagnant water shall be allowed to lie in such lands for more than 24 hours unless treated to the satisfaction of a sanitary inspector by efficient drainage or with petroleum or other suitable oil; - No tins, bottles or receptacles capable of holding water shall be allowed to remain upon any such premises or land; - All tanks, vats and vessels used for retaining water shall be efficiently covered with mosquito proof gauze, or shall be treated with petroleum or other suitable oil to the satisfaction of a sanitary inspector; - No person shall deposit or cause to be deposited any empty tin, bottle or other receptacle in any street road or public place; - Every house or building in daily occupation shall be provided by the owner thereof with latrine accommodation approved by the sanitary inspector; - All garbage and rubbish which can be readily destroyed by fire shall be so destroyed; and all other garbage and rubbish shall be placed in tins and covered with fly proof covers, and such tins shall be placed daily in positions convenient for collection; 4.2.10 Foreshore and Land Reclamation Act Under the Foreshore and Land Reclamation Act the State owns the foreshore and the seabed. This is subject to public rights of navigation, fishing and passing over foreshore as well as any private rights which may exist. Section 3(2) of the Act also gives the Kaupule on each island specifically for the purpose of licensing people who wish to remove anything from the foreshore. No person shall remove from the foreshore any part of Tuvalu sand, grave, reef mud, coral or other like substances without first having obtained from the Kaupule in whose area of authority such foreshore lies, a license for that purpose. 4.3 International Treaties and Conventions 4.3.1 International Labour Organisation The primary objective for the ILO Office for Pacific Island Countries is to assist Government and Employers’ and Workers’ Organisations of the Pacific Island Countries in their efforts to reduce Decent Work deficits (as part of a global goal) and to pursue development for dignity through the achievements of rights at work, employment, social protection and social dialogue. Tuvalu joined the ILO in 2008 and since that time has ratified one convention, the Maritime Labour Convention (2006)

4.3.2 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1998) The CBD is a multilateral treaty with three goals: 1. Conservation of biodiversity 2. Sustainable use of its components, and Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 40

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3. Fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. The convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1994 and was ratified by Tuvalu in 2002. As part of its obligations to the CBD, Tuvalu has developed a National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plan (NBSAP) in which the GoTv identifies cross cutting issues under the CBD. When considered in relation to this project, Cross Cutting issue 2: Sustainable Development and Environmental Management is the most applicable. Objectives that have been highlight and which related to this project include:

• All development activities regardless of its nature and magnitude must be first subject to an EIA.

• Consolidate all national efforts and activities under international conventions related to the environment in order to meet Tuvalu’s obligations and thus strengthen its position to attract international assistance.

4.3.3 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals The CMS aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental treaty under the United Nations Environment Program concerned with conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. Tuvalu is not yet a party to the CMS, however it has signed two Memorandum of Understanding regarding Pacific Island Cetaceans (2010) and Sharks (2010). Within Tuvaluan waters there are 14 species that are related to the CMS, including the humpback whale, blue whale, migratory birds, and several shark and turtle species.

4.3.4 Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage This convention founded the UNESCO World Heritage Site List (the List). To be a site on this List, it must be a place of special cultural or physical significance. The programme catalogues names and conserves sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity. Tuvalu became a signatory to this convention in 2004 It does not have any approved sites on the List but does have two tentative items for consideration for the List, neither of which are in the geographic range impacted by this project.

4.3.5 Waigani Convention The objective of the Convention is to reduce and eliminate transboundary movements of hazardous and radioactive waste, to minimize the production of hazardous and toxic wastes in the Pacific region and to ensure that disposal of wastes in the Convention area is completed in an environmentally sound manner. The Waigani Convention is modelled on the Basel Convention and constitutes the regional implementation of the international hazardous waste control regime. Tuvalu became a signatory to the Waigani Convention in 2001 and is therefore obliged to:

- to take all appropriate measures to ban the import and export of hazardous waste to and from the Convention area (Art. 4.1); - to prohibit dumping of hazardous wastes and radioactive wastes in the Convention Area (4.2); - to ensure that within the areas of their jurisdiction the generation of hazardous wastes is reduced (art.4.4); - to ensure availability of adequate treatment and disposal facilities for the environmentally sound management of hazardous wastes in the Convention Area (4.5)

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4.4 World Bank Operational Policies The following safeguard policies are trigger by this Project, requiring the client to prepare this ESIA and ESMP to address all requirements of these policies. i. World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 – Environmental Assessment The WB requires an Environmental Assessment of Projects proposed for WB financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thereby, improve decision- making. OP 4.01 requires (i) detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis to determine project impacts, (ii) determination of tangible measures to prevent, minimise, mitigate or compensate for those adverse impacts, (iii) public consultation and disclosure as part of the EA process and (iv) requires and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to address set mitigation along with monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during design, implementation, operation and maintenance phases of the project.

ii. World Bank Operational Policy 4.04 – Natural Habitats This policy requires the conservation of natural habitats and specifically prohibits the support of projects that involve significant conversion or degradation of critical habitats, as defined by the policy. The policy further requires the EA to identify impacts on biodiversity and species and to determine endemism, endangered species and to determine project impacts on these species and to propose acceptable mitigation and monitoring measures.

The project has been assessed against World Bank OP4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement) and this policy is not triggered for MICRO. This policy does not cover only physical relocation but any loss of income sources resulting in: (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or means of livelihood; (iii) loss of income sources or means of subsistence, whether or not the affected people must move to another location. This policy also applies to the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas, resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihood of the displaced persons. MICRO will not be acquiring land, limiting access to resources or assets and will involve no relocation.

4.5 Land Acquisition In the context of the MICRO Project, there are several classifications of land ownership described below.

Category Governing Legislation Definition Relevance to MICRO Foreshore Foreshore and Lands “Foreshore” defined as the The reef flat and beach to Reclamation Act (Section 2) shore of the sea or of channels the high tide mark are or creeks that are alternatively government land under this covered and uncovered by the act. The harbour and the sea at the highest and lowest jetty will be on foreshore tides. Foreshore is government and therefore government land. land Private Lands Native Lands Act Titled land owned by Short term use of private individuals or families land will be required for the laydown and stockpile sites.

Kaupule Land Falekaupule Act Section 48 of the Act states that The land required for the with the written permission of storage shed and passenger the Minister and the express area will be on Kaupule approval of the Falekaupule, a leased land. The options Kaupule may, for the purposes under consideration are all

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of performing its statutory on land with an existing functions or those of the Kaupule lease. Falekaupule, acquire by purchase, lease, gift or exchange, any land either within or outside the Falekaupule area.

The MICRO Project will include construction of a small harbour, a passenger waiting area and a cargo holding area, as well as paving Funafuti port (which requires no land). The harbour will be built on Government Land (foreshore) so won’t require any lease. The locations of the associated terrestrial facilities (cargo shed and passenger waiting area) have yet to be finalized, however both of the proposed locations are on existing Kaupule land which is leased from landowners. Leases between the Kaupule and the landowner are a well-established and common practice throughout Tuvalu. No leases can be sought by the Kaupule unless approval is first granted from the Falekaupule and written permission from the Minister obtained. Kaupule leases are entered into by a formal process documented in the Native Lands Act. This process includes: 1. Lease negotiation: a draft MOU is developed through negotiations between the land owner and leasing party in consultation with the Minister and Falekaupule. Requirements of both parties are discussed during negotiations and government set rate of AUD$3,000 per acre per annum is applied. 2. Survey: once the leasing party has presented the draft MOU to the Lands Court Clerk on the island, the Lands Court will hold a period of time that any claims can be made in relation to the proposed lease and after that time has expired, should there be no claims, then the court will invite the Department of Lands and Survey to provide proper legal boundaries for the lease plan. 3. Lease Agreement Preparation: the lease plan and MOU are forwarded by the Lands Court to a legal practitioner or government attorney to produce the lease agreement. 4. Signing and witnessing of lease by all parties. 5. Payment of lease through the Ministry of Lands and Ministry of Finance. Prior to the lease being signed, the Minister will ensure that the terms of the Native Lands Act are evident in the lease before approving it for signature. The key terms state that: a) The land is the property of the lessor; b) The lessor is not prohibited under the Lands Code from leasing the land; c) The lessor will be left with sufficient lands to support himself and his dependents; d) The terms of the lease are not manifestly to the disadvantage of either party.

All decisions taken by the Kaupule about their leased lands are first approved by the Falekaupule which represents the entire community. All decisions discussed in this ESIA relating to lands have already been approved by the Falekaupule, therefore giving the consent from the entire community for these works in these locations. It is not expected that the project will need to lease any private lands for the project for permanent buildings. As there is little in the way of available existing Kaupule or government leased land that is not already in active use, it is probable that the laydown and/or stockpile sites will be on private lands which will be rented for a short period by the Contractor. Prior to any rental negotiations being undertaken, a survey of the land blocks will be undertaken to identify and map any productive non-land assets, any areas of cultural significance (e.g. family grave sites) and to determine the accurate boundaries. The ESMP details these requirements and responsibilities. The terms of the rental agreement will be negotiated by the Contractor will the facilitation of the Kaupule. All terms are subject to approval by the Supervision

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Engineer and the MICRO PMU and a signed copy of the agreements must be submitted to the Supervision Engineer prior to commencement of works. Should there be any productive non-land assets at the laydown or stockpile site, the preference is to avoid clearance of these assets where practical. If clearance is required, then the owners of these non- land assets non-land assets are entitled to compensation. The compensation rates and amounts shall be paid by the Contractor (see ESMP for government rates) and will be based on the latest government valuation and/or on full replacement cost at existing market prices.

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5 Natural Environment Baseline 5.1 Introduction This section provides information on the physical and biological characteristics of the environment as it related to the proposed works of the MICRO Project, which shall be the baseline data set used as benchmarks for future monitoring. The area considered for assessment of baseline conditions covers all physical project sites (harbour location, laydown area, haulage routes, etc.) in both Nanumaga and Funafuti and inclusive of an extended potential AOI as defined in Section 2.1. This will be large enough in extent to capture all potential direct and indirect impacts from the proposed projects. Where exact project sites are unknown, ‘most likely’ locations are used. All baseline data were obtained through a combination of desktop studies, consultations (stakeholders and communities) and field surveys. 5.2 Location and Setting Tuvalu is a volcanic archipelago and consists of three reef islands: Nanumaga, Niutao, Niulakita and six true atolls: Funafuti, Nanumea, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Vaitupu. Its small, scattered group of atolls have a total land area of approximately 26km2 making it the fourth smallest country in the world. Tuvalu lies over an area of the South Pacific Ocean approximately 500km long and 28km wide half way between Australia and Hawai’i (Figure 21) and approximately 1,000km north east of Fiji. It stretches from the latitude of 5°S to 10°S and longitude of 176°W to 180°W encompassing approximately 900,000km2 of EEZ waters.

Figure 21: Geographic context of Tuvalu

The islands of Tuvalu are very low lying with an average height of 2m above sea level. Like other coral atolls and islands, the soil is derived from limestone which has been formed as a result of coral formation over thousands of years. Tuvalu is geologically very young, with most of its islands having poorly developed sandy or gravel coastline soils. Funafuti is the largest atoll and comprises of numerous islets around a central lagoon that is approximately 25.1km by 18.5km in an east west direction and is centered on 179°7’E and 8°30’S. On the atolls, an annular reef rim surrounds the lagoon with several natural reef channels. Nanumaga is located 408km northwest of Funafuti and 72km south of Nanumea. It is a single island of 301 ha and is approximately 2.8km long and 1.5km wide surrounded by a fringing reef and with two small central brackish-water lagoons. The larger Vaiatoa Lagoon is located in the north of the island

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations while the smaller Ha’apai Lagoon is in the south. A causeway construction by the Kaupule to the south of Vaiatoa Lagoon provides access to the eastern side of the island. 5.3 Physical Environment 5.3.1 Meteorology The climate of Tuvalu is tropical throughout the year and is divided into two predominant seasons, a wet (November to April) and dry (May – October) season however rainfall averages more than 200mm each month of the year in Funafuti and more than 160mm in Nanumea (Figure 11). This is due to the location of Tuvalu near the West Pacific Warm Pool where thunderstorm activity occurs year-round.

Figure 22: Seasonal rainfall and temperature in Funafuti

Annually, the average rainfall in the period 1942-2005 is 2875mm however rainfall varies from 3500mm/year in the southern islands to 2700mm/year in the northern islands. Dry spells and droughts are relatively uncommon but does occur. Rainfall in the southern Tuvalu atolls is high and reliable throughout the year but less so in northern atolls. Sixty percent of the rain falls in the November to April period and it is in this wetter season that the heaviest rates are recorded. There is a significant inverse relationship between rainfall and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation Index leading the rainfall response by several months.5

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Figure 23: The average positions of the major climate features in November to April.

Tuvalu’s wet season is affected by the movement of the South Pacific Convergence Zone. This band of heavy rainfall is caused by air rising over warm waters where winds converge, resulting in thunderstorm activity. The West Pacific Monsoon can also bring heavy rainfall to Tuvalu during the wet season. The Monsoon is driven by large differences in temperature between the land and ocean, and its arrival usually brings a switch from very dry to very wet conditions. In Funafuti there is little variation in temperature throughout the year. The maximum temperature is between 31-32°C and the minimum temperature between 25-26°C all year round. Air temperatures are strongly tied to the ocean temperatures surrounding the islands and atolls of the country. From December to March winds mainly come from the WNW and ENE, while stronger winds mainly come from the WNW. In the remaining months, wind comes mainly from the E and ESE (Figure 13). Median wind speeds range between 5 and 7m/s, with little variation in magnitude throughout the year. Winds over Tuvalu are dominated by the south-east pacific trade wind belt just south of the dry belt of the equatorial oceanic climate zone. The cyclone season is from November to April with winds from the W to NW when strong winds and high rainfall can be expected. From May to October, the south-east trade winds are generally light. The predominant wind direction ranges between ENE to ESE for all the islands of Tuvalu.

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Figure 24: Monthly average wind directions for Nanumaga. Source: Deltares Vulnerability Assessment.

In the 41-year period between 1969 and 2010, 33 tropical cyclones passed within 400km of Funafuti, an average of just under one cyclone per season6. The number of cyclones varies widely from year to year, with none some seasons but up to three in others. Over this period, cyclones occurred more frequently in El Nino years. Figure 25 shows the cyclone tracks from 1945 to 2016 in a region around Tuvalu based on the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) database. The islands of Niutao and Nanumaga are indicated with stars in the figure and the tracks are colour coded based on the intensity according to the cyclone classification of the Bureau of Meteorology of Australia.7 Of these cyclones, most important to note in the context of the Nanumaga works is the Category 5 TC Pam in March 2015, which resulted in 3-5m waves causing significant damage to agriculture and infrastructure on most islands. The impact of TC Pam in Tuvalu was compounded in Tuvalu by previous flooding from King Tides which peaked at 3.4m on 19th February and caused considerable road damage across Tuvalu. Nanumaga suffered damage to houses, crops and infrastructure as a result of the storm surges with areas of the village up to the top of the berm subject to damage

6 Government of Australia and Pacific Climate Change Science Program. 2011. Current and Future Climate of Tuvalu (Canberra, Australia). 7 Deltares 2017. Exploratory Study for the development of ship landing facilities at Niutao and Nanumaga. Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 48

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Figure 25: Cyclone tracks registered between 1945 and 2016 across the study area per category (https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ibtracs/)

Spring tides and tropical cyclones are among the main extreme events that affect Tuvalu. As well as high winds and rainfall, tropical cyclones also cause storm surges and swells. When combined with high tides, this can result in waves washing over low section of the atolls. The resulting flooding causes agricultural losses (particularly of Taro crops) increase soil salinity, damage buildings, disrupt road access, contaminate ground water and enhance coastal erosions processes. 5.3.2 Geological Resources Nanumaga The current boat ramp and location of the proposed new harbour is on the waterfront of the community central area (Figure 15). The area is low lying and has a steep relief. A 150m wide reef platform fronts the shore line and at its back is a 30m wide sandy beach sloping up to a 7m high berm just beyond the vegetation line at the village. The transition from sandy beach to village is by way of a natural vegetation line, broken by the access ramp to the water.

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Figure 26: Reef flat and beach behind leading to vegetation line at back of beach.

The reef flat within the AOI is devoid of any sediments or sand, live coral or macroalgae (Figure 26). It provides a flat base and is lacking in complexity. The beach is a coral sand beach with coarse to gravel grains and larger coral fragments along the length of the AOI. The gran size within the AOI at the time of site survey broken down into zones which are defined by the wave regime at the island. i. Zone 1 – beach face: At the edge of the sand line, there is a narrow zone (approximately 50cm wide) of about 2-5mm grain size. ii. Zone 2 – foreshore and berm crest: Moving back from this narrow zone it a second zone (approximately 2m wide) which has a steeper slope moving towards a very steeply sloped (up to 30o) foreshore wave berm. The grain size in this zone is a mixture of 400-500µm coarse sand and 2-20mm gravel. The foreshore berm is almost exclusively at the larger end of this grain size scale. iii. Zone 3 – backshore: A third zone exists from the top of the wave berm moving towards the back of the beach to the once-a-year storm wash line. This line represents the average most significant wave event that occurs at least once a year on the island. The grain size in this zone in the AOI is generally an underlayer of mixed coarse sand and larger gravel, with a top layer of larger coral fragments. iv. Zone 4 – backshore and berm scarp: Behind zone 3 and reaching up to the vegetation line, is zone 4 which is usually only impacted by severe TC events such as TC Pam. The grain size is a deeper underlayer of coarse sand and gravel with larger coral fragments on top. The rear of this zone slopes up the berm scarp towards the backshore beach berm which runs along the length of the AOI in varying heights. With the immediate vicinity of the boat ramp, the berm scarp is intruded on by several large community buildings including the former storage shed, the cooperative building, the new church and a large cistern. The average profile of the beach within the AOI was measured with a level and is shown in Figure 27 along with the average profile of the existing boat ramp. The natural beach profile will change over time with the seasons and with any storm events. This profile can be taken as an average profile of the island during the calmer April – November season.

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Figure 27: Beach profile immediately to the north of the boat ramp. Image shows beach slope (red line) from field measurements and height above MSL (blue lines).

The beach on the eastern side of Nanumaga is exposed to the prevailing winds and wave action and is therefore relatively low in sediment abundance. The western coast beaches have a higher abundance and distribution of sand, although the width of the beach is limited to an average width of 30m along its length. A significant deposit of sand is also found at the northern tip of the island and sands along this western coastline are seasonally mobile. The villages and their connecting roads have a compacted sandy and coronous substrate. There are no sealed roads on the island. The calcareous soils found on Nanumaga are shallow, coarse textured and poorly developed overlying a limestone formation. Soils range from 250-1000mm in depth, generally low in fertility and have limited potential for agriculture production. Geotechnical testing on Nukulaelae for the ADB OIMIP project have found that the soils in the top 0.9m consisted of calcareous gravelly sand, loose dark grey white, fine to coarse grained, moist with organics, root hairs, coral fragments, cobbles and trace of sea shells. The soils between 0.9m to 1.0m consisted of calcareous sandy gravel and trace of sea shells with some limestone boulders and cobbles. 8 While this testing did not take place on Nanumaga, it does provide a good indication of likely substrate type at the project sites. Photographs taken at the site of the new church foundations on Nanumaga appear to confirm this. Funafuti Funafuti is a coral atoll and as such the surface soils are derived from limestone which is the result of coral reef deposits. While generally limestone derived soils tend to be highly porous, in the more densely populated and developed areas of Funafuti compaction of the soil, particularly on road verges and on the heavy trafficked area around the port causes localised flooding during heavy rainfall events.

8 Nukulaelae Hand Auger and Test Pits, Outer Island Maritime Investment Project, Entec 2016 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 51

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The foreshore of the port is devoid of sediments and is instead a rock and boulder beach. Consultations have indicated that this has been the case along this area of shoreline stretching back many years. There are several active borrow pits or quarries on Funafuti however there are very limited natural resources in Tuvalu. Historically on Funafuti borrow pits have resulted in large pits that filled with salt water during king tides and became dumping grounds for waste. Significant dredging and infilling works have been undertaken on Funafuti since 2012 to recover 10 old borrow pits and reclaim the land as useful habitable land. 5.3.3 Coastal Hydrology Nanumaga

Non-cyclone waves: Hindcast modelled wave data offshore of Nanumaga (deep ocean waves) was obtained for the period 1979-2009 nd was assessed in the Met-Ocean report9. Wave roses of this data are presented in Figure 28. This figure demonstrates that the offshore non-cyclonic wave climate is predominately driven by the south-east trade winds and long period south-westerly swells from the Southern Ocean.

9 Outer Island Maritime Investment Project Met-Ocean Parameters, Cardno 2017 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 52

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Figure 28: Offshore wave rose for Nanumaga. Source: Cardo (2017) Met-Ocean Report.

The wave rose (Figure 28) presents the occurrence of wave height as a function of the wave direction. Wave height classes are set by the colour and thickness of the line and the length of the bar indicates how often certain classes occurs and are presented in the nautical convention (i.e. coming from). Winds from the north-east to south east blow for 50.5% of the time with waves between 1.5 to 2m high the majority of that time. For 20.6% of the year, waves will be received from a south-westerly direction, again with an average of 1.5 to 2m in height. Waves from the north-west through to the west are infrequent occurring only 6% of the time, but these are the waves with the most significant wave height reaching over 4m as they are associated with cyclonic activity. Extreme Swell Conditions

The Vulnerability Assessment10 carried out an extreme event analysis on the transformed nearshore wave conditions based on a peak over threshold approach. The extreme wave heights (Figure 17) show a

10 Deltares 2017. Exploratory Study for the development of ship landing facilities at Niutao and Nanumaga Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 53

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations strong variation around the coastline of the island which is related to the fact that extreme wave conditions are coming typically from the northwest therefore only a section of the island will be affected by those extreme conditions, while the other side will be sheltered. It is important to note that the extreme event analysis is based on a time series of available data limited to 37 years therefore uncertainty in the prediction will increase moving towards high return periods. On the other hand, the predictions for the low return period are quite uniform around the island which is mainly due to those waves being linked to the incoming wave conditions from different directions.

Figure 29: Extreme wave heights (mean) around Nanumaga. circles indicate various return periods: 1 years (upper left), 10 years (upper right), 50 year (lower left) and 100 years (lower right)

Wave profile of project site: The Nanumaga harbour location on the northwest facing section (referred to as Section 3 in the Vulnerability Assessment) is sheltered from the south easterly swells that are present during the period April-October, however it is not sheltered from the south-westerly Southern Ocean swells that occur throughout the year. During the November to March, north easterly swells, to which this section is more exposed, are dominant, therefore resulting in average higher wave heights. Yearly averaged wave heights are lower than 0.5m for 53% of the time11. For extreme events, the site is exposed to extreme wave heights of 3m every one in one year and one in 10 years, 6m for one in 50 years and up to 7m every one in 100 years. Based on this data, it can be predicted with a high level of confidence that waves of up to 3m will be experienced in the harbour area at least once a year, and

11 Exploratory study for the development of ship landing facilities at Niutao and Nanumaga, Deltares 2017 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 54

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations extreme wave height predictions decrease in confidence as we extend into the 50 and 100 year return period. Water Levels: Based on the tidal data from the global TOPEX/Poseidon dataset combined with information from the Kawajalein NOAA tidal gauge in the Marshall Islands, the tidal levels for Nanumaga were computed in the Vulnerability Assessment. The tidal prediction carried out determined the statistics related to the tidal range (i.e. mean, min, max) and the highest and lowest astronomical tide. Table 2 below shows the tidal characteristics (in meters) for Nanumaga.

Table 1: Tidal characteristic in meters for Nanumaga.

Nanumaga Tidal range: mean 1.42 Tidal range: min 0.56 Tidal range: max 2.21 HAT (+MSL) +1.15 LAT (+MSL) -1.08

The only tidal gauge in Tuvalu is in Fongafale atoll and comparisons have been made between the computed tidal data for Nanumaga and the recorded tidal data in Funafuti. The result is a time series of residual (difference to computed level) water levels between 1993 and 2017. The residual water level includes effects due to a number of oceanographic and/or meteorological processes (e.g. wind setup, wave setup, atmospheric pressure drop, ENSO effects). The residual values were used in an extreme value analysis (peak over threshold approach) to determine the extreme residual water level for selected return periods. For the assessment of the impact of coastal hazards, a total water level is needed therefore the extreme tidal water level (HAT) was added to the extreme residual water level for the different return periods. This is a conservative assumption since we assume that the HAT and surge coincide. The set of total water levels (HAT + extreme residual) for different return period are shown in Table 3. It is important to note that residual water levels are based on the tide meter recordings in Fogafale which are likely to vary from the actual tide heights in Nanumaga.

Table 2: Extreme total (tide and residual) water levels at Niutao and Nanumaga for different return periods w.r.t.

RP (year) Extreme Residual + HAT Water Level Nanumaga (m) 1 0.18 +1.15 1.33 5 0.23 + 1.15 1.38 10 0.25 + 1.15 1.4 30 0.29 + 1.15 1.44 50 0.30 + 1.15 1.45 100 0.33 + 1.15 1.48

Currents: In the context of this study, the area of water in the AOI will be the shallow areas of the reef flat, crest and slope. In shallower waters, wind forcing is applied to the water surface as interfacial shear. Momentum from the wind is gradually transferred down through the water column by voracity until they reach a depth where the oceanic current take effect. Wind driven currents diminish with depth therefore wind driven currents are greater in more shallow areas12. Hydrodynamic modelling indicates that based on 6hrs/month wave driven currents from the west, currents over the reef slope are about 0.3 m/s. This modelling was undertaken for the TOIMIP proposed project location on Section 2 of the Nanumaga coastline, however in view of the small scale of the island the currents may not show strong differences between locations.13

12 Outer Island Maritime Investment Project Met-Ocean Parameters, Cardno 2017 13 Exploratory study for the development of ship landing facilities at Niutao and Nanumaga, Deltares 2017 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 55

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5.3.4 Bathymetry and Topography In August 2016, a topographic and bathymetric survey of the Nanumaga village and boat ramp area was made by AquaMap Pty Ltd14. The survey results were converted into a 5m grid of the entire area (Figure 18)

Figure 30: Topographic and Bathymetric Data for Nanumaga boat ramp with approximate watershed shown in red.

The topography of the village indicates that it rises from the beach to a significant berm approximately 7m above MSL and from there descends towards the interior of the island. The red dashed line on Figure 30 indicates the approximate watershed boundary of the village governed by the berm. On the seaward side of this line, run off will flow towards the project site. Considering that Tuvalu’s highest point above MSL is generally recorded as approximately 4m, the height of the Nanumaga berm at 7m is significant and demonstrates the role that previous storms have had in forming this particular area of the island. Topographic studies on the south western shoreline of Nanumaga have shown that the berm in this area is much lower and is therefore historically, less likely to have been impacted by severe storm surges. The beach itself starts at MSL and rises to around 7m above MSL at the vegetation line. This elevation happens over the width of the 30m beach. Funafuti Port No topographic data exists for the port itself, however, it is flat, low lying and subject to flooding during king tides and storm events. The harbour has been dredged to accommodate large cargo vessels and from there gentle slopes down to between 25 to 30 meters depth.

14 Survey Report Nanumaga, Aquamap Hydrographic Services, August 2016 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 56

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5.3.5 Natural Hazard Vulnerability and Risks Earthquakes Tuvalu is situated in a relatively quiet seismic area but is surrounded by the Pacific ‘ring of fire’ which aligns with the boundaries of the tectonic plates. According to the Global Facility for Disaster Risk Management (GFDRM), Tuvalu is classified as very low risk based on the information that is currently available. This means that there is a less than 2% chance of potentially-damaging earthquake in the project area in the next 50 years. Based on this information, the impact of an earthquake need not be considered in the different phases of the project, particularly during design and construction.15 Cyclones and Storm Surge Potential

Looking specifically at Nanumaga, The Southern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclone Data Portal16 shows that within a 200km radius of the nearest listed station (Nanumea, 68km to the north of Nanumaga) there have 4 recorded cyclone tracks between 1969 and 2016 (Figure 19). These cyclones occurred in 1977, 1978, 1987 and 2015. When looking at the same data portal for the Funafuti station, the southern end of Tuvalu is at a higher risk level for cyclone activity with 15 cyclones recorded within 200km of Funafuti between the same period.

