METRO RAIL LIMITED (KMRL) (WATER METRO PROJECT)

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR FOR KOCHI WATER METRO PROJECT (Study Period: January 2018 to March 2018)

Final EIA Report

WAPCOS LIMITED (A Government of Undertaking) 76 C, Sector 18, Gurgaon – 122015, Haryana. Tel. +91-124-2397396, Email: [email protected] Sl. No. 163, NABET Accredited Consultant FEBRUARY 2019

EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL 1-1 1.2 PROJECT LOCATION 1-1 1.3 NEED FOR THE PROJECT 1-2 1.4 NEED FOR THE EIA STUDY 1-3 1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE EIA STUDY 1-3 1.6 STUDY AREA 1-4 1.7 STAGES IN AN EIA STUDY 1-6 1.8 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT 1-8 CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 GENERAL 2-1 2.2 EXISTING FERRY SYSTEM IN KOCHI 2-1 2.3 EXISTING JETTY INFRASTRUCTURE 2-2 2.4 INTEGRATED WATER TRANSPORT FOR KOCHI 2-3 2.5 BATHYMETRY 2-3 2.6 PROJECT DETAILS 2-4 2.7 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES TO BE CARRIED OUT FOR THE PROJECT 2-8 2.8 TERMINAL BUILDING & OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE 2-8 2.8.1 Intelligent Transportation and Navigation System 2-15 2.8.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) 2-15 2.8.3 Passenger Information System (PIS) 2-15 2.8.4 Master Clock 2-16 2.8.5 CCTV inside boats and at jetties / Hubs 2-16 2.8.6 Automatic Fare Collection System 2-16 2.8.7 Operation Control Centre 2-16 2.8.8 Non-Motorised Transport Plan 2-17 2.8.9 Disabled Friendly Access 2-17 2.8.10 Tactile Paving – Guiding and warning tiles 2-17 2.8.11 Disabled Friendly Access – ramps 2-17 2.8.12 Public Bike Sharing / Rent-a-bicycle scheme 2-17 2.8.13 Feeder Service Development 2-17 2.8.14 Parking Provisions 2-18 2.8.15 Elevated Walkways for multi-modal integration 2-18 2.8.16 Signages 2-18

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2.8.17 Street Safety Provisions 2-18 2.8.18 Street Lights 2-18 2.8.19 Landscaping and Street Furniture 2-18 2.8.20 Area Development Initiatives 2-19 2.8.21 Property development at major boat hubs 2-19 2.8.22 Tourism 2-19 2.8.23 Development of Access Roads 2-19 2.8.24 Drainage 2-20 2.8.25 water consumption, sewage generation and treatment 2-20 2.9 FLOATING PONTOONS 2-22 2.10 BOATYARD / DEPOT 2-23

2.11 SHORE PROTECTION 2-23 2.12 DREDGING OF WATERWAYS 2-24 2.13 DUMPING AREA 2-26 2.14 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS 2-28 2.15 SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT 2-28 2.16 EMISSION DETAILS 2-29 2.17 ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENT 2-29 2.18 LAND ACQUSITION 2-30 2.19 CAPITAL COST 2-30 2.20 DETAILS OF SOLAR/ ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES 2-31 2.21 MANPOWER 2-31 2.22 FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT 2-32 2.23 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK 2-32 CHAPTER-3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 3.1 GENERAL 3-1 3.2 METEOROLOGY 3-1 3.3 MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF THE PROJECT SITE 3-6 3.4 GEOLOGY 3-7 3.5 SEISMICITY 3-10 3.6 OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITION 3-11 3.7 LANDUSE PATTERN 3-12 3.8 SOIL QUALITY 3-15 3.9 GROUND WATER QUALITY 3-17 3.10 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 3-20 3.11 AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS 3-30

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3.12 TERRESTRIAL FLORA 3-32 3.13 FAUNA 3-38 3.14 MANGALAVANAM BIRD SANCTUARY 3-40 3.15 COCHIN BACKWATERS 3-43 3.16 AQUATIC ECOLOGY SURVEY 3-44 3.16.1 Materials and Methods 3-46 3.16.2 Water Quality Analysis 3-48 3.16.3 Soil Texture 3-54 3.16.4 Heavy Metals 3-55 3.16.5 Phytoplankton 3-60 3.16.6 Zooplankton 3-66 3.16.7 Benthic Organisms 3-70 3.16.8 Species Diversity 3-77 3.16.9 Fish and Fishery 3-78 3.16.10 Mangrove 3-80 3.16.11 Aquaculture and Cage Culture 3-83 3.16.12 Avifauna 3-83 3.16.13 Seaweed 3-83 3.16.14 Sea Grass 3-83 3.16.15 Turtles 3-83 3.16.16 Pearl Oysters 3-83 3.16.17 Coral Reef 3-83 3.16.18 Dolphins 3.83 3.17 ARCHEOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT AREA 3.84 3.18 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS 3.85

CHAPTER-4 IMPACT ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4-1 4.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE 4-1 4.2.1 Impact on Land Environment 4-2 4.2.2 Impact on Water Environment 4-4 4.2.3 Impact on Marine Ecology 4-8 4.2.4 Impacts on Ambient Air Quality 4-10 4.2.5 Impacts on Noise environment 4-11 4.2.6 Impacts on socio-economic environment 4-15 4.2.7 Impacts on Archaeology and Heritage 4-15

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4.3 IMPACTS DURING PROJECT OPERATION PHASE 4-15 4.3.1 Impacts on Land environment 4-15 4.3.2 Impacts on Water Environment 4-16 4.3.3 Impacts on Aquatic Ecology 4-19 4.3.4 Impacts on Noise Environment 4-20 4.3.5 Impacts on Air Environment 4-20 4.3.6 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment 4-21 CHAPTER-5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.1 GENERAL 5-1 5.2 EMP FOR CONSTRUCTION PHASE 5-1 5.2.1 Land environment 5-1 5.2.2 Water Environment 5-2 5.2.3 Air Environment 5-3 5.2.4 Noise Control Measures 5-5 5.2.5 Provision of Free Fuel 5-6 5.2.6 Lake Ecology 5-7 5.2.7 Control of Impacts Dredging on Aquatic Environment 5-7 5.2.8 Dredge Disposal Plan 5-9 5.2.9 Management of Solid Waste 5-10 5.2.10 Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles 5-10 5.2.11 Fire Fighting Equipment 5-11 5.2.12 Public Health 5-12 5.2.13 Safety Practices during Construction phase 5-13 5.2.14 Occupational health and safety at construction site and Labour camps 5-13 5.3 EMP FOR IMPLEMENTATION DURING OPERATION PHASE 5-15 5.3.1 Control of Air pollution 5-15 5.3.2 Control of Water Pollution 5-15 5.3.3 Jetty related wastes 5-16 5.3.4 Fire and Safety Management 5-17 5.3.5 Rain Water Harvesting 5-17 5.3.6 Storm water management 5-17 5.3.7 Greenbelt Development 5-18 5.3.8 Socio-Economic Aspects 5-20 5.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF EMP 5-21 5.4.1 Constitution of Environmental Management Cell 5-21 5.4.2 Summary of Generic and Site-Specific ESMP 5-21

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5.5 CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILTY (CER) 5-30 CHAPTER – 6 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION PLAN 6.1 INTRODUCTION 6-1 6.2 OBJECTIVES 6-1 6.3 WORLD BANK’S SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS POLICIES 6-1 6.4 THE RIGHT TO FAIR COMPENSATION AND TRANSPARENCY IN LAND ACQUISITION, REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT ACT, 2013 (RTFCTLARRA) 6-2 6.5 THE RIGHT TO FAIR COMPENSATION AND TRANSPARENCY IN LAND ACQUISITION, REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT, (), RULES, 2015 6-4 6.6 R&R POLICY OF RAIL LIMITED 6-5 6.7 DETAILS OF ACQUISITION FOR KWMP 6-10 6.8 MEASURES FOR RESETTLEMENT 6-12 6.9 MEASURES FOR REHABILITATION 6-14 6.10 BUDGET 6-18

CHAPTER-7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES 7.1 GENERAL 7-1 7.2 HTL/LTL DEMARCATION 7-1 7.3 STUDY ON IMPACT OF DREDGING ON SHORELINE CHANGES 7-7 7.4 SILTATION STUDIES 7-8 7.5 MATHEMATICAL MODEL STUDIES FOR DUMPING LOCATIONS 7-9 7.6 MARINE BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN 7-9 7.7 RISK AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN 7-15 7.7.1 Risk/Hazard Identification Process 7-15 7.7.2 Disaster Management 7-36

CHAPTER-8 PROJECT BENEFITS

CHAPTER-9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 9.1 THE NEED 9-1 9.2 AREAS OF CONCERN 9-1 9.3 MARINE WATER AND SEDIMENT QUALITY 9-1 9.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY 9-3 9.5 NOISE 9-4 9.6 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 9-4

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CHAPTER – 10 COST ESTIMATES 10.1 BUDGET FOR EMP 10-1 10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 10-1

CHAPTER – 11 PUBLIC HEARING PROCEEDINGS 11.1 GENERAL 11-1 11.2 ISSUES RAISED BY THE PARTICIPANTS DURING PUBLIC HEARING 11-1

CHAPTER – 12 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS INVOLVED IN THE EIA STUDY

ANNEXURES Annexure-I: Terms Reference (TOR) for the EIA study was issued by MoEF&CC Annexure-II: Compliance Statement of TOR Annexure-III: High Tide Line/Low Tide Line demarcation. Annexure-IV: Modelling Study report by IIT Chennai

APPENDIX Appendix-1: Declaration of WAPCOS Limited (Consultant) Appendix-2: NABET certificate of WAPCOS Limited. Appendix-3: NABL Certificate of the lab Appendix-4: Consent to Establish from Pollution Control Board Appendix-5: Recommendation from KCZMA Appendix-6: Notice for Public Hearing Appendix-7: Public hearing proceedings along with the attendance sheet Appendix-8: Written representations given by various stakeholders and their replies

PHOTO GALLARY

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure-1.1: Project Location map Figure-1.2: Study Area Map Figure-2.1: Integrated Water Transport and Metro System Figure-2.2: Identified Routes for Kochi Water Metro Project Figure-2.3: Layout of High Court - Major Terminal Figure-2.4: Layout of Vypeen - Intermediate Terminal Figure-2.5: Layout of - Minor Terminal Figure-2.6: Schematic Drawing for the Floating Jetty Figure-2.7: Dredge Disposal Location Map Figure-2.8: Project Implementation Schedule Figure-3.1: Month wise Rainfall Variation in Project Area Figure-3.2: Month wise Temperature Variation in Project Area Figure-3.3: Month-wise Humidity Variation in Project Area Figure-3.4: Wind Rose Diagram for the Year (IMD Kochi) Figure-3.5: Wind Rose Diagram for the study period Figure-3.6: Geology and mineral resources of . Figure-3.7: Geomorphology and landuse of Ernakulam. Figure-3.8: Seismic Zoning Map Figure-3.9: FCC of the study area Figure-3.10: Classified Imaginary of Study Area Figure-3.11: Soil Sampling Locations Figure-3.12: Ground water Sampling Locations Figure-3.13: Ambient Air Quality monitoring stations Figure-3.14: Location of Magalavanam Bird Sanctuary respect to project site Figure-3.15: Phytoplankton density. Figure-3.16: Zooplankton density Figure-3.17: Benthos density of the project Area Figure -3.18: Demographic profile in the study area villages Figure-3.19: Caste profile in the study area villages Figure-3.20: Literacy profile in the study area villages Figure-3.21: Occupational profile in the study area villages Figure-7.1: Accretion values of Various location