Figure 31: Cyclone tracks within 200km radius of Funafuti (left) an Nanumaga (right) for the period 1969 - 2016

The GFDRM classes the risk in Tuvalu to flooding from storm surges as high. This means that potentially damaging waves are expected to flood the coast at least once in the next 10 years. While cyclones are rare at Nanumaga, a few severe cyclones have caused devastating damage to Funafuti and Nanumaga in recent years from both wind and storm surge. Notable cyclones include: i. Tropical Cyclone (TC) Bebe in 1972, a Category 3 cyclone, which knocked down 90% of the houses on Funafuti and resulted in flooding as a result of sea water coming up through the coral to a depth of 1.5m; ii. In March 2015, Category 5 TC Pam resulted in 3-5m waves causing significant damage to agriculture and infrastructure on most islands. The impact of TC Pam was compounded in Tuvalu by previous flooding from King Tides which peaked at 3.4m on 19th February and caused considerable road damage across Tuvalu. Nanumaga suffered damage to houses, crops and

15 Global Facility for Disaster Risk Management: http://thinkhazard.org/en/report/252-tuvalu/EQ 16 https://www.pacificclimatechangescience.org/climate-tools/southern-hemisphere-tropical-cyclone-data- portal/

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infrastructure as a result of the storm surges with areas of the village up to the top of the berm subject to damage; and, iii. More recently, Category 4 TC Ula affected Tuvalu in early 2016 with 3-4m waves affecting all the islands. 17 Coastal erosion due to storm surges is a noted vulnerability at the project site in Nanumaga. Cyclone Pam resulted in significant levels of erosion along the shoreline of Nanumaga (Figure 19), particularly regarding undermining of structures and foundations. Visual estimates from land were that waves 3-5m impacted the islands. When these waves reached the coral reef edge the waves breaking over the reef edge generated a large flux of water onto the reef. This resulted in a surge of water over the reef that pushes water levels up and in turn permitted larger waves to pass over the reef. The islands that were exposed to high water levels, strong currents and large waves from the west were impacted by erosion and flooding. On Nanumaga the coastal erosion caused by Cyclone Pam was severe with sand lost from the western foreshore and deposited in large lobes on the North Eastern and South Eastern corners of the island as well as on the roads (Figure 20). These lobes extended to the reef edge, so material was lost from the system.18

17 ADB Tuvalu Outer Island Maritime Infrastructure Project Initial Environmental Examination, Cardno 2016 18 Tuvalu Coastal Protection Scope Definition Report, AECOM 2015 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 58

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Figure 32: Erosion on the western foreshore of Nanumaga following TC Pam

Figure 33: Sand washed off beach on Nanumaga blocking roads and raising island level.

Tsunamis Tsunamis are long wave period waves generated by disturbance in the water column and may be caused by: tectonic movement, underwater landslides, volcanic eruptions or meteor impacts. Available literature

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The threat of tsunamis in Tuvalu has been assessed in the Tuvalu Tsunami Capacity Report20. According to this report, the 100 years tsunami wave height in Tuvalu is in the order of 0.2 to 0.3m. Tsunami of this magnitude will result in less run-up than the 100 year cyclone and as such will not be a consideration in the design of the proposed harbour. 5.3.6 Climate Change The Pacific-Australia Climate Change Science and Adaptation Planning Project (PACCSAP) is using Conformal Climate Atmospheric Models (CCAM), at 60km downscaled dynamic modelling, to predict the possible impacts of climate change over the next 90 years (Figure 21). Dynamic downscaling is a methodology for providing more detailed climate projection information for a specific region, in this case at the 60km level.

The models predict that, in Tuvalu, over the 21st century surface air temperature and sea surface temperatures are projected to increase. There is a very high confidence in this prediction among the models. The majority of the models simulate a <1°C increase in annual and seasonal mean temperature by 2030, however by 2090 under a high emission scenario, temperature increases greater than 2.5°C are simulated by almost all models. The wet and dry season annual average rainfalls are projected to increase by less than 5% by 2030, however by 2090 most of the models agree that a >5% increase can be expected by 2090. While the basesline hasn’t been provided in the report, for extreme rain events, the intensity and frequency of days of extreme rainfall are projected to increase with a high confidence in these projections. The majority of models simulate an increase of at least 20mm in the amount of rain received on the 1-in-20 year wet day by 2055 under a low emission scenario with an increase of at least 35mm by 2090 under the high emission scenario. The majority of models also predict that the 1-in-20 year extreme rainfall event will occur, on average, four to five times per 20 year period by 2055 under the low emission scenario and six to seven times per20 year period by 2090 under the high emission scenario.

The incidence of drought is expected to decrease over the 21st century. It is predicted that mild drought will occur approximately eight to nine times every 20 years by 2030 under all emission scenarios, decreasing to six to seven times per 20 years by 2090. The frequency of moderate to severe drought is projected to remain approximately stable from 2030 through the 21st century at once to twice and once every 20 years respectively. Tropical cyclone predictions indicate a decrease in the frequency of cyclone events in the southeast basin of the Pacific. Having said this, there is very little consistency between the six models used for the spatial patterns of the predicated change in wind hazard. There were some common trends shown in each model with most models indicating a reduction in cyclonic wind hazard north of 20°S and some regions of increased wind hazard south of 20°S.

Mean sea level (Figure 22) is projected to continue to rise over the course of the 21st century with a very high confidence. The models predict a rise of between approximately 5-15cm by 2030, with increases of 20-60cm indicated by 2090 under high and medium emission scenarios.

19 Thomas, C and Burbidge, D (2009). A Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment of the Southwest Pacific Nations. Geoscience Australia Professional Opinion. No. 2009/02 20 Tuvalu Tsunami Capacity Report, SOPAC 2012 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 60

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Figure 34: Projected change in the annual and seasons mean climate for Tuvalu, under low (blue), medium (green) and high (purple) emission scenarios21.

Figure 35: Observed and project relative sea-level change near Tuvalu21.

21 Tuvalu Country Report, Pacific Climate Change Science Program, 2013

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5.4 Biological Environment 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Terrestrial Environment Flora: Of the total number of around 200 plants species recorded in Tuvalu, it is estimated around 50 are considered indigenous.22 Most of the exotic species are ornamental, food plants or weeds. On Nanumaga, there are 51 plant species recorded.23

The most widespread vegetation type in Tuvalu is coconut-dominated agroforest or woodland.24 The term agroforest is used to describe those agricultural lands dominated by deliberately planted or protected useful trees, in this case almost exclusively the coconut palm (Nui, Cocos nucifera), although useful indigenous trees, such as Pua (Guettarda speciosa), Foa (Neisosperma oppositifolium) and Nonu (Morinda citrifolia) are often protected and allowed to remain. Pandanus, breadfruit and other useful trees are planted, sometimes as small tree groves, in more favourable sites, usually near villages, residences or around excavated taro pits. Excavated taro pits (pela) are a unique, specialised and highly modified communal garden areas found in the center parts of larger atoll islets, normally near the main settlements. The pits have been excavated to the level of the freshwater lens through limestone bedrock to depth of 1.5 to 2m. The artificial soils in these pits are swampy and rich in organic material and have been formed over many years by adding mulch or compost. The main crop planted on Nanumaga is the Giant Swamp Taro (pulaka, Cyrtosperma chamissonis). Indigenous broad leaf species, including Calophyllum inophyllum, make up single trees or small stands around the coastal margin. These trees are also useful for providing protection against erosion along the foreshore and assist in reducing the inland penetration of salt spray. The interior of Nanumaga has two tidally influenced salt water lagoons (Figure 42) surrounded by mangrove trees comprised of the two recorded mangrove species in Tuvalu, the common Togo (Rhizophora stylosa) and the red-flowered mangrove Sagale (Lumnitzera littorea) which is only reported on Nanumaga, Niutoa, Nui and Vaitupu.25 The mangrove forest of the northern Vaiatoa lagoon is by far the largest, covering and area approximately 20 hectares (0.21m2) and reaching to the village settlements. Mangrove ecosystems are protected under Tuvaluan law. A causeway of crushed stone crosses the southern mangrove area of Vaiaota linking the village areas of Tonga and Matematefaga. The landside of the project site is the village of Tokelau. Vegetation here is sparse with the village having the only significant area of cleared land on the island. The vegetation line between the village and the beach is formed mostly of coconut trees which provides erosion control and salt spray barrier functions. Figure 36 shows that of the 450m high value shoreline26 of Tokelau village, only 11m is broken to allow access to the village. This minimal break in the vegetation line provides the village with excellent shoreline stability and it is critical to maintain the integrity of this ecosystem service.

22 Tuvalu National Environmental Management Strategy, Department of Environment, SPREP, 1997 23 Nanumaga Island Profile, Ministry of Home Affairs, 2012 24 Tuvalu 5th National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade, Tourism, Environment and Labour, 2016 25 Tuvalu 5th National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade, Tourism, Environment and Labour, 2016 26 Tuvalu Coastal Protection Scope Definition Report, AECOM 2015 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 62

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Figure 36: High value shoreline (red) and break in vegetation (yellow)

Fauna: The terrestrial vertebrae fauna of Tuvalu includes no indigenous land mammals, amphibians or freshwater fishes. There are a number of terrestrial reptiles, all lizards, one of which is Tuvalu’s only recorded endemic vertebrae, the Tuvalu Forest Gecko (Lepidodactylus tepukapili), which is found on Tupaka Islet, Funafuti.27 Of particular importance are 28 species of indigenous birds, approximately 20 of which are sea birds, and a few are migratory species28. Notable terrestrial invertebrates are land and shore crabs including Paikea (Cardisoma rotundum), Tupa (Cardisoma carniflex), kamakama (Grapsus albolineatus), a range of hermit crabs, uga (Coenobita spp) and the coconut crab, uu (Birgus latro). Seven of the crab species are reported to be eaten in Tuvalu with most of the smaller crabs being used as fish bait and bait for bird traps. (NBSAP 5). Also important are a range of land snails, misa (Melampis spp) used to make shell leis (ula) and handicrafts. 5.4.3 Marine Environment Under the ADB TOIMIP project preparation work, an environmental baseline report of the Nanumaga marine environment was commissioned29 (baseline survey). The results from this report have informed a significant amount of this section. Reef Zones: The AOI is divided over three defining characteristics of the reef environment: the reef flat, reef crest and reef slope. Tuvalu’s shallow marine environment, such as that found at Nanumaga, consist predominantly of fringing reefs with reef flats and intertidal rocky/sandy shores. The existing boat ramp is an approximately 100m long channel cut through the reef from the crest to the shoreline. Methodology: The baseline survey sampling was undertaken on snorkel from a small tender and also from the shore on foot at low tide. The percentage cover of coral, macroalgae, coral rock, coral rubble and soft sediment was estimated visually at the harbour development site and within an approximate 50m buffer. Sampling was also undertaken at a reference site to provide a broader assessment of marine ecology and with which to compare any potential future changes. Figure 37 shows the sampling points at all surveyed locations (including the location of a third survey site (southwest location) which has

27 Tuvalu 5th National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade, Tourism, Environment and Labour, 2016 28 Watling, D. 1998. Funafuti Marine Conservation Area, Tuvalu. Report of the bird survey. Environmental Consultants Fiji, Suva 29 Tuvalu Outer Island Maritime Infrastructure Project Baseline Ecological Investigation, Cardno 2016 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 63

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations been disregarded and is not discussed in this section). The data collected during this sampling form the baseline condition.

Figure 37: Marine environment survey sites (top left), sample sites at boat ramp (top right) and sample sites at reference site (bottom)

Photos and videos of each site, including the corals, macroalgae and other biota (fish and mobile invertebrates) present, were taken for subsequent identification. A towed underwater video camera with a live video feed was also deployed from the vessel to investigate habitats in deeper parts of the reef slop at the seaward margin of the surveys sites and buffer. Percentage cover data were interpolated using 3D analyst in ArcGIS to generate model representing the spatial distribution and percentage cover of coral and macroalgae at each survey site. Results: Overall there is notably lower percentage of live coral cover at the existing boat ramp than there is at the reference site. Mean percentage LCC was assessed in terms of reef flat, reef crest and reef slope. Table 4 shows that LCC for the reef flat at the project site is 0%, at the reef crest is 1% and on the reef slope is 12.5%. In the reference site, LCC on the reef flat is also 0% with 10% LCC on the reef crest and 8.5% on the reef slope. The highest level of LCC at the project site (12.5% on the reef slope) is considered to be a low level compared to national (LCC 20.30% across Funafuti, Nanumae and Nukulaelae) and regional (30-70%

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LCC across reefs in Kiribati). 30 Globally, the standard criteria for coral reef health define a LCC level of less than 24.5% as being low indicating that the reef at both sites are in poor health.31

Table 3: Nanumaga marine baseline survey percentage cover substrate types. Adapted from Cardo 2017 Marine Ecological Survey

Mean Percentage Cover (%) Rest (coral rubble/soft sed/recently Location Reef Zone LCC Macroalgae Coral Rock dead) Project Site Flat 0.0 0.0 95.0 5.0 Channel 0.0 0.0 95.0 5.0 Crest 1.0 0.0 94.0 5.0 Slope 12.5 0.0 86.3 1.3 Reference Site Flat 0.0 20.0 77.5 2.5 Crest 10.0 10.0 80.0 0.0 Slope 8.5 5.0 86.5 0.0

The distribution of coral cover at the project site showed an increasing percent of LCC with increasing distance from the shore. This distribution was similar but less defined at the reference site. Only three corals of families (Merulindae, Pocilloporidae and Poritidae) were recorded at the project site, while at the reference site, over seven families were recorded. No macroalgae was recorded at the project site but was present at the reference site in all reef zones with mean percentage cover being greatest on the reef flat, then decreasing with increasing distance from shore. Macroalgae species recorded included red filamentous and brown encrusting algae (Caulerpa racemose, Halimeda sp., Dictyota covernosa and Padina sp.) By far the most dominate substrate type at the project site and the reference site was coral rock with it providing over 85% at all reef zones at the project site. Other substrate types (such as sand) accounted for 5% or less of the substrate type across the project site.

30 Tuvalu Marine Life Scientific Report, Alofa Tuvalu & Department of Fisheries, 2012 31 A Standard Criteria for Assessing the Health of Coral Reefs: Implication for Management and Conservation, IUCN 2014 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 65

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Figure 38: Percentage Live Coral Cover at existing boat ramp, Nanumaga.

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Figure 39: Percentage Live Coral Cover Reference Site, Nanumaga

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Figure 40: Percentage macroalgae cover reference site, Nanumaga

Fish Assemblages and Macro Invertebrates: Tuvalu has recorded 607 species of fish in its waters, with the commonly calculated Coral Fish Diversity Index (CFDI) bringing the estimated number of fish for Tuvalu to 711 species. A comparison between Tuvalu’s CFDI and comparable Indo-Pacific locations shows that Tuvalu’s fish diversity is close to the upper third of the regional estimates.32

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During the marine baseline survey, a total of 68 species of fish from 15 families were recorded during the surveys of Nanumaga across all locations surveyed. Families of fish represented by the most number of species included surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), butterfly fish (Chaetodontidae), wrasses (Labridae), damselfishes (Pomacentridae), parrotfishes (Scaridae) and groupers (Serranidae). The most commonly observed fish species at Nanumaga included in the velvet surgeonfish 9Acanthurus nigricans), blue lined surgeonfish (Acanthurus lineatus), pinktail triggerfish (Melichthys vidua), steephead parrotfish (Cholorurus microrhinos) and blackvain parrotfish (Scarus rubroviolaceaus). The holothuroid echoderm sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) and gastropod whelks were abundant in the reef flat. Several starfish (families Echinasteridae and Oreasterisdae) we observed on the reef crest and slope. Compared to the other islands surveyed during the marine baseline survey, Nanumaga has a higher level of species richness (number of species). At Nukulaelae 42 species from 12 families were recorded and 37 species from 8 families at Niutao. Species richness is often higher in more complex (rugged) reef ecosystems, indicating that Nanumaga has a complex reef system allowing it to house more species of fish. Habitat complexity is not usually an indicator of live coral cover or coral biodiversity, but an indication of a range of habitat types including overhangs, niches, holes, etc.

5.4.4 Local Marine Managed Areas Nanumaga has an actively managed a Locally Managed Marine Area (LMMA). LMMA encompasses the entire island both on the eastern and the western site. Additionally, it states that no fishing is allowed on the reef on the western side of the island, except handlining. Spear fishing is also totally banned on the island. If anyone is caught breeching these community determined rules, he will have to feed the whole community with any food that he and his family can provide. During the MICRO ESIA field survey, the validity of this fisheries statement was confirmed through consultations. Once of the key identified fishing grounds for the community of Nanumaga is a sea mount located approximately 4km northwest of the village, just off the northern tip of the island. This sea mount has been declared a ‘no anchor zone’ to protect this important fishing ground.

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Figure 41: Nanumaga LMMA approximate boundary (yellow) and no fishing zone approximate area (green).

5.4.5 Vulnerable and Endangered Species The current IUCN Red List database provides summary information regarding the number of threatened and protected species by country (Table 5). This indicates that for Tuvalu there are a total number of 1023 animal species listed including those that are endangered, vulnerable and near threatened. A large proportion of those species are lower risk/least concern and/or data deficient. These include several species of sharks and rays, sea snakes, whales, marine turtles and corals from at least 12 families. Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) are the most common threatened species seen in waters however neither they, or any other Red List turtle species, nest on Nanumaga beaches

Table 4: IUCN Red List categories: EX - Extinct, EW - Extinct in the Wild, CR - Critically Endangered, VU - Vulnerable, LR/cd - Lower Risk/conservation dependent, DD - Data Deficient, LC - Least Concern

Category EX EW CR EN VU NT LR/cd DD LC Total #Species 0 0 0 8 87 118 3 56 751 1023

The Tuvalu Marine Life Report33 has verified the IUCN Red List status for all commercially important fish species or fish species of global conservation concern recorded in Tuvalu. When compared to the species list recorded during the Nanumaga baseline survey, none of the reports threatened, vulnerable or endangered species have been identified at Nanumaga. At the project site, only three families of coral were identified: Merulindae (one Favites Sp.), Pocilloporidae (two Pocilloporal Spp.) and Poritidae (one Poirities Sp.). In the IUCN Red List species- specific information for the south-west pacific marine region, all Favites Spp., Pocilloporal Spp., and Poirities Spp. are listed as vulnerable. In the project site, survey spot 146 recorded 3 of these 4

33 Tuvalu Marine Life Scientific Report, Alofa Tuvalu & Department of Fisheries, 2012 Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 70

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations vulnerable species and site 145 recorded the remaining one. Most corals in the south-west pacific are listed as vulnerable or higher on the IUCN Red List. 5.4.6 Invasive and Alien Species As the proposed project will be importing machinery and equipment into Tuvalu and transporting it to outer islands, it is important to have an understanding of the current threats and impacts from invasive species both on the native biodiversity and the economy.

The NBSAP highlights the following34 which are of relevance to the proposed project: Agricultural Pests: On Nanumaga, the coconut scale insect (Aspidiotus destructor) has severely infested the coconut palms, breadfruit, papaya, bananas, pandanus and slightly affects the principle rootcrop crops, giant swamp taro and taro and other cultural trees such as frangipani and Premna serratofolia. Chemical control, through spraying of soap, kerosene and malathion and the cutting and burning of infested plant materials have been unsuccessful. Other notable agricultural pests include pink mealybug, black mirid garden fleahoppers, aphids and the delphacid planthopper all of which cause leaf deformation and yellowing as pests or may act as vectors of plant viruses Of recent concern is the threat posed by fruit flies of the genus Bactrocera that have cost millions of dollars in the pacific region in lost fruit export income and control costs. The neighbouring islands of Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Niue, Tonga, Rotuma, Samoa, Cook Islands, Nauru, American Samoa, French Polynesia and the Queensland region of Australia are all home to economically damaging Bactrocera Spp. Invasive plants: the invasive alien plant in Tuvalu is wedelia or trailing daisy (Sphagneticola tribolata), a plant native to the Caribbean that has spread throughout villages, along roadsides, into open lots and has colonized outer beach vegetation where it outcompetes important medicinal plants and other native species of cultural importance. It is considered one of the world’s 100 worst invasive species. Once established it is almost impossible to eradicate and is slowly replacing many of Tuvalu’s most important low-growing herbaceous species along beaches and roadsides and inhibits the growth of seedlings of threatened trees and plants. Yellow Crazy Ant: Alien ants are considered one of the greatest threats to biodiversity and the yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) (YCA), which was probably introduced with infested timber or sea cargo, was reported present in the early 2000s and is now causing serious problems in Tuvalu. The YCA, which forms dense multi-queen super colonies and releases an acid that burns on contact, preys on a wide range of plants and invertebrate and vertebrate animals including birds, crabs, and insects and has wiped out crabs in infested areas and affected birds, geckos, plants and organism on many islands, such as Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean. On Funafuti the YCA, has destroyed crops, attacked animals such as chickens, land crabs, hermit crabs and coconut crabs and threatens seabird populations. The YCA has also spread to Nanumaga where it has formed several super colonies across the island (per sobs, June 2018) and is reported by the Kaupule as being responsible for loss of lizards, crabs, chicks and other birds. The SPC are in the early stages of a baiting program on Nanumaga and a toolkit (www.piat.org.nz) has been developed to help Pacific Island nations to control the problem.

Invasive seaweeds: The rapid spread of a non-native brown seaweed (Sargassum polycystum) in Fogafale lagoon beginning in 2011 is a major concern with its dense coverage reducing sunlight and outcompeting corals and making fishing difficult. It is suspected that the seaweed was brought via international shipping (through ballast waters, hulls or anchors), possibly from Wallis and Futuna where it is present. It seems to have become established following the prolonged drought of 2011.

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6 Human & Built Environment Baseline This section is informed by the 2012 Nanumaga Island Profile35 which was developed in conjunction with the NZ Aid and the UNDP as a tool to be utilised for leaders when it comes to planning and decision making and as a reference material for education and research. 6.1 Land Use 6.1.1 Nanumaga Figure 42show the various land uses in Nanumaga island including the village settlements of Tonga and Tokelau, the two main pulaka pit areas, the mangrove forest surrounding the internal lagoons and the areas of general vegetation which includes coconuts, pandanus trees and other vegetation types. Figure 43 shows a map of where the closest infrastructure and sensitive social receptors are located.

Figure 42: Land Use map of Nanumaga Figure 43: Project area and nearby sensitive receptors

6.1.2 Funafuti Figure 44shows the Funafuti Port and its surroundings including other commercial areas and nearby residences.

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Figure 44: Funafuti Port and surrounding area

6.2 Demographics 6.2.1 Nanumaga The last population census on Tuvalu showed that Nanumaga has a population of 464 across the two villages. Since population surveys began in 1979, the population increased by 39% between 1979 and 1991 but had dropped by 55% when records were collected in 2002. In 2012, there appears to be a significant decrease by 125 people at an annual average growth rate of -2.39%36. The decreasing trend could only indicate that there is a continuous migration out of Nanumaga by people seeking better employment, social and healthcare opportunities. In the 2012 survey, the sex ratio of 110 shows that there are more men than women living on Nanumaga. The current population structure (Figure 28) has a broad base from the 0-14 year’s cohort indicating a growing population. At the 15-24 cohort, the population narrows down indicating a very low population (29) which could be down to students attending secondary school and tertiary education in Vaitupu and Funafuti. The 25-49 year cohort broadens with a higher percentage of females and then narrows again after the 60 year cohort.

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70+ 65-69 FEMALE MALE 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30

Figure 45: Population pyramid structure for the total population on Nanumaga for 2012. Movement records for people in and out of Nanumaga for 2012 shows that more people are leaving Nanumaga than are returning. Most of the people migrating from Nanumaga are heading to Funafuti with a total of 46 people leaving. People moving to Nanumaga was recorded as 17 during the 2012 survey, this is 15 people from Funafuti and 2 people from countries outside Tuvalu. People leave Nanumaga for improved education, economic, social and health opportunities while one of the core reasons for people moving to Nanumaga is due to employment obligations whereby they are being posted to work either in the Island Kaupule or towards the public corporations and for visiting family or holiday. The population density on Nanumaga has been falling since 1979 and is currently very low at 167 people per km2 which is below the national average of 382 people per km2. About 81% of households are headed by males and only 19% are headed by females. For households headed by females, 33% are widowed, 29% never married, 19% are married but the husbands are away from the island while 10% are single and 10% are separated. The elderly population is defined as those aged 60 years and above and has continued to decrease over the years. In 1991 there were 83 elderly people on Nanumaga, in 2002 it decreased to 50 elderly and in 2012 it further decreased to 24 people. The sex ratio for the elderly shows that the female population remains higher than males over the years. The population of people with disabilities on Nanumaga is considered low. The national average is 36 people with disabilities per village, and Nanumaga lies in the 16-36 people range. The disabilities profile of Nanumaga within that population is 6% diagnosed with vision impairment, 44% hearing impairment, 37% mental impairment and 13% physical impairment.37 6.2.2 Funafuti The 2012 census shows the population of Funafuti is 6,194 (3,233 males and 2,961 females) people across 846 households. This is an increase from the 2002 Funafuti population of 4,492 and shows a growth rate of 3.2%. The population density has likewise increased from 1,610 people per km2 in 2002 to 2,220 in 2012. The sex ratio for Funafuti shows more male than female at 109.

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Funafuti is home to 57.2% of Tuvalu’s 10,837 total population and is also home to 203 non-Tuvaluan residents. 6.3 Education Tuvalu, being a small island state with very limited resources relies heavily on its human manpower as its main asset. Therefore, education is its main tool for development of its human resources. In this aspect the GoTv allocates the largest portion of its annual budget to the education sector with a total of around AU$6.1million which is 22% of the budget. 6.3.1 Nanumaga Preschool education is for 3-5 year olds and is not compulsory. The preschool on Nanumaga has an average annual enrollment of 46 children. It is run by the Island Kaupule and subsidized by the government. The sex ratio at the preschool consistently shows more females than males are enrolled. Primary school education is free and compulsory for all children. Nanumaga has very high attendance of primary school with 100% of children being enrolled and attending school. The national teacher: pupil ratio for Tuvalu is 1:25 with the Nanumaga ration being below this at 1:17. Motufoua Secondary School (MSS) is one of the two educational institutions in Tuvalu that teaches secondary school level. The other institute is Fetuvalu which is operated under the Ekalesia Kelisiano Tuvalu (EKT) church to which the government provides an annual subsidy. MSS is a public boarding school operated by the government on Vaitupu Island, so it means that as students complete their primary school level in Nanumaga, they must travel to Vaitupu to complete secondary school. The total number of students at the school was (in 2012) 495 (295 females, 200 males) with 46 (29 female, 17 male) of those students coming from Nanumaga. 6.3.2 Funafuti On Funafuti there is one government primary school and one Seventh Day Adventist primary school which have a register of over 900 pupils. There is one secondary school on Funafuti run by the Church of Tuvalu (EKT). The University of the South Pacific (USP) Extension Center on Funafuti operates the Augmented Foundation Program for sixth form students who pass their Pacific Secondary School Certificate so that students can enter tertiary education outside Tuvalu. On Funafuti is also the Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute which provides training to approximately 120 maritime cadets each year to provide them with the basic skills necessary for employment as seafarers on merchant shipping.

6.4 Health 6.4.1 Nanumaga Prior to TC Pam, there was a medical clinic on Nanumaga with 4 inpatient beds and two delivery beds spread over 4 wards (male ward, female ward, children’s ward and general ward). The clinic was served by 4 medical personnel providing health services for people. TC Pam damaged many of the buildings of the clinic and it has now fallen into an abandoned state. The medical team has been reduced to 2 nurses who now work out of a small set of rooms attached to a building. There are no wards, so all in- patient needs have to be provided at the patient’s home. There are no doctors on the island, so any critical care case must be referred to Funafuti. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the leading causes of mortality. The common types of NCDs in Tuvalu are body aches and pains which relates headache, backache, toothache, unspecific abdominal pain, lifestyle diseases (diabetes, hypertension, arthritis/gout, obesity and heart disease) and injuries or accidents. On Nanumaga, the total percentage of NCD reported cases is very high at 20.8% which is the highest in the country. The most common NCD reported on the island is body aches and pain (38.4%) and lifestyle disease (33.3%).

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Communicable diseases are also high on Nanumaga at 21.7% of all recorded medical cases with the majority being for septic skin sores, respiratory tract infections and diarrhea. 6.4.2 Funafuti Funafuti has the only hospital in Tuvalu, the Princess Margaret Hospital which is the primary provider of medical services for all islands of Tuvalu. The hospital is located about 1.3km north from the center of Funafuti. The hospital has 50 beds and offers basic routine medical, surgical, obstetric and gynecological services. As with Nanumaga, NCDs are one of the leading causes of mortality on Funafuti. There are no private formal medical services on Funafuti. NGOs such as the Tuvalu Red Cross Society, Fusi Alofa (for the care and rehabilitation of disabled children), the Tuvalu Family Health Association and the Tuvalu Diabetics Association all have offices in Funafuti.

6.5 Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women The Government of Tuvalu continues to support women’s empowerment and seeks to increase levels of participation of women in all aspects of community life. Culturally, Tuvaluans continue to fall in line with traditional family systems with the mother caring for the children and domestic duties and the father tending to the subsistence farm or other types of work outside of the home. Similar to other Pacific Island countries, women in Tuvalu are underrepresented in Parliament. Since independence, there have been only two women elected to the national Parliament, and few women choose to run as candidates. In the 2006 election, there were only two women candidates. In the 2010 elections, no women were elected, but following a bye-election due to the death of a member of parliament, Hon Pelenika Isaia was elected. More women have become involved at the local level of government, with women participating in the quarterly meetings of Falekaupule Assemblies and serving on various development committees in the Kaupule (Council) for each island. We have seen evidence of this with our consultations with the Nanumaga community. In the most recent General Election on 31 March 2015, a total of 29 candidates stood for elections. There was only three women candidates (10%), Dr Puakena Boreham and Pelenike Tekinene Isaia, who were both vying for the two seats of the Nui Electoral District. The third candidate was Hilia Vavae from the Nanumea Electoral District. Dr Puakene Boreham was the only woman who won her seat, being the one woman (6%) in a 15-member parliament. 6.5.1 Nanumaga Women are the main backbone of this community, there is an organisation for women known as the Nanumaga Island Women’s Organisation and it consists of any female who is aged 18 years and above. Under this organisation, women aged 18-59 are obligated to contribute to community functions and requests directed from the NIWO which benefits the whole islands community. The group consists of President, Treasurer, Secretary and representatives from the islands five clans Mouhala, Poiteloto, Magaatai, Magomaahi and Kalava and a representative from the Kaupule members. In 2012, the number of women on Nanumaga aged 18-59 was 123 making up 26% of the population. Apart from subsistence activities as primary activities, women are earners though employment or self- employment with a total of 35 women making up this workforce. For those who are not involved in any type of activity it is due to a serious disability or illness. Nanumaga has had projects relating to the development of women by assisting them to utilise subsistence resources that will sustain themselves economically, especially home gardening, handicraft making and the credit scheme which allows women to be self-employed.

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6.5.2 Gender Based Violence Over a third of Tuvalu women reported having experienced physical violence during their lifetime with 25% having experienced physical violence in the previous 12 months and 8% during pregnancy. Most women reporting physical violence said that a current husband or intimate partner had been violent towards them (90%), with a small number reporting violence by a sibling (8%). Close to one in five women (21%) have experienced sexual violence with 13% of women saying their first sexual intercourse was involuntary. Almost half of Tuvaluan women (47%) have experienced either physical or sexual violence, with 12% experiencing both forms.38 Financed by the World Bank through the aviation project, activities to provide survivor support are being established in Tuvalu. The Project has been screened using the WB’s ‘GBV Risk Assessment Tool’ and was classified at the low end of the “Moderate Risk” category. Taking into account the low Medium Risk category and the high underlying rates of GBV and VAC in PICs, MICRO will develop a strategy and undertake a number of activities to address GBV in consultation with relevant government and civil society stakeholders. The MICRO GBV/VAC strategy consists of three pillars: a) reconfirmation of the previous WB needs assessment, b) prevention and c) support services; with specific activities under each pillar. Such actions may include but are not limited to: (i) reconfirming that previously trained GBV prevention and response actors are still in a position to provide survivor support; (ii) informing those affected by the project of the GBV risks as part of stakeholder consultations; (iii) clearly defining the GBV requirements and expectations in the bid documents; (iv) implementing codes of conduct; (v) undertaking HIV/GBV training; and (vi) undertaking regular monitoring and evaluation of progress on GBV activities, including reassessment of risks as appropriate. The guidance note provides actions which are appropriate for the prevention of GBV and SAE in low- medium risk projects and these are reflected throughout this ESIA. 6.6 Economy and Employment This subsection looks at the means of income generation and how people are able to cater for themselves either through monetary based economy. Within the monetary-based economy people rely on employment, other sources of cash income (such as rent, land lease, and pension), remittances, self- employment or ad-hoc businesses. 6.6.1 Nanumaga The employed population on Nanumaga across both villages is very low at 66 people (22%) of the population aged 15 or above, this is below the national average of 75 people per village. A total of 231 people of working age are not employed. Significantly, there are more females (53%) employed than males (47%). The main types of occupation on Nanumaga are classified as ‘Professional and Technical’ (22 people in 2012), ‘Management and Administrative’ (8 people), ‘Clerical Support Workers’ (20 workers), ‘Production Workers’ (14 people), and ‘Agriculture and Fisheries’ (2 people). The percentage of female workers under the professional and technical and clerical support categories is higher than males. Since 2002 there has been a decrease in the number of people employed as production workers, but an increase of workers in the professional and technical, management and administration and clericals support workers categories. The main source of employment on Nanumaga is the Island Kaupule which employs 26 people (39% of the employed population), followed by the central government at 17 people (26%), public corporations such as TEC and TTC with 8 people (12%), the private sector with 5 people (8%), NGOs with 4 people (6%) and the lowest is seafaring and the self-employed (canteen owners) with 3 people each. Pensions are paid to 17 people on Nanumaga under Tuvalu’s Elderly Support Scheme (ESS) which supports those in the population aged 70 and over with a monthly payment of AU$50 on the condition that they are resident in Tuvalu and are earning less than AU$4,000 per annum. The annual amount paid for the ESS in Nanumaga is AU$15,000.

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Household remittance amounts include all members of households who are sending and receiving money. On Nanumaga, 58 households receive remittances monthly and out of these 42 households receive less than AU$150 per month and 16 receive more than that. Remittances into Nanumaga during 2010 from Funafuti total an estimated AU$10,352 which is the second highest amount in the country.

6.7 Subsistence Subsistence activities refer to unpaid work which contributes to the household such as feeding the livestock, farming, fishing, cutting toddy, and handicraft making. 6.7.1 Nanumaga A total of 199 people (86%) over 15 years are not employed but are involved in subsistence activities while 32 people (14%) are not involved in any means of subsistence activity or employment (of these people 11 have a disability, 7 are elderly and 14 were visitors in 2012). There are more males involved in subsistence activities than females. The most common subsistence activity is feeding of livestock with a total of 174 people (75%) involved in it, the next most common activities are cutting toddy (80 people), farming (71 people), fishing (69 people) and handicrafts (69 people). Livestock is one of the major subsistence activities on the island as it is the main source of meat, especially with pigs and poultry. On Nanumaga, chickens make up 64% of livestock on the island followed by pigs (20%) and ducks (16%). Pigs are kept away from the villages in bush piggeries while chickens and ducks are able to roam freely around the gardens. Agriculture on Nanumaga provides for basic needs, however there are very limited vegetations that grow on the island. Coconuts are the most common food crop on Nanumaga where coconut palms cover most of the island. There are some varieties of vegetables, fruits and root crops which are common in agricultural activities but also provide subsistence to the local communities, among these is pulaka (swamp taro) which is grown in large man-made pits or in smaller raised beds. Nanumaga has very poor soil structure and therefore the pulaka requires a lot of effort to ensure its growth. Nanumaga has a Communities Fisheries Center (CFC) who’s main purpose is to assist registered fishermen in marketing their fish by selling it on their behalf. In 2012 there were 24 registered fishermen under the CFC. Between 2005 and 2009 the total revenue generated by the Nanumaga CFC was AU$13,680. The CFC operates under the Island Kaupule with assistance from the Fisheries Department. The 30-40 fishing boats on Nanumaga range from 4m aluminium boats powered by outboard engines to traditional outrigger canoes made from either aluminium or wood and paddled to the fishing grounds. The most common type of fishing transportation for 2012 was canoes whereby 75% of households used canoes in Tokelau and 62% in Tonga. Canoes increased in use from 28 households in 2002 to 52 households in 2012. The use of outboard motors decreased in 2012 from 37 in 2002 to 23 houses in 2012. 6.8 Outer Island Structure and Governance The local decision-making structure and governance for each island is defined in the chart below (Figure 28). The “Falekaupule” is the supreme decision maker. It is defined as the ‘traditional assembly that composed according to the local customs of each island’. The local government structures consist of 3 main bodies: the main head which is the Falekaupule, the Kaupule which is the executive arm of the Falekaupule, and the Falekaupule Assembly which is the consultative forum where issues are tabled for discussion and includes anyone from the community 18 years or above. The Falekaupule normally holds its meetings monthly in which they are briefed on minutes of the Island Kaupule meetings and also on issues that concern the community.

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FALEKAUPULE Traditional Assembly - composed in accordance with the aganu of each island

FALEKAUPULE ASSEMBLY (Consultative Forum)

KAUPULE Executive arm of the Falekaupule

Figure 46: Local decision-making structure on Nanumaga.

Under the Falekaupule Act, the general functions of a Falekaupule includes local government functions related to agriculture, livestock and fisheries; building and town or village planning; education; forestry and trees; land; relief of famine or drought; markets; public health; public order; peace and safety; communications and public utilities and trade and industry. The Falekaupule Act falls under the administration of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Rural and Urban development and the activities of the Falekaupule are funded, in part, by the Falekaupule Trust Fund which is a development trust fund set up between the Government and the Falekaupule of Tuvalu. The purpose of the fund is to provide additional financial resources to support the development of the outer island communities. 6.9 Land Tenure and Rights The GoTv does not own land (other than that as defined as ‘foreshore’), rather it leases land from the native owners, usually via the Kaupule. In Tuvalu, land is either held as kaitasi – land that is used and controlled for and on behalf of the extended family (or vaevae). Vaevae represent a division of lands amongst the kaitasi, generally nuclear or compound families. Within the communities, the Falekaupule can designate land to be community area (such as the open recreational space in Nanumaga) and these are freely available for the community to use. In addition to these community areas, the Falekaupule can also formally lease lands from the native owners for local governance services such as the clinics, Kaupule offices, etc. The Government or public enterprises such as TEC also rent land directly from native owners. In the majority of cases on Funafuti, the lease is negotiated through a central organisation such as the Funafuti Native Lands Trust Board who acts on behalf of the various owners of the area subject to lease.

6.10 Utilities 6.10.1 Water On Nanumaga in 2012, there were 46 houses on the island with more than 3,000 gallons of freshwater storage (20 in Tonga and 26 in Tokelau). This is below the national average of 87 houses per village. The majority of households on Nanumaga have water tanks only, 4 have a cistern only and 10 have both a water tank and a cistern while 4 houses do not have any water storage at all. Nanumaga has three large community water storage cisterns which are at the church, the old medical center and the Falekaupule. The total amount of storage capacity for all the community storage facilities is about 450,000 gallons which is insufficient for both community and the project needs combined.

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Due to the limited water supply, the final ESMP will contain clear requirements for contractors so that they do not place excessive demands on these existing supplies. In Funafuti, most houses have their own water catchment system and larger community, or government buildings are generally integrated with cisterns. Should the final design solution for Funafuti Port require concrete for the 6,000m2 pavement to be produced on Funafuti, the likely water resources for this activity will be significant in relation to the water resources of the island. The Contractor will be required to ensure that they do not place excessive demands on the existing water supply at the Funafuti Port. 6.10.2 Energy Sources The government owned Tuvalu Electricity Corporation (TEC) is the only provider for electricity on the island. Nanumaga runs on almost 100% solar power. It has a 205kW solar array which provides electricity 24 hours a day to all connected buildings. The capacity of the batteries coupled with the current level of demand on Nanumaga means that usage levels are at 20% of supply and the island can go up to 4 days without sun before the back-up generator is used. Funafuti is still dependent on diesel generators for the island supply, however they are in the process of installing a large solar array in an effort to meet the GoTv goal of being 100% renewal energy by 2020. Funafuti port is connected to the main power supply, however, the roof of the cargo storage shed houses a large solar panel array which feeds into the islands power grid and the lighting on the main wharfs are all self-contained solar powered units.

6.11 Cultural Heritage Resources 6.11.1 Nanumaga Outside of the Project AOI, towards the northern end of the island is a large cave at more than 40m depth down the reef wall discovered in 1986. Dark patches on the roof and wall of the cave and blackened coral fragments on its floor suggest the use of fire by human occupants. It is thought that the last time anyone could have occupied the cave was during a period of low sea level more than 8,000 years ago which is sharply at odds with the view that the Pacific was settled just 6,000 years ago. These caves are known as the Fire Caves of Nanumaga and their discovery was due to interest in a local legend that a large ‘house under the sea’ existed. The caves are still part of local legend and tradition and often discussion around sea level change in Tuvalu are set against the backdrop of this legend.39

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7 Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation This Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Plan (SECP) will encompass the plans by the GoTv, through MCT, to construct a new harbour on Nanumaga and pavement at Funafuti ports. Stakeholders will require engagement across the implementation of MICRO for all proposed works. During the detailed planning phase for the Nanumaga harbour and Funafuti port cargo area pavements, stakeholder engagement is essential to the review of detailed designs and the selection of mitigation options for identified social and environmental impacts. It is important that the affected communities – including women and vulnerable groups – are given the opportunity through consultations to be made aware of the proposed activities, and to comment and contribute to the project design. This SECP takes into account the existing institutional and regulatory framework within the context of Tuvalu law.

7.1 Stakeholder Groups Stakeholder groups applicable to the MICRO Project are listed and described below. 7.1.1 National Government Authorities National authorities are defined as those agencies of the GoTv who have the power to regulate or influence the Project in terms of granting permits or other approvals for the Project, and monitoring and enforcing compliance with GoTv law throughout the project implementation cycle. It is continuing a productive dialogue with these national authorities throughout project implementation. Ministry of Communications and Transport (MCT) The Ministry of Communication and Transport is responsible for the provision of strategic policy direction in Tuvalu’s transport and communications infrastructure and ensure implementation through effective translation into operational strategies and results-based management. Through five program areas, the Ministry provides management of transport and communication services. The Ministry is also responsible to ensure public safety and preparedness in Tuvalu by providing accurate and timely climate and weather forecasting information. MCT will be the lead ministry and implementing agency for project communications under the MICRO Project. Ministry of Environment, Foreign Affairs, Labour, and Trade (MEFLT) The MEFLT is responsible for the formulation and implementation of environmental policies with the aim of ensuring ecologically sustainable development in Tuvalu. The MEFLT will also oversee the environmental permitting assessment and approval process on behalf of the MCT for the MICRO Project. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development (MFED) The Ministry of Finance and Economic Development is responsible for supporting the Government in pursuing a sound economic policy, enhance growth and productivity and ensure efficiency in the public sector. Through eight program areas, the Ministry provides fiscal discipline and balanced budget; is responsible for clear budget expenditure priorities that offer high rates of return, structural change, innovation and economic reform, increase private sector share of GDP, minimize external debt and lower subsidies to public enterprise. The MFED is the executing agency for the MICRO Project. Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) The Ministry of Natural Resources is responsible for ensuring that sustainability is safeguarded in the Utilization of Tuvalu’s natural resources through informed Government policies and public practices. Through three program areas, the Ministry has to maximize social and economic returns through the sustainable management and harvesting of all agricultural resources in Tuvalu; also, to maximize social and economic returns through the sustainable management and harvesting of marine resources; and to facilitate maximum land usage in Tuvalu by maintaining a systematic register of all available land

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations resources. Any land issues under the MICRO Project will be managed through the Department of Lands and Survey which sits under the MNR. Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development The Ministry of Home Affairs and Rural Development is responsible for all economic and social policies as development, for the betterment of all Tuvaluans on each island. Through five program areas, the Ministry provides and ensures a distributive growth of Tuvalu’s economy by providing policy direction and coordinating implementations; enhanced economic and social development in the outer islands through their Kaupule empowerment and community participants; promotes the social well-being for individuals; to facilitate, preserve and protection of valuable cultural heritage in Tuvalu through systematic recording and documentations; minimizing the negative effects of solid waste on Tuvalu’s environment through prudent policy, legislation and sustainable systems. The Kaupule located on Nanumaga is a vital partner on the design, development, and implementation of the MICRO Project.

7.1.2 Project Affected Communities and Individuals This group will include all people who may be directly or indirectly affected by the MICRO Project. It will include communities located adjacent to the proposed harbour area. The two villages on Nanumaga are Tokelau and Tonga. For the Funafuti Port works, there are no nearby communities that will be impacted by the works. Access to the cargo shed for packaging and storage of locally transported goods is via the already paved are of the port and won’t be restricted during the works. The area surrounding the port is industrial and little to no haulage can be expected as all materials will be delivered directly to the port. Women’s Groups The Tuvalu National Council of Women (TNCW) is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) that was set up in the late 1970’s to direct and manage women’s affairs and their issues. The council consists of elected women and the formal link between Government and women’s communities. TNCW has provided support in the area of women’s political participation, women’s handicrafts, legal literacy and recently ran programs on ending violence against women. Churches, Schools, and Health Clinics The majority of church members on Nanumaga are members of the Christian Church of Tuvalu, with smaller numbers practicing the Seventh Day Adventist, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Baha’i faiths. There are two educational institutions on the island of Nanumaga. Lotohoni Primary school has an enrolment of approximately 109 students from the villages of Tokelau and Tonga. Nanumaga Pre- school has an enrolment of approximately 35 students. There is only one hospital in Tuvalu, the Princess Margaret Hospital in Funafuti. The Health Centre on Nanumaga is a vital link and resource to the local community due to the remoteness of the island from the main hospital on Funafuti. 7.1.3 Civil Society and NGOs This group includes smaller groups in society who may have an interest in the MICRO Project and its social and environmental aspects. On Funafuti, there exists and umbrella organisation of NGO’s called the Tuvalu Association of NGOs (TANGO). TANGO was established in 1986 and has a membership of approximately 48 members. TANGO’s core role is to provide a policy voice within government and provide information and communication to its members and the local community. Other activities include capacity building, project and program coordination, and fundraising and resource mobilization.

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As mentioned above, the Tuvalu National Council of Women (TNCW) is a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) set up to manage women’s affairs and their issues. TNCW continues to provide support in the area of women’s political participation, women’s handicrafts, legal literacy and trainings on gender-based violence and child abuse and exploitation. Disability Persons Organisations (DPOs) will be consulted throughout the MICRO project lifecycle. Fusi Alofa is the only DPO currently located in Tuvalu. The estimated number of persons with disabilities with significant difficulties functioning in Tuvalu is 444. 7.1.4 Other Stakeholders and Development Partners The World Bank is the key Development partner for the MICRO Project. The Asian Development Bank and the UNDP are also stakeholders of the MICRO Project with technical expertise under the Outer Island Maritime Infrastructure Project and Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project respectively. 7.2 Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Program The SECP needs to be updated and refined throughout the lifecycle of the Project. During this process the focus and scope of the SECP will change to reflect the varying stages of project implementation and to encompass any changes to project design. The implementation plan is included in Table 6. 7.2.1 Engagement Mediums Table 6 below lists the recommended engagement mediums that are appropriate for SECP activities proposed as part of the implementation plan components in Table 7.

Table 5: Recommended Engagement Mediums for MICRO Project Stakeholders

Medium Description Stakeholder Meetings Focus Group The aim of a focus group is to pull together stakeholders with the same interest into a Meetings single meeting to discuss issues. Meetings usually have a very specific objective which is aligned with the expectations and interest of the stakeholders’ present. Community based These consultations are focused to identify and discuss stakeholder concerns or to provide consultations feedback using detailed information. These consultations should, wherever feasible, be held within the community environment. Written / visual communications Project Information This needs to be a short and concise document providing jargon-free information Bulletin describing the project actions, the potential social and environmental impacts, the need for the project and the contact details for the project team. Notice boards Notice boards (community and work site entrances) are a good tool to use for communication of up-to-date project information such as timing and duration of works, upcoming consultations, project progress and other relevant project information. Letters Formal method of communication usually intended to convey very specific messages. Alternatively, it is used as a formal method for request of information. Emails Using emails for in-country stakeholders can pose a challenge because of limited internet access due to insufficient telecommunications and/or supporting IT infrastructure. NGOs and most of the Government Ministries do have access to email which can be utilised for communications but arranging of formal community consultations is best arranged through other methods of communication. Media Radio In Tuvalu, radio is the primary medium for raising awareness and prepare stakeholders for larger events or refined communication to take place. Other PMU PMUs will be the ‘familiar faces’ of the project and will, for many stakeholders at the community level, represent the most direct channel to the project. Telephone Use of the telephone / mobile phone is still regarded as the preferred method for communication because of accessibility and speed. Having a discussion over a phone in order to ensure mutual understanding between two parties is quicker and easier compared to sending an email, waiting for reply.

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The mode of consultation will vary according to the subproject and the participants, but in all cases will promote participation by ensuring that the venue is accessible, the timing convenient and the manner of conduct of the consultation socially and culturally appropriate. Consultations will be announced to give sufficient notice for participants to prepare and provide input to project design.

7.2.2 Implementation Plan The Implementation Plan (Table 7) for the MICRO Project lifecycle constitutes the following components: Activity: the various operational consultation activities that will be undertaken as part of the SECP Objective: the target that each activity needs to reach Stakeholder: the various stakeholders to be targeted during implementation of the SECP activity; and Medium: the method by which the engagement or consultation will be done Some elements of the implementation plan have yet to be confirmed. As project details develop, this SECP and implementation plan shall be updated by the PMU Safeguards Specialist to reflect the current project status and timeframes. In practice, the PMU will notify stakeholders, the Kaupule, and the Nanumaga community at least 7 days prior to community consultations. Updates of project activities will be presented at this time as outlined in table 7.

Table 6: Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Implementation Plan

No MICRO Project Activity Timetable Objective Stakeholders Medium

A: Physical Investments (Nanumaga Harbour and Funafuti Ports Road)

Bring stakeholders Community into the decision Consultations making around the Feasibility, decision on From Project site and type of the sites / technologies All identified Focused group A1 effectiveness through investments. and preliminary meetings to tendering. Discuss potential designs impacts and Public meetings mitigation measures. Emails and letters

Disclosure of updates to Prior to tendering To disclose ESMP Newspaper A2 All identified the ESMP (ESIA) Website

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No MICRO Project Activity Timetable Objective Stakeholders Medium

Prior to works Advise starting stakeholders of (development of final design, CESMP) construction methods and Communities updated One-on-one mitigation and Site occupants (State meetings management plan. owned enterprises. Community Government agencies) consultations Site users (if different Advise Executive Summary from above) stakeholders of GBV prevention strategies and management of labour influx

Keep stakeholders Emails, One-on-one consultations Once Contractor is involved in any Government agencies, A3 Detailed design on board and prior design updates. Radio and site occupants, site users to works starting Public websites announcements Noticeboards

All identified Newspaper To advise all stakeholders stakeholders of Email commencement of Site occupants (State civil works. owned enterprises. One on one Government agencies) meetings

Week before Community Notice Commencement of A5 commencement of Boards Works works. To reconfirm ongoing Community Community consultation, workshops and Site occupants (State consultations feedback and owned enterprises. GBV/GRM Government agencies) Website processes Community Liaison Officer

7.3 Resources and Responsibilities The PMU will take the lead role in the implementation of the SECP and will be responsible for arranging and facilitating the meetings as it appropriate with their in-depth knowledge of the natural, social and traditional environments within Nanumaga and Funafuti. The PMU will also be the focal point for all stakeholder queries and contacts in relation to the implementation of the SECP or the GRM. 7.4 Public Consultations to Date A series of public consultations and stakeholder meetings were held during April 2018 and during June 2018 with the aim of providing meaningful consultation with stakeholder groups and to provide an opportunity for all parties to provide input into the Project. The meetings targeting three groups of stakeholders: (a) Government agencies, authorities and development partners in Funafuti; (b) NGOs and civil society groups; (c) the Nanumaga community members.

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The consultation for the various groups took place according to the following schedule:

Date Location Stakeholder Meetings 24th April Funafuti ADB OIMIP Design and Supervision Engineer 25th April Funafuti Department of Environment: EIA Officer Funafuti Waste Management Department: Director Funafuti Ministry of Finance: Acting Secretary Funafuti Fusi Alofa (Disability NGO) Funafuti MHARD: Gender Consultant Funafuti Ministry of Communications and Transport: Acting CEO Funafuti Nanumaga Kaupule in Funafuti: 4 members and secretary 26th April Funafuti Nanumaga Community in Funafuti: 23 community members 27th April Funafuti Department of Fisheries: Fisheries Officer Funafuti Gender Affairs Funafuti TNCW 28th April Funafuti TCAP and Climate Change Policy and Disaster Management Unit: Project Manager and Technical Advisor Funafuti EKT Nanumaga Church on Funafuti and Nanumaga Community Members 30th April Funafuti ADB OIMIP Design and Supervision Engineers Funafuti TANGO 1st May Suva UNDP: Technical Advisor to TCAP 18th June Nanumaga ADB OIMP Contractors and Nanumaga Kaupule on Nanumaga Nanumaga Nanumaga Kaupule, Design Engineer and PMU 19th June Nanumaga Site visit with Kaupule and Design Engineer Nanumaga Site visit with Design Engineer 20th June Nanumaga Community and Kaupule Consultation Workshop with Design Engineer 21st June Nanumaga Wrap up meeting with Kaupule 25th June Funafuti Site Visit Funafuti Port with Design Engineer and PMU

Information gathered during the consultation process on the social, economic or environmental situation of Nanumaga or Funafuti have been included in the baseline description (Section 5). Wherever possible, the remaining concerns have been addressed either through design solutions or mitigation measures and included in this document. Full minutes of the stakeholder meetings can be found in Appendix D.

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8 Determination of Potential Impacts 8.1 Introduction The planned Nanumaga harbour works have the potential to create a variety of impacts through its implementation. These impacts can be either positive (improve accessibility for community members) or negative (possible erosion along vegetation line) depending on the activity and receptors involved. The impact of this project on the physical, biological and social environment has been assessed using methodology described in this chapter. The planed pavement works at Funafuti Port are considered to be less intrusive than those of the Nanumaga harbour and there are less significant impacts to be discussed in this section. All minor and moderate impacts are addressed in the Funafuti Environmental and Social Management Plan in Section 9 of this document. 8.1.1 Environmental and Social Receptors The ESIA report focuses on environmental and social components that could be most affected by the Project and those that are a concern to governments, community members and stakeholders. The components are called Environmental and Social Receptors (ESR). Below are the identified ESR for this Project, and the specific factors that were considered for each in order to undertake the impact assessment.

Environmental and Social Receptor Factors to be considered Water Resources • Changes in surface water movement • Changes in ground water quality • Changes in fresh water demand Geological Resources • Sand availability • Sustainability of construction aggregate quarrying • Changes in soil quality Coastal Hydrodynamics • Changes in wave patterns • Changes in current regime • Changes in littoral drift • Changes in erosion rates • Changes in accretion rates • Changes to beach profile Atmospheric Environment • Change in air quality Acoustic Environment • Change in sound quality (noise and vibration) Marine Environment • Change in benthic environment (including live coral cover and macroalgae) • Change in fish and fish habitat area • Change in water quality • Change in the usability of fisheries resources • Change in the abundance or distribution of marine species of concern (IUCN Red List) Terrestrial Environment • Change in wildlife populations including migratory birds and their habitat • Change in vegetation, particularly with respect to shoreline vegetation Community Services and • Change in transportation network (marine and terrestrial) Infrastructure • Change in demand on utility networks • Increased demand for solid and septic waste disposal • Change in housing and accommodation Land and Resource Use • Change in land and resource use (use and enjoyment of land for current purposes – recreation, fishing, subsistence, etc.) Social Environment • Change in the cultural patterns or activities • Changes in access to opportunities (education, youth, women, disabled persons, etc.) • Change in income levels Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 87

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Community Health and Safety • Changes to community health (GBV, communicable disease, influx of labour, etc.) • Changes to community safety (accidents, unplanned events, etc.)