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LIST OFTABLES Table-2.1: Water Depths at Terminal Locations Table-2.2: Identified Routes for Kochi Water Metro Project Table-2.3: Daily Ridership along the identified 15 routes. Table-2.4: Categorization of Various Terminals Table-2.5: Terminal wise area details Table-2.6: Daily water demand and sewage generated at each terminal Table-2.7: Details of dredging quantities Table-2.8: Details of Dumping Location Table-2.9: Details of construction material required for the project Table-2.10: Capital Cost Estimation (Unit: Rs. Crore) Table-3.1: Monthly Rainfall for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) Station at Kochi Table-3.2: Average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures at IMD station Kochi Table-3.3: Monthly average relative humidity for the IMD Station at Kochi Table- 3.4: Summary of Wind Pattern – IMD Kochi Table-3.5: Details of Cloud in Kochi Table-3.6: Details of number of Days With Visibility Table-3.7: Micrometeorological Data for the Study Area (January to March 2018) Table-3.8: Landuse pattern of the study area Table-3.9: Soil Sampling Location Table-3.10: Results of Soil Quality Table-3.11: Ground Water Sampling Locations Table-3.12: Ground Water Sampling Results Table-3.13: Location of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations Table-3.14: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-1 Table-3.15: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-2 Table-3.16: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-3 Table-3.17: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-4 Table-3.18: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-5 Table-3.19: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-6 Table- 3.20: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring Table- 3.21: National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS) Table-3.22: List of Noise monitoring stations Table-3.23: Ambient Noise Level in the study area [Unit: dB(A)] Table-3.24: Ambient Noise Standards Table- 3.25: List of plant species reported in the study area

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Table-3.26: List of medicinal plants recorded in the study area during field study Table- 3.27: List of faunal species reported in the study area Table-3.28: Butterflies reported in the study area Table-3.29: Avi-faunal species observed in Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary and Study Area Table-3.30: The geographical locations of the sampling stations Table-3.31: Results of water quality analysis Table-3.32: Soil texture analysis Table-3.33: Heavy metals concentration in water and sediment samples of Cochin back waters Table-3.34 A: Phytoplankton abundance and density

Table-3.34 B: Phytoplankton abundance and density

Table-3.34 C: Phytoplankton abundance and density

Table-3.35 A: Zooplankton abundance and density

Table-3.35 B: Zooplankton abundance and density

Table-3.35 C: Zooplankton abundance and density

Table-3.36 A: Benthos density of the project Area Table-3.36 B: Benthos density of the project Area Table-3.36 C: Benthos density of the project Area Table-3.37: Diversity & Eveness indeces Table-3.38: Identified fish species from Cochin backwaters Table-3.39: Species composition and occurrence of Mangroves in different stations of Cochin back water Table-3.40: List of Avifauna recorded in Cochin backwaters Table-3.41: Demographic profile in the study area villages Table-3.42: Caste profile in the study area villages Table-3.43: Distribution of literate and illiterate population in study area villages Table-3.44: Occupational profile in the study area villages Table 4.1: Identification of Activities & Probable Impacts during Construction Phase

Table-4.2: Details of Construction Material

Table-4.3: Typical composition of untreated sewage

Table-4.4: Details of dredging & Dumping Location

Table-4.5: Fuel combustion during construction phase

Table-4.6: Short-term (24 hr) increase in concentration of SO2 (g/m3)

Table-4.7: Average noise levels generated by the operation of various equipment

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Table-4.8: Predicted noise levels due to the operation of various construction equipment

Table-4.9: Increase in noise levels due to increased vehicular movement

Table-4.10: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA

Table-4.11: Details of Water Consumption & Sewerage Generation

Table-4.12: Reduction in pollution emissions after project commissioning

Table-5.1: Cost estimate for sanitation facilities in labour camps

Table-5.2: Cost estimate for LPG distribution

Table-5.3: Details of dredging & Dumping Location

Table-5.4: Cost Estimates For Solid Waste Management

Table-5.5: Analysis of fire hazard in the construction of these camps, and other facilities

Table-5.6: Details of potential hazard and suggested remedial measures

Table-5.7: Plant species recommended for greenbelt development

Table-5.8: The mangrove species recommended for plantation in the mangrove planting area of the project

Table-5.9: Generic EMP for Development of Jetties and allied facilities for KWMP

Table-5.10: Cost towards the Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER)

Table-6.1: Entitlement Matrix for the fixation of land value as per RTFCTLARRA 2013

Table-6.2: Entitlement Matrix for Rehabilitation and Resettlement as per RTFCTLARRA 2013 & KMRL Policy

Table-6.3: Details of acquisition for KWMP

Table-6.4: Provisions for Resettlement Plan for families losing homestead

Table-6.5: Market value of land

Table-6.6: Provisions for Rehabilitation Plan for families losing Livelihood

Table-6.7: Budget for implementation of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan

Table-7.1: CRZ categorization of the Jetty Locations

Table-7.2: CRZ categorization of the Dumping Locations

Table-7.3: CRZ categorization of the Dredging area

Table-7.4: CRZ Categorization for the Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-7.5: Shoreline Change due to erosion and accretion

Table-7.6: Classification of Frequency of Hazard Occurrence

Table-7.7: Hazard Severity Level

Table-7.8: Safety Risk Matrix

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Table-7.9: Risk Rating

Table-10.1: Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan

Table-10.2: Summary of cost estimates required for implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase

Table-10.3: Summary of cost estimate required for implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase

Table-11.1: List of Experts involved in the EIA study

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL), a Joint Venture Company of Government of India (GoI) and Government of Kerala (GoK), has been mandated to pursue the integration of various modes of transport and establishment of Unified Metropolitan Transportation Authority (UMTA) in line with the directives of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. KMRL has established the Kochi Water Metro Project (KWMP) for development of a modern water transport system for the Greater Cochin region under the UMTA. This shall bring substantial and dynamic improvement in the water transport scenario of Kochi. The main focus of the project is developing a sustainable Integrated Water Transportation System for Kochi city, meeting people’s expectations as per international standards and aims to integrate the system with other modes of transport including the metro system over a period of time with an integrated fare and integrated timetable. 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK As per EIA Notification issued by MoEF&CC on 14thSeptember 2006, application for PRIOR Environmental Clearance was submitted to MoEF&CC vide letter dated 15.04.2017. The Draft Terms of Reference was discussed in the EAC (Infra-2) meeting held on 26-28 July 2017 and approval of Terms Reference (TOR) for the EIA study was issued by MoEF&CC vide letter No.10-39/2017-IA-III dated 18.08.2017. The same was amended in the the 38th Meeting of Expert Appraisal Committee (Infra-2) held on 6-8 February, 2019 3. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 Existing Ferry System in Kochi In the present scenario, the ferries have an average trip length of 8.9 km as compared to the average trip length of 14.0 km for public transport, hence, the proposed KWMP is essential for people’s movement between the islands and the mainland. Currently the KSWTD is the main service provider of the water transport system in Kochi besides the various private operators and localised jangar services. However, the water transport system has been in decline over the last few decades, with minimal investment and less technological Upgradation. The existing jetty infrastructure is deteriorated at many locations. The jetty areas are dark and not safe for public use in the evening. These jetty locations lack a proper transit supportive infrastructure, which has been cited by the boat users and other people living in the influence areas, as one of the reasons for decreasing use of boats as the access is not safe, convenient and appealing. 3.2 Proposed Activity The proposed project recommends fifteen (15) identified routes connecting thirty eight (38) terminals across ten (10) island communities across 78.2 km channel length and 2 boatyards. KMRL is proposing to take up development of 7 additional terminals (Info Park (3 no.s), , , View Point and Embarkation jetty) as a social initiative. The identified routes and jetties are as given in the table below and represented in Table-1& shown in Figure-1. Table-1: Identified Routes for Kochi Water Metro Project Route Origin Destination Route Description Route No. Length (km) 1 High Court High Court - Vypeen - Fort Kochi 4.04 2 Vytilla Infopark Vytilla - Eroor - (2019) + 8.33

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Route Origin Destination Route Description Route No. Length (km) Infopark (in future beyond 2021) 3 High Court High Court – Wellingdon Island (Ferry 5.04 Side) - Mattancherry 4 Ernakulam Ernakulam - High Court - Bolgatty - 9.29 Thanthonithurth - Ponnarimangalam - Mulavukad Hospital - Mulavukad Panchayat - Mulavukad North – Korumkotta- Vaduthala - South Chittoor- Moolampilly 5 High Court Kumbhalam High Court - Ernakulam - – 9.21 Kumbhalam 6 Fort Kochi Mattancherry Fort Kochi - Wellingdon Island (Ferry 3.18 Side) - Mattancherry 7 Ernakulam Vypeen Ernakulam - Embarkation Jetty - Fort 4.67 Kochi - Vypeen 8 Vytilla Edakochi - Kumbhalam - Netoor - 9.37 Thykoodam - Vytilla 9 EdaKochi Vypeen Edakochi - Thoppumpady - 11.94 Mattancherry - Wellingdon Island (Ferry Side) - Fort Kochi - Vypeen 10 Moolampilly Cheranalloor Moolampilly- South Chittoor - 5.35 Molampilly - - Chennur - - Cheranalloor 11 Cheranalloor Varapuzha Cheranalloor - -Varapuzha 1.56 12 Moolampilly Njarackal Moolampilly-South Chittoor - 6.06 Moolampilly - Pizhala - Paliyamthuruth - Kadamakudy– Njarackal 13 Moolampilly Thundathumkadav Moolampilly-South Chittoor - Pizhala 3.69 u – Chariyamthuruth - Thundathumkadavu 14 Njarackal High Court Njarackal - - 12.4 Mulavukad View Point - High Court 15 Pizhala Amritha Hospital Pizhala - Aster Medicity - Amrita 3.67 Hospital.

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Figure-1: Identified Routes for Kochi Water Metro Project.

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Most of the terminal sites identified are adjacent to the existing terminals. The new and renovated jetties are proposed to be developed in a phased manner. In terms of passenger carrying capacity, two types of air-conditioned boats have been proposed, with a capacity of 50 and 100 passenger seating arrangement. The boats are equipped with passenger information systems and chairs. About 78 boats will operate for the project. The other infrastructure facilities to be provided in the terminal is given below.  Development of Access Roads  Non-Motorised Transport Plan  Disabled Friendly Access  Tactile Paving – Guiding and warning tiles  Disabled Friendly Access – ramps  Public Bike Sharing/Rent-a bicycle scheme  Feeder Service Development  Parking Provisions  Allied Infrastructure  Elevated Walkways for multi-modal Integration  Signage  Street Safety Provisions  Street Lights  Landscaping and Street Furniture  Intelligent Transportation and Navigation System  Operation Control Centre  Area Development Initiatives  Property development at major boat hubs  Water Front Development

3.3 Dredging Plan Most of the proposed waterway comes under the National Waterways-3 which is being maintained regularly by Inland Waterways Authority of India. The water depths in main channel and approach areas is considered as -2.5 m CD in highly silting areas and -1.5 m CD in other areas. Dredging is only required in approach area and jetty pockets in most of the locations. The total quantity of capital dredging is 6,49,367 m3. Long boom excavators will load the dredged material to barges in most of the locations and the dredged material will be carried to the disposal locations. Cutter suction dredgers will be used in 1 or 2 routes. Maintenance dredging is assessed as 0.375 million cum/yr. The average dredge volume is expected to be 0.23 Mm3/yr .The average dredge quantity is expected to stabilize and thereby reduce over the years to around 0.12 Mm3/yr. Dredging is proposed to be carried out mainly at the berthing area and approach channel areas. 3.4 DUMPING AREA The total quantity of the dredge material will be 6,49,367 cum. The dredged silt/mud shall be disposed at identified disposal areas such as Varapuzha island, , open sea, etc.

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4. ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS The Study Area for the EIA Report encompasses the entire area within a radius of 10 km of the project area. The Baseline Status of various environmental parameters in the Study Area is described in the following paragraphs. 4.1 Meteorology Primary and secondary Meteorological data with respect to wind speed, wind direction, temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, visibility, etc., was collected to represent the Kochi area. The average annual rainfall is reported as 3014.8 mm, and most of which is received in the period from May to October under the influence of south-west monsoons. The mean monthly maximum temperature ranged from 29.5°C in August to 33.0°C in April and the mean monthly minimum temperature ranged from 23.0°C in January to 25.9°C in April. 4.2 Land-use Pattern The land use pattern of the Study Area has been studied using satellite data dated 24.02.2018. The major land-use category is “water body” accounting for about 40.32% of the total Study Area. The area under vegetation and Open land is about 16.69% and 25.66% respectively of the study area. The area is densely populated, the area under Built-up land/settlements account for about 16.15% of the total area. Area under agricultural land is only 1.18% the study area. The land use pattern of the land identified for terminals is non –agricultural. 4.3 Ambient Air Quality 3 The average concentration of PM10 at various stations ranged from 166 to 81.4 g/m at various locations. The average concentration of PM2.5 at various stations monitored ranged from 91.8 to 18.8 µg/m3.The increase in the concentration may because of the construction and vehicular movement in that area. During the study period, average NO2 concentration at various sampling stations ranged from 2.4 to 17.8 µg/m3. Various observed that SO2, Ozone, Ammonia, Benzene, Benzo Pyrene, Arsenic and Nickel was found to be below detectable limit during the field survey. 4.4 Ambient Noise Levels Ambient Noise Levels were monitored at various locations in the Study Area. The day time equivalent noise level ranged from a minimum of 56.2 dB(A) to a maximum of 61.2 dB(A). 4.5 Marine Ecology The Maine Ecology and Biodiversity assessment and preparation of Biodiversity Management Plan has been prepared by the centre of advanced study in marine biology faculty of marine sciences annamalai university, Tamil Nadu. As a part of the study collected the baseline data on water and sediment quality, Maine Ecology and Biodiversity from 41 locations in the study area in the month of February and March 2018.Findings of the study are summarised as below:  Sediment was largely dominated by clay material. Temperature of the seawater in the study area varied between 28.3-30.2oC and salinity was on higher side for the estuarine conditions and values varied between 2 to 27 ppt. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) varied in a very narrow range between (4.0 to 6.1 mg/l) both for surface and bottom waters suggesting well mixed oxygen conditions. pH of the surface and bottom water varied between 7.2 to 8.6.  Chlorophyll (Chl) a is an indicator of the algal biomass in a water body. chlorophyll a concentration was higher in all the station its values ranged between 2.11 and 9.32µg/L. The concentration of Phaeophytin ranged between 1.10 and

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4.64 µg/L.  A total of 39 species of phytoplankton were recorded from this area The phytoplankton density ranged between 68083 and 142703 cells/L.  The zooplankton community is generally considered as the chief index of utilization of aquatic biotope. In the present study, a total of 27 species were recorded from 41 stations. The Zooplankton density ranged between 10483 and 28431 org./m3.  The coastal and estuarine biological communities, especially the benthic assemblages are routinely being used as indicators of ecosystem health. . In the present study, a total of 42 benthic organisms were collected from 41 different locations of Cochin back waters. Among the 42 species 25 were polychaete, two amphipod, 10 bivalves and five insect larvae. The density of benthic organisms ranged between 637 and 4022 org./m2.  The fish assemblages and fish catch data are traditionally used as indicators of ecosystem health. Being a navigational channel area, large-scale commercial fishery is not conducted within the study area. In the present study, a total of 33 species were identified from Cochin backwaters. Among them Oreochromis mossambicus are Anguilla bicolor are coming under the category of Near Threatened as per IUCN status remaining species are under the category of Least concern and Not evaluate. Mangrove The small mangrove patches scattered in the Cochin backwaters. The major species recorded in these areas are Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Excoecaria agallocha, Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Bruguiera cylindrical, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris. Among them Avicennia is the dominant one. In most of the site selected for jetty construction is without any mangrove patches except few site having stunted single individual plant. In Tevara jetty Location Avicennia is dominent, in the locations Thoppumpady, Thonthoni thuruthu, Kadamakudi, Amritha stunted individual plants are present.Along the waterfront of Tevara Jetty, there is already KSINC jetty in operation, On the landside, KSINC office, workshops and fueling facility exists. The proposed terminal facilites are planned in such a way that they do not affect the mangroves. 4.6 Fisheries In the present study a total of 33 species of fin fishes and eight shell fishes are reported from one time collection during summer 2018. But totally 150 species of fishes belonging to 100 genes belongs 56 families were identified from Cochin Backwater areas. 4.7 Socio-Economic Aspects The information on socio-economic aspects has been extracted from Primary Census Abstract 2011. The total Study Area comprises 11 in sub- Kochi, Paravur and . The total population in the study area villages is of the order of 572120 persons as per Census of India 2011. 5. ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS& MITIGATION MEASURES Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to occur as a result of the execution and operation of the proposed project have been identified. 5.1 Impact on Land Environment Construction phase

WAPCOS Limited 6 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Pre-construction activities include the clearing, stripping and leveling of sites, construction of approach roads, earth filling and excavation for foundations etc. and may lead to some impacts on land environment.  Proposed site needs to be levelled for construction of jetty and backup facilities.  Clearing, stripping and levelling the sites, earth filling, excavation for foundations and construction activities would result in generation of debris and construction wastes.  There is no major vegetation on the land to be acquired for the proposed sites and no Significance impact.  The solid waste generated from the Labour camps solid wastes generated will contain mainly vegetable matter followed by paper, cardboard, packaging materials, wood boards, polythene. Mitigation measures:  To the extent possible material from the cutting of the slopes on the proposed sites shall be used for levelling and reclamation.  On completion of construction activities, surplus materials, debris, discarded boxes, containers, drums etc; will be removed from the site and disposed in designated disposal site.  Solid waste management at labour camps shall be based on the principle of reduce, reuse and recycle and adequate facilities for collection and conveyance of the solid waste. Operation Phase  The operation of the proposed jetty will provide an impetus to the mushrooming of secondary and tertiary activities in the area. The project would stimulate lot of ancillary developments like shops, restaurant, etc. in and around the terminal sites. This will lead to conversion of barren land into commercial use near to the jetties.  The solid waste generation is envisaged during operation phase could be the disposal of garbage or solid waste generated from various sources. The solid waste generated shall mainly comprise packaging, polythene or plastic materials etc. Mitigation measures:  Adequate facilities for collection, conveyance and disposal of solid waste will be developed. Provisions shall be made to separately store the degradable and non- degradable solid waste

5.2 Impact on Water Environment Construction phase

WAPCOS Limited 7 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 About 200 persons would be staying in labour camps. The sewage generated would be of the order of 50.4 m3/day from the labour camp. The disposal of sewage without treatment could lead to significant problems related to water pollution and public health. The disposal of sewage without treatment can cause problems of odour and water pollution.  During construction phase, the domestic wastes generated will contain mainly vegetable matter followed by paper, cardboard, packaging materials, wood boards, polythene, sewage and other liquid wastes etc. may find their way into water bodies.  The dredging and other construction activities normally increase the turbidity levels in the water column. The change in water-column turbidity during dredging is a short-term impact. The increase in turbidity lasts as long as the material is being dredged. The turbidity level returns to the pre-project level after the dredging operations.  About 1.47 lakh cum material shall be dumped in the open sea. Detailed numerical model studies have been carried out reveals that the dredge dispersion appears to be not so alarming due to a low discharge quantity.

Mitigation measures:  Proper sanitation facilities including the community toilets with mobile sewage treatment plant. Facilities for potable drinking water shall be developed for the work force involve during construction phase.  Proper sanitation facilities including the community toilets with mobile sewage treatment plant.  Solid waste management shall be based on the principle of reduce, reuse and recycle and adequate facilities for collection and conveyance of municipal wastes generated at each post shall be developed. Garbage bins will be kept for collection of solid waste at appropriate locations at each construction site.  Solid waste will be disposed off at designated landfill sites to be identified in consultation with local administration.  Cutter suction dredger and excavators will be used for dredging which generate less turbidity relative to other types of dredger.  The spillage of material (sediment) from the vessel bucket and dredged area into the surrounding water will be minimized by using trained operators.  All dredging equipment and barges will be maintained in good working condition.  Hopper door seals will be maintained in proper condition to ensure minimum loss of sediment during transport.  Dredging operations will be timed to coincide with favorable “weather/tidal” and current conditions so as to ensure that sediment plume travels towards environmentally non sensitive zone.  Timing of dredging operations shall be scheduled to avoid fish breeding season.  Suction heads at the end of pipes will be kept above the bed when not in operation to prevent any bed disturbance. Operation phase

WAPCOS Limited 8 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 The total water required for passengers and staff expected as 130.52 KLD. The sewage that would be generated from these terminals would be about 80% of the water demand. Sewage generated is expected to be 104.42 KLD.  During the operational phase with additional facilities there will be increased activities of Boat movement in the region. All these activities may have impacts on aquatic life.  One of the main concerns over dredging and dumping of sediments for maintenance dredging is the suspension of fine sediments into the water column, causing temporary increases in turbidity.  As there is no significant fishing zones reported in the vicinity of the proposed jetties, and considering the low fish catch at Vypeen known to involve in fishing activity no significant impact are envisaged on the fisheries from the proposed project. Mitigation measures  Suitable waste water treatment measures will be provided for the treatment of domestic sewerage from the jetty premises.  The major source of water pollution in the proposed project shall be the accidental spills, which may occur during bunkering operations. To combat oil pollution near the jetty, portable oil skimmers should be available at the berth  The levelling and reclamation plan will be carefully examined prior to the commencement of the construction activities in the area.  Cutter suction dredger and excavators will be used for dredging which generate less turbidity relative to other types of dredger.  Dredging operations will be timed to coincide with favorable “weather/tidal” and current conditions so as to ensure that sediment plume travels towards environmentally non sensitive zone.  Timing of dredging operations shall be scheduled to avoid fish breeding season.

5.3 Impacts on Ambient Air Quality Construction phase  The potential source of air quality impact arising from the establishment/ construction of the proposed project is fugitive dust generation.  The combustion of diesel various construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase. Mitigation measures:  All the vehicles must have valid PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site.  All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from Kerala Pollution Control Board and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts.  All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the quarry sites to the construction site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of fugitive emissions. If any of the road stretches cannot be blacktopped or paved, then adequate arrangements shall be made to spray water on such stretches of the road.

WAPCOS Limited 9 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Suitable barriers shall be provided around construction sites to mitigate air pollution. Operation Phase  During project operation phase, major activity would be passenger service. The propulsion of the boats will be diesel-electric. At normal operating speeds, the boats would operate with the help of batteries and there would not be any fuel consumption. Mitigation measures:  Vehicles will be turned off when not used for extended periods of time.  Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and around the project area. 5.4 Impacts on Noise Environment Construction phase  Noise during construction phase are due to operation of various construction equipment.  There will be significant increase in vehicular movement for transportation of construction material. Mitigation measures:  Vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.  Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever possible.  Notification will be given to residents within 100 m of jetty noise generating activities. The notification will describe the noise abatement measures that will be implemented.  Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during construction phase of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined acceptable noise levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s) to stop work and remedy the situation prior to continuing construction.  The construction acitivities shall be limited to day time. Suitable barriers shall be provided around construction sites. Operation phase:  No adverse impacts on noise environment are anticipated during operation phase of proposed project as only passenger boat movement is involved. 5.5 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment Construction phase  Generation of temporary employment opportunities and would temporarily increase the income levels of the local population.  Local businessmen will get opportunity to supply construction materials. The demand generated from the employees working at site for basic facilities will increase the local business opportunities in the area. Any development, either temporary or permanent will support the family of many villagers. Operation phase:  In addition to direct employment, operation phase would also lead to generation of direct and indirect employment opportunities and would increase the income levels of the local population.