8.1.2 Impact Identification Methods In assessing the potential impacts, a series of methodologies have been used. These include consultations with relevant stakeholders, scoping of the environmental receptors, development of baseline data set, scaled checklists, impact matrices, review of project documentation and expert opinion. A precautionary approach was taken with any interactions with a meaningful degree of uncertainty. The impact assessment methods address both project related and cumulative environmental and social effects. Project related impacts are changes to the biological, physical or social environment that will be caused solely by a physical work or activity of the MICRO project. Cumulative impacts are changes to the biological, physical or social environment that are caused by an action associated with the MICRO Project in combination with other projects or activities that have or will be carried out. Using a detailed list of all relevant ESRs identified during scoping each project impact is evaluated according to the following: Defined Parameters:

• Activity – phase of the development that the action takes place in. • Environmental and Social Receptor – sensitive component of the ecosystem that reacts to or is influenced by environmental stressors.

Scaled Parameters: • Magnitude – A measure of how adverse or beneficial any effect may be. Rank Description Low No substantive interaction. The impacts are rated not significant and not considered further in the ESIA. The environmental and social impacts of these activities are rated not significant with a high level of confidence Medium If a potential interaction between an activity and an environmental or social component is identified but not likely to be substantive in light of planned mitigation. High If an interaction between a planned activity and the environmental or social component is identified that may result in more substantive impacts despite the planned mitigations, or if there is less certainty regarding the effectiveness of mitigation

• Duration – the length of time that the activity might result in an impact. Scale Description Short Term Component will be affected for a limited period. Intermittent Component will, at first, have difficulty adjusting to altered environment but will eventually return to pre-project levels. Long Term Component will be affected for the lifespan of the project enough to compromise the survival of a local species or use of a component by the populations

• Extent – The spatial extent of the potential impact. Scale Description Limited Relatively restricted areas such as the construction site facilities. Local <1km radius. Regional Impact exceeds local boundary and has potential to impact nearby community (1- 10km).

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National Impact has potential to impact entire island or island groups. International Impacts that may be considered as affecting the global population.

• Significance – A measure of the importance of an effect. Scale Description Minor The impact is short term and cause negligible impact on the environment. Moderate Impacts give rise to some concern, may cause long term environmental problems but are likely short term and acceptable. Major Impact is long term, large scale environmental risk.

• Likelihood – The chance of occurrence of the identified potential impact. Likelihood Description Probability None Impact is very unlikely to occur <2% Low Impact probably won’t occur 2-10% Medium Impact might occur 10-50% High Impact will probably occur 50-90% Certain Impact is expected to occur >90%

• Significance Level – Rating of the level of impact after assessment of all the above parameters:

Likelihood

Benefit Low Medium High Certain

High Minor Moderate Major Major

Benefit

Medium Minor Moderate Moderate Major

Low Minor Minor Moderate Moderate Adverse

Adverse Adverse

Low Minor Minor Moderate Moderate

Medium Minor Moderate Moderate Major

High Minor Moderate Major Major

• Mitigation – Measures taken to reduce the adverse impacts on the environment. For identified adverse impacts, effective mitigations are needed to eliminate or reduce them to an acceptable level. In determining the level of effectiveness of mitigation measures, the following will be taken into account:

Measure Description Prevent The most effective way to eliminate any adverse impact is to prevent the creation of the impact at the source. Reduce If prevention is not possible then mitigation measures will attempt to minimise impacts at their source Rectify Restoring temporary impacts to pre-construction or better state Precautionary Measures to reduce construction impacts Compensatory Provide suitable, replacement or substitute resources of greater or equivalent value

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Impacts to Natural Environment Post- Project Mitigation Project Phase Potential Impact Location Magnitude Duration Extent Likelihood Impact Rating Mitigations/Notes Activity/Location Residual Impact 1. Water Resources (ground water, surface water, freshwater) 1-1 Potential to increase availability of Ensure rainwater harvesting system freshwater supplies to the island if Major NAN High Long Term Local High Major Positive in the building specification for rainwater harvesting is integrated into Positive bidding design. Design Building design All septic systems to meet 1-2 Contamination of groundwater Moderate international standards for island Minor from any septic systems designed in NAN Medium Long Term Limited High Negative environment and meet national Negative the passenger or cargo buildings requirements from PWD Contractor to provide for their own Workers 1-3 Use of existing freshwater freshwater needs (additional rain accommodation resources will place added demand on NAN, water harvesting installed prior to Moderate High Short Term Local High Major Negative and Concrete limited supply potentially leading to FUN commencement of works, or Negative Production shortages in time of drought. portable desalinisation plant to be used) Concrete production is to be equipped with settlement tank/pond for treatment of slurry and process 1-4 Increase in pH of groundwater Concrete NAN, water. Treatment shall include from caustic concrete slurry and Low Short Term Limited Medium Minor Negative Negligible Production FUN settling of suspended solids and process water contamination decreasing pH of water. Waste Construction concrete should be allowed to harden before disposal.

All machinery to be in good working order and well services. All 1-5 Contamination of ground and washdown of machinery to occur surface water with hydrocarbons NAN, within containment system. All Machinery Use Medium Short Term Local High Minor Negative Negligible (fuels and oils) resulting from leaks, FUN refuelling to be done over fit-for- drips or spills. purpose drip trays. Spill kits to be readily available and workers trained in their use.

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations Self-contained proprietary sewage 1-6 Contamination of groundwater treatment system such as ‘BioKube40’ Septic Systems of Operational from inadequate maintenance of NAN Medium Long Term Limited Medium Minor Negative should be installed. Maintenance Negligible Buildings septic system. schedule of system be adhered to and monitored by Kaupule 2. Geological Resources (construction aggregates, sand, soils) Run off from building roof to be 2-1 Soil erosion from poorly designed Moderate directed to rainwater catchment Minor Design Building design NAN Medium Long Term Local Medium surface water and drainage systems Negative system with over flow designed to Negative avoid erosion. 2-3 Removal of aggregate from the NAN, Carefully managed dredging activities Minor Dredging island system in the form of reef flat Low Long Term Limited Certain Minor Negative FUN to ensure no 'over dredging' occurs Negative substrate Storage of 2-4 Salination of soils from stockpile Minor NAN Low Short Term Limited Medium Minor Negative No mitigation necessary dredged spoils run off as salt is washed off Negative All machinery to be in good working order and well services. All washdown of machinery to occur 2-5 Contamination of soils and sand NAN, within containment system. All with hydrocarbons (fuels and oils) Medium Short Term Local High Minor Negative Negligible FUN refuelling to be done over fit-for- resulting from leaks, drips or spills. purpose drip trays. Spill kits to be readily available and workers trained Machinery Use in their use. Construction Set conservative working areas on 2-6 Changes in the beach profile from the beach and ensure that no use of machinery on the beach Moderate machinery works outside these areas. Minor NAN High Short Term Local Medium potentially leading to instability or Negative Do not widen the access ramp Negative erosion of beach berm. between the beach and the village unless it part of the final design. 2-7 Extraction of sand for use as an aggregate in concrete production (or No sand will be removed from the any other use) in a coastal beach for any aggregate use or any Materials environment which has a limited sand NAN, Moderate High Long Term Regional Medium other Project use. Any aggregate in None Sourcing budget could result in erosion and FUN Negative addition to the dredged material will destabilisation of vegetation line. be imported. Reduction in resilience to climate change and storm events. 3. Coastal Hydrodynamics (waves, current, longshore transport, erosion, accretion) Coastal modelling and expert opinion 3-1 Changes to sediment transport will be used to develop design to the Moderate Operational Breakwater due to wave shadows leading to NAN Medium Long Term Local High Major Negative point where disruption of littoral drift Negative erosion and accretion of sand is minimized

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations Raised piled jetty to allow sand migration along the beach

Maximise distance between solid structures and sand line

3-3 Accretion at the toe of the beach towards the breakwater resulting in Accreted sand would likely be sand build up in front of the dispersed back along the beach Moderate community. Major buildup of sand will NAN Medium Intermittent Limited High Major Negative during the once a year storm events Negative stop sand moving up and down the (as evidenced by the wash line on the beach resulting in localised shoreline beach) 'resetting' the system erosion

Breakwater can cause increased in Coastal modelling to optimise current speeds and changes in currents, deepening of channel direction to create scour and localised entrance to reduce standing waves Minor erosion at the beach end of the NAN Medium Long Term Limited High Major Negative and distance between breakwater Negative breakwater and standing waves in the and sand should minimise any channel entrance at the seaward end impacts of the breakwater

A deeper channel results in less wave fetch at the entrance and will provide Ensure channel isn't too wide as to Moderate Channel a safer entry for the workboats and NAN Medium Long Term Local High Major Positive allow waves to enter the channel. Positive local fishing boats at all tides, but particularly during high tide.

Maintenance of basin should include 3-2 Change in currents and sediment ongoing dredging works or a sand transport will attract sand into the pump to remove sand build up and basin removing it from the beach, Moderate Minor NAN Medium Long Term Regional Medium replace onto beach. Allowing some of potentially permantly in the event of Negative Negative the wave action to reach the storm waves washing the basin sand breakwater and along the shoreline out to sea. would help to prevent this accretion. Harbour Basin The size of the basin dictates the rate of erosion directly behind it on the Size of the basin will be minimised to beach. Shoreline retreat in front of the Moderate Minor NAN Medium Long Term Local Medium reduce the level of erosion behind village can lead to undermining of the Negative Negative the harbour. shoreline structures and destabilising of the protective coastal berm

4. Atmospheric Environment (air quality)

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations Stockpiles, 4-1 Airborne dust particles likely to be Aggregates should be covered during Laydown Site generated at dredged spoils stockpiles, NAN, haulage and all haulage vehicles must Minor Low Short Term Local Medium Minor Negative and Haulage during aggregate haulage and at FUN travel at a low speed to minimise Negative Construction Routes laydown sites. dust generated. 4-2 Emissions from heavy machinery NAN, All machinery to be in good working Minor Machinery Use and trucks can lead to reduction of air Low Short Term Local Medium Minor Negative FUN order and well serviced. Negative quality. 5. Acoustic Environment Contractors will work with 5-1 Noise at all locations of heavy community to ensure that heavy NAN, Minor Machinery Use machinery close to sensitive receptors Low Short Term Limited High Minor Negative machinery is not used near sensitive FUN Negative such as the church, clinic and schools. receptors during critical times such as church services or school tests. Trucks will operate during normal 5-2 Noise from trucks along haulage NAN, Minor Haulage Low Short Term Local Medium Minor Negative working house only and will drive at route FUN Negative low speeds Crushing plant will be located away from residences and communal areas Construction of village. Crushing plan will be Aggregate 5-3 Noise at crushing plant location NAN Low Short Term Limited High Minor Negative located so that it is screened by Negligible crushing vegetation to act as a noise barrier. Workers at crushing plan to wear appropriate PPT to protect ears. All workers will receive training and 5-4 Loud and antisocial behaviour at be required to sign a code of conduct accommodations and within the NAN, Moderate Moderate Workers Medium Short Term Local Medium stating that behaviour must be community outside of normal working FUN Negative Negative respectful and appropriate always. hours. Worker code of conduct 6. Marine Environment Coastal modelling will determine most appropriate location of 6-1 Loss of live coral and fish habitat at Breakwater Moderate breakwater. Coral cover on this Minor reef crest if toe of breakwater is NAN Low Long Term Limited High design Negative section of reef crest is low and loss of Negative designed close to the reef crest. coral will be minimal but unavoidable. Design of Funafuti port should ensure 6-2 Impact on rocky beach and that northern cargo holding area is Design seawater quality at the northern end Moderate Minor FUN Medium Long Term Limited Medium provided with a retaining wall or solid of the port from construction and Negative Negative barrier between the paved area and operational phase. beach. Funafuti Port 6-3 Reduction in sea water quality Pavement design to consider surface (sedimentation, hydrocarbons, solid Moderate water drainage management Minor waste, etc) from increased surface FUN Medium Long Term Local High Negative including bunding for hazardous Negative water run off resulting from paved substances storage. surface.

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations All vessels to be equipped with spill kit including oil booms and absorbent 6-4 Hydrocarbon spill in marine NAN, Minor Low Short Term Limited Low Minor Negative pads. All staff to be trained on use of environment from project vessels FUN Negative spill kits and kits to be stored in easily accessible locations Machinery Use Set conservative working areas on the beach and ensure that no 6-5 Temporary degradation of beach Moderate machinery works outside these areas. Minor habitat for infauna species such as NAN Low Short Term Limited High Negative Do not widen the access ramp Negative crabs and molluscs. between the beach and the village unless it part of the final design. 6-6 Increase in localised turbidity of Dredging and installation works marine environment by suspension of should be timed to occur at low tide Minor NAN Low Short Term Limited Medium Minor Negative sediments. Sedimentation can lead to therefore reducing the opportunity Negative loss of live coral cover. for sediments to become suspended. Live coral cover in this area is very low. Individual corals are likely to be 6-7 Coral loss in project footprint at Moderate Minor NAN Medium Long Term Limited High lost during dredging works, however channel entrance Negative Negative this area of reef is not considered significant. Dredging works Training for machinery operators and 6-8 Loss of live coral cover due to offloading barge operator to prevent and installation Minor accidental damage during construction NAN Medium Intermittent Limited Low Minor Negative improper use of machinery or vessels of breakwater Negative Construction and jetty works and clear knowledge of working structures areas Unavoidable due to proposed project works. Species are not considered 6-9 Loss of benthic invertebrates in Minor NAN Medium Intermittent Limited Certain Minor Negative endangered, rare or endemic and no project footprint Negative subsistence fisheries occur within the project site Unavoidable due to nature of works, however nature of works will result 6-10 Disturbance of mobile marine NAN Low Short Term Local Medium Minor Negative in mobile species leaving the Negligible species immediate vicinity while disturbances are ongoing. Unavoidable due to requirement of proposed project works. Live coral cover in vicinity of proposed project Moderate Moderate 6-11 Damage to reef crest ecosystem NAN Medium Intermittent Limited Certain area is relatively low. Strict control to Negative Negative Offloading be had over selecting barge offload machinery, location, weather window and tidal equipment and range to avoid unnecessary damage. materials Unavoidable due to requirement of proposed project works. Reef flat is Moderate Minor 6-12 Damage to reef flat habitat NAN Low Intermittent Limited High not home to any live coral or Negative Negative macroalgae and consists of bare coral rock. Working area for machinery to Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 94

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Wastewater 6-13Uncontrolled and untreated waste Management All waste water streams will be water from all project activities have (concrete subject to strict controls to ensure the potential to increase the nutrient NAN, Moderate Minor process water, Medium Intermittent Local Medium 100% capture and/or containment loading on the marine environment FUN Negative Negative washdown for treatment. Treatment will vary leading to algal blooms and potentially water, septic depending on type of waste water. leading to loss of live coral cover. systems, etc) 6-14 During the surface preparation at During preparation works diversions Surface Funafuti Port, it is possible for spilled and bunding shall be used to divert Moderate Minor Preparation & hydrocarbons and sediments to enter FUN Medium Short Term Local Medium run off away from coastal Negative Negative Laying Funafuti the adjacent ocean from rain water environment and towards settling runoff. and treatment ponds. 7. Terrestrial Environment (flora & fauna) 7-1 There is a risk to the integrity of the vegetation line between the village and the beach. It is conceivable that building location and/or No disruption of the vegetation line is passenger/vehicle routing could lead permitted. All building and passenger Buildings, beach to interruptions of the vegetation line walkways will be designed to either Moderate Design access and boat which has a fundamental role in NAN High Intermittent Local High Major Negative not encroach on the vegetation line Negative ramp design maintaining the shoreline stability or will utilise existing breaks in the along the village front. Disruption of vegetation line at the boat ramp or in the vegetation line could have other areas. negative impacts on shoreline stability and lead to erosion and a reduction in resilience to storm events. 7-2 Improper and uncontrolled use of Movement of heavy machinery will heavy equipment and machinery has be planned and controlled to ensure the potential to damage the shoreline that only delineated areas are used vegetation and therefore reduce the Moderate Moderate Machinery Use NAN Medium Intermittent Limited Medium for construction and movement. effectiveness of its shoreline stability Negative Negative These delineated areas will be function. This could lead to erosion situated away from the vegetation and a reduction in the resilience to Construction line. climate change For any large areas of cleared Land clearing vegetation in the coastal 7-3 Necessary land clearance will lead (building, environment, division bunds (or Minor to the removal of vegetation which NAN Low Short Term Limited Medium Minor Negative laydown and similar) will be used. Revegetation of Negative could result in erosion or surface soils. stockpile site) disturbed areas is required as soon as practicable.

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations All imported aggregates, materials 7-4 Introduction of non-native or and equipment will be treated for invasive plant, pest or bacterial species Materials NAN, contaminates prior to departure Minor from untreated aggregates would pose Medium Long Term Regional Medium Major Negative Sourcing FUN from originating country and will be Negative a threat to the plant and animal imported into Tuvalu under national species in Tuvalu. quarantine law. Environment is adapted to saline 7-5 Salt water washed from dredge conditions in storm events and Stockpile of Minor material stockpile could lead to NAN Low Short Term Limited Low Minor Negative recovery is rapid, therefore no dredge materials Negative localised vegetation die off. mitigation is necessary for this short- term activity Concrete production is to be equipped with settlement tank/pond 7-6 Waste water and slurry from for treatment of slurry and process Concrete concrete production is caustic and will NAN, water. Treatment shall include Minor Low Short Term Limited Low Minor Negative Production lead to vegetation die off if they come FUN settling of suspended solids and Negative into contact. decreasing pH of water. Waste concrete should be allowed to harden before disposal.

Impacts on Human and Built Environment

Project Project Post-Mitigation Potential Impact Location Magnitude Duration Extent Likelihood Impact Rating Mitigations/Notes Phase Activity/Location Residual Impact

8. Community Services and Infrastructure (transport network, harbours, utilities, waste disposal) Contractor will develop a Traffic Management Plan to ensure that all 8-1 Increase in volume of traffic on the islands NAN, Moderate General Medium Short Term Local Certain vehicles are driven in a controlled Minor Negative roads FUN Negative manner at suitable speeds and within normal working hours only

Contractor will provide their own Construction means of generating power for project 8-2 Increases in demand on limited electricity activities and for powering worker network from all project activities leading to accommodations as not to place NAN Low Short Term Local Certain Minor Negative Minor Positive increased pressure on solar network and increased additional demand on the islands use of diesel generators. existing network. In some instances, it may be possible for the project to increase the islands solar capacity.

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations The Contractors Solid Waste Management Plan will stipulate the 8-3 Project works will generate quantities of solid policy of reduce, reuse, recycle waste in several different forms and from most wherever possible. Organic project activities. The small landfill site on biodegradable will be shredded at the Nanumaga is not suitable to handle any quantity of Nanumaga and Funafuti community solid waste generated by the project and the facilities. Reusable clean fill, rubble or Solid Waste NAN, municipal landfill on Funafuti is already High Long Term Local Certain Major Negative excess aggregates will be made Minor Negative Generation FUN overburdened with the waste generated on the available to the PWD or Kaupule for island. Any addition waste from infrastructure community use. All non-reusable, non- projects of this scale have the potential to create a recyclable and non-organic solid waste visual and environmental nuisance and cause will be disposed of outside Tuvalu in pollution in the marine environment licensed landfills of suitable size and capacity to handle infrastructure project waste. 8-4 Increase in demand on islands limited medical Contractors will ensure that emergency Moderate facilities in cases of work place or out of hours NAN High Short Term Local High Major Negative medical first aid kits and trained Negative accidents personnel are available on Nanumaga 8-5 Increase in demand for food to provision Contractor will import all food needed NAN High Short Term Local High Major Negative Minor Negative project workers for the workers for duration of project Works will be housed in dedicated 8-6 Increase in demand for housing for workers NAN High Short Term Local Certain Major Negative Minor Negative Workers workers camp in an approved location. Project management and project offices will be housed in existing guesthouses on Nanumaga. Will not put additional 8-7 Increase in demand for housing for project Moderate Moderate NAN High Short Term Local Certain strain on available housing, will management Negative Positive generate income for Kaupule, will stop the use of this facility for other island visitors Provide dedicated ship to shore transfer system for people with disabilities and 8-8 Improved safety of passenger transfer those with mobility problems. NAN High Long Term Regional Certain Major Positive Major Positive between work boat and island. Important to note that this will not address the ship to ship transfer of passengers.

8-9 Improved security of cargo storage and NAN High Long Term Regional Certain Major Positive Major Positive transfer between the work boat and island. Operational Harbour

8-10 Improved waiting facilities for passengers NAN High Long Term Regional Certain Major Positive Major Positive waiting to board or on transit.

8-11 Increases in operational days of the harbour NAN High Long Term Regional Certain Major Positive Major Positive due to the function of the breakwater

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations 8-12 Increased capacity to respond to natural disasters by having a sheltered harbour to accept NAN High Long Term Regional Certain Major Positive Major Positive incoming emergency relief supplies. 9. Land Resource Use (Government, Communal and Private) Prioritise use of Kaupule land. If that is 9-1 Temporary use of private land for not possible, ensure all leased land is accommodations, stockpile and laydown sites Moderate Moderate General NAN Medium Short Term Local Certain secured through legal process and rent leading to short term loss of access to these areas Positive Positive paid is at least equivalent to legislated and increase in land owner income through rental land value Construction Develop construction methodology 9-2 Access to existing boat ramp may be which minimising down time of boat restructured during construction phase. This will Moderate ramp and employ Community Liaison Harbour NAN Medium Short Term Regional High Minor Negative apply to local fishing boats and government ferry Negative Officer (from within the community) to workboats. manage communications between contractor and fishermen 9-3 The new harbour facility is likely to be used for Ensure that design features of harbour Moderate Moderate Operational Harbour swimming and recreation during the operational NAN Medium Long Term Local Certain consider swimmer safety and access to Positive Positive phase when it is not required by the workboats. the water. 10. Social Environment (Heritage, Culture, Tradition, Opportunity) Placement of workers camp to be determined during design phase in 10-1 Presence of workers living on the island can consultation with the community and lead to increased risk of social conflict, NAN, Moderate Influx of Labour Medium Intermittent Local High management of workers behaviour to Minor Negative inappropriate or illicit behaviour and have negative FUN Negative be subject to Worker Management impacts on community dynamic Plan. Provide workers with dedicated recreational facilities. 10-2 If the rebuilding of the church is completed prior to the start of MICRO project works on Consultation between the Kaupule, Moderate General Nanumaga, there is the potential for the noise NAN Medium Short Term Limited Medium church pastor and Contractor to Negligible Negative during all stages of construction to disturb church manage daily works schedule Construction services.

Contractor will be required to use local 10-3 Increase opportunity for income generation NAN, community members to undertake from food, beverage and housekeeping services High Short Term Local Certain Major Positive Major Positive FUN cooking and housekeeping services on and in construction or project administration roles Nanumaga Direct Income Generation 10-4 Increase in individual income through project All project workers will be required to employment can lead to instances of increased undertake training by approved service NAN, drinking and/ increased conflicts within the family Medium Intermittent Regional Low Minor Negative provider and sign codes of conduct. Minor Negative FUN home which may lead to increases in instances of Disciplinary action will be appropriate GBV for all instances of GBV

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations If used for skilled positions, then increased capacity within the work force will have long term benefits for the labour force of Tuvalu. It should be noted that the number of local 10-5 Increase opportunity for up-skilling within the NAN, employees is not likely to be high and General local workforce if they are employed in skilled Medium Long Term Local High Major Positive Major Positive FUN that upskilling of local workers might rolls. lead to increased migration to Funafuti to seek employment opportunities, which in turn would lead to an increased income for families on Nanumaga through remittances.

10-6 Improved safety and accessibility to boats Harbour and and buildings through Universal Access design Contract and ESMP to reflect these NAN High Long Term Regional Certain Major Positive Major Positive Building Design features of buildings and safer transfer of those requirements with limited mobility. Operational

10-7 Opportunity for income generating activities Building design to account for these Passenger Area NAN High Long Term Local High Major Positive Major Positive from sales of refreshments and handicrafts opportunities.

11. Community Health and Safety

11-1 Risk to pedestrians and drivers from use of C-ESMP will include management NAN, construction machinery at project sites and along Low Short Term Limited Low Minor Negative strategies for managing risk to all road Minor Negative FUN transportation routes users

Mitigations will include consultation 11-2 Risk to community members during with Kaupule to inform community of Moderate construction machinery and equipment offloading NAN Medium Short Term Limited Medium the risks and management of the area Minor Negative Negative activities at the reef crest to prevent pedestrian access during Construction offloading Equipment Use C-ESMP will include management 11-3 Exposure to the public to hydrocarbons NAN, Construction Low Short Term Limited Low Minor Negative strategies for spill response and Minor Negative resulting from spills FUN managing risks

11-4 Accidental damage to community or private Contractor to provide budget line for facilities while moving machinery between NAN Low Short Term Limited Medium Minor Negative construction damage and to repair any Minor Negative laydown and reef flat. damage immediately.

All project workers will be required to 11-4 Increased potential to introduce and spread undertake training by approved service STDs such as HIV/AIDS from foreign workers NAN, Moderate Influx of Labour Medium Long Term Regional Medium provider and sign codes of conduct to Minor Negative FUN Negative raise awareness and prevent the spread Increased risk of GBV of diseases

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11-5 Community exposure to concrete waste C-ESMP will include measures to Concrete water and slurry which is caustic to skin and can NAN Low Short Term Limited Low Minor Negative manage all concrete waste water and Minor Negative Production cause burns. slurry as prescribed in the ESMP.

11-6 Community safety concerns with cargo, Harbour design will be undertaken to vehicles and passengers using the same NAN Low Long Term Limited Low Minor Negative ensure separation of passengers and Minor Negative infrastructure. Potential for injury is increased. vehicles/cargo on the wharf.

Ship to Shore: 11-7 Safety risk to community from falling on algae Design engineer to include measures to Transfer of covered wharf surfaces. Increased risk from falling Moderate minimise algal build up and Kaupule to NAN Medium Long Term Limited Medium Minor Negative Cargo, Transfer on slippery steps for passengers with minor to Negative implement approved maintained plan of Passengers moderate mobility limitations or injuries. provided by Contractor. Operational Design engineer to include measures to 11-8 Increased quality and safety of transfer of the improve the experience and safety for elderly or disabled, or other people with mobility NAN Medium Long Term Regional High Major Positive transfer of mobility limited passengers. Major Positive limitations. This will not address ship to ship transfer. 11-9 Deeper and larger channel and basin with Harbour basin is being designed to improved access to water from harbour minimise current movement within the Recreational Use infrastructure will create an attractive recreational NAN Medium Long Term Limited Low Minor Negative basin and maintenance plan for the Minor Negative of Harbour swimming area for the community. Potential for wharf surface will minimise risk of safety issues relating to slippery surface and slipping. changed currents within the harbour basin.

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8.2 Identified Impacts & Mitigation Section 8.1.3 provides the assessed impact rating pre and post mitigation. In the following subsections, those impacts assessed to be moderate or major negative prior to the application of mitigation measures are detailed. It also highlights where there have been limitations in the impact assessment process due to lack of data or detailed design and details required action to address these gaps. The impacts are presented according to their ESR and listed by the project activity that generates the impact. Each subsection below also lists some of the key protective measures that have been designed to mitigate or avoid environmental and social impacts. A full list of all protective measures for all identified impacts is included in the ESMP. 8.2.1 Water Resources 8.2.1.1 Waste Water Management The main potential impact on ground water resources are likely to come from Contractors project workers during the construction phase and the passenger area bathrooms during the operational phase. There will be a requirement to house the workers during the construction phase. There are limited housing options available and therefore there are limited options currently available for properly managing the septic waste that workers will generate. At this stage in the Project it is unknown how many workers will need to be housed on the island, however a similar project on another of Tuvalu’s outer islands for the ADB OIMIP project has brought in 45 workers to the island of Nukulaelae. The Nukulaelae project is using anchored ships and barges to provide workers accommodations, however the bathymetry of Nanumaga means that vessels are unable to anchor and therefore the workers are likely to have to be housed on the island itself. Using 45 workers as a very conservative guideline, there will be a need to ensure there are between 3 and 8 toilet units available within the workers accommodation camp. These toilets and other sanitary facilities (showers and basins) will generate sewage and waste water which, if not properly managed, can cause nutrients, pathogens and other bacteria to enter the ground water. While ground water is not used on Nanumaga for drinking water, it is used to grow root crops in the pulaka pits. It has been shown41 that it is possible for vegetables to become contaminated with pathogenic organisms during growth when grown over contaminated groundwater. 8.2.1.2 Freshwater Consumption With the influx of labour onto Nanumaga for the period of construction, there will be an increased demand for freshwater. It is estimated that the average person requires 100 liters of water per day.42 If, to ensure a conservative approach, at this stage in project preparation we assume the Nukulaelae example of 45 workers for 3-4 months of construction, this adds up to 4,500 liters per day for all workers totaling 540,000 and 216,000 liters for 45 people for 4 months. On Nanumaga, there are several public cisterns which are available to the community in addition to their own home water tanks which the workers would have a negative impact on should they place additional demands on. Nanumaga does not use any ground water for drinking, instead relies completely on rainwater harvesting. It is one of the northern islands of Tuvalu and is therefore subject to longer dry spells. A Watch Water system has been developed by the Disaster Management Unit within the GoTv which records the islands freshwater reserves and maintains a drought watch. Any additional pressure on freshwater reserves would leave the community vulnerable to drought during the drier periods, particularly as it is preferred for the work to be undertaken outside of the rainy season. It will be a requirement of the project for water conservation measures to be used to minimise the demand and for the project to provide for all freshwater needs of the workers through a combination of self- contained desalination units (noting that the island operates on 100% solar power and that alternative

41 Shearer, A.E., Strapp, CM., & Joerger, R.D. (2001). Evaluation of polymerase chain reaction-based system for detection of Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria spp., and Listeria monocytogenes on Fresh Fruit and vegetables. Journal of Food Protection, 64(6), 788-795. 42 https://stories.undp.org/pacc-tuvalu Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 101

Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations power sources are likely to be necessary to ensure consistent water production) and installation of new rainwater tanks. It will also be a requirement of the project to maximise the use of local labour and minimise the number of foreign workers used on the island to further reduce demand. During the operational phase, the passenger terminal will require a supply of freshwater to run the sanitary systems and to provide the passengers with drinking water. The design plans for the building have not yet been developed, however it will be designed with its own rainwater catchment and storage system and should therefore, not have a negative impact on the community’s water supply. It is possible that, should a robust and large system be developed, then it may also act as an additional communal freshwater resource. 8.2.1.3 Water Quality During the dredging works at Nanumaga, it is anticipated that sediments will become suspended in the water column within the channel and harbour basin. All methods of dredging release suspended sediments during the excavation itself and during the flow of sediments from the transfer of dredged materials. The extent of locally increased suspended sediments will be obvious from the turbidity ‘plume’ that will be evident in the channel, basin and on the reef edge. Due to the wave action on the exposed reef crest and reef slope, it is expected that once the sediments leave the channel they will disperse naturally with the wave and swell action. The reef create is a dynamic environment and it is not expected that sediments will travel some distances before settling, therefore it is not expected that there will be a significant build up of sediment on the reef slope outside the channel entrance. The rate at which the suspended sediments exit the channel is dependent on the flush rate of the channel and basin. A low flush rate means that the sediments will remain within the channel for prolonged periods and may settle within the channel. A low flush rate also has implications for the water quality within the harbour as any contamination would be held within the harbour rather than being dispersed in the open ocean. As part of the detailed design phases, water quality modelling will be undertaken to better understand the hydrodynamic conditions within the channel and basin. This will help to inform any protective measures required for the dredging works and also help to understand how any spills within the harbour might behave and therefore design appropriate spill responses for the Kaupule. 8.2.1.4 Protective Measures Protective measures will include:

• All toilets will be connected to septic tank systems. Any new permanent septic tanks will adhere to national requirements and will include proprietary technologies such as ‘BioKube’43 to offer small scale sewage treatment • Contractor will arrange to supply all Project freshwater needs • Community cisterns not to be used for workers camp • Passenger and cargo buildings will be designed with rainwater catchment systems • Worker Management Plan to be developed according to Guidelines in the ESMP • Water quality modelling will be undertaken during the design phase

8.2.2 Geological Resources 8.2.2.1 Construction Material Needs During the construction phase there will be a need for aggregates for several activities such as concrete production, building foundations and potentially for ballast in hollow prefabricated marine structures. At this stage of project preparation, the exact aggregate requirements are unknown. This will be updated

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations in the ESIA prior to the bid documents being released, once the final construction methodologies are known. The TCAP project has estimated that approximately 10% of the sand deposit on the northern tip of Nanumaga could potentially be removed for construction purposes without causing significant impacts. TCAP have identified this as a potential source for their own aggregate needs, therefore as the exact volume of aggregate needed by TCAP is unknown and as requests have come from the Nanumaga community not to use their sand resources, MICRO will not use sand from this source. Any additional removal of sand from the beaches of Nanumaga would not be considered sustainable and could result in a net loss of sand from the beaches. Removal of sand from other areas along the coastline in Nanumaga could result in localized erosion at the back of the beach and impact on the stability of the vegetation line. The harbour works at Nanumaga will create an as yet unknown volume of dredged limestone spoil materials which may be suitable for use as aggregate for all project activities. There will likely be a need for this spoil material to be crushed prior to use as aggregate. While it is not yet confirmed, it is anticipated that the volume of dredged materials will be sufficient to meet the demands of the Nanumaga works. Should any additional aggregates be needed in addition to the dredged materials, these will be imported and will not be sourced from any beach, borrow pit or quarry in Tuvalu. The volume or grade of aggregates that will be needed for the Funafuti Port works are not know yet. At this stage of project preparation, it is expected that some coronous materials will be required to supplement the base course and that basalt rock will be required to provide the surface layer. There are operational quarries and borrow pits in Funafuti, however it is anticipated that due to the potential volume required to surface the port and the limited supply of aggregate available on Funafuti, that any extraction of materials for the MICRO works at the port would contribute to unsustainable levels of quarrying. 8.2.2.2 Heavy Plant Use At this stage in project preparation, it is not known how many and what type of machinery or equipment will be used by the Contractor, however it is known that there will be a requirement for construction machinery to work on the beach in Nanumaga for all harbour construction. Impacts relating to the presence of heavy equipment on a sandy beach include changes to the beach profile in the working area and potential for minor spills of fuel and oil spills causing pollution to the sand. Any fuel spills are predicted to be minor and would be a short-term impact that could be effectively managed within the ESMP. Regarding the potential changes in the beach profile during the construction phase, on Nanumaga, the church foundations next to the boat ramp have been dug with a 6-ton excavator which accesses the work site via a ramp on the beach. This give us the opportunity to see the type of changes that we can expect at the beach during construction Figure 47. The tracks create a change in the beach profile, however due to the height of the berm scarp above sea level and the restricted nature of their construction foot print, the impacts are limited in magnitude and will be reversed over time as the seasons change.

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Figure 47: Construction works on Nanumaga beach at the boat ramp for the new church.

It can be expected that the MICRO project will create a spatially larger footprint due to the requirements of building the harbour, but these impacts will be short term and reversible in nature when coupled with effective construction management. 8.2.2.3 Cargo Shed and Passenger Lounge Drainage On Nanumaga, the proposed buildings have yet to be designed, however, with the addition of any new construction there is the potential for localized soil erosion during periods of heavy rain should the buildings drainage not be suitably designed. Run off can be generated either through the introduction of open paved areas with insufficient drainage, or from poorly designed guttering and rain water catchments which create over pour onto bare ground. The selected building location is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change both from storm water impact and from heavy rain run-off, any additional run off in this area would add to the potential for localized soil erosion. While the impact of each potential erosion event could be small in magnitude, cumulatively it could lead to significant erosion and the reduction of the resilience of the area to the impacts of climate change. 8.2.2.4 Protective Measures Protective measures will include:

• No stockpiles will be allowed on the beach, all dredge spoils to be immediately removed to the designated stockpile site; • Any aggregates in addition to the dredge spoil in Nanumaga will be imported; • No sand or coral will be taken from any beach in Tuvalu;

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• All equipment used in the coastal environment is in sound mechanical condition and free of any leaks of fluid at all time; • Spill kits will be available in all project work sites; • Working areas for all construction equipment on the beach will be strictly limited and demarcated; • Size of imported construction equipment (excavator, digger, etc) should be kept to a workable minimum; • Building design should minimise run off towards the boat ramp; • Run off from building roof should be captured in water tanks with overflow drainage towards vegetated areas; • Building foundations should be designed as reinforced and climate resilient.

8.2.3 Coastal Hydrodynamics 8.2.3.1 Modelling Assumptions Assessment of the impact on coastal hydrodynamics and processes in a dynamic island environment often relies on the outputs of coastal modelling, however the outputs can only model outcomes based on the data that is input, which often assumes a homogenous state and therefore in dynamic beach settings can be considered to provide a model of the snap-shot conditions that were input into it. Critical to successful coastal modelling is the data they are based on. In this stage of project preparation, coastal modelling has yet to be undertaken on the concept designs, therefore the impact assessment at this stage is based on the findings of the Vulnerability Assessment and on expert opinion from coastal engineers and the design engineer. The concept and final designs will be optimized based on the results of coastal modelling and expert judgment. The bidding documents will take into account the optimized design that minimizes coastal hydrodynamics impacts. First, it is important to understand the limitations of the models available in the Vulnerability Assessment. The model for sediment transport rates assumes a median grain size of 200µm with D10 and D90 values of 100µm and 400µm. Field verification studies have shown that this assumption is incorrect. A beach of median grain diameter of 200µm is classified as a fine sand beach, however in the case of Nanumaga, the smallest grain size found is between 400µm and 500µm coarse sand with most of the beach being formed from larger (2-20mm) gravel and larger still coral fragments. At the time of field surveys (June 2018) the grain size within the AOI was mostly 2mm or higher, with some smaller areas of 400µm grains and almost exclusively a minimum of 2mm grain size in the narrow wash zone that is subject to longshore drift. The mobility of sediment under operational wave conditions decreases as the size of the particles increases, therefore the rate of sediment transport predicted in the Vulnerability Assessment is higher than is the reality. It is also important to note here, that the beach environment of Nanumaga is shifting throughout the seasons and grain size within the AOI will regularly change over time, bringing about an element of uncertainty to the modelling. The coastal modelling for the final design will use 400µm as the median grain size which will result in a conservative approach to impact assessment. A second assumption within the Vulnerability Assessment, that helped to inform the documents expert opinion on the potential coastal impact of the concepts, is the swell direction. As the Vulnerability Assessment fails to account for the significant south western swell direction, it can be assumed that the predicted coastal impacts will not be wholly accurate. This omission has been noted by the design engineer and has been accounted for in the concept designs that have been developed. Indicative Modeling Results: Modeling is underway for Nanumaga and indicative results are presented below. Highly conservative parameters have been tested when testing cyclonic storm waves i.e., a very severe cyclone with the most

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations destructive storm path possible. The cyclone wave plot (Figure 48) indicates that the new structures at Nanumaga do not introduce a higher impact on the shoreline via the wider channel.

Figure 48: Cyclone Wave Plot In addition, the above mean sea level with 1 meter wave output shows approximately 5 centimeters of wave height difference at the shoreline, indicating that the harbour has been successful in normalising its impact to the shoreline and in particular does not produce a skew in the wave profile (Figure 49).

Figure 49: Wave Output

8.2.3.2 Harbour Design If longshore sediment transport is interrupted by solid structures on or along the beach, it will lead to a change in the distribution and movement of sand causing either erosion or accretion in the affected area.

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This change is caused by the wave shadows and current changes that the solid structures create. In Nanumaga, design parameters such as maximizing the distance between the solid structures and the sand line, are critical to ensure that any erosion or accretion is minimized over time. The final selected design does not call for any solid structure to be placed on the sand. All solid breakwaters end on the reef flat and from there, at the earliest technically permissible point, continue on a piled jetty type structure. The piled structure will allow the sand to continue to move unhindered along the shore. The quieter conditions behind the break waters, will during normal / average weather cause sand to accumulate and result in the toe of the beach creeping seawards. If the toe of the beach meets and joins up with one of the breakwaters and accumulates in any volume, then sand will be blocked from moving freely north or south along this shore and the breakwaters will tend to redirect sand either into the navigation channel or into deep water. Likely this would cause a deficit in the sand budget on this shore, choke the channel with sand and result in localised shoreline erosion. The final design has been developed to reduce the instances of this accretion by maximizing the distance between the edge of the breakwater and the sand line. It’s likely that heavy weather would quickly disrupt such a sand build up and re-establish a clear reef flat between the breakwaters and the beach, and north / south movement will start again and some degree of repair in normal shoreline processes may follow. With regard to the harbour basin and channel design, the size of the basin has a direct impact on the rate of erosion behind it. The larger the basin, the greater the shoreline retreat, therefore it is critical that the harbour be designed with the smallest possible basin. Given the location of the village in relation to the shoreline, any erosion of that area would have significant implications for the stability of the existing coastal structures. An additional potential impact linked to the size of the basin, is the amount of sand that it attracts from the beach. Changes to the current regime along the shore will attract sediments into the basin area and allow the sediments to settle as it reaches the deeper calmer water of the harbour. The larger the basin, the greater the amount of sediment that will be captured and removed from the beach. Once the sediment has settled within the basin, it will stay there until it is either dredged out and replaced on the beach or until a storm event occurs and removes the sediment from the basin through the channel and out to sea. If the sediment is lost to sea during a storm event, then it is permanently lost from the sand budget of the island. The wave regime within the channel entrance and the channel itself is controlled by the depth and width of the channel. A deeper channel results in less wave fetch at the entrance and will provide a safer entry for the workboats and local fishing boats at all tides, but particularly during high tide. On the other hand, if the channel is too wide, then it allows for more waves to enter. Getting the balance between channel depth and channel width right will be critical to increasing the navigational and passenger security. Further adding to the creation of waves in the channel entrance will be the placement of the breakwaters seawall extension. If the extension is placed too close to the reef crest, the current moving along the breakwater, towards the reef crest will corner the breakwater extension and enter the channel entrance at speed potentially causing standing waves and creating a navigation hazard. This has the potential to be increased or reduced, depending on the depth of the channel. Another potential impact of the breakwater on the coastal processes is the current moving along the breakwater length towards the shore. If placed too close to the sand line, this landward moving current will move around the base of the breakwater potentially causing scour and eroding sand in the vicinity. All of the above potential impacts were key factors in the selection of the final design and are informing the development of the final detailed design. Initial coastal modelling of the selected final design indicates that the design is approaching close to ‘zero impact’ on the shoreline while providing the community with a safe and functional small scale harbour. A summary of the final design and its predicted relationship to the above potential impacts is provided below: Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 107

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Parameter Relationship to design Interruption of longshore drift Very low projected impact Shoreline retreat Maintained as current Wave regime in channel entrance Decreased wave action at entrance Scouring at beach Maintained as current Sedimentation in basin Very low Loss of sand through channel Very low

8.2.3.3 Protective measures will include: • No solid structures beyond the reef flat • Only piled structures will be permitted on the sand • Distance between breakwater and sand line to be maximised to retain littoral drift • Coastal modelling will be reviewed by independent experts • Minimisation of coastal impacts will be one of the key criteria during development of harbour design • Design features to reduce sand catchment in the harbour basin and channel • Development of feasible maintenance schedule for harbour clearance to remove sand • Increase depth of channel entrance to reduce size of waves in the entrance

8.2.4 Marine Environment 8.2.4.1 Surface Preparation Funafuti Port Final design plans for Funafuti Port are not yet known, however it is anticipated that for a period of time during preparation, the cargo handling area will be levelled and prepared but will be unsealed without completed drainage. During this time, there will be the potential for any materials, hydrocarbons and loose sediment to enter the adjacent marine environment during any rain events. While any hydrocarbon spills would likely be minor and short term, the introduction of sediments could have a longer-term impact if these sediments have any contamination from the historical activities at the port. This potential contamination would then have the potential to pollute the marine environment. 8.2.4.2 Construction Equipment Use Offloading of imported machinery and equipment on Nanumaga is likely to be via a Ro-Ro type barge on the reef edge during low tide. It is not possible to bring a large barge to the shore at any tidal range, therefore offloading via Ro-Ro at the reef edge and driving the equipment across the reef flat is the most feasible and safest option. This action of placing the Ro-Ro ramp and driving the equipment over the reef edge will undoubtedly cause damage to the reef crest habitat in that direct impact zone which will likely result in the loss of any live coral and niche habitats. The offloading location will be sited close to the existing boat ramp in order to minimise the travel distance across the beach and reef flat. In this area, the marine baseline survey has determined that percentage live coral cover is 1% on the reef crest, increasing to 12.5% on the reef slope. The coral species assemblage is not considered to be unique or important. Taking the low quality of the coral reef in this area and the relatively small size of the Ro-Ro impact area, this is not considered to be an important impact and it would be possible for coral to regenerate over time in that location. Likewise, the loss of niche habitats on the reef crest is not considered to be significant as reef crests by their nature are formed from a multitude of complex areas providing many niche habitats. The use of heavy machinery during the harbour construction phase at Nanumaga also has the potential to cause damage to the surface of the limestone reef flat. Given the flat and level nature of the reef

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations flat, and the lack of sediments, macroalgae or live coral in the habitat, it is expected that the impact will be limited to indentations in the limestone which has no significant bearing on the marine environment. There is the potential for hydrocarbon spills from the machinery into the marine environment. Given that the largest potential volume of the fuel or oil spill is limited to the contents of the fuel and oil tanks, the potential impact will be limited in magnitude and short term in duration and can be managed with good environmental controls. This is therefore considered to be an important mitigation factor, but not considered to be a significant impact. 8.2.4.3 Harbour and Channel Dredging Nanumaga The method of dredging is not yet known; however, it is likely to either be by suction dredge or by excavator. Regardless of the method used, there will be loss of live coral and macroalgae in the dredged zone at the channel entrance on the reef crest and slope. As previously discussed, the live coral cover in the existing boat ramp area is very low and the species assemblage is not considered to be unique or important. The loss of these corals is unavoidable due to the nature of the project. While this loss will be permanent, given the condition of the reef, as long as the dredging is undertaken in compliance with the ESMP, it is not considered to be a significant impact. Harbour dredging will also likely result in sediments becoming suspended in the water column. While this is likely to cause the channel to become turbid in the short term, on leaving the channel, any sediments will quickly become dispersed in the ocean currents and any sediments that do settle onto the reef will likely be dispersed by wave action and are not expected to cause any significant impacts to the coral reef within the AOI. 8.2.4.4 Generation of Waste Water Project related activities on land during the construction phase which have the potential to generate waste water include concrete production and workers accommodations. During the operational phase, the ongoing use of the bathroom facilities at the passenger terminal will also have the potential to generate waste water. Should this waste water not be properly managed there is the potential for it to contaminate the ground water and from there, the coastal marine environment. Contamination of coastal water with septic waste water can lead to cases of infectious diseases linked to swimming or bathing in marine waters and to the consumption of seafood. Most illnesses are caused by pathogens including diarrhea, cholera, dysentery, typhoid and hepatitis A. Pathogenic bacteria can survive in the sea from a few days to several weeks; viruses can survive in water, fish or shellfish for several months while the hepatitis virus can remain viable in the sea for over a year.44 Increases of nutrient levels in the sea from untreated waste water can also increase the nutrient levels leading to algal blooms and potentially coral die off. Waste water and slurry from concrete production will have a high pH level making it alkaline and contains chromium. Highly alkaline water can result in the death of marine organisms should it enter the marine environment. There are also impacts associated with concrete waste water leaching into the groundwater and causing contamination. 8.2.4.5 Funafuti Port Operations Once the works at Funafuti Port have been completed, there is potential during the operational phase for the marine environment to become polluted from run off of the cargo storage area. As there will be a storage area for old oil, fuel drums and livestock as well as heavy machinery being used on the surface on a daily basis, there is a high potential for animal slurry and hydrocarbons to be washed into the sea during heavy rain events should adequate measures not be in place to manage drainage and contain spills.

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This has the potential to become a significant negative impact on the marine environment in the port are in the long term unless adequate measures are put in place during the design phases and ongoing maintenance carried out during the operational phases. 8.2.4.6 Protective measures Protective measures will include:

• Sediment catchment (sandbags) around the Funafuti Port works along exposed coastal sections • Spill kits in place wherever construction equipment is being used • All refuelling to take place at laydown site • Only one small pre-selected section of reef will be used to offload equipment barge loads • Movement of machinery and equipment across reef flat will be restricted to demarcated pathways • Offloading of barges will only take place at low tide ranges • All vessels will be equipped with spill kits • Harbour dredging will not extend into non-marked areas • 100% containment of waste water at laydown site, passenger restrooms and workers accommodation and treatment specific to each waste water stream • Provision of bunded area for fuel and oil drums in Funafuti Port

8.2.5 Terrestrial Environment 8.2.5.1 Building Design The selected location for the passenger waiting area and cargo shed is close to the vegetation line at the boat ramp access road. The vegetation line in this area consists of sparse coconut trees which have an important function in coastal stability. Any interruption of the vegetation line by any elements of the building have the potential to destabilize that section of coastline resulting in erosion, vegetation line retreat and, in this instance, potentially undermining of the building foundations. The building specifications have yet to be developed, however there is no intention of the building encroaching on the vegetation line and design concepts are likely to include setting the building back at least 5 meters from the vegetation line. Providing that these design parameters are adhered to, the risk to the vegetation line from the building design is considered to be minimal. The MICRO project can also look to enhance the stability of that section of coast by designing a planting program for coconut trees and/or local coastal vines. 8.2.5.2 Harbour and Boat Ramp Design A failure to understand the importance of the integrity of the vegetation line in front of the village during the design phase could lead to design features which may impede or impact on the trees or call for their removal. Any removal of trees from the vegetation line in front of the village to allow additional access to the harbour has the significant potential to lead to erosion and shoreline retreat. 8.2.5.3 Building Construction The vegetation line in front of the selected building location is vulnerable to damage during building construction. Lack of care during construction with the use of the heavy plant may result in accidental damage to the vegetation line. Additionally, any deviation by the Contractor from the design plans or ESMP prescriptions could result in accidental or unplanned damage to the tree line. The long-term implications of this are significant but can be mitigated with careful planning and supervision. During the decommission phase of the construction works, care must also be taken to retain a perimeter around the vegetation line until the site has been demobilized. 8.2.5.4 Importation of Equipment and Materials It is expected that materials (aggregates, cement) and equipment for undertaking construction will all be imported for both the Funafuti Port works and the Nanumaga harbour works. If imported consignments

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8.2.5.5 Workers Accommodation The selected workers accommodation area, like most of the rest of Nanumaga, has a notable presence of YCA. Unless there is careful management of the accommodation site particularly in terms of management of food storage and food waste, there is the potential to increase the YCA population in that area and cause uncomfortable living conditions as well as further exacerbate the YCA problem on Nanumaga. At all times, the minimum standard to be adhered to is detailed in the IFC Workers Accommodation and Standards (included in the MICRO ESMP), however these measures may need to be strengthened to deal with the YCA. The SPC is undertaking a YCA control program and if the workers accommodation does not follow any guidelines developed by the SPC and integrated into the ESMP, then the YCA population will be difficult to control.

8.2.5.6 Protective Measures Protective Measures will include:

• No trees in the vegetation line will be removed as part of the design of the buildings • No trees in the vegetation line will be removed or damaged during construction • Building and harbour design will not include new paths or roads from the beach to the village • Building design will not exceed existing foundation areas • Building foundations will be reinforced to be climate resilient • Clear boundaries will be set during construction to protect the front of the berm and the vegetation line. Boundaries will be physically marked with temporary construction fencing. • All imported materials, equipment and aggregate will be subject to importation under the quarantine and biosecurity regulations of Tuvalu • Aggregates will be imported from Government of Tuvalu approved countries only • Pacific Invasive Ant Toolkit (www.piat.org.nz) will be used at workers accommodation to minimise impact of ants on workers comfort

8.2.6 Community Services and Infrastructure 8.2.6.1 Solid and Hazardous Waste Generation The Tuvalu Department of Environment advocates good waste management practices. The preferred hierarchy and principles for achieving this is: (i) waste avoidance (avoiding using unnecessary material on the projects); (ii) waste re-use (re-use material and reduce disposing); (iii) waste recycling (recycling materials such as cans, bottles, etc.); and, (iv) waste disposal (all other waste to be dumped at approved landfills). The key waste streams that are likely to be generated through the project works at Nanumaga and Funafuti include excavation wastes that were unsuitable or surplus to requirements during the works; waste from construction equipment use and maintenance (including liquid hazardous waste); waste water from general project works and workers accommodations; and, general wastes including scrap materials (including biodegradable materials).

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Biodegradable wastes can be managed within each of the islands through the WMD (Funafuti) and Kaupule (Nanumaga) composting schemes. There are also needs within the Nanumaga community and the PWD on Funafuti for any excess dredge spoils, clean fill materials or aggregates. For any non-organic, non-reusable and non-recyclable materials, there is a significant potential for overburdening the local landfills if they are used for disposal of the refuse. The Nanumaga landfill is small scale and designed to cope with the needs of the local community rather than civil works project waste and on Funafuti, the small landfill already operates at capacity in a sensitive coastal location. Overburdening of landfill in small islands can lead to leachate pollution of groundwater and the marine environment, disbursement of solid wastes into the marine environment due to over filling of landfill and a human health hazard due to inappropriate dumping of hazardous materials. Additionally, poor management of solid waste at work and accommodation sites can lead to a number of impacts such as pollution of local environments, community and worker health hazard and increase in pests such as rats, flies and YCA. Management of all waste will be subject to strict controls and a Solid Waste Management Plan will be developed by the Contractor as part of their Contractor ESMP (C-ESMP). 8.2.6.2 Use of Vehicles and Machinery The roads in Funafuti are narrow and do not have pavements, leading to pedestrians often walking in the road. Most people on Funafuti travel by scooter therefore traffic is slow, often several bikes alongside each other and unpredictable. Funafuti roads are often very busy and the few cars, vans and trucks that are used often cause congestion and a safety hazard for pedestrians and scooters. The proposed works at Funafuti Port will have an impact on the traffic moving between the main township and the northern end of the island, however as the materials for the works will be landed at the port itself and not be taken into town, it is anticipated that the impact will likely be minimal and easily managed through the control measures. The roads on Nanumaga are narrow and unsealed. A moderate number of scooters and three-wheel motorcycle trucks use the roads. Pedestrians also use the roads as the main walking paths. There are several small tractors which use the roads along with a few small pieces of construction machinery. Any introduction of increase traffic through motorbikes or construction equipment will create a significant safety risk to the community and increase the pressure of the road network. It is likely that the ancillary project sites (laydown, stockpile, workers accommodation) will be scattered around the village therefore increasing the pressure on the road network and increasing the hazards to the community. Careful management of vehicle movements and consultation with the community will be required to ensure that any impact is minimized. The Contractor will be required to develop and implement a small-scale Traffic Management Plan as part of their C-SEMP. 8.2.6.3 Influx of Labour Along with the increased pressure on the community’s freshwater supply (see Section 8.2.1), the presence of workers on the island will also lead to an increased pressure on the islands food supply. The majority of food consumed on Nanumaga comes from resources on the island (breadfruit, taro, fish, eggs, chicken) with supplemental foods being imported via Funafuti. Agriculture activities on the island are at a subsistence level rather than commercial, therefore there isn’t be enough grown locally to support additional demands from the workers and the small shop on the island doesn’t currently have enough food stock to cope with additional demands from foreign workers. It is anticipated that the Contractor will have to supply all food needed for the workers, which brings with it a potential for the community members to miss income generating opportunities should they not be used to cook the food unless appropriate measures are put in place. The nature of the work means that work place accidents may occur. It is also possible that the foreign project workers will become injured outside of working hours. Any injury or accident requiring medical attention from the Nanumaga medical clinic, would result in an increased demand on the already

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations vulnerable resources of the island. The islands nurses operate the clinic from a small room with limited supplies and the project workers should not place any additional burden on the islands medical resources.