WAPCOS Limited 10 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 In the operation phase, project would lead to mushrooming of various allied activities. This will lead to marginal improvement in the employment scenario, which is a positive impact.  Improvement in communications and transportation facilities.  Development in transportation facilities will help the people to access the health, education and market facilities in the adjoining areas. This will be a positive impact. 6. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was delineated to ensure that the adverse impacts likely to accrue are altogether removed or minimized to the extent possible. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed project is classified into the following categories:  Land Environment  Water Environment  Air Environment  Control of Noise  Greenbelt Development  Socio-Economic Environment The key measures suggested as a part of the Environmental Management Plan are area listed as below:  Provision for drinking water  Provision of community toilets and septic tank  Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area.  Construction activities will be carried out in the confined manner to reduce the impacts on marine environment.  Construction waste including debris shall be disposed safely in the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the marine environment.  Spent engine oil to sold to registered re-cycled After selection of suitable and feasible environmental mitigation measures, the cost required for implementation of various environmental management measures has been estimated to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness. Summary of Environmental Management Plan is given in Table-2. Table-2: Summary of Environmental Management Plan Potential Implementing S. No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Impacts Pre-construction Stage 1 Clearances and (i) Secure regulatory clearances KMRL Approvals such as CRZ Clearance of CRZ rules , GoI (ii) Obtain planning permissions from relevant local planning authority and the local administration 2 Site clearance Site clearance shall be carried Contractor out to in such a way that the

WAPCOS Limited 11 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Potential Implementing S. No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Impacts clearance and grubbing waste is disposed immediately in the designated dumping site identified for the project. In no case the waste material shall not be disposed in the sea or any other sensitive environment components. Construction Stage 1. Establishment of  Should be identified by the Prospective Construction Camp contractor in a central point in Contractor and site office consultation with the people.  Layout of construction camp, including indicating various structures to be constructed such as the temporary structures to be put up, site roads, drainage, lighting, equipment storage units and other facilities, should be approved by Engineer-in- charge.  Construction camps should have separate toilets for male and female workers, drinking water, LPG cooking fuel, first aid facilities and waste disposal facilities. 2. Transportation of The contractor shall bring Contractor construction construction material only materials from approved quarries. Vehicles carrying construction materials shall be covered with Tarpaulin sheets to minimize fugitive dust during transportation 3. Ambient Air quality All the vehicles must have valid Contractor PUC certificates at all the time during construction phase of the project, Water sprinkling shall be done to suppress the dust emissions from the site. All the DG sets used for construction shall have valid consents from Kerala Pollution Control Board and shall have built-in stacks to reduce the air emission impacts. 4. Noise The construction materials Contractor shall be properly maintained

WAPCOS Limited 12 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Potential Implementing S. No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Impacts and barricades shall be provided around the site for reducing the noise levels. All the workers will be provided with personal protective equipment including ear plugs and other necessary provisions by the contractor. 5. Water The quality of water (marine, Contractor river and wastewater discharged from the labour camps) shall be analysed once in three months during construction, for its compliance to the disposal standards of pollution control authority. 6. Emergency First aid kits and emergency Contractor Management treatment facilities shall be provided by the contractor at the work sites, camp sites and all other ancillary facilities. 7. Greenbelt Green belt with adequate Contractor and development number of trees shall be KMRL developed and shall be maintained. 8. Marine Environment  Disturbance to marine Contractor environment during construction phase 9. Land Acquisition  Follow Right to Fair KMRL Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013 and Kerala Rules, 2015. (LARR Rules) Operation Stage 1 Monitoring Monitoring the operational KMRL Operational performance of the various Performance mitigation measures implemented in the project. 2 Water & Waste water Surface water, ground water, KMRL marine water and treated / untreated wastewater quality shall be analysed by on a quarterly basis 3. Air Environment Ambient air quality and DG stack KMRL monitoring shall be done once in a quarter. Water sprinkling for dust

WAPCOS Limited 13 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Potential Implementing S. No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Impacts suppression and Greenbelt development shall be carried out in the premises. Proper maintenance of boats shall be ensured to reduce emissions. 4. Noise DG sets with acoustic enclosures KMRL shall be deployed. 5. Solid Waste Solid waste from the site should KMRL be source segregated and collected into biodegradable & non-biodegradable waste. The biodegradable waste will be treated in organic waste converter (OWC) and used as manure, whereas the non biodegradable waste shall be sent to authorised recyclers. 6 Emergency First aid kits and emergency KMRL Management treatment facilities shall be maintained by the operating agency. Emergency work boat also available in case of emergency. Adequate fire extinguishers shall be provided in the premises with clear fire exit signals and sign boards are displayed for evacuation.

7. DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN The nature of the proposed project is such that these are minimal chances of accidents. The project operations do not entail any risk or hazard. DMP has been suggested for even remote possibility of emergency. 8. HTL/LTL DEMARCATION The CRZ mapping for the proposed project has been done by Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS), Anna University, Chennai. The CRZ mapping report includes the HTL/LTL map covering an area of 7 km radius from the project layouts, dumping locations of 1:4000 scale. The Jetties falls in CRZ IVB and jetty construction is a permitted activity. The terminal buildings and other associated facilities fall under CRZ II / III and are permitted activities. 9. SILTATION STUDIES Siltation studies for the navigation channel were conducted by IIT Chennai. Based on siltation study the average siltation rate in the vulnerable regions of the water metro route is about 7 cm per 14 days during monsoon and 4 cm per 14 days during non-monsoon months. Nearly 40% of the routes are getting silted up. The mouth of the inlet and channels of the Cochin harbour are exposed siltation of 0.04-0.07m/14 days. 10. MATHEMATICAL MODEL STUDIES FOR DUMPING LOCATIONS

WAPCOS Limited 14 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Detailed numerical model studies have been carried out to investigate the hydrodynamics of tides by IIT Chennai. Most of the dredged material will be disposed on land. However some quantity would be disposed in open sea as well as in CoPT waters. The sediment concentration of material disposed in open sea reaches to 0.25 g/l from 200 g/l within 200 m and the distance of dilution to reach 0.1 g/l is within 700 m. This high dilution is possible as the discharge quantity is very less and the water depth of discharge is 23 m. The distance to the dilution to attain the nearly ambient condition extends up to less than 1000-1500m. 11. RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION (R&R) The R&R shall be given as per the KMRL Policy. The Policy has been developed in accordance with the requirements of the Right to Fair Compensation & Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation & Resettlement Act, 2013 (RTFCTLARRA, 2013) , Rehabilitation and Resettlement, (Kerala), Rules, 2015 (LARR Rules)and the World bank guidelines. At various locations 5 number of residential buildings, 58 number of commercial establishment such as petty shops, encroachers, squatters etc, are proposed to be acquired as a part of the project. The total budget for implementation of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan is Rs.31.74 crore.

WAPCOS Limited 15 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

12. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME An Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases has been suggested to oversee the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction and reality and to suggest the remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but during the operation phase and to generate data for further use. The equipment, manpower and cost required for the implementation of environmental monitoring programme were also suggested. 13. PROJECT BENEFITS Proposed project the following are the immediate benefits:  Better connectivity of islands around Kochi with mainland is a long-standing requirement  Easy access to scenic islands around mainland will lead to socio-economic development of islands connected by KWMP  Project implementation will enhance overall employment opportunities  Continuous need based training programmes proposed will increase the skill and capacity of the involved stakeholders  Substantial reduction of the vehicular traffic and pollution  Safer passenger movement

14. EMP IMPLEMNTATION COST The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.3.8 crore. The details are given in Table-3. Table-3: Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S. Parameter Cost No. (Rs. Lakh) 1. Sanitary facilities in labour camps 60.5 2. Measures for Air pollution control 25.00 3. Measures for Noise pollution control 10.00 4. Provision of cost for Fuel 75.60 5. Solid Waste Management 58.34 6. Measures for fire fighting system 20.00 7. Measures of public health facilities. 20.00 8. Green Belt Development plan 20.00 9. Disaster Management Plan 20.00 10. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme 74.30 during construction phase Total 383.74 (Say 3.8 crore)

The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase is Rs.33 lakh/year.

WAPCOS Limited 16 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 GENERAL Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL), a Joint Venture Company of Government of India (GoI) and Government of Kerala (GoK), has been mandated to pursue the integration of various modes of transport and establishment of Unified Metropolitan Transportation Authority (UMTA) in line with the directives of the Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. KMRL has established the Kochi Water Metro Project (KWMP) for development of a modern water transport system for the Greater Cochin region under the UMTA. This shall bring substantial and dynamic improvement in the water transport scenario of Kochi. The main focus of the project is developing a sustainable Integrated Water Transportation System for Kochi city, meeting people’s expectations as per international standards and aims to integrate the system with other modes of transport including the metro system over a period of time with an integrated fare and integrated timetable. 1.2 PROJECT LOCATION The project is located in Kochi to expand connectivity between the mainland and the adjoining municipalities, island communities and Panchayat areas through waterways. Various studies on traffic and transportation have indicated bigger investment focus on road connectivity including bridges that connect the islands such as Fort Kochi, Wellington, Vypeen, Bolgatty etc. to cater to the increasing travel demand of the city and to encourage a shift from private modes to public transit, Metro rails. The project Location map is given in Figure-1.1.

Figure-1.1: Project Location map

WAPCOS Limited 1-1 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

1.3 NEED OF THE PROJECT In the present state, with the ferries having the average trip length of 8.9 km as compared to the average trip length of 11.3 km for public transport in general, the significance of the system for people’s commute between the islands and the mainland is only further justified. Currently the State Water Transport Department is the main operator in the water transport system in Kochi besides the various private operators and localised jangar services. Ferry services are operational between Ernakulam mainland, Fort Kochi, Vypeen, Mattancherry, Embarkation, Bolghatty, Mulavukadu, High Court, Vytilla, Eroor and Kakkanad jetties. Other jetties such as Nettoor, Edakochi, Kumbhalam, Pizhala, Moolampilly, Thanthonithuruth etc are served by private ferry services and jangars. However, the system has been declining over the last few decades owing to depleting boat numbers, low quality of boats, lack of safety measures, lack of reliability and poor access infrastructure to the jetties. The system has seen minimal investment in the system and technology upgrade. Primary surveys carried out during early 2015, indicate a daily ridership of 20,106 on the existing system. The surveys also revealed that 81.36% of the ferry passengers interviewed use the ferry services operated in Kochi on a daily basis, while 41% of the ferry passengers constituting of students, unemployed and housewives, do not own vehicles and use bus based transport as an alternative mode. These may be termed as captive users of public transport system especially ferries. Also, it was observed that majority of the ferry users (53%) access the water transport system i.e. jetties by walk thereby emphasising on the need for a good access infrastructure to the transit stops. The willingness to shift surveys indicate that 72% of the respondents are willing to shift to water transport as a mode of travel if there is an assured saving in travel time of upto 15 minutes in comparison to their current mode of travel and 75% of the respondents are willing to shift, if there is a considerable saving time. Willingness to pay surveys revealed that 54% of the respondents want the same fare as existing to be retained for the improved water based transit system. Similar response was also observed in case of ferry passengers interviewed. The proposed project recommends fifteen (15) identified routes connecting thirty eight (38) terminals across ten (10) island communities across 78.2 km channel length and 2 boatyards. KMRL is proposing to take up development of 7 additional terminals (Info Park (3 no.s), Vaduthala, Njarackal, Mulavukad View Point and Embarkation jetty) as a social initiative. Part of the identified 78.2 km and the areas around the jetty locations shall require dredging in order to maintain a minimum desirable clearance. The project will be developed in two phases, Phase 1 and Phase 2.

WAPCOS Limited 1-2 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

1.4 NEED FOR THE EIA STUDY

As per the list of projects or activities requiring prior environmental clearance given in the EIA Notification issued by MoEF&CC on 14th September 2006, proposed project as listed on S. No. 7(e ) and requires EC from MoEF&CC. Since, the project is proposed in the coastal domain area, CRZ Clearance would also be required as per the CRZ Notification of January 2011. Application for Pre Environmental Clearance was submitted to MoEF&CC vide letter dated 15.04.2017. The Draft Terms of Reference was discussed in the EAC (Infra-2) meeting held on 26-28 July 2017 and approval of Terms Reference (TOR) for the EIA study was issued by MoEF&CC vide letter No.10-39/2017-IA-III dated 18.08.2017 (Refer Annexure-I). The amendment in the ToR has been obtained in the 38th Meeting of Expert Appraisal Committee (Infra-2) held on 6-8 February, 2019 for the increase in number of terminals. The declaration of WAPCOS Limited (Consultant) is enclosed as Appendix-1. The NABET certificate of WAPCOS Limited is also enclosed as Appendix-2. The Analysis of water, soil and Ambient Air Quality is done through, NABL Accredited Standards Environmental & Analytical Laboratories, Ernakulam. The NABL Certificate of the lab is attached as Appendix-3. Consent to Establish from Pollution Control Board is attached as Appendix-4. The CRZ Recommendation for the project from Kerala state coastal management Authority (KCZMA) is attached as Appendix-5.

As suggested by MoEF&CC in the TOR, marine biodiversity study and shoreline change study were carried out by Centre of advanced study in marine biology faculty of marine sciences, Annmalai university. CRZ Categorization study was carried out through Institute for Remote Sensing (IRS) Anna University, Chennai, which is one of the authorized agency of MoEF&CC for High Tide Line/Low Tide Line demarcation. Compliance Statement of TOR is given in Annexure-II.

1.5 OBJETIVES OF THE EIA STUDY The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study report for the development of water transport system is prepared as per guidelines of Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) and Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) as applicable with state and central government, Government of India, Performance Standards (PS) of International Finance Corporation (IFC), Health, and Safety (EHS) Guide-lines and applicable regulations and standards of the state government.

Development of water transport facilities can make a significant contribution to the economic development and growth of maritime transport. At the same time, it may also create adverse impacts on the surrounding environment. Jetty and allied facility

WAPCOS Limited 1-3 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

development may create a range of adverse impacts on the environment through activities such as construction work, dredging, reclamation of the required land, landfills, discharges from boats / ferries and operations, and other terminal activities.

The major thrust of the EIA study was to assess the impacts of various activities of proposed development on various aspects of environment. The study shall cover the impacts on water quality, noise, air quality, terrestrial ecology, wildlife, aquatic ecology including fisheries, etc. The study will include collection of baseline data, prediction of impacts and formulation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for amelioration of adverse impacts. The EIA study has been carried out by collecting/generating primary and secondary data through site reconnaissance survey, field visits, review of literature etc. Socio-economic impact assessment and R&R studies will be conducted based on secondary data. The objectives of the Environment and Social Impact Assessment study are to:

 Determine the baseline status of the marine ecology, terrestrial environmental conditions, Ambient Air Quality, Land use, Noise levels, Socio-economic aspects of the study area.  Identify and assess the probable impacts of the project on marine and terrestrial environment in the study area during dredging and dumping operation of the project.  Suggest adequate mitigation measures to minimize the negative impacts during dredging operation and operational phases of the project.  Recommend Environment Management Plan to ensure that the project implementation does not impact the environment adversely.  Preparation of Risk assessment and Disaster Management Plan considering the project activity

1.6 STUDY AREA As per the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) guidelines, the Study Area for the EIA study has been considered as the 10 km radius on the project area. The study area is shown in Figure-1.2.

WAPCOS Limited 1-4 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Figure-1.2: Study Area Map

WAPCOS Limited 1-5 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

1.7 STAGES IN AN EIA STUDY The purpose of this section is to enumerate the steps involved in an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Study. The same are given in following paragraphs.

Scoping: An exhaustive list of all likely impacts drawing information from as many sources as possible shall be prepared to assess the impacts due to various activities of proposed projects. The next step shall be to select a manageable number of attributes, which are likely to be affected as a result of the proposed project.

Various criteria applied for selection of the important impacts are as follows:

 magnitude  extent  significance  special sensitivity

The scoping exercise shall focus on, but not limited to the following areas:  Impacts on flora and fauna.  Impacts on landscape and general aesthetics  Impacts on recreation values  Impacts on land use  Impacts on properties, settlements and community facilities  Health and safety aspects  Land acquisition and settlements  Emerging diseases and associated health impacts  Induced development due to the project  Pollution by construction spoils  Acquisition of land for labour colonies  Solid waste from labour camps/ colonies.  Degradation of water quality due to disposal of wastes from labour colony and construction sites  Increased pressure on fisheries as a result of indiscriminate fishing by the labour population.  Impacts on aquatic ecology due to dredging  Impacts on migratory fish species, if any  Increased pressure from labour to meet their fuel wood requirements  Adverse impacts on flora and fauna due to increased accessibility in the area and increased influx of human population  Impacts on wildlife habitats  Increased employment potential during the project construction phase  Development of allied sectors leading to greater employment  Pressure on existing infrastructure facilities.  Impacts on archaeological and cultural monuments  Impetus to industrialization and urbanization  Improvement in infrastructure facilities  Improvement in employment scenario  Impacts due to fuel combustion in various construction equipment

WAPCOS Limited 1-6 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Impacts due to increased vehicular movement  Fugitive emissions from various sources  Impacts due to emissions of DG sets  Noise due to operation of various construction equipment  Noise due to increased vehicular movement  Increased noise levels due to operation of DG sets  Increased incidence of water related diseases  Transmission of diseases by immigrant labour population  Increased incidence of vector borne diseases The relevant environmental impacts out of the entire gamut of issues outlined as a part of the Scoping exercise shall be identified. For these impacts or aspects, environmental baseline data shall be collected from secondary as well as primary data sources.

Baseline study: Before the start of the project, it is essential to ascertain the baseline levels of appropriate environmental parameters, which could be significantly affected by the implementation of the project. The planning of baseline survey shall emanate from short listing of impacts prepared during identification. The baseline study shall involve both field work and review of existing documents, which is necessary for identification of data which may already have been collected for other purposes.

Impact prediction: It is essentially a process to forecast the future environmental conditions of the project area that might be expected to occur as a result of the proposed project. An attempt shall generally made to forecast future environmental conditions quantitatively to the extent possible. But for certain parameters which cannot be quantified, the general approach shall be to discuss such intangible impacts in quantitative terms so that planners and decision makers are aware of their existence as well as their possible implications.

Environmental Management Plan: For the proposed development of stretch in Kochi an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) shall be formulated to maximize the positive environmental impacts and minimize the negative ones. After selection of suitable environmental mitigation measures, the cost required for implementation of various management measures will be estimated, to have an idea of their cost-effectiveness.

Risk Analysis and Disaster Management Plan: Suitable Risk Analyses and Outlines the Disaster Management Plan (DMP) shall be prepared considering the proposed project activities. Environmental Monitoring Programme: An Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases shall be suggested to oversee the environmental safeguards, to ascertain the agreement between prediction

WAPCOS Limited 1-7 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

and reality and to suggest remedial measures not foreseen during the planning stage but arising during operation and to generate data for further use.

1.8 OUTLINE OF THE REPORT

The EIA Report is structured with the following main chapters:

Chapter-1 gives a background of the assignment along with the objectives and methodology for EIA study. Chapter-2 outlines a brief description of the proposed project. Chapter-3 outlines the baseline assessment of various facets of environment for the proposed project. Chapter-4 presents an assessment of impacts likely to accrue due to the proposed project along with the mitigation measures. Chapter-5 delineates a set of measures and activities proposed in Environmental Management Plan. Chapter-6 Outlines the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan for the proposed project. Chapter-7 presents the various studies carried out for the proposed project. Chapter-8 outlines the benefits of the project Chapter-9 highlights the Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation of critical parameters during project construction, and operation phases has been delineated in this Chapter. Chapter-10 outlines the cost estimate for implementation of Environmental Management Plan and Environmental Monitoring Programme for the proposed project. Chapter-11 Summarizes the public hearing proceedings for Kochi water Metro Project. Chapter-12 presents the disclosure of the consultants

WAPCOS Limited 1-8 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER-2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 GENERAL Kochi is a major port city on the west coast of the Indian Peninsula and also one of the most densely populated cities in the state of Kerala. In the past decade, Kochi has witnessed an increased economic growth with improved investments in projects such as International Container Terminal (VICT), port based Special Economic Zone and Industrial parks like Smart City, Info Park etc. All these strategic investments have given a boost to the regional economy and employment. The major public transport modes existing in Kochi are the city buses, auto rickshaws and ferry boats which are operated mainly by state, but also by private operators. The bus system is an extensive network which covers the whole of the city providing fast and efficient bus transport system, mainly dominated by private operators. They offer a no-frills travel within the city, forming a major backbone of public transport, despite the issue of reliability and erratic driving behaviour. The ferry system is the predominant and in some cases the sole mode of transportation for the islanders of Kochi city region. 2.2 EXISTING FERRY SYSTEM IN KOCHI In the present scenario, the ferries have an average trip length of 8.9 km as compared to the average trip length of 14.0 km for public transport, hence, the proposed KWMP is essential for people’s movement between the islands and the mainland. Currently the KSWTD is the main service provider of the water transport system in Kochi besides the various private operators and localised jangar services. Ferry services of KSWTD are operational between Ernakulam mainland, Fort Kochi, Vypeen, Mattancherry, Embarkation, Bolghatty, Mulavukadu, High Court, Vytilla, Eroor and Kakkanad jetties while other jetties such as Nettoor, Edakochi, Kumbhalam, Pizhala, Moolampilly, Thanthonithuruth etc are operated by private ferry services and jangars. However, the water transport system has been in decline over the last few decades, with minimal investment and less technological Upgradation, owing to following reasons: • Depleting boat numbers • Low quality of boats • Lack of safety measures • Lack of reliability • Poor accessibility to the jetties The boats/ ferries operated by the SWTD, private operators, Tourism Department and KSINC act as a principal link between the mainland and the islands. Majority of these boats are old and in a dilapidated state, due to which the water transport system is losing

WAPCOS Limited 2-1 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

out on competing with the other road based motorized modes in the city. SWTD operates currently only 9 boats in the area. On these 9 boats, about 152 regular staff and 15 contractual staff are employed making it a heavily loaded system with 18.5 staff per boat.1 Private boats operate in the area, but these are no certified by Indian Registrar for Shipping (IRS) for their design and safety aspects, which is mandatory for passenger boats. Also, these do not have a fixed schedule for operation. 2.3 EXISTING JETTY INFRASTRUCTURE There is limited infrastructure available at the existing boat jetty locations. Based on a ground survey with the stakeholders, only Ernakulam Main Jetty, High Court Jetty, Fort Kochi and Vypeen Jetty were found to have a relatively acceptable level of infrastructure. Of these, only Ernakulam and High Court Jetties are recently built with RCC structures. All other jetties, identified in the project have a simple concrete retaining wall as jetty with a dilapidated jetty shelter, which cannot house more than 6 people at a single time. The jetty areas are dark and not safe for public use in the evening. These jetty locations lack a proper transit supportive infrastructure, which has been cited by the boat users and other people living in the influence areas, as one of the reasons for decreasing use of boats as the access is not safe, convenient and appealing.