8.2.6.4 Protective Measures Protective measures will include:

• Worker Management Plan will be developed as part of the C-ESMP following the guidelines in the MICRO ESMP • Solid Waste Management Plan will be developed as part of the C-ESMP and will follow the disposal requirements of the SWMP Guidelines in the MICRO ESMP • Waste management practices will prioritise reduce, reuse, recycle • Surplus dredged materials will be provided to the Kaupule on Nanumaga for community infrastructure maintenance • Food wastes will be separated and stored securely to avoid YCA • All hazardous waste will be exported from Tuvalu under the conditions of the Wagnini Treaty and will be coordinated through the WMD • No waste will be disposed at landfills in Tuvalu, waste that is not recycled, reused or composted will be exported and disposed of offshore in a licensed facility • Traffic management measures to protect all road users in Funafuti and Nanumaga will be described in the C-ESMP • Contractor will supply all required food for workers to the community to enable community members to be appointed to cook and prepare food for a fee. • Contractor will provide first aid facilities and trained first aiders on Nanumaga for all workers

8.2.7 Land and Resource Use 8.2.7.1 Harbour Construction on Nanumaga The construction methodologies and final design are not yet known; however, it is expected that access to the existing boat ramp is unlikely to be interrupted but may at times be restricted to protect health and safety. Mitigations are likely to include careful consultation with the local fishermen and MCT to better understand the harbour movement demands and how best to incorporate those needs into the construction phase.

8.2.7.2 Protective Measures Protective measures will include:

• Staged construction to allow access to channel for fishing boats will be prioritized • Consultation between Contractor and Kaupule and fishermen should be ongoing • MCT will be consulted for forward planning of inter-island ferry schedule to inform construction schedule 8.2.8 Social Environment 8.2.8.1 Influx of Labour on Nanumaga Social and cultural traditions and norms can vary from island to island. Nanumaga is a hierarchical society where traditional family structures play an important part. Aside from the various worker related impacts discussed throughout this section, the temporary introduction of foreign worker to the remote Nanumaga community for the construction period is likely to have several specifically social impacts. While the influx of this labour can have positive effects (e.g., increased opportunity for capacity building

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations and economic development), more often than not labour influx results in or contributes to adverse social impacts. If not planned for and effectively managed, labour influx can impact on the following social areas: Risk of social conflict: Conflicts may arise between the local community and the construction workers, which may be related to religious, cultural or ethnic differences, or based on competition for resources. Tensions mays also arise between different groups within the labour force, and pre-existing conflicts in the local community may be exacerbated. Increased risk of illicit behaviours and crime: The influx of workers and service providers into communities may increase the rate of crimes and/or a perception of insecurity by the local community. Such illicit behaviour or crime can include theft, physical assaults, substance abuse, prostitution and human trafficking. Local law enforcement may not be sufficiently equipped to deal with the temporary increase in local population. Impacts on community dynamics: Depending on the number of incoming workers and their engagement with the Nanumaga community, the composition of the local community, and with it the community dynamics, may change significantly. Pre-existing social conflicts may intensify as a result of such changes. Local inflation of prices: A significant increase in demand for goods and services due to labour influx may lead to local price hikes and/or crowding out of local residents 8.2.8.2 ‘Access for All’ Design The MICRO project has the potential to develop custom solutions for the transfer of passengers with limited mobility between ship and shore and ship to ship. The Nanumaga harbour area will be designed to give improved accessibility for persons with disabilities and the elderly into boats. The final design recommendations for these solutions is not yet confirmed, however a number of options such as gangways, chair hoists and dedicated transport pods for use with the crane have been discussed. This ESIA will be updated prior to release of the bid documents to reflect the selected methods and include an assessment of those options. The solution must take into account the difficulties in transfer between vessels at sea under rough conditions and the associated risks to passenger safety. For the design of the passenger waiting area and cargo storage shed, the MICRO Project will recommend Universal Design to allow for persons with disabilities to access the newly built passenger waiting area. 8.2.8.3 Income Generating Opportunities Income generating opportunities will be available during the design, construction and operational phase of the Nanumaga harbour. Design Phase: the design of the harbour calls for a number of site visits to Nanumaga from the WB Task Team, the PMU, safeguard specialists and the design engineer. For any consultations undertaken with the Kaupule or Falekaupule, the women of the community will provide trays of food sufficient for the number of participants and paid for as part of the project costs. Each tray of food costs approximately AUD$60 and is sufficient to feed 6 people. The money paid for these food trays go directly to the women involved in the cooking. It is therefore, important for all site visits during the design phase to allow a budget for consultation catering. Site visits may also call for overnight accommodation for the project team. In this case, guesthouses are used, catering is needed, and cleaning/laundry services are used which all generate income for the community. Construction phase: A number of income generating activities will stem from the construction works. These range from direct employment of local labour, through to provision of cooking and housekeeping services provided at the workers accommodation. The five clans on Nanumaga have a cultural arrangement whereby any employment generated from projects such as this is shared fairly throughout the community on a rotational basis. It is a requirement for all projects to adhere to this cultural practice. To facilitate this effectively, the Contractor will be required to undertake training for all nominated

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations workers at the start of works to avoid delays linked to the need for additional training as the workers rotate. The Nanumaga communities in coordination with the Nanumaga Kaupule will provide the contractor with a list of skilled and unskilled laborers. The Kaupule will also coordinate with the villages of Tonga and Tokelau to ensure that job opportunities are fairly disseminated. Women are encouraged to participate in the workforce and job opportunities. Persons with disabilities are also encouraged to participate in the workforce and with jobs that are appropriate and significant. The women of the island will have the opportunity to provide food, beverage and housekeeping services for incoming workers to Nanumaga for 3-4 months. Food services may include lunch and dinner, providing fresh water or coconuts, selling of food items such as local fruits, root crops, vegetables, etc., selling of handicrafts, and laundry services are examples of income generating activities. Additionally, there may be other opportunities such as scooter rental, boat rental for excursions, sales of luxury items imported from Funafuti, etc. There will be no impact on the fishing activities on Nanumaga during the construction period. The construction methodology will be staged to ensure that access to and from the boat channel either via the flex-mat or the reef flat will be uninterrupted. Planning will be done in consultation with the islands fishermen. Operational Phase: The final design of the buildings has yet to be developed, however at this early stage in project preparations, design concepts have been discussed with the community to gauge the needs and what may be feasible. It is a community aspiration to have a small café type facility within the passenger lounge as well as a small handicraft display area for the women of the island to display and sell their items to arriving, departing and transiting passengers. 8.2.8.4 Capacity Building of Workforce The Kaupule will provide a list of skilled and non-skilled members of the community will form the islands labour pool for the construction works. Initial estimations from the Kaupule are that there will be between 15-20 workers available from the local community, this will be confirmed once the Kaupule’s inventory is complete. The Contractor will provide the islands workers with training to ensure that they are able to, among other things, satisfy the necessary requirements for OHS, environmental compliance and understand correct construction techniques. The long-term impact of this is an upskilled workforce on the island who will be able to bring these training and experience benefits to other construction work on the island.

8.2.8.5 Protective Measures Protective measures will include:

• Worker Management Plan will be developed and included in the CESMP following the guidelines in the MICRO ESMP. • Work permits only given for skills not available in Tuvalu. • Local worker labour registry to be provided to bidders for them to identify potential workers. • All workers will be required to sign a code of conduct to demonstrate understanding and acceptance of the environmental and social responsibilities of all workers, including GBV • All foreign workers will undergo a cultural familiarisation session within the training induction package • All foreign workers will be required to submit all necessary paperwork to satisfy the Government of Tuvalu immigration regulations including police clearance certificates from their home country and medical certificates • Contractor will be required to use the cultural system of worker rotation on Nanumaga, this will be managed in consultation with the Kaupule

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• Contractor food supplies will be provided to the women of the island to cook for a fee • The women’s community on Nanumaga will be hired to undertake housekeeping services for the workers accommodation • Any catering facility at the passenger facility will be designed in consultation with the women of Nanumaga • All listed workers on Nanumaga will be trained at the commencement of works • No work will be conducted on a Sunday • Workers will be required to wear appropriate clothes during recreational time • Alcohol abuse and drunkenness will not be tolerated • Maximise use of local labour to minimise reliance on foreign workers • Consultations with fishermen to be ongoing during project implementation to ensure access to flex-mat is maintained during construction period.

8.2.9 Community Health and Safety 8.2.9.1 Influx of Labour The influx of people may bring communicable diseases to the island, including sexually transmitted diseases (STD) such as HIV/AIDS, or the incoming workers may be exposed to diseases to which they have low resistance. Additionally, construction workers are predominantly younger males. Those who are away from their home on construction jobs are typically separated from their families and act outside of their normal social context. This can lead to inappropriate or illegal behavior such as sexual harassment of women and girls, exploitative sexual relationships, and illicit sexual relations with minors from the local community. An influx of male labour may also lead to an increase in exploitative sexual relationships. 8.2.9.2 Gender Based Violence The perpetrators of GBV can be anyone associated with the Project and may include not only construction workers, but also consultants and project staff supervising the civil works or undertaking technical assistance activities or studies hired to protect a project site. While labour influx clearly increases the risks of GBV, the changes in local power dynamics that can arise with a new project that local workers or partners of local women and girls may be at increased risk of being perpetrators of GBV. The MICRO project has been assessed to be of low risk in relation to project related GBV due to the relatively low level of labour influx expected, the fair and equitable approach to recruitment of local workers and the strong role the Kaupule and women’s group plays on the island. Previous work undertaken by the World Bank funded Tuvalu Aviation Investment Project (TvAIP) has identified Tuvalu’s national GBV prevention and response network on the main island of Funafuti. Instances of GBV within Tuvalu usually come to the attention of the Tuvalu Family Health Association (TFHA) as a primary contact with supporting services from the Gender Affairs Department (GAD) and the Tuvalu National Council of Women (TNCW). Gaps identified in these three survivor support services were identified through GBV work under TvAIP and training was given to these three agencies and several other Tuvaluan NGOs and civil societies by the Fiji Women’s Crisis Center with the result that there are now many qualified councilors within these organisations train in GBV and SAE psychosocial counseling. This training was also extended to the outer islands and there is also a Nanumaga female community worker who has been trained to this level. 8.2.9.3 Offloading Equipment on Nanumaga While it is not yet confirmed, it is likely that any construction equipment and machinery will be offloaded via a Ro-Ro type vessel on the reef crest at low tide. This particular activity will be high risk as it is taking place in a dynamic environment is time sensitive to ensure that it can be completed within the right tidal

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Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Maritime Investments for Climate Resilient Operations range. There is the potential for community members to be attracted to the edge of the reef flat to watch this event and therefore there is a high risk to community member’s safety if the operation is not carefully controlled and managed. 8.2.9.4 Access to Workboats There is a high level of confidence that the parts of the wharf which are intertidal will become slick with algae and create a slipper surface. This is particularly significant in areas of the final design which will be used for the transfer of passengers and cargo. There have been several reported instances of passenger injury from slipping on wharfs while getting in or out of the inter-island ferry workboat. There are two separate areas of responsibility for the harbour which have the potential to increase the risk to community safety through slipping. Firstly, the design engineer is responsible for developing a design which minimises the risk of injury through design measures, such as removing the need for steps for boat access and designing a maintenance program for implementation during the operational phase. Secondly, the Kaupule have the responsibility to ensure that the maintenance program to avoid slippery surfaces is carried out regularly. Should any failure of the maintenance program be ongoing, then the risk is significantly increased.

8.2.9.5 Protective Measures Protective measures will include but are not limited to:

• GBV training requirements and Codes of Conduct to be included in procurement documents. • Code of conduct will be signed by all workers (including project management) to demonstrate commitment to prevention of GBV and the prevention of the spread of STDs such as HIV/AIDs. Code of Conduct and training requirements is included in the Contract. • All project staff (contractors and supervision engineers) will undergo approved mandatory training on the prevention of GBV and HIV/AIDS prior to commencement of works. • Contractor will accept responsibility for implementing actions to reduce instances of HIV/AIDS, GBV and CAE • Incorporation of GBV into the Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Plan • Strategies to separate cargo handling and passengers on the wharf structures • Strict management of public access to the reef flat during construction equipment offloading • Provide Kaupule with maintenance plan for removal of algae from wharf surfaces • Design strategies to minimise injury risk from slipping • Delineation of construction areas and pedestrian walkways to avoid risk of injury • Secure fencing of construction laydown area to avoid public access

8.3 Cumulative Impacts Cumulative impacts are those that result from incremental changes caused by other past, present or reasonably foreseeable actions together with those caused by the Project. In this section, inter-project cumulative impacts are assessed. This is where the ESR is affected by impacts from more than one project at the same time and the impacts ESR together. In the context of the MICRO project, there are two reasonably foreseeable projects which have the potential to create cumulative impacts along the coastline of Nanumaga – ADB OIMIP and UNDP TCAP. The works for OIMIP will occur prior to the MICRO Project. There is the potential for the flex-mat on Nanumaga beach to impede the movement of sediment along the beach when it is first installed, however it is anticipated that after a period of six months, the flex-mat will become level with and then covered by the sand therefore enabling sediment movement to continue. At this stage of project preparation, it is not yet known how the OIMIP and MICRO infrastructure designs will integrate at the Nanumaga beach.

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Initial assessments of the concept design and the flex-mat installment indicate that the cumulative impacts are not likely to be significant in the long term, however a final assessment on this cannot be made until the final design of the MICRO project has been determined. This section will be updated once the final design is complete and prior to release of bid documentation. The TCAP project scope is proposed but not yet confirmed and will be taking place after completion of the MICRO project. At this stage in the TCAP project development, it is anticipated that a berm topping structure will be placed just behind the vegetation line, towards the village. This will not have any significant impact on the function of the beach environment and won’t affect longshore transport and therefore won’t result in any significant cumulative impacts on the shoreline. As the TCAP works will be taking place after the completion of the MICRO works, it is likely that the TCAP Project will also include an assessment of the cumulative impacts and to ensure any additional impacts are minimised. This section will be reviewed based on consultations with the TCAP PMU prior to release of the bid documents and once their project details are further developed.

8.4 Uncertainties in Identifying Impacts Despite the measures that will be taken to mitigate or avoid the foreseeable impacts of the Project works, there is always the possibility of impacts that have not been accounted for or were not anticipated, or the extent of predicted impacts can turn out to be greater than predicted, or the mitigation measures may not be as effective as expected. To ensure that such incremental impacts do not suddenly appear without warning, the project will monitor key parameters in the vicinity of the development that can serve as environmental indicators. The AOI has been surveyed and a baseline has been established. As per the ESMP, these areas will be monitored during all phases of the project, to provide an indication of impacts before they become too advanced for corrective action.

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9 Mitigation and Monitoring Measures 9.1 Introduction Appendix A and B contains the recommended mitigation measures for the Nanumaga and Funafuti investments for design, construction and operational phases. The tables for each site includes details of the mitigation measures required, the cost allocation, responsible entity and the applicable project phase. Monitoring measures are also provided for each project site. The tables are divided into three sections: (i) one-off preconstruction checklist; (iii) weekly checklist for the construction phase; and, (iii) supervision checklist for the operational phase of the investments. The mitigation and monitoring plans in Annex A and B form the basis of the MICRO Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which has been developed for inclusion in all bid documentation and for project implementation. As well as detailing the required measures, the ESMP also includes instructions for ESMP implementation highlighting safeguard roles and responsibilities during project implementation, institutional capacity development and training requirements for project implementation and projected budget for this. The ESMP also contains instructions for integration of safeguards into the bid and contract documents. The MCT PMU carries overall responsibility for safeguards supervision. MCT and the Nanumaga Kaupule are responsible for incorporating the operational phase supervision requirements into their SOPs and annual work plans.

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10 Institutional Capacity The GoTv has delegated the delivery and management of MICRO to the MCT PMU which has been resourced with personnel specifically tasked to manage project implementation with financial management and procurement support from the Tuvalu Aviation Investment Project PMU. As such, the PMU carries much of the institutional capacity to implement the Project and to monitor the works for technical compliance. The PMU does not currently have in-house safeguard specialists therefore capacity building will be necessary to ensure that they are able to monitor for compliance with the requirements of the ESMP, World Bank Policies and national legislation. This capacity is best delivered in the form of a national safeguards specialist for the PMU through the MCT with technical support from a part time international safeguards specialist. Other parties who have monitoring or implementation responsibilities during project implementation (Supervision Engineer, Contractor) will be required as part of the contract to be resourced with suitably experienced and qualified safeguard specialist. It is the responsibility of the Contractor and Supervision Engineer to ensure that they allocate budget lines to have the necessary specialist capacity, tools and equipment for the mitigation and monitoring measures as stipulated in the ESMP. Budget line items will be provided in the bid documents Bill of Quantities to allow for the provision of adequate safeguards implementation, monitoring and training. This section will be updated prior to the release of the bid documents and once the BoQ has been prepared. The ESMP includes a budget for the PMUs safeguard responsibilities.

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Appendix A: Mitigation Table

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MICRO PROJECT INVESTMENTS DESIGN AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE MITIGATION PLAN

Project Activities Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibility Start End General • The ESIA/ESMP will be included in the Contractors and Supervision Engineers Minor, MCT Tender Signing of specification and contract included in Preparation contract • Specific mitigation measures for the contractor or Supervision Engineer shall be tendering highlighted in the contract clauses costs General • Contractor and Supervision Engineer will include safeguards specialist as per contractual Minor, MCT Tender Signing of requirements. included in Preparation contract • Safeguards specialists will be adequately resources to provide in country support. tendering costs General • Apply for and secure permits under the appropriate national legislation. Minor MEC Design phase Prior to • Submit an Preliminary Environmental Assessment Report to Director of the Department construction of Environment in accordance with the EIA Regulations. starting General • The Contractor shall develop a Contractors ESMP in accordance with the requirements Included in Contractor Award of Prior to stipulated throughout the ESIA / ESMP. C-ESMP will include Traffic Management Plan, contract (IIC) Contract Construction Worker Management Plan and Solid Waste Management Plan (following requirements Starting in ESMP. C-ESMP will be cleared by the Supervision Engineer. • All Project staff will be trained on this plan and attendance will be recorded. • The Contractor will employ a Community Liaison Officer (CLO) from within the community of Nanumaga to assist in community consultations, translations during training and to provide a contact point for local community. CLO will be recruited in consultation with the Nanumaga Kaupule. • Contractor will maximise use of local labour to minimise need of foreign workers wherever practicable. Design of Harbour • Utilise as much of the existing dredged channel and turning bays as possible to minimise IIC Design Development of Approval of Facility the amount of extra dredging. Engineer/PMU concept designs final detailed • Only piled structures are to be built on the beach to allow littoral drift design • Distance between breakwater and sand line to be maximized. • Coastal modelling will be subject to independent review • Include design features to minimise or recover sediment attracted into harbour basin. • Increase depth of channel entrance to reduce breaking waves in harbour entrance • Develop construction methodology which maximises availability of existing boat ramp to fishermen and cargo deliveries. • Consider safety swimmer aspects in infrastructure design and current modelling. • Universal Design concepts to be used to maximise accessibility for all. • Undertake detailed coastal modelling on both concept designs and on final detailed design. • Pedestrian and vehicle traffic to be segregated for safety as far as practicable. • Develop maintenance plan to manage algal growth for Kaupule to implement. • Provision of manual solution for cargo offload should the hydraulic truck break down. Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 122

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• Provision of dedicated system for transporting the elderly, infirmed and persons with disabilities from ship to shore (chair hoist, secure pod, gangway, etc.) Design of Buildings • Septic system to be designed to GoTv approved standard. IIC Design Start of building Approval of • Rainwater harvesting from building roof to be included with overflow directed towards Engineer/PMU design detailed vegetated areas. design • Minimise rain run off towards the boat ramp and instead divert to vegetated areas • Building foundation and floor level need to be reinforced and climate resilient. • The building will remain within existing foundations footprint and will not encroach into the vegetation line. • No trees may be removed to accommodate for the building design. • No new berm crest access points for the buildings will be permitted to cross the vegetation line. • Basic kitchen/café type facilities to be provided for in building design (plumbing, electrical outlets, ventilations, etc.) • Universal Design concepts to be used to maximise accessibility for all. • Consult with women of Nanumaga for design of any catering facilities within the passenger waiting area. Design of Port • Include separation between storage yard and beach on the northern end of paved area IIC Design Engineer Start o design Approval of Pavement • Provide dedicated storage facility for fuel and oil drums with bunding and treatment process final detailed measures in place. design • Pavement design to take into account surface water drainage management. Solid Waste • The Contractor shall develop a Solid Waste Management Plan in accordance with the Minor, part of Contractor Design phase Prior to Management requirements included in the ESMP for clearance by the Supervision Engineer. standard Construction • Contractor will consult with GoTv WMD on export of hazardous substances. practices Starting • All Project staff will be trained on this plan and attendance will be recorded. Spill Response • The Contractor will have a spill response plan in place to account for all potential Minor, part of Contractor Design Phase Prior to instances. standard Construction • Spill response plan will be developed to ensure that all fuels and lubricants used during practices Starting the construction phase in machinery, equipment, generators and also on marine vessels are contained, collected, treated and disposed of. • Under the requirements of the IFC EHS Guidelines for Ports, Harbours and Terminals the spill response plan will: • Identify areas within the port zone and nearby vicinity that are sensitive to spills and releases of hazardous materials and locations of any water intakes; • Outline responsibilities for managing spills, releases, and other pollution incidents, including reporting and alterting mechanisms to ensure any spillage is reported promptly to the port authority and Kaupule; • Include provision of specialized oil spill response equipment (e.g. containment booms, recovery devices, and oil recovery or dispersant application vessels, etc) • Include regular training schedules and simulated spill incident and response exercise for response personnel in spill alert and reporting procedures, the deployment of spill Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 123

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control equipment, and the emergency care/treatment of people or wildlife impacted by the spill. Mobilisation of • Ensure all construction machinery and equipment is steam cleaned of all organic material IIC Contractor Prior to Completion of machinery and in source country prior to deployment. mobilisation all importing equipment from source • Ensure all aggregates are subject to biosecurity treatment prior to deployment. activities country • Ensure aggregate is sourced from approved/ permitted quarry sources and are operating in accordance with Tuvalu law. • Provide an approved phytosanitary certificate and any other documentation required under Tuvalu legislation. • Ballast water of cargo vessels to be discharged no closer than 5km from the shoreline. Confirm with ship captain and review of log. • Size of imported construction equipment (excavator, digger, etc) should be kept to a workable minimum. Offloading / • Construct barriers to prevent pedestrian access during offloading operations IIC Contractor Development of Demobilization Removing construction • Define minimum width corridor for machinery to move through which avoids any CESMP equipment and vegetated area and minimised distance travelled over sand. materials Stockpile and • Ensure designated sites have capacity for the volume of spoil calculated and for IIC Design Engineer Development of Prior to Laydown sites construction staging activities Concept Designs mobilisation • Ensure the designated stockpile site is appropriately bunded. • Consultation with Kaupule undertaken in finalizing location of spoil disposal site • Management and operations of site addressed is CESMP prepared by Contractor and cleared by Supervision Engineer. • Ensure no significant environmental or social impacts because of location and operation of laydown and stockpile areas. • Laydown sites will be at least 150m from any body of water. • Stockpile sites will be at least 50m from any body of water. • Any lease agreements follow the requirements of this ESIA/ESMP and national legislation. Workers and Project • Use of existing accommodation for project office and project management IIC Design Engineer Development of Prior to Accommodation • Main workers accommodation camp not to be located within the main areas of the / Contractor / concept designs mobilisation villages. Supervision • Consultation with Kaupule to confirm final location. Engineer / Kaupule / PMU • Select sites where vegetation has already been modified or cleared. • Ensure no potential significant environmental or social impacts from location or operation of workers camp. • Any new bathroom and toilets will have PWD approved septic tank installed. • If rehabilitating existing buildings, plan to hand back to the community in a usable condition. • Addressed in CESMP prepared by Contractor and cleared by Supervision Engineer

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• Any lease agreements follow the requirements of this ESIA/ESMP and national legislation. • All project accommodation to adhere to IFC Workers Accommodation Standards. • Workers Management Plan to be developed as part of the C-ESMP and should include: village protocols (including appropriate clothing and no work on a Sunday), management and restricting of visitors to the camp, visitor curfews, expected behaviours (noise, alcohol, within community areas), gift giving and receiving, disciplinary actions, etc.) Recruitment of • All imported project staff will abide by Tuvalu immigration policy and provide all Minor, part of Contractor Upon Prior to overseas workers required documentation, including health checks. standard recruitment construction • Overseas workers will undergo cultural familiarisation induction upon arrival and sign a practices starting code of conduct applicable for the duration of their contract. • Overseas workers will have the technical skills and experience required for works under this component. HIV/AIDs & GBV • GBV training and codes of conduct to be included in procurement documentation. Minor, part of Contractor and Design phase Prior to Training • All project staff will undergo training by services providers identified by the PMU on BoQ MEC construction prevention of HIV/AID and GBV as per the Action Plan for the Prevention of GBV and starting HIV/AID in the contract. • Attendance will be recorded. • The Contractor will develop a Code of Conduct (to be approved by PMU) for all workers (local and overseas) to sign detailing the expected behaviours of Project staff, ESHS requirements, Cultural respect, OHS requirements, Community Health and Safety considerations Health and Safety • Develop an Operational Health and Safety Plan as part of the Contractor Documents IIC Design Engineer Development of Prior to to be approved by the Supervision Engineer prior to commencement of works. / Contractor tender mobilisation • Confirm location of emergency hospital services and response times at each site. documents • Provide an emergency medevac plan with lines of responsibility for action. • Provide an emergency communications plan for contacting PMU and emergency medical services. • Bid document will be developed in accordance with World Bank OHS standards Training • Entire labour pool on Nanumaga to be provided with ESHS, OHS, GBV/HIV and other IIC Contractor / Mobilisation Prior to start of appropriate training prior to commencement of works. Kaupule works • Recruit and train Community Liaison Officer (CLO) on Nanumaga and provide ESHS, OHS, GBV/HIV training prior to commencement of works. CLO to be recruited from within the Nanumaga community and to be recruited in consultation with the Kaupule.

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MICRO PROJECT INVESTMENTS CONSTRUCTION PHASE MITIGATION PLAN

Project Activities Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibility Start End Offload, transport • All machinery to be in sound condition and free from any leaks of lubricants and fuel. IIC Contractor Pre-mobilisation Demobilisation and operation of • Maintain construction equipment. construction machinery • Any machinery generating visible smoke is not permitted for construction activities. • Select landing area prior to arrival of equipment. Same location to be used for all offloading and demobilisation. • Offloading of equipment will only be undertaken at low tide. • Define and clearly mark conservative working areas on the beach, berm crest, building location and reef flat for all heavy plant and machinery. No machinery will be permitted to cross the beach crest. • No trees or vegetation to be removed or damaged unless already approved in the C- ESMP. • CLO to consult with the Nanumaga Kaupule and church pastor to understand sensitive times where movement of machinery might have to be limited. • Traffic Management Plan will be implemented and ongoing consultations between Contractor (CLO) and community regarding traffic movements. • The contractors will be required to have an approved speed management system for all vehicles to ensure that they comply with the agreed speed limits, hours of operation, and follow the nominated routes (e.g. www.gps-server.net). Vehicles will also be equipped with appropriate high-visibility or reflective elements on the vehicles, as well as orange revolving lights or strobe lights as additional warning signs. • Spill kits to be placed at all fueling locations and on construction equipment. • Refueling only to occur in designated area within laydown site on hardstand area or over drip trays. • Immediately repair any damage caused to community or private facilities. • Pay appropriate construction damage compensation to affected parties as determined by the approved Government compensation schedule. • Training for all machinery operators on ESHS risks to marine environment and vegetation line from accidental damage during construction. • All berm crossings will take place at existing boat ramp. No construction machinery will transit between the village and the beach at any other location. Traffic (pedestrian • Implement the traffic management plan (TMP) to ensure smooth traffic flow and safety IIC Contractor Prior to works Demobilisation and vehicle) for workers, passing vehicles and pedestrian traffic. Management • Where appropriate, employ flag operators on the road to prevent traffic accidents. The workers shall have relevant safety equipment and training.