Current Scenarios of Existing Jetty Infrastructure

WAPCOS Limited 2-2 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.4 INTEGRATED WATER TRANSPORT FOR KOCHI In terms of the inland water transport system, the factors which need to be considered while striving for sustainability is to assess the travel demand accurately. After assessing the demand for the system it should be utilized to develop an efficient route plan revolving around a strong time tested concept that will help develop the water transport system. All input shall be directed towards calculating the fleet requirement and also the type of boat/ferry which would best suit the requirement. It is also important to maintain a reliable services to retain and promote the water based transport system. With the need for a sustainable water transport system, it is also critical that the same is integrated with the other existing and proposed transportation systems in the city region to make it better accessible. As seen in Figure-2.1, metro system (under implementation) , integrated public transport system (road based) and non-motorised transport plan are under planning and design stage along with an integrated intelligent transportation system (ITS) plan, hence the water transport system is essentially conceived as a part of the overall public transport system.

Figure-2.1: Integrated Water Transport and Metro System 2.5 BATHYMETRY Bathymetry survey of the water front and approach channels was carried out by M/s Hydrographic Survey Wing during August 2017 to January 2018. A summary of the water depths at various terminal locations is given in Table-2.1. Table-2.1: Water Depths at Terminal Locations Depth in Waterfront Depth in Approach Channel to S. Terminal Location (m wrt CD) Terminal (m wrt CD) No. Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 1 High Court -0.4 -0.9 -0.5 -2.3 2 Bolgatty 0.0 -1.4 -1.4 -2.8 3 Thanthonnithuruth 0.0 -0.8 -0.8 -3.3 4 Ponnarimangalam 0.0 -0.9 -0.9 -2.7 5 Mulavukad Hospital +0.8 0.0 0.0 -2.1

WAPCOS Limited 2-3 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Depth in Waterfront Depth in Approach Channel to S. Terminal Location (m wrt CD) Terminal (m wrt CD) No. Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum 6 Mulavukad Panchayat -0.6 -1.5 -1.5 -4.1 7 Mulavukad North -1.0 -2.0 -2.0 -3.6 8 Korumkotta -1.3 -2.1 -1.3 -2.1 9 Vaduthala -1.4 -2.2 -1.5 -2.2 10 Moolampilly -0.2 -0.8 -0.8 -2.7 11 South Chittoor -0.8 -1.9 -1.9 -3.0 12 Pizhala -0.2 -0.5 -0.5 -2.1 13 Kothad -0.6 -2.4 -2.4 -3.4 14 Chennur -0.4 -1.4 -1.4 -3.6 15 Cheranalloor -1.2 -2.1 -2.1 -4.0 16 Eloor -0.2 -0.6 -0.6 -2.0 17 Varapuzha +0.9 +0.9 +0.9 +0.9 18 Cheriyamthuruth -0.3 -1.5 -1.5 -2.7 19 Thundathumkadavu 0.0 -0.4 -0.4 -3.5 20 Paliyamthuruth +0.9 -0.5 -0.5 -2.6 21 Kadamakudy +1.0 -0.8 -0.8 -2.5 22 Njarackal -0.1 -0.9 -0.9 -1.3 23 Elamkunnapuzha +0.9 0.0 0.0 -2.4 24 Mulavukad West -0.0 -0.4 -0.4 -0.8 25 -2.0 -2.2 -2.2 -5.4 26 Amrita Hospital 0.2 -0.6 -0.6 -1.2 27 Vypeen -0.3 -1.9 -3.0 -4.0 28 Fort Kochi -0.5 -2.3 -5.0 -12.0 29 Willingdon Island -0.3 -2.1 -2.1 -4.1 30 Mattancherry +0.2 -0.1 -0.1 -1.9 31 Embarkation -0.7 -1.3 -1.3 -2.5 32 Ernakulam 0 -0.6 -0.6 -5.8 33 Thevara 0.8 -2.7 -2.7 -7.7 34 Nettoor 0 -0.6 -0.2 -1.9 35 Kumbhalam 0.0 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3 36 Edakochi -0.9 -1.5 -1.5 -2.3 37 Thoppumpady +0.2 -0.2 -0.2 -1.7 38 Thykoodam -1.5 -2.3 -2.3 -2.8 39 Vytilla -0.1 -2.3 -2.0 -3.5 40 Eroor -1.7 -2.8 -2.5 -3.0 41 Kakkanad -0.7 -2.0 -2.0 -3.5 42 Info Park-1 -0.8 -2.0 -2.0 -3.5 43 Info Park -2 -0.8 -2.0 -2.0 -3.5 44 Info Park -3 -0.8 -1.0 -0.8 -1.0 45 Info Park -4 -0.6 -1.0 -0.6 -1.0 Source: DPR

2.6 PROJECT DETAILS

The proposed project recommends fifteen (15) identified routes connecting thirty eight (38) terminals across ten (10) island communities across 78.2 km channel length and 2 boatyards. KMRL is proposing to take up development of 7 additional terminals (Info Park (3 no.s), Vaduthala, Njarackal, Mulavukad View Point and

WAPCOS Limited 2-4 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Embarkation jetty) as a social initiative. Part of the identified 78.2 km and the areas around the jetty locations shall require dredging in order to maintain a minimum desirable clearance. The project will be developed in two phases, Phase 1 and Phase 2.

The identified routes and jetties are as given in the table below and represented in Table- 2.2 & shown in Figure-2.2. Table-2.2: Identified Routes for Kochi Water Metro Project Route Origin Destination Route Description Route Length No. (km) 1 High Court Fort Kochi High Court - Vypeen - Fort Kochi 4.04 2 Vytilla Infopark Vytilla - Eroor - Kakkanad (2019) + 8.33 Infopark (in future beyond 2021) 3 High Court Mattancherry High Court – Wellingdon Island (Ferry 5.04 Side) - Mattancherry 4 Ernakulam Moolampilly Ernakulam - High Court - Bolgatty - 9.29 Thanthonithurth - Ponnarimangalam - Mulavukad Hospital - Mulavukad Panchayat - Mulavukad North - Korumkotta – Vaduthala- South Chittoor- Moolampilly 5 High Court Kumbhalam High Court - Ernakulam - Thevara– 9.21 Kumbhalam 6 Fort Kochi Mattancherry Fort Kochi - Wellingdon Island (Ferry 3.18 Side) - Mattancherry 7 Ernakulam Vypeen Ernakulam - Embarkation Jetty - Fort 4.67 Kochi - Vypeen 8 EdaKochi Vytilla Edakochi - Kumbhalam - Netoor - 9.37 Thykoodam - Vytilla 9 EdaKochi Vypeen Edakochi - Thoppumpady - Mattancherry - 11.94 Wellingdon Island (Ferry Side) - Fort Kochi - Vypeen 10 Moolampilly Cheranalloor Moolampilly- South Chittoor - Molampilly - 5.35 Pizhala - Chennur - Kothad - Cheranalloor 11 Cheranalloor Varapuzha Cheranalloor - Eloor -Varapuzha 1.56 12 Moolampilly Njarackal Moolampilly-South Chittoor - Moolampilly 6.06 - Pizhala - Paliyamthuruth - Kadamakudy– Njarackal 13 Moolampilly Thundathumka Moolampilly-South Chittoor - Pizhala – 3.69 davu Chariyamthuruth - Thundathumkadavu 14 Njarackal High Court Njarackal - Elamkunnapuzha - Mulavukad 12.4 View Point - High Court 15 Pizhala Amritha Pizhala - Aster Medicity - Amrita Hospital. 3.67 Hospital Source: DPR

WAPCOS Limited 2-5 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Figure-2.2: Identified Routes for Kochi Water Metro Project

WAPCOS Limited 2-6 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

In terms of passenger carrying capacity, two types of air-conditioned boats have been proposed, with a capacity of 50 and 100 passenger seating arrangement. The boats are equipped with passenger information systems and chairs. The fuel efficient hybrid boats are proposed to ensure to minimize the damage to environment and reduced carbon emission. However with the view of minimise the capital investment, the option of providing batteries at a later date has been considered in the base cost estimates, for which necessary provision will be made in the boats. A daily demand of 40,185 passengers will be observed during the year 2019 has been estimated based on various surveys. On evaluation of the identified routes, it was observed that the system would have the potential to cater to the 1,39,894 passengers on a daily basis in the optimistic scenario for 2035, yet it was considered that the realistic scenario would be the ideal development scenario for Kochi Water Transport, which shall cater to approximately 83,685 passengers on a daily basis in 2035. The realistic daily ridership for the water metro system is given in Table-2.3. Table-2.3: Daily Ridership along the identified 15 routes. S. No. Jetty Names Daily Ridership 2019 2025 2035 1 Amrita Hospital 215 270 405 2 Aster Medcity 30 35 40 3 Bolgatty 155 205 330 4 Cheriyamthuruth 60 75 110 5 Chennur 50 65 95 6 Cheranalloor 580 725 1055 7 Edakochi 1090 1405 2145 8 Elamkunnapuzha 145 190 300 9 Eloor 230 290 430 10 Embarkation Jetty 1470 1965 3200 11 Ernakulam 5075 6730 10760 12 Eroor 310 395 600 13 Fort Kochi 6065 8115 13185 14 High Court 5350 7050 11215 15 Info Park1, Infopark-2, Info 840 1110 1790 park-3 and Infopark-4 16 Kadamakudy 115 150 230 17 Kakkanad 300 385 585 18 Korumkotta/vaduthala 590 780 1225 19 Kothad 50 65 95 20 Kumbhalam 2625 3380 5230 21 Mattancherry 2765 3690 5965 22 Moolampilly 360 455 695 23 Mulavukad Hospital 155 205 330 24 Mulavukad North 155 205 330 25 Mulavukad Panchayat 155 205 330 26 Mulavukad View Point 40 50 85 27 Nettoor 415 530 825 28 Njarackal 465 600 930

WAPCOS Limited 2-7 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. No. Jetty Names Daily Ridership 2019 2025 2035 29 Paliyamthuruth 115 150 230 30 Pizhala 370 465 680 31 Ponnarimangalam 155 205 330 32 South Chittoor 1260 1605 2425 33 Willingdon Island 2960 3960 6410 34 Thanthonnithuruth 155 205 330 35 Thevara 1120 1450 2220 36 Thoppumpady 480 635 990 37 Thundathumkadavu 40 50 75 38 Thykoodam 190 235 355 39 Varapuzha (Market) 200 260 400 40 Vypeen 1345 1795 2900 41 Vytilla 2260 2925 4545 Total 40185 52835 83685 Source: DPR 2.7 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES TO BE CARRIED OUT FOR THE PROJECT The Various Construction activities to be carried out for the project are as follows:  Terminal buildings with waiting areas, unpaid areas, AFCs, etc.& other infrastructure  Floating pontoons / jetties &night parking, fuelling, battery charging, washing of boats facilities  Boatyard for maintenance of the boats  Shore protection facilities  Creating the proposed navigational routes by capital dredging, if any, and maintenance of the same 2.8 TERMINAL BUILDING & OTHER INFRASTRUCTURE The terminal building houses all facilities related to passenger waiting and experience. The facility can be broadly classified as paid and unpaid areas:  Paid & Unpaid Areas  Ticketing Counter  Ticket Vending Machines  Electrical Room  Seating & Standing waiting areas  Bank of AFC gates  Emergency Egress Gates  Entry concourse for major terminals The proposed terminal facilities can be broadly classified into 3 major components based on the sequence of areas starting from the entry/set down area. These were visited to assess their suitability for the development of passenger terminals. Maximum Peak Hour