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• The TMP should prohibit the use of engine breaking close to and through communities and inhabited areas, it should also regulate the working hours for the haul trucks. Dredging • Do not exceed design specifications for dredging IIC Contractor Start Dredging End Dredging • Limit machinery to a defined narrow area on the reef flat. • Carry out dredging on the mid-low-mid tide cycle as far as practicable to reduce the amount of sediments that can become suspended. • Do not stockpile material on the reef flat between tides • Daily records to be kept of site conditions during each work period including plume density and extent. Stockpile area • Bund the dredge spoil stockpile area using local soil or sandbags to reduce sediment IIC Contractor Start Dredging Completion of movement away from site. works • No sediment disposal site to be closer than 50m from any Pulaka pits. • Disposal of dredged materials into the ocean is not permitted. • Disposal of dredged materials is not permitted along the foreshore. • Provide crushing plant at stockpile are to generate usable aggregates from dredged spoil. Construction of • Machinery only to be used within the marked working area IIC Contractor Start of Completion of breakwaters, wharfs, • Construction activities on the reef flat to take place on the mid-low-mid tide cycle. construction works jetties • Pedestrian access to work site to be strictly controlled • Spill kit available during all work with machinery on the reef flat. • No reef flat construction works to take place during period of bad weather. Construction of • Contractor method statement approved by Supervision Engineer prior to the start of IIC Contractor Start of Completion of buildings any excavation. construction works • Planning of works such that excavated or bare substrate is exposed for a minimum period of time. • No excavation works immediately before any advancing bad weather system. • All excavated material to be removed from foreshore environment. • No excavated material to be stockpiled on the beach or reef flat between tides. • Plant suitable ground cover vegetation and trees in front of building foundations. • No vegetation line trees or ground cover to be removed or damaged during construction. • Division bunding or other similar methods to be used for large areas of vegetation clearance for laydown and stockpile sites and around excavations. • Re-vegetate disturbed areas that are not being paved as soon as practicable (loosen ground; apply topsoil; seed or plant as necessary). • Control overland drainage to prevent channeling and sediment transport by diverting flows away from exposed areas. Sediment laden runoff from excavations or stockpiles must be directed to a settling area or collected for dust suppression provided the runoff is not contaminated with any chemicals (e.g. fuel). Discharges of treated wash water are to occur to land only, at least 500m from any bore used for potable water at a rate Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 127

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not exceeding 20mm/day or the infiltration rate of the ground (i.e. no ponding or runoff). Paving of Funafuti Port • Sediment catchment around the Funafuti Port works along exposed coastal systems IIC Contractor Start of works Completion of paving Aggregate • No sand or aggregates will be sourced from any quarry, borrow pit or beach in Tuvalu. IIC Contractor Pre-mobilisation Offload of • Prioritise use of crushed dredged material over imported aggregates. aggregates • Provide an approved phytosanitary certificate and any other documentation required under Tuvalu legislation prior to dispatch from country of origin. • Present biosecurity and quarantine approvals along with any import permits to Supervision Engineer for clearance before offloading any materials. Clearance of • Clearance work will be limited to clearly defined rules set out by the Kaupule IIC Contractor Start of works Completion of vegetation (laydown • Clearly identity any areas of cultural and spiritual significance prior to clearing work works site, building location, (e.g. graves). Any significant sites will be avoided and a 10m buffer placed around stockpile area, them. workers camp) • All personnel to be aware of the location and the limits of clearance before work commences on site. This is to be delivered through induction training. • Avoid or minimise removal of coconut or other large and/or crop trees. • No disposal of spoil, vegetation or organic matter into any water body or lagoon environment. • No clearance of any vegetation within 50m of the existing foreshore for camp or laydown. • No vegetation clearance within 20m of the existing foreshore for the cargo and passenger building. • Minimise the footprint of facilities to reduce the area of cleared vegetation. • Use former cleared land as a preference and where suitable. • Surface water controls where required. Solid Waste • Approved Solid Waste Management Plan will be fully implemented. IIC Contractor Prior to Demobilisation Management • All construction workers will be trained on the correct and expected management commencement measures for solid waste as part of the induction process. of works • Remove all inorganic, non-reusable and solid waste from the island generated as a result of the project. • Implement waste management in the order of avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle. • No solid waste to be dumped in sea or lagoon waters. • Burning of solid waste is not permitted. • Compost all green and organic waste to assist soil improvement for the production of communal food crops or use as pig food. • Export of all hazardous waste will be subject to the measures in this ESIA/ESMP and in coordination with the Waste Management Department. • Leftover dredged material will be made available to the Nanumaga Kaupule for community use.

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Grey water and • All construction camps and temporary worker sites will have latrines with 3 chamber IIC Contractor Prior to Demobilisation sewage septic tanks as stipulated by PWD to store and treat all grey and septic water. commencement • Facilities to be removed at the completion of the construction works unless required by of works the community. Hazardous Substance • Fuel will be stored in dedicated areas at the laydown site or workers camp in sealed IIC Contractor Prior to Demobilisation Storage tanks placed within a concrete bund that has 100% of the capacity of the drums or commencement storage. of works • The storage area will be at least 50m away from the marine environment and should be fully secured, locked when not in use and shaded from direct sunlight. • MSDS should be provided for all hazardous substances. • Smaller volumes of hazardous substances should be contained within a metal storage shed locker within the storage shed. • Lined pits to separate oil and water will be required near any workshop or maintenance shed to prevent leaching of hydrocarbons into the water table. Spill Management and • Spill Response Plan to be included in the C-ESMP and implemented during construction. IIC Contractor Prior to Demobilisation Response • Comprehensive site induction prepared by the Contractor, with input from the Kaupule, commencement will be required for all personnel involved with the project, with specific attention made of works to the particular environmental sensitive receptors of the project islands. • All personnel involved in the handling of dangerous goods should be trained and inducted in the handling, emergency procedures and storage requirements for different types of substances. • Vehicles and machinery will be refueled by authorized and trained personnel only in designated areas to reduce the likelihood of spillage in a sensitive environment. • Drip trays will be used during refuelling or servicing to prevent spillages onto the ground. • No refuelling of machines or vehicles will be permitted in the marine environment. • Development of procedures for cleaning up and reporting of accidental spills as part of the Spill Response Plan. • Limit the amount of any marine paint to be used to no more than 2 litres at any one time contained within a larger volume drip tray to reduce the risk of any accidental spillage into the water. Influx of labour • Recruit CLO from within Nanumaga community and in consultation with the Kaupule. IIC Contractor Prior to arrival Demobilisation • Site induction conducted for all construction personnel at start of construction with input of workers from Kaupule. • All worker to have undertaken approved HIV/AIDS and GBV prevention training on Tuvalu and to have signed code of conducts as included in the contract. • All foreign workers must have valid visas. • Recreational facilities to be provided to workers. • Implement Workers Management Plan. • Regular inspection and monitoring of workers accommodation. • Workers to respect village and landowner boundaries, observe codes of conduct and avoid damage to properties and resources. Version D, October 2018 Prepared for MCT, Government of Tuvalu 129

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• Ensure enough food and water is delivered to the island for the duration or works. Schedule supplementary deliveries well in advance as needed. • No alcohol will be consumed by the workers nor provided by the employer. Workers • Employ local women groups to cook food for the workers using the imported foods. IIC Contractor Prior to arrival Demobilisation Accommodation • Employ local women to undertake housekeeping services around the workers camp. of workers • Employ local workers where practicable. • Use of wood as fuel is not permitted. • No dumping of solid waste in or near water bodies. • Separation and secure storage of solid waste and food waste (for pig feed if appropriate). • Provide fully stocked first aid kit with site workers trained in in emergency First Aid. • Sufficient quantities of potable water must be provided for the workers. • No community water tanks will be used for workers camp potable water. • Manage water use during dry periods. • Do not use potable water for dust suppression. • Camp must be kept clean from food scraps and waste to minimise pests (Rats, YCA) • Facility to either be removed from the island and the site restored after use, or any rehabilitated buildings will be handed over to the Kaupule, community or landowner after use. Dust Generation • Use sea water only on sandy areas as a dust suppressant IIC Contractor Start of End of • Apply water to access road within 50m of any occupied dwelling and through village construction construction during dry season to reduce visible dust levels due to construction activities. works works • Cover loads of fine aggregate during haulage • Any crushing plants for dredge spoils will be located within laydown site and screened. • Cover or wet down stockpiles containing fine material (e.g. sand and topsoil) when not actively being used. Wetting of stockpiles is allowed but due to freshwater constraints should be kept to a minimum. • All surfaces should be constructed to their final design solution as quickly as practicable. • Keep work areas clean with regular sweeping. • Only small areas should be cleared of vegetation at any one time and re-vegetation should occur as soon as practicable. • Dust masks and personnel protective equipment must be available for workers during dust generating activities (e.g. pavement milling). • Manage speed of transportation trucks on unsealed roads, particularly when passing through settlements. Noise and Vibration • Minimise nuisance from noise, especially closer to residential areas and sensitive IIC Contractor Start of End of Disturbance receptors, through establishment and communication to affected parties of working construction construction hours, including night works and avoid increase of noise and number of work equipment works works at outside of advertised hours. Advertise working hours at the site entrance. • If possible, use noise barriers / screens or mounds to shield sensitive receptors.

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• Workers in the vicinity of sources of high noise shall wear necessary protection gear rated for the situation they are being used. • Signage to outline complaints procedure (GRM) and contact details of recipient of complaints. • The WB/IFC EHS Guidelines45 Section 1.7 – Noise Management shall be applied. Noise impacts should not exceed the levels at the closest residential or other sensitive social receptors for one-hour LAeq of 55 dBA between the hours of 0700-2200 or 45 dBA outside of these hours for night works or result in a maximum increase in background noise levels of 3dB at the nearest receptor location off site. The nearest sensitive receptors are the closest residences to the active works and to the laydown site. • Contractor will develop a work schedule or operations with Kaupule to identify hours and days of no work due to religious and cultural activities. • Mostly limit construction activities to daytime hour. If construction is proposed at night, contractor will develop a work schedule of operations with Kaupule. Stockpile and • Laydown areas will be sited on government owned land. IIC Contractor Prior to Demobilisation Laydown sites • Areas will be securely fenced. commencement • Bunded and covered areas will be installed for the storage and handling of hazardous of works materials and/or substances, the wash down of machinery, the preparation of concrete and the prefabrication of solar arrays. • Run off from these bunded areas will be collected, treated and tested before being either reused for construction purposes or allowed to discharge into the ground, away from the marine environment. Discharge will be at a rate to allow absorption without causing surface flooding • Segregated storage for solid waste will be provided. This area will be clearly marked and designed to ensure that as waste is secure. • Worker inductions will include a tour of the laydown area and required practices from workers. • Spill response kits will be available, and workers trained in their use.

Concrete Production • Concrete production to be at least 100m from nearest water body. IIC Contractor Start of End of • Concrete production to be at least 50m from foreshore vegetation. construction construction • Concrete will be prepared on bunded and covered hard stand surface of laydown works works areas. • All waste water from concrete production will be collected and treated to lower the pH and allow particulates to settle out before being recycled for construction purposes. • Treated and tested waste water may be discharged for absorption into the ground. Discharge will be at a rate to allow absorption without causing surface flooding. • Slurry from concrete production will be collected and treated. Treatment can vary depending on viscosity of slurry but can include the same measures described for treating concrete waste water or can be by facilitating the solidification of the slurry to

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form a gel which can be stored and disposed of according to the Solid Waste Management Plan. • Solid and cured concrete waste is considered safe to be reused by the community or the GoRMI for infrastructure maintenance. • The Contractor’s will have a spill response plan in place to manage accidental spills or leakages of concrete waste water or slurry. Demobilisation • All residual material to be removed from the island unless specifically requested by the IIC Contractor End of Demobilisation Kaupule. construction • Site rehabilitation works of laydown site, stockpile site and laydown area to include works scarifying soil and spreading vegetative material to assist with natural regeneration processes unless the area is required for community use. • Replant coconut and other site-specific trees. Health and Safety • Implement approved OHS Management Plan IIC Contractor Prior to Demobilisation • Provide fully stocked first aid stations at each construction site with workers trained in commencement emergency First Aid. of works • Provide appropriate Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) for all construction workers and ensure they are used • Maintain daily contractor’s diary and record any OHS accidents or incidents. • Include any OHS accidents or incidents in monthly report. • Report any serious accident or incident to Supervision Engineer. • Prohibit usage of drugs and alcohol on construction sites and undertake regular alcohol testing. • Install lights and cautionary signs in hazardous areas. Community Health and • General public is not permitted in high risk areas and where heavy machinery is in IIC Contractor Start of Demobilisation Safety operation. construction • Ensure reversing signals are installed on construction vehicles or provide flagmen as works required to ensure safe operations. • Mark dangerous areas with reflective tape or other hazardous areas during the hours of darkness. • Provide safe access around work sites to keep public away from harm. Use safety barriers and fences as required. Community grievances • Implement Stakeholder Engagement and Consultation Plan. IIC Contractor Prior to Demobilisation • Maintain a grievance register. (CLO) commencement • Ensure that public consultation and disclosure communication is completed at regular of works intervals to ensure that the public are fully aware of the MICRO project program of activities and the GRM process. • Signage should be used in public areas around the MICRO project sites advising the complaints procedure and contact details of key project individuals responsible for responding to issues raised.

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MICRO PROJECT INVESTMENTS OPERATIONAL PHASE MITIGATION PLAN

Project Activities Mitigation Measures Cost Responsibility Start End Spill Response • The Port Authority will have a spill response plan in place to account for all potential MCT Budget MCT Prior to Ongoing Planning instances. handover of • Spill response plan will be developed to ensure that all fuels and lubricants used during infrastructure the operational phase in machinery, equipment, generators and also on marine vessels are contained, collected, treated and disposed of. • Under the requirements of the IFC EHS Guidelines for Ports, Harbours and Terminals the spill response plan will: • Identify areas within the port zone and nearby vicinity that are sensitive to spills and releases of hazardous materials and locations of any water intakes; • Outline responsibilities for managing spills, releases, and other pollution incidents, including reporting and alerting mechanisms to ensure any spillage is reported promptly to the port authority and Kaupule; • Include provision of specialized oil spill response equipment (e.g. containment booms, recovery devices, and oil recovery or dispersant application vessels, etc) • Include regular training schedules and simulated spill incident and response exercise for response personnel in spill alert and reporting procedures, the deployment of spill control equipment, and the emergency care/treatment of people or wildlife impacted by the spill. Erosion due to • Initiate and implement periodic maintenance schedule to remove sand from harbour MCT Budget MCT Handover of Ongoing placement of channel and basin and replace on beach. infrastructure breakwater and • Carry out facility inspections after each tropical cyclone event. harbour • Carry out timely repairs to any erosion around wharf or jetty or damage to ancillary facilities. • Removal and redistribution of sand accretion into erosion zones if required. Loading and • Ensure proper handling procedures for drums of hydrocarbons. Kaupule/MCT Kaupule/MCT Handover of Ongoing unloading of cargo • Properly maintain crane truck and hydraulic systems. infrastructure and passengers at • Clean up and safe disposal of any spillage on land wharf Tidal area of jetty • Initiate and implement regular maintenance schedule to remove algae from inter-tidal Kaupule Kaupule Handover of Ongoing area of jetty to reduce slippery surface infrastructure

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Appendix B: Monitoring Table

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NANUMAGA HARBOUR DESIGN AND PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE MONITORING PLAN

Nanumaga Harbour: Pre-Construction Checklist Frequency / Impact Area: Management Measures: Responsibility Environmental and • Development consents and environmental permits are in Once / PMU and Social Impacts place Supervision Engineer • CESMP has been developed and approved. • CESMP includes Solid Waste Management Plan, Spill Response Plan, Traffic Management Plan and Worker Management Plan • Community Liaison Officer has been recruited and trained Solid and hazardous • Approved Solid Waste Management Plan in place Once / Supervision waste Engineer • Waste collection at workers camp and laydown area is established and well signed • Waste collection storage arrangements in place and compliant with approved SWMP Community health and • HIV/GBV/Code of Conduct training and Once / Supervision safety acknowledgements have been completed as per Engineer contractual requirements • Medical clearance certificates provided for all foreign workers • GRM process available for public inspection. • CLO on site • Worker Management Plan contains all elements, has been approved by Kaupule and PMU • All local Nanumaga workers have been trained in preparation for worker rotations. Protection of marine • Clear demarcation of machine operating zone on reef Once / Supervision environment and flat, beach access and buildings. Engineer vegetation line Soil and water • Appropriate spill response plan in place Once / Supervision pollution Engineer Occupational Health • OHS Management Plan contains all relevant elements Once / Supervision and Safety and is approved. Engineer • All workers have undergone appropriate OHS training Materials Supply • All imported materials with appropriate biosecurity Once / Supervision clearances Engineer Laydown and Stockpile • Laydown areas established on pre-approved sites as Once / Supervision Area per CESMP Engineer • Water run off management systems in place to approved standard

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Workers • Appropriate lease has been secured Once / Supervision Accommodation Engineer • Waste management system in in place • Adheres to IFC Workers Accommodation Standards • Worker Management Plan in approved and in place • Potable water for workers is provided for • Food supplies for workers is secured

NANUMAGA HARBOUR CONSTRUCTION PHASE MONITORING PLAN

Frequency / Impact Area: Management Measures: Responsibility Nanumaga Harbour: Construction Phase Monitoring Plan Solid and hazardous • Approved Solid Waste Management Plan effectively Weekly / Supervision waste implemented Engineer • Waste collection at laydown area is secure, well signed and clean • Hazardous waste is stored according to SWMP • Good housekeeping around project sites and workers accommodation • All waste is disposed of offshore • Contaminants of Concern (COC) documentation in place and reviewed Community • Approved Traffic Management Plan is under effective Weekly / Supervision infrastructure, health, implementation Engineer and safety • Public signage of complaints procedure • Signs and fences restrict or direct pedestrians and public where appropriate. • No damage to public or community infrastructure • Dust suppression is effective • Noise is within permitted limits • Required signage is in place Protection of • No unauthorized removal of trees in vegetation line Weekly / Supervision Vegetation Line Engineer • No damage to vegetation line • Construction machinery barriers are in place • No evidence of construction machinery working outside marked area Protection of coastal • Construction machinery barriers are in place Weekly / Supervision environment Engineer • No evidence of construction machinery working outside marked area • Signs of erosion along vegetation line • No stockpiles or solid waste on the foreshore. • Dredging plume monitored for rapid dispersal.

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Frequency / Impact Area: Management Measures: Responsibility Soil and water • Appropriate spill response plan/kit in place for waste Weekly / Supervision pollution area Engineer • No visible spills on soil or uncovered ground • Drainage, water treatment and soakage systems clear and fit for purpose • Division bunding around large areas of vegetation clearance Hazardous substances • Substances stored within bund on impermeable surface Weekly / Supervision storage Engineer • Spill kit complete and accessible • Spill training completed • No evidence of spills on the ground • MSDS available at storage locations Occupational Health • Workers have access to, and are using appropriate, PPE Weekly / Supervision and Safety for the task. Engineer • All workers have undergone appropriate OHS training • Proper briefing of staff before undertaking work activities Laydown and • Laydown areas established on pre-approved sites Weekly / Supervision Stockpiles Site Engineer • Laydown areas dust levels managed efficiently • Traffic management plan correctly implemented at laydown site • Water run off management systems operating correctly • Dust management effectively implemented • PPE present and correctly used • Refueling occurring over drip trays in dedicated areas • No stockpiling within 50m of Pulaka pit • Bunding is functional at stockpile site

Workers • Camp is clean and tidy Weekly / Supervision Accommodation Engineer • Waste management is as per Solid Waste Management Plan • Food supplies are sufficient • No community potable water is being used • Workers Management Plan is being effectively implemented • First Aid kit is fully stocked.

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NANUMAGA HARBOUR OPERATIONAL PHASE MONITORING PLAN

Nanumaga Harbour: Operational Phase Monitoring Frequency / Impact Area: Management Measures: Responsibility Passenger Slipping Risk Inspect inter-tidal wharf platforms for algae and other Fortnightly / slippery growth Kaupule Infrastructure Integrity Inspect breakwaters, wharfs, jetty and building for signs of After cyclone / MCT damage or undermining following storm events and Kaupule Erosion/Accretion Monitor beach for signs of long term erosion or accretion Quarterly / Kaupule along beachfront

Removal of sand in basin / channel and place on beach Annual / Kaupule Vegetation Line Monitor vegetation line at the coconut tree roots to look for Quarterly / Kaupule signs of erosion Crane Truck Check maintenance records for crane truck Monthly / Kaupule Water Quality Check water quality in basin and channel Quarterly / Kaupule

FUNAFUTI PORT DESIGN PHASE MONITORING PLAN

Funafuti Port: Pre-Construction Checklist Frequency / Impact Area: Management Measures: Responsibility Environmental and • Development consents and environmental permits are in Once / Supervision Social Impacts place Engineer • CESMP has been developed and approved. Solid and hazardous • Approved Solid Waste Management Plan in place Once / Supervision waste Engineer • Waste collection at laydown area is secure, well signed and clean • Waste collection storage arrangements in place and compliant with approved SWMP Community health and • HIV/GBV/Code of Conduct training and Once / PMU safety acknowledgements have been conducted • Medical clearance certificates provided for all foreign workers • GRM process available for public inspection • CLO on site • Workers Management Plan contains all elements, has been approved by Kaupule and PMU Soil and water • Appropriate spill response plan in place Once / Supervision pollution Engineer Occupational Health • OHS Management Plan contains all relevant elements Once / Supervision and Safety and is approved. Engineer • All workers have undergone appropriate OHS training Materials Supply • All imported materials with appropriate biosecurity Once / Supervision clearances Engineer

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Laydown and Stockpile • Laydown areas established on pre-approved sites as Once / Supervision Area per CESMP Engineer • Water run off management systems in place to approved standard

FUNAFUTI PORT CONSTRUCTION PHASE MONITORING PLAN

Funafuti Port: Construction Phase Monitoring Plan Frequency / Impact Area: Management Measures: Responsibility Solid and hazardous • Approved Solid Waste Management Plan effectively Weekly / waste implemented Supervision Engineer • Waste collection at laydown area is secure, well signed and clean • Hazardous waste is stored according to SWMP • Good housekeeping around project sites • All waste is disposed of offshore Public health and • Approved Traffic Management Plan is under effective Weekly / safety implementation Supervision Engineer • Public signage of complaints procedure • Signs and fences restrict or direct pedestrians and public where appropriate. Protection of Coastal • No solid waste on beach Weekly / Environment Supervision Engineer • Bunding is in place and effective Soil and water • Appropriate spill response plan/kit in place for waste Weekly / pollution area Supervision Engineer • No visible spills on soil or uncovered ground • Drainage, water treatment and soakage systems clear and fit for purpose Hazardous substances • Substances stored in self-bunded vessels or within bund on Weekly / storage impermeable surface Supervision Engineer • Spill kit complete and accessible • Spill training completed • No evidence of spills on the ground Occupational Health • Workers have access to, and using appropriate, PPE for Weekly / and Safety the task. Supervision Engineer • All workers have undergone appropriate OHS training • Proper briefing of staff before undertaking work activities Materials Supply • All imported materials with appropriate biosecurity Weekly / clearances Supervision Engineer

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Laydown Area • Laydown areas established on pre-approved sites Weekly / Supervision Engineer • Laydown areas dust levels managed efficiently • Traffic management plan correctly implemented at laydown site • Water run off management systems operating correctly • Dust management effectively implemented • PPE present and correctly used Solid and hazardous • Approved Solid Waste Management Plan effectively Weekly / waste implemented Supervision Engineer • Waste collection at laydown area is secure, well signed and clean • Hazardous waste is stored according to SWMP • Good housekeeping around project sites • All waste is disposed of offshore

FUNAFUTI PORT OPERATIONAL PHASE MONITORING PLAN

Funafuti Port: Operational Phase Monitoring Frequency / Impact Area: Management Measures: Responsibility Solid Waste Inspect beach and coastal area for solid waste Weekly / MCT Hazardous Substances Inspect pavement for signs of oil or fuel spills Weekly / MCT Drainage Inspect drainage and filtration for blockages or sediment Monthly / MCT build up

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Appendix C: Alternative Harbour Locations at Nanumaga

The other coastal areas were examined for completeness and to address the community aspirations for a new harbor large enough to accommodate an ocean-going vessel. The southwest section of the coast is currently undeveloped. Construction of a harbour in this location would have required a new channel and harbour basin to be cut into the reef. It would also require new road access to the site and land clearance with new terrestrial infrastructure development. Finally, it would require improved methods of transporting people around the island to make sure that all passengers, regardless of mobility, would be able to easily travel to the harbour. The southwest section would allow for future expansion of the harbour in line with the community’s longer- term objectives for phased expansion of the Nanumaga harbour to be able to accommodate larger fishing vessels. During initial project screening, the potential for future expansion at this site and likely environmental impacts of future expansions meant that a Category A classification would have been triggered which contributed to the dismissal of this site from consideration. Due to the extent of impacts (direct, indirect, induced and cumulative) associated with development along the south west coastline, it was discarded as a suitable site location. Looking at the wave environment in both sections, the southwest section would be more sheltered from significant storm waves (usually over 4m high) such as those generated by cyclones. The low-rise berm that exists on the southwest section indicates that the significant wave events are not as prevalent in that location compared to the northwest section where a high 7m berm exists. However, the southwest section is more exposed to the southwest waves generated from the Southern Ocean swell which occur approximately 20% of the year. These waves are, on average, only between 1-2m high but are more frequent than the cyclonic waves.

Table 7: Comparison of parameters of two alternative locations for Nanumaga Harbour

Factor Northwest (existing boat Southwest (undeveloped site) ramp) Potential for future expansion of No potential for development to Expansion would be more feasible small boat harbour the community’s aspirations of in this location as are no residences 40m+ vessels due to potential or buildings at this location and is erosion of the shoreline that could therefore not as socially sensitive to be created by a larger facility and the impact of storm events. the implications this has for eroding and undermining existing buildings along the village coastline. This would also have implications for resilience of village to future significant storm events. Coastal Impact Changes to the seasonal littoral Changes to the seasonal littoral drift patterns are to be expected drift patterns are to be expected with erosion and accretion likely to with erosion and accretion likely to an as yet unknown degree along an unknown degree. Dredging of a the stretch of coastline associated new channel and basin would with the harbour. Minimising of this create a new opportunity for impact is critical to maintain the sediments to be attracted away integrity of the sites coastal berm from the beach and settle in the and the protective measures it basin. Minimising of the disruption provides to the community. to littoral drift would be important. Infrastructure development needs Existing channel and basin would New channel and basin would be be enlarged. Wharf infrastructure dredged, land clearance and would be built on reef flat and land preparation would be required for side building would be built within buildings. All land side the village on semi-urban or urban infrastructure would need to be land. bought to site including water and

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power. Roads to site would need to be improved and made more resilient to impacts of climate change. Leases with private land owners would need to be secured. Operational wave exposure Exposed to southwest swells 20% Exposed to southwest swells 20% of the year and exposed to storm of the year and from the southeast generated waves from the north swells as they wrap around the and northwest which are infrequent southern tip of the island. Sheltered but high. from the significant wave heights of the northern storm waves but exposed to some residual effects of the northwestern storm waves.