WAPCOS Limited 2-8 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Traffic (PHT) with respect to boarding and alighting numbers have been considered along with the headway calculated for each route in a given terminal. Broadly the terminals have been classified into the following 8 types in the order of their size and capacity;  Major 1, 2 & 3  Intermediate 1 & 2  Minor 1, 2 & 3 The Type of various Terminals are given in Table-2.4. Table-2.4: Categorization of Various Terminals S. No. TERMINAL Type 1. Amrita Hospital MINOR 2 2. Aster Medcity MINOR 1 3. Bolgatty MINOR 2 4. Cheriyamthuruth MINOR 1 5. Chennur MINOR 1 6. Cheranalloor MINOR 3 7. Edakochi INTERMEDIATE 2 8. Elamkunnapuzha MINOR 2 9. Eloor MINOR 2 10. Embarkation Jetty (WI) MAJOR 1 11. Ernakulam MAJOR 2 12. Eroor MINOR 3 13. Fort Kochi MAJOR 3 14. High Court MAJOR 3 15. Info Park 1 INTERMEDIATE 1 16. Info Park 2 INTERMEDIATE 1 17. Info Park3 INTERMEDIATE 1 18. Info Park 4 MINOR 3 19. Kadamakudy MINOR 1 20. Kakkanad MINOR 3 21. Korumkotta MINOR 3 22. Kothad MINOR 1 23. Kumbhalam INTERMEDIATE 2 24. Mattancherry MAJOR 2 25. Moolampilly MINOR 3 26. Mulavukad Hospital MINOR 2 27. Mulavukad North MINOR 2 28. Mulavukad Panchayat MINOR 2 29. Mulavukad View Point MINOR 1 30. Nettoor MINOR 3 31. Njarackal MINOR 3 32. Paliyamthuruth MINOR 1 33. Pizhala MINOR 3 34. Ponnarimangalam MINOR 2 35. South Chittoor INTERMEDIATE 2 36. Willingdon Island (Ferry side) MAJOR 1 37. Thanthonnithuruth MINOR 2 38. Thevara INTERMEDIATE 2 39. Thoppumpady MINOR 3 40. Thundathumkadavu MINOR 1

WAPCOS Limited 2-9 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. No. TERMINAL Type 41. Thykoodam MINOR 2 42. Vadathula MINOR 3 43. Varapuzha (Market) MINOR 2 44. Vypeen INTERMEDIATE 2 45. Vytilla INTERMEDIATE 2 Source: DPR

The Typical layouts of the boat terminals at following locations are shown in Figures-2.3 to 2.5. 1. High Court - Major Terminal 2. Vypeen - Intermediate Terminal 3. Eroor - Minor Terminal.

WAPCOS Limited 2-10 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Figure-2.3: Layout of High Court - Major Terminal

WAPCOS Limited 2-11 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Figure-2.4: Layout of Vypeen - Intermediate Terminal

WAPCOS Limited 2-12 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Figure-2.5: Layout of Eroor - Minor Terminal

WAPCOS Limited 2-13 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

The Terminal wise area details for the proposed jetties is given in Table-2.5. Table-2.5: Terminal wise area details Name of the terminals Land Area Terminal Green Belt / Circulation / (m2) Building area Landscaping Open Area (m2) Area (m2) (m2) Amrita Hospital 500 240 100 160 Aster Medcity 936 220 90 626 Bolgatty 1236 260 100 876 Chennur 3285 265 500 2520 Cheranalloor 1345 215 200 930 Cheriyamthuruth 1227 430 300 497 Edakochi 1270 350 100 820 Elamkunnapuzha 1284 200 400 684 Eloor 1972 200 250 1522 Embarkation Jetty (WI) 500 200 100 200 Ernakulam 16495 2000 700 13795 Eroor 823 250 100 473 Fort Kochi 2954 1800 500 654 High Court 1023 1800 Info Park-1 2338 200 400 1738 Info Park-2 2656 265 400 1991 Info Park-3(MOB . HUB) 1634 240 400 994 Info Park-4(SANDS INFRA) 2892 220 400 2272 Kadamakudy 780 210 300 270 Kakkanad 1420 300 150 970 Korumkotta 1580 290 150 1140 Kothad 3945 290 400 3255 Kumbhalam 1100 470 100 530 Mattancherry 4677 1530 800 2347 Moolampilly 596 200 150 246 Mulavukadu Hospital 1135 210 150 775 Mulavukadu North 615 210 100 305 Mulavukadu Panchayath 1125 210 100 815 Mulavukadu View Point 700 210 150 340 Nettoor 1260 190 200 870 Njarackal 1008 210 250 548 Paliyamthuruth 1725 210 200 1315 Pizhala 2870 290 300 2280 Ponnarimangalam 1684 310 250 1124 South Chittoor 3435 550 150 2735 Terminals Jetty (WI) 536 750 80 444 Thanthonnithuruth 655 190 100 555 Thevera 6240 620 200 5420 Thoppumpady 572 200 150 222 Thundathumkadavu 765 210 300 255 Thykoodam 500 140 20 340 Vaduthala 600 260 100 240 Varapuzha (Market) 2131 290 740 1101 Vypeen 1060 750 191 119 Vytilla 8023 550 738 6735 Total Area 95107 19205 11559 66048

WAPCOS Limited 2-14 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

The important functional components housed in the terminal buildings are listed as follows: 2.8.1 Intelligent Transportation and Navigation System GPRS (4G) based Intelligent Navigation & Cruise control, GPS Tracking, Passenger Address and Information Systems, dedicated 2 way voice/data communication, on-board surveillance cameras, on-board multi SIM WiFi Hotspot is recommended for water transport project’s ITS. A cellular communication (GPRS/LTE) based intelligent transportation and navigation system is recommended for implementation and integration of boat with other mode of transportation viz Metro Rail, Bus etc. 2.8.2 Global Positioning System (GPS) Major constituents of the GPS based tracking are i) GPS tracking device: The device fits into the boat and captures the GPS location information to a central server. GPS based navigation and cruise control shall be enabled and sent to the central control center. ii) GPS tracking server: The tracking server has three responsibilities: receiving data from the GPS tracking unit, securely storing it, and serving this information on demand to the user. iii) User Interface (UI): The UI determines how one will be able to access information, view vehicle data, and elicit important details from it. A mobile App, Web based interface is also recommended. 2.8.3 Passenger Information System (PIS) Passenger Information System (PIS) consists of Passengers Announcement System (PAS) and Passenger Information Display System (PIDS). The PAS and PIDS shall be coordinated automatically to provide real time passenger audio broadcast and visual information at each jetty/boat/Central Control center in a multi-lingual format. The PAS and PIDS shall respond to special interrupt messages and also enable any PAS/PIDS operator to send special announcement or emergency messages for passengers and staff from a central/local Control center. It shall automatically announce exact arrival information of train at boat jetties/ boat. Four major types of messages shall be provided by the PIDS/PAS as a minimum: Fixed digital recording, Pre-formatted with data to be added, instantly recorded and Live Video/audio broadcast. The PIDS shall be LED screen based display, which could display the time of day and other appropriate pre-determined, fixed, pre-formatted messages, route number, fares, arrival/departure, same for the next two boats from the jetty, destination/origin information and free-entry text messages regarding safety, boat delays and emergencies etc. The PIDS shall be provided with a suitable workstation with functionality of

WAPCOS Limited 2-15 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

transmitting vide o files to the PIDS display screens for advertisement and commercial purposes. The PIDS/PAS shall be capable of maintaining the required intelligibility at all times regardless of the changing environment including crowd density, temperature, humidity and noise level. In addition, the PIS shall provide information on routes, schedules and fares on internet, Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) and through SMS on mobile phones. 2.8.4 Master Clock The Master Clock shall have a GPS Antenna with mounting hardware, which shall be positioned in an unobstructed area to provide a clear line of sight to no less than four of the orbiting satellites. The GPS Receiver/Decoder Unit, located adjacent to the antenna, shall continuously collect the external time information for the Master Clock Subsystem. A master clock protocol converter to deliver time-of-day and date to display clocks shall be there. 2.8.5 CCTV inside boats and at jetties / Hubs CCTV system is required to be provided to ensure effective surveillance of an area as well as to create tamperproof video recording for post event analysis. Video surveillance system shall be end to end IP Based with Full HDIP cameras. The CCTV subsystem shall use IP surveillance to monitor and record video over an IP Network via the Local Area Network installed locally within each site and the FOTS installed line wide for inter-site communication. Boat jetties, Hubs, Boats, parking, specifically identified theft prone areas and other property development complexes shall be covered by camera surveillance. Also IR illuminator at the pole/wall keeping in view the lighting conditions is also recommended. 2.8.6 Automatic Fare Collection System Automatic fare collection system – on-board Smart card /Ticketing Solutions will be provided by financial institution led consortium (Axis bank), which will be in line with the Kochi Metro Rail model. In addition, Automated Passenger Boarding and Alighting Count (Integrated Services Control Centre) is proposed to be in place. 2.8.7 Operation Control Centre A central control facility comprising of a LED based large video display is recommended for controlling the services. This shall act as a nerve centre of the entire system and associated services and shall provide the overall control and co-ordination of the system. It shall consist of all the necessary computing and communications hardware and software needed to fulfil this function.

WAPCOS Limited 2-16 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.8.8 Non-Motorised Transport Plan Non-motorised transport includes walking and bicycling as modes of travel. Infrastructure with reference to the high percentage of these NMT trips in the city as well as the access trips to the jetties is inadequate and is therefore proposed to be upgraded with walkways and bicycle tracks etc. Covered walkways and footpaths are essentially to be developed to provide physical access to the jetties. 2.8.9 Disabled Friendly Access All access roads and intersections under this project are proposed to be designed keeping in mind the provision for easy and safe access of differently-abled users. Some of the provisions made are described as under. 2.8.10 Tactile Paving – Guiding and warning tiles Tactile guidance blocks (Line-type) indicates a barrier free route for person with visual impairment. Care must be taken to ensure that there are no obstacles, along the route traversed by the guidance block. Also there should be clear headroom of atleast 2.1 m height above the tactile guidance block, free of protruding objects such as overhanging tree branches and signage, along the entire length of the walk. 2.8.11 Disabled Friendly Access – ramps It is essential that ramps at all jetties and access points be provided to enable access for all the physically disabled groups. 2.8.12 Public Bike Sharing / Rent-a-bicycle scheme As every transit trip is a multi-modal journey and everybody who rides transit is a pedestrian or cyclist on atleast one end of their trip. Currently share of cycle trips in Kochi is 1% of the total trips which is quite low. There are major gaps in bicycle accessibility and parking infrastructure. However, at jetty locations of Fort Kochi, Mattancherry and Kumbhalam significant bicycle usage as access mode was observed which indicates popularity of this mode. 2.8.13 Feeder Service Development 38% of the access trips to the existing boat jetties are made by public transport and 53% by walk, with access trip distances upto as high as 5 km. These high access trip lengths are a deterrent to people from using water transport system. Furthermore, poor connectivity to the interiors of the islands through public transport is another reason for people shifting from water transport to bus based public transport. In order to provide connectivity and access to the boat jetties by modes other than NMT, it is proposed that feeder services be initiated to the boat jetties by introduction of small occupancy vehicles such as the mini-buses, electric rickshaws etc.