Through a series of negotiations and consultations between the PMU, World Bank Task Team, the Nanumaga Kaupule and the Nanumaga Falekaupule the islands Falekaupule voted in the majority for the harbour to be located at the existing boat ramp location. These consultations fully described the above benefits and limitations of both sites, along with the likely implications to the cost and timeframe of the project for the southern location. Following this decision, the TFSU Safeguards team conducted field missions from 24 April-1 May 2018 which mainly focused on MICRO Project stakeholders and the Nanumaga Community based on the Island of Funafuti and between 15-27 June 2018 on the island of Nanumaga itself. During these consultations the safeguards team discussed the selected project site with the community member to verify that their decision was well informed and that there was a good understanding of the above factors, which they were. This was documented in the meeting minutes which are provided in Appendix E of this ESMP. The decision to select the northwestern site at the existing boat ramp has therefore been determined by community consultations, the available budget for the Project, the extent of impacts (direct, indirect, induced and cumulative) associated with development along the south west coastline the added requirements for Category A projects, and the significantly extended timeframe for choosing implementation at the southern location.

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Appendix D. Consultation Meeting Minutes

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FIRST ROUND OF CONSULTATIONS: 24 APRIL – 1 MAY 2018

AM PM Tues ADB TOIMIP – Cardno: Kate, Vete & Dominic 24 Legoe (Team Leader) April Fusi Alofa, Disability Persons Organisation, Malakai and Kaimelie

Weds Dept of Environment: Liliele Nanumaga Kaupule: 4 Kaupule Members, 25 Nafatahi (EIA Officer), Kate & Vete Vete, Malakai & Kate April Waste Management Department: Walter Pulogo (Director), Kate & Vete

Ministry of Finance-Malakai and Kaimelie

MHARD, Cilla McDaniel, Malakai and Kaimelie

MCT, Acting CEO, Malakai and Kaimelie Thurs 26 April Nanumaga Community Workshop: 23 Nanumaga Community Representatives, Vete, Kaimalie, Malakai & Kate

Fri Department of Fisheries: Vete & TCAP & CCPDMU: Kate Morioka (CCPDMU 27 Kate Technical Advisor), Moeo Finaunga (TCAP April Project Leader), Vete & Kate Site Visit to Funafuti Port: Vete & Kate EKT Nanumaga Churches, Malakai and Kaimelie Gender Affairs, Lano Fasiai, Malakai and Kaimelie Nanumaga Community members, Malakai and Kaimelie TNCW, Malakai and Kaimelie

Mon Cardno: Dominic Legoe (Team MHARD, Lete Avanitele, Malakai and 30 Leader), Vete & Kate Kaimelie Apr TANGO, Malakai and Kaimelie Tues Meet with Arthur Web 1 (UNDP/TCAP) in SUV, Kate and May Malakai

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ADB OIMIP Design Engineers • Deltares report misses a wind direction from the south and therefore missing wave driven winds • Sedimentation of the harbour will be an issue. ADB is developing a GoTv master plan and strategy for outer island asset management starting with harbours. Dredging the harbours (strategy and capacity) will be a significant element of this. At present, this master plan doesn’t have a funding source. • With the selected location, there isn’t really an option to extend the harbour, a larger basin will cause larger impacts and there are potential risks with undermining the berm and buildings in the village. Operationally, there is no space in the proposed basin for fishing vessels. Possible addition of a Concept ‘O’ a little further up the beach. • ADB sees the development of the existing harbour site as a potential Cat A, and the southern site as a Cat B. • For the buildings, Cardno are concerned that they have been restricted to the coastal zone by the berm. MICRO mission is to consult with community to try and map village land area to identify ownership and find potential locations. KW to check with WB if locations away from the coastline would be permissible. • Dredged spoil will need to sit and get rain washed. Will be quite stinky as it dries. Need to identify a suitable location for the storage. Maybe 3 x 2m high piles approx. 25 x 60m area plus additional space for other laydown needs. ADB have secured 6 acres for laydown in Nukulaelae. • Offloading concerns for contractors. How are they going to get the heavy machinery (crushing plant, excavator, etc) ashore. Previous projects have force landed over the reef damaging the boat and the reef. Existing channel is too narrow for the barges. Also, nowhere to anchor barges or cargo ships off Nanumaga. • What are the communities expectations of the design? • Possible need for additional independent coastal modelling to verify the Cardno model. The model outputs are only as good as the inputs. Lots of assumptions made in the Deltares modelling. Geotech survey will be addressing some of those assumptions. • Look at impacts of Vaitupu wharf on erosion of beach. Solid breakwater on beach. Need to verify from the outset that we will not be required to produce a design with a solid structure (jetty) on the beach but will be able to have a piled jetty.

Fusi Alofa • Would like to be involved in consultations and inputs into the accessibility of the design of the harbor • Transfers from the large boat to the small boat is a challenge and are treated like cargo when transferring from the larger boat to the smaller boat. • Accessibility on boats and planes are a challenge

Department of Environment

• First step of the Development Consent process is submitting a notification of development for the DoE to review and determine the level of environmental assessment that will be needed. As the MICRO project is following WB OP, it is already undertaking an ESIA and ESMP, but to fulfil national obligations, a notification along with the fee of AUD$500 will still have to be completed and submitted. • Department of Environment is currently using the SPREP Regional EIA Guidelines to assess and review submissions. MICRO safeguard consultants are also using the SPREP Guidelines to help develop the ESIA/ESMP. • There may be a need to try and increase the capacity of the DoE in the short term to provide technical ability to evaluate coastal models and coastal processes impacts. • DoE use a standard monitoring form (copy given the MICRO consultant) so we can look to incorporate that into the ESMP monitoring requirements

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• DoE do not have the budget or sufficient number of personnel to monitor projects off Funafuti. • MICRO confirmed that dredge spoils will be the only locally sourced aggregate. No additional extraction will be permitted within Tuvalu. • EIA review can be done using local consultants to help with the capacity (human resources) limitations. SPREP often do it for them and can be utilised to provide additional coastal assessment expertise. SPREPs services will be at the cost of the proponent. Usually it takes 20-30 days to review the EIA, then the EIA taskforce makes recommendations and decision. Once the task force is satisfied, then the Minister signs the Development Consent. Conservatively 8 – 10 weeks to process application.

Ministry of Finance

• Met with acting Secretary and outlined reason for MICRO Mission • Outlined MICRO Project and Team members • Requested government support in the consultation process for MICRO and input in the project

Waste Management Department • The landfill on Funafuti and the outer islands are small scale landfills and not suitable for project waste. • WMD have a policy (given to MICRO Consultant) which gives guidelines for the project to follow • WMD processes export of hazardous materials and provides the export paperwork. WMD also liaise with the receiving country. Details of the hazardous waste will be given to the WMD • PWD manage septic waste and PWD have minimum specifications for 3 chamber septic tanks. On Nukulaelae, the ADB project is refurbishing a local house for shore- based accommodations and handing over to the community in exchange for free use of the house. They are installing correct septic systems. Might be a model for the MICRO project to follow. WMD mentioned a plastic rotomould septic system for AUD$8,000 which might be a suitable alternative. • Recyclable waste is collected by WMD in Funafuti at the transfer station as per the policy document. • Composting happens at the island scale. Each Kaupule has a compost area and a shredder for all green waste. • Leftover stockpile aggregate can be used by the Kaupule as they see fit. Any leftover stockpile can be sent to FUN after Kaupule use to cap the Funafuti landfill. • Waste lubricant oil to be sent to Funafuti for storage and export (as per policy). • Scrap metal to be given to WMD in Funafuti to contribute to their export tonnage requirements under EU partnership program. MICRO should consider asking contractors to remove any other scrap or bulky waste items either to FUN or out of Tuvalu. MHARD, Cilla McDaniel

• Discussed training options for Gender Based Violence • Agrees that training is needed and will be useful for the MICRO Project • Discussion on the psychosocial aspects of BGV and CAE and the need for ongoing training in Tuvalu

MCT, Acting CEO

• Courtesy call with MTC and outlined the MICRO Project and activities • Outlined the required support needed from MCT

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Nanumaga Kaupule • Update of project progress given to Kaupule • Concerns over the transfer of elderly/sick/disabled (wheelchair bound) persons at sea. It would be good to find a solution to this safety concern. • There aren’t womens groups, as such. The whole female population of the island works together in one body/group. The women weave thin weave double sided mats. General the mats are shipped to Funafuti or they are traded internally on the island. They are usually 6x4 and sell for AUD$100. Fans are often sent to Samoa from Nanumaga – not in a formal way, just through family requests. • Two women run the only restaurant on the island. • MICRO consultants asked Kaupule to start to talk to the community about ways in which the women can access income generating opportunities both during construction and operations. • There is primary and secondary education on the island (up to class 9 and 10 of secondary school). This is a new introduction (secondary) and there are currently no teachers to teach forms 9 and 10. Applications are being sought. There are about 100 kids in grade 1 to 8. • The majority of Nanumaga people live on Funafuti due to employment opportunities (in government). • There is currently no formal clinic on Nanumaga. The old clinic (on the shorefront) had a ward. It was destroyed by TC Pam. Now, two nurses run a clinic in a small room and people have to go home to sick beds rather than stay in wards. The clinic is meant to be rebuilt, but no firm plans in place. • No employment opportunities on the island except from project for labour. Teachers and nurses are employed but otherwise it is subsistence living. For project jobs, the community has a rotation scheme in place to ensure that all families benefit. Rotation normally happens on a week by week basis. MICRO needs to look at ways of capitalising on that, such as training everyone at the start and then having a rotation schedule in place. • There is a fishing market on the island. There are also deep freezers for fish on the island, and they are transferred to deep freezers on the ferry. Salt fish export is also an industry on the island. Currently there isn’t a ciguatera. • No fishing takes place on the western side of the island under the Kaupule enforced LMMA prohibits fishing on that side and is strictly enforced. • Normal passenger numbers can very between 10 to 50 people depending on whether any people from other islands comes ashore to hang out. • Perhaps a cargo shed of 20 x 30m would be good. • The Church cistern has a concrete base and could be used. Coop building could potentially be used for the cargo shed too as the coop is bankrupt – this would need the communities support. A third potential option is close to the Kaupule office away from the shoreline. • The dredged spoil could possible be stored at the dumpsite. • The compost shredder is broken and not likely to be able to be repaired. • Geocell roads could potentially be the causeway which is eroding, and the lagoon level is rising. • A Kaupule permit is needed for any sand or gravel extraction (no permit needed for the dredge).

Fisheries Department • Director and deputy were off island. • No plans for development of government fishery in outer islands as yet, focus is on Funafuti and even that is hard given the limited resources. • Vete should email Fisheries information officer (out of the office) to try and get a copy of the 2015 Metronome Socio Economic Survey and underwater census of Nanumaga.

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Gender Affairs

• Met with Lanu regarding GBV and CAE training • Lanu requested support for the office in training resources • Outlined MICRO Project and how GA will be supportive during the implementation of the project

TNCW

• Met with VP of the organisation on the MICRO Project and the Terminal • TNCW is still in the discussion with the snack bar area of the terminal • TNCW supports the MICRO Project and the advantages it has for women on Nanumaga and the opportunity to conduct income generating activities

Climate Change Policy and Disaster Management Unit (CCPDMU) • The ADB has undertaken a gap analysis between their SPS and the Tuvaluan legislation (given to the MICRO consultant) which will be helpful in developing the MICRO ESIA. • New EIA Regulations have been drafted but are still with government for approval. The new regulations are based on the ADB SPS and the Climate change Adaptation Fund safeguard requirements. • Previous lessons learned from other projects: o disposal of human waste is not properly considered (PMU have 3 chamber concrete floor design but we need to look at whether that concrete floor is suitable for island setting with no pump out). o Labour rights and access to employment for local communities. o Housing supply on islands. o Water resources: drought watch in place for the FUN. Nanumaga is on 82% water left. The north islands are subject to dry spells. For the ADB project, the Contractor is bringing a desalination plant for their water needs. o Not clear how to access GRM to submit complaints. • An environmental management plan has been developed for the national adaptive program of action (NAPA). This wasn’t appropriate as it included measures which weren’t appropriate for the local context. Became a tick box exercise. • There are penalties in the Environmental Protection Act which should be incorporated to compliment the PCC. • The Falekaupule Act, schedule 3 lists the responsibilities of the Kaupule and shows where the Kaupule can support the project. • Discussed the idea of capacity building within the village and training one of the women to monitor the project on behalf of PMU. Discussion on keeping the trained person engaged and motivated to undertake the work. Previous examples of training and opportunities being given to women in communities but motivation for long term commitment has been lacking. • There is a Tuvalu Social Development Policy.

Tuvalu Climate Adaptation Program • Nanumea is the priority island, after that there is still discussion over the priority listing of the other islands • SPC are undertaking coastal assessment for the 3 main islands in the project: Nanumea, Nanumaga and FUN. The contract is being finalised now and it’s thought that the assessment will take place in the 3rd quarter of 2018. • Safeguard specialist is coming on board, applications closed 2 weeks ago. • After the coastal assessment then the coastal engineer will come on board to write the TOR for the design engineer and will oversee their work. • UNDP fund the project but Government of Tuvalu own the project (same set up as MICRO). Arthur Webb is UNDP, but a technical advisor to the PMU.

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• Community consultations might benefit from having a local counterpart to interact with the community and verify the information that is given during sessions.

EKT Nanumaga Churches

• Met with the EKT Pastor and outlined the MICRO Project • Discussed gender equality and Tuvalu culture • Agreed that project will not work on Sunday • Discussed code of conduct for workers on Nanumaga

Cardno wrap up meeting • Confirmed that the PMU and WB is not requiring a design option with solid jetty. • Discussed installing a chainfall lift on the dock as a manual back up system, particularly for moving people with mobility difficulties on and off the boat. The ADB removed this option from their project as it was deemed too expensive to install one which would be long lasting (salt spray concerns). The importance of a manual back up for the crane is important to ensure the continuation of safe and dignified transferral of elderly/disabled/sick. We need to look at this for MICRO. • ADB is developing the MCT master plan for shipping and accessibility for all passengers is an element of that. This is a longer term plan, so MICRO does have a need to fill this gap in the short term for Nanumaga. • Nukulaelae design has large steps/benches built into the wharf which is likely to be duplicated for Nanumaga. In Nukulaelae, fibreglass mesh will be installed on the steps to prevent slipping – this will be removable and will be the responsibility of the Kaupule to manage the cleaning and maintenance of this mesh. • We discussed the concern raised at the community workshop about the reduced protection afforded from a single breakwater design. Cardno advised that a second smaller breakwater was being installed at Nukulaelae to increase protection and to also reduce currents in the harbour basin • Creating a harbour basin and harbour will create a new recreational area for children in particular. There have been deaths on Nukufatao from children experiencing difficulties in the current and becoming trapped under a part of the wharf structure. Nukulaelae design is mindful not to create similar situation. Nanumaga harbour design must ensure that currents within the basin do not pose a safety risk to swimmers. • Nanumaga requested a 25 x 30m cargo shed which is very large. Nukulaelae cargo shed is 17 x 10m • The Kaupule’s suggestion of relocating the bankrupt co-op and using that shed for cargo is felt by Cardno and PMU to be the preferred option. This way cargo and passengers can be separated, cargo loading and unloading won’t interfere with access to the church and the movement of the cargo will be minimal reduce cost and wear on truck. PM to discuss this with the Kaupule as our preferred option for community discussion. • Cardno needs a good understanding of how the church is used, where is the door, how often are services, is church being rebuilt on same footprint, etc. • The size of fishing boats that are being considered for the harbour might have an impact on the design of the harbour. If they are leaving room for boats which are too big to be lifted up the ramp, then in the case of a storm, the boats will have to stay in the water which means that unless the harbour is ‘all weather’ then the boats are very vulnerable to being lost. An all weather harbour is not currently requested for MICRO. • Nukulaelae second breakwater also performs as a second larger wharf. Passengers are offloaded at the smaller wharf, cargo unloaded at the second wharf which keep passengers and trucks separated and increases safety.

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TANGO

• Met with TANGO officer and outline the MICRO Project • TANGO agreed to notify its membership about the MICRO Project • TANGO is happy to lend support in any training with GBV

MHARD

• Met with the Deputy and outline the MICRO Project • Discussed MHARD and their role in the support of the MICRO Project

UNDP – Arthur Webb • Urges us to consider building the harbour in the southern location with a second channel angled to provide an alternative sheltered entrance depending on weather conditions. • Entrance to the channel in the existing location is the key problem for safety as it is too narrow and too shallow therefore does not get rid of the breaking wave zone. • He can recommend many respected coastal scientists should we need additional capacity to assess the design engineers’ coastal models. • The 7m berm at the front of the village shows that this is the most impacted part of the island for storm waves and storm surge. • Building the harbour in the location of the existing boat ramp is a cause for concern with erosion of the village. • The TCAP coastal assessment will have wave readers that will be deployed to get accurate wave data for the island. He is happy to try and deploy those in our sites to help with baseline data for the models but the timing may not line up. • A breakwater will change the speed and flow of the water. It will likely lead to scouring at the base of the breakwater by the beach and therefore some small erosion there, but it could also lead to increase water movement and speed around the toe of the breakwater by the reef crest and into the channel entrance which could lead to standing waves in the channel. • The grain size for the coastal modelling is unreliable as the grain size fluctuates over time with the season. • The annual steady state assumptions made in the Deltares report for sediment transport are not appropriate in a dynamic island situation. The system is interrupted/changed by storm events and then moves back to equilibrium, then is rest by storm events, etc. • There is value to the Concept O+ double entrance channel concept. Very minimal environmental impact and can provide safe offloading site throughout the year. • There is a build up of sand on the northern tip of the island and TCAP have calculated that about 10% of this can be removed without great detriment. They have earmarked this for their project, but there would be significant concern if MICRO was also planning on using this sand deposit. Have advised that we are not planning on using any sand from the beaches. • Question about whether the breakwater will be pinned to the reef to avoid scattering of the structure in storm event. • UNDP are pleased with the choice of design engineer. This is an engineer who knows the island and generally give good results in these settings. • There are weaknesses in the Deltares report. It is a good company but the report is not strong enough to base any decision on. • It was stated that if the design and modelling work show good results then the UNDP will be satisfied, however until that point they are adopting a precautionary view of the MICRO project and will take a conservative approach. Have confirmed that this is the same as approach as the MICRO safeguard consultants.

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• If the existing co-operative building is to be used for the cargo shed, then we should look to relocate it as it would be better to take any significant activity away from the berm. • He is glad that we have recognised the importance of the integrity of the vegetation line and berm. Urges us not to disturb them at all. • The need for a second breakwater at the existing location is almost inevitable to be able to offer year round shelter. • There is a possibility to coordinate with TCAP site visits to Nanumaga in June. • Free flow of information between TCAP and MICRO is encouraged. • TCAP is likely to happen in Nanumaga after MICRO, however it was stressed that the TCAP project isn’t there to come along behind the MICRO project and fix any mistakes caused by the design.

Nanumaga Community Workshop on Funafuti Thursday 26th April

i. Concern that one-sided breakwater won’t offer complete protection from the weather as waves come from both north and south. ii. Will there be transport provided given that the passenger transit shed is provided by the project? Answer: MICRO will be providing a new 2 tonne truck with crane. iii. Community member was highlighting that it was once approved by the Falekaupule for the Southern Site which can accommodate future expansion of wharf facility while the current decision will never pursue that and now this decision is a surprised for the Nanumaga community who live on Funafuti. The response from Kaupule members was that this decision of the current site at the village is also a decision of the Falekaupule as it would be achieved in a much shorter time-frame than that at the southern end. iv. Sources of aggregate – will it be coming from the beach? Ans: No, only the dredged materials will be used, any additional aggregate will be imported. v. What happens if the crane truck is down? Who will bear the maintenance costs? Ans: We can look to add in spares, etc as part of the project. We can also explore options to have a manual back up system for lifting cargo. vi. Acknowledge that this smaller phase 1 project is for the immediate safety of the community and is workable given the resources currently available. But we hope in the future that a generous donor comes and helps us with our expansion dreams. vii. What will the height of the breakwater be? Will it all be made of concrete? viii. Budget -what if the community rejects and wants a totally different bigger design in the June consultations. Ans from MICRO safeguards: The current process would halt and the project would have to go back a few steps and start again. ix. Doesn’t address safety issue completely, it doesn’t allow for safety of transfer on and off the larger vessel itself. Please can we make sure that we go as far as we possible can to address this gap. x. (from the same community member who raised point iii) How if Niutao and Nui pushes so their harbours are to build up their expectation, then why shouldn’t Nanumaga? This would provide complete safety for all passengers and cargo. The original aspiration of the Nanumaga community was to have the large harbour purposely built for fishing, tapping deep sea fishing at the sea mount. Ans: comment is noted and recorded. xi. Church leader: Totally accept and acknowledge that given the nature and environment that this smaller approach is the most appropriate solution and fully supports Kaupule decision. Thanks to the GoTv and WB. xii. What if there is a problem with bad modelling and we create environmental problems – is there a budget for rectification? xiii. Who is responsible for recruitment, what is the hourly rate, I have a house to rent!

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xiv. How is the harbour to People with Disability? Can they provide dedicated facility on ships so they won’t be treated like cargo when needed to go from ship to shore and vice versa. Not only for disabled, but for elderly and patients too. People with disabilities and patients are currently treated like cargo. We need to move away from that and find solutions to treating people with dignity. Response: be good for us to understand the current situation and then have ideas suggested to us as to how this would work best for the users. They already have ideas that they can share with us. xv. If the structure/harbour is somehow damaged where shall we go? Ans: Liability insurance if something goes wrong in the design or with worker injury, etc xvi. Amphibious vehicle as a compliment to the workboat. In view of creating safe transfer for Disabled persons, elderly and infirmed. xvii. Raised by the GAD rep that they have trained one of the Kaupule during their last training and the Community Worker – they can be useful to assist the project with gender issues in Nanumaga during construction period. xviii. Request if WB can provide funding prior to construction to train certain people from Nanumaga as operators, I.e. drive and control the machines etc. Upskilling and training labour force of Nanumaga during the project too – operators, skilled trades, food safety, hospitality xix. Can the equipment be kept by Nanumaga after the construction? xx. Connections to communications for foreign workers. There is no mobile service on the island, so this should be a must on the island. Some of the other islands are having a mobile tower installed by TTC – perhaps the project can encourage this too. xxi. How long will the construction take to complete? (given approx. timeframes of Dec 2019 with 4-8 month construction period) xxii. TCAP coordinator give a brief presentation on the areas that they are planning to build the coastal protection. Advised community that as the TCAP project will be after the MICRO one, they can adapt their solutions to take into account any coastal impacts that might occur. xxiii. Concerns over current changes by putting in a breakwater. xxiv. Safety lighting for the wharf and navigational aids – will we be having them? Vete: maintenance master plan and asset management. xxv. What is the exact process for submitting a complaint? Ans: explanation given and advised that it will be advertised publicly.

SECOND ROUND OF CONSULTATIONS: 16 – 26 JUNE 2018

AM PM Sun Travel by Ship from Funafuti to Travel by Ship from Funafuti to Nanumaga: 17 Nanumaga (Tala Moana) Kate, Kate, Malakai, Vete, Robert Hancock (Design Jun Malakai, Vete, Robert Hancock Engineer) (Design Engineer) Mon Arrival to Nanumaga Meeting with Kaupule and Kate, Malakai, 18 and Robert Hancock (Cardno Design Jun Meeting with Kaupule and ADB Engineer) Team, TFSU Team Tues Site visit and review with members Site visit and review with members of the 19 of the Kaupule Kaupule Jun Wed Workshop with Nanumaga Community and Kaupule 20 Jun Thu Wrap up meeting with Kaupule Travel to Funafuti by ship on the Manu Folau 21 Jun Fri Travel on ship Arrival back to Funafuti

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22 Jun Sat Site visit to ATCT, TvAIP 23 Jun Sun Work in Tuvalu 23 Jun Mon Site visit to Funafuti Ports with Meet with Nanumaga Community 24 Vete, Taase (MCT CEO), and Meet with Ena, TvAIP Jun Robert Hancock (Design Engineer)

Summary of Meetings

Meeting with Kaupule (Mon 18 Jun)

Nawae Construction

• Plan to install Flexi-mat at Nanumaga Harbour area • Mentioned that they plan to do a bit of keying into the reef flats for the flexi-mat • It will take approximately 4 weeks • The labour needs will be approximately 15-20 workers (local and foreign) • Will plan to source workers locally, first, than utilise their foreign workers • Will hire a full-time Community Liaison Officer for the duration of their Flexi-mat installation, sourced from Nanumaga • There will be a focus on safety which includes barricades at the worksite • GRM will be implemented for the project

MICRO Project

• Project will install custom harbour, passenger transit area, cargo shed • The works and implementation for all activities will take approximately 4-5 months • The labour needs will be approximately 35-40 workers (local and foreign) • Will plan to source workers locally, first, then utilise their foreign workers • Kaupule estimates that they can provide 15 skilled and 30 unskilled workers for the duration of the project • Potential workers camp and project offices will be sited in the morning with the Kaupule • Installation of toilets and water tanks will be assessed for the workers camp • Potential laydown and stockpile sites will also be sited tomorrow morning • Kaupule will also show potential roads that will be priority for the Geo-cell Roads

Project Site Visits with Nanumaga Kaupule (Tues 19 Jun)

• The site visit began at the potential site visit for the Passenger Transit area and the Cargo shed: o The site is located behind the co-operative supermarket o May include the previous land used for copra storage, currently existing foundation only o The area is priority #1 for the Kaupule • Visit to potential workers camp

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o First visit was to an existing church hall used for Sunday school and church building office o 2nd site was a damaged medical clinic that included 3 buildings, water and tolilet facilities ▪ This location will need to be refurbished by the contractor, costed, and budgeted ▪ This location appears to be ideal for a workers camp, outside of the main village as to not bother villagers/locals from workers noise ▪ As a social support from the project, the refurbished clinic can be used by the community as additional accommodation after Project completion ▪ The community has agreed to in-kind support to help clean the area for arrival and refurbishment of the contractor • Visit to potential Laydown and stock-pile areas o First site was an existing stock-pile area with mangroves growing all around this area. The Kaupule willing to cut down the mangroves to fit the stock-pile and lay down areas o 2nd site was on the property of Mr. Lapana Tne, Kaupule member. ▪ This area was considered an ideal space, large enough for the laydown and stock-pile areas ▪ No mangroves will need to be removed ▪ Far enough from waterways ▪ Potentially coconut trees will need to be removed ▪ Due diligence on land will need to be completed to confirm ownership ▪ Land lease for at least 6-12 months will need to be considered for the project life-cycle • Review of potential Geo-cell road sites o To be considered and agreed upon with the Nanumaga Kaupule and community members

Nanumaga Community Consultations (Wed 20 Jun)

• Community Consultations were well attended by approximately 60 members of the Kaupule and community members • Vete Sakaio, acted as the interpreter for the consultations • Presentations were given by Malakai Kaufusi, Social Safeguards, Kate Walker, Environmental Safeguards, and Robert Hancock, Cardno Design Engineer • Community comments include: o Contractor needs to bring in water needs for project o No Sand or aggregate to be used o Cargo truck requested to be part of the project o Women group craft and food area for the Passenger Transit Area o Reservations on the clinic at the old medical clinic raised by one community member. General discussion around that leading to decision to discuss at monthly Falekaupule meeting. Majority are in favour of that site. o Supports the suggested laydown stock-pile area (Lapana’s Land Area) o What is the timeline, early 2020 o Copra shed considerations Harbour Design Comments

o If truck is not working, than design should account for other options to unload cargo without a truck o Design is customized for Nanumaga o Surface of harbour should be maintained for no slippage of passengers o Channel width will increase from 10m to 16m

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Nanumaga Kaupule Wrap-up (Thurs 21 Jun)

• Kaupule was happy with the Mission and the understanding of works and process of the project • Kaupule mentioned that the community was aware of the team and the time spent working and getting measurements and provided positive feedback about the team for the time spent in the villages of Tonga and Tokelau. • Kaupule mentioned that the community are very pleased to see a design be developed customised for the location and not a pre-determined concept. • Kaupule mentioned that other project teams just spend 4-5 hours on the island and appreciated our commitment to the Nanumaga community and spending over 4 days

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