WAPCOS Limited 2-17 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.8.14 Parking Provisions Over the last few decades, due to increase in affordability, coupled with lack of public transport system, the increase in vehicle ownership has been steep with an annual growth rate of 12%. The same is also reflected even in the existing access/egress trips to the jetty by private modes i.e.7%. It is therefore recommended that at major jetties/boat hubs, parking provisions be made for cars and two wheelers along with bicycles (privately owned) in the ratio 20:30:50 respectively. The cost of provision for parking has been included in the jetty modernisation cost. 2.8.15 Elevated Walkways for multi-modal integration It is proposed to identify critical intersections in the island areas, especially those in the influence area of the proposed jetties, where high pedestrian-vehicular conflict is observed. It is proposed to develop elevated walkways and foot-over-bridges at such locations so as to prioritise the pedestrian movement. Two such locations have been identified which require immediate intervention in terms of grade-separated pedestrian facilities near major boat hubs proposed. 2.8.16 Signages Road signs are an important component of the traffic control system. Type, size, colour and lettering pattern of the signs are as per IRC-93-1985. 2.8.17 Street Safety Provisions The user survey at the boat jetties indicated only 27% of the users to be female and the overall apprehension of both genders to use the boat jetties for access to water transportation due to isolated location of jetties, poor upkeep and lack of security at the jetties. Lack of proper lighting and hygiene were other issues indicated by the users. To overcome these constraints, it is proposed to install CCTV surveillance cameras on the access road network to the tune of covering the influence area of the jetty. 2.8.181Street Lights Lack of proper streetlights is a major deterrent to the potential and existing users of the water transport system. In order to improve safe access to the jetties, it is proposed to install solar powered LED lights to enable safe and active spaces around the jetties even during off-peak hours and during late hours in the day. 2.8.19 Landscaping and Street Furniture Street furniture is an important element of each street in urban area as they are the only link between all origins and destinations and transit facilities used by pedestrians and commuters. Various on-street activities such as street vending and street markets give an appearance of vibrancy to streets. This interaction of pedestrians, motor-vehicles and

WAPCOS Limited 2-18 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

varied activities on the streets needs to be resolved in a way that benefits all. Pedestrian pathways would be designed with kiosks, benches, dustbins and street landscape elements like fountains, parks, parking and tree pits. The entire network will be studied for local need and land availability for street activities. 2.8.20 Area Development Initiatives Sustainable Water Transport Project has been proposed as a holistic project with the primary transport system components i.e. boat vessels and jetty stations/boat hubs coupled and complimented with allied infrastructure development which shall not only improve access to the jetties but also have a positive impact on the users’ perception of the access areas around jetties with the installation of infrastructure for lighting, safety, disabled friendly access designs etc. In addition to the above, it is also proposed to integrate land development on the islands, tourism, water front development, urban rejuvenation and other economic activities in and around jetty locations so as to provide an economic impetus to the overall livelihoods of the people residing on the islands. 2.8.21 Property development at major boat hubs Majority of the existing jetties which are fully functional and have high footfalls, already have an informal or at certain locations a formalised commercial retail function around the jetty. Major hub locations such as Vypeen, South Chittoor, Fort Kochi, Ernakulam, Mattancherry etc have a potential for commercial development. Kochi City Region has abundant backwaters in the region which provide scenic views and are potential areas to be developed through beautification and place making by introduction of social recreational areas, walkways and trailing, bicycling trails and boating areas. Islands such as Kothad, Vypeen, Bolgatty, Thanthoni Thuruth, Kadamakuddy, Mulavakadu, Moolampilly, Elamkunapuzha and Pizhala have immense potential to undertake beautification of waterfront and development of activities which also help in the uplifting of the livelihood of the island communities, eg, fishmarkets, fleamarkets, cultural festivals at these developed areas. 2.8.22 Tourism Pokkalli Farming is a unique cultivation practice undertaken in Ernakulam and Allapuzha of Kerala which involves cultivation of a saline tolerant rice variety in an organic way in the water-logged coastal regions. Pokkalli Farming has off late developed a brand image for its way for cultivation and has generated interest in export of the products. The quality of the paddy attracts many tourists to know more about the practice. Pizhala is one of the pioneers and is most famous for carrying out this practice on a large scale. 2.8.23 Development of Access Roads There are ten (10) major islands that are covered by the water transport system proposed

WAPCOS Limited 2-19 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

as part of this project. Access to these jetties is currently in a dilapidated shape or in a state wherein the potential users also do not use it for reasons such as poor lighting, safety and security concerns and lack of access roads as well as access modes in case of higher distances between the origin or destination point and the jetty locations. A Total of 20.84 KM access road and 16.98 KM island road is proposed to be developed as part of the project near to various terminals. 2.8.24 Drainage The entire storm water from the terminals would be disposed through suitable storm water drainage system with rain water harvesting recharge pits and the surplus water is discharged to the existing storm water drain running outside the Terminals premises. The design of the proposed storm water drainage system shall be based on the topography and meteorological data. The annual rainfall in the region varies between 2500 to 3500 mm. The maximum rainfall recorded over a 24 hour period was 240 mm and accordingly the hourly design rainfall intensity shall be worked out. The design rainfall intensity for the design of storm water drainage system shall be taken as 50mm/hr. Storm water collection systems shall be designed to provide adequate surface drainage. 2.8.25 Water consumption, sewage generation and treatment The water demand provided in the project report was for the year 2035 and was estimated considering the passengers boarding as well as alighting @ 10 lpcd (as per NBC 2016). This is duplication as the passengers alighting at a terminal are boarding at another terminal. Based on experience in Kochi Metro, the number of passenger using toilets is very less. Therefore, only 30% of the passengers boarding at terminals are considered in estimating the water demand. Also considering water efficient sanitary fixtures the per capita water demand can be reduced to 5 lpcd. Sources of water will be Municipal water or Kerala Water Authority. The water shall be stored at the terminals in underground tanks connected to the municipal supply from where it shall be pumped to respective areas. The water supply system includes the connecting pipeline from the Municipal water source and collection at the underground water tank and then pumping to the consumption areas by pipelines. All Manholes shall be provided with heavy duty ductile iron or cast iron covers. In addition to this 20 kl water will be kept for meeting fire demand in each terminal. Water requirement for boat washing will be met from the fire demand. The sewage that would be generated from these terminals would be about 80% of the water demand. The sewage generation at all the terminals is less than 10,000 litres/day in 2019 and 2025. Therefore, it is proposed to provide septic tanks at all the terminals.

WAPCOS Limited 2-20 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Based on this the daily water demand and sewage generated at each terminal is provided in Table-2.6. Table-2.6: Daily water demand and sewage generated at each terminal S. No. Terminal Water Demand (Litres/day) Sewage Generation (litres/day) 2019 2025 2035 2019 2025 2035 1 Amrita Hospital 323 405 608 258 324 486 2 Aster Medcity 45 53 60 36 42 48 3 Bolgatty 233 308 495 186 246 396 4 Cheriyamthuruth 90 113 165 72 90 132 5 Chennur 75 98 143 60 78 114 6 Cheranalloor 870 1088 1583 696 870 1266 7 Edakochi 1635 2108 3218 1308 1686 2574 8 Elamkunnapuzha 218 285 450 174 228 360 9 Eloor 345 435 645 276 348 516 10 Embarkation Jetty 2205 2948 4800 1764 2358 3840 11 Ernakulam 7613 10095 16140 6090 8076 12912 12 Eroor 465 593 900 372 474 720 13 Fort Kochi 9098 12173 19778 7278 9738 15822 14 High Court 8025 10575 16823 6420 8460 13458 15 Info Park 1 1560 2040 3210 1248 1632 2568 16 Info Park 2 1560 2040 3210 1248 1632 2568 17 Info Park 3 1560 2040 3210 1248 1632 2568 18 Info Park 4 1014 1326 2087 811 1061 1669 19 Kadamakudy 173 225 345 138 180 276 20 Kakkanad 450 578 878 360 462 702 21 Korumkotta 885 1170 1838 708 936 1470 22 Vaduthala 885 1170 1838 708 936 1470 23 Kothad 75 98 143 60 78 114 24 Kumbhalam 3938 5070 7845 3150 4056 6276 25 Mattancherry 4148 5535 8948 3318 4428 7158 26 Moolampilly 540 683 1043 432 546 834 27 Mulavukad Hospital 233 308 495 186 246 396 28 Mulavukad North 233 308 495 186 246 396 29 Mulavukad 233 308 495 186 246 396 Panchayat 30 Mulavukad View 60 75 128 48 60 102 Point 31 Nettoor 623 795 1238 498 636 990 32 Njarackal 698 900 1395 558 720 1116 33 Paliyamthuruth 173 225 345 138 180 276 34 Pizhala 555 698 1020 444 558 816 35 Ponnarimangalam 233 308 495 186 246 396 36 South Chittoor 1890 2408 3638 1512 1926 2910 37 Willingdon Island 4440 5940 9615 3552 4752 7692 (WI) 38 Thanthonnithuruth 233 308 495 186 246 396 39 Thevara 1680 2175 3330 1344 1740 2664 40 Thoppumpady 720 953 1485 576 762 1188 41 Thundathumkadavu 60 75 113 48 60 90 42 Thykoodam 285 353 533 228 282 426

WAPCOS Limited 2-21 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. No. Terminal Water Demand (Litres/day) Sewage Generation (litres/day) 2019 2025 2035 2019 2025 2035 43 Varapuzha 300 390 600 240 312 480 (Market) 44 Vypeen 2018 2693 4350 1614 2154 3480 45 Vytilla 3390 4388 6818 2712 3510 5454 46 Boatyard 5000 5000 5000 4000 4000 4000 Total 71077 91849 142477 56861 73479 113981 Source: DPR 2.9 FLOATING PONTOONS Concrete floating pontoons are proposed to facilitate the boarding / alighting of passengers at the terminals. Pontoons of 20 m x 4 m are proposed at terminals where 100 pax boats operate and pontoons of 15 m x 4 m are proposed at terminals where 50 pax boats operate. The pontoons are held in in position by means of anchor piles. The pontoons would be installed in the terminal waterfront where the water depths would be about -1.5 m CD to -2.5 m CD. The draft of the pontoons would be about 0.8 m to 0.9 m. The pontoons are connected to the terminal by means of a gangway. About 75 no.s of floating pontoons are required for all the 45 terminals. The gangway will be resting on a fixed platform, which may on land or in water. The fixed platform will be a pile supported structure. Apart from this pile supported fixed jetties are proposed at few terminals (Vytilla, Edakochi, Mattancherry, Thevara, Chennur) for parking of the boats at the night. Also marinas are proposed near High Court and Ernakulam. As the structures are pile supported, they donot cause obstruction to the water flow.

GANGWAY TERMINAL BUILDING

BOAT PONTOON

Figure-2.6: Schematic Drawing for the Floating Jetty

WAPCOS Limited 2-22 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.10 BOATYARD / DEPOT About 78 boats will operate for the project. Therefore, the requirement of a Boatyard is paramount/ essential in order to ensure maximum operational availability of the fleet. Almost all facilities for maintenance & upkeep of machinery & systems are required under one roof so that operations are not affected. Maintenance & repair to boats could be broadly classified as underwater & afloat. Underwater repairs need dry docking arrangements whereas, afloat maintenance need repair berths along waterfront to berth the boats. The following facilities would also need to be provided at the Boatyard:  Dry berths  Docking/Undocking, Transfer Facilities and Equipment (travel lift and piers)  Workshops  Office Buildings  Stores  Onshore Utilities  Access Roads, Parking, Boundary Wall and Fencing Two boatyards are proposed one at Infopark and other at Pallurthy. Since the maintenance of engines and spare parts shall be covered under the Warranties and Annual Maintenance Contracts, the periodic checks may be carried out at the Boatyard. The daily fitness checks of vessels shall be undertaken at the terminal docking points of the routes. 2.11 SHORE PROTECTION Dredging would be required near the terminal waterfront for boat manoeuvring. Hence, shore protection works are required to protect the landward side assets and in mitigation of coastal erosion and storm damage reduction. The following options of Shore Protection System could be considered for the Kochi Water Metro project.  Option 1- Soldier Piles and Slab Panels with Tie Back Anchor  Option 2- Conventional Earth Retaining Structure- Plain concrete Gravity Wall or RCC Retaining Wall  Option 3- Flexible Type Retaining Structure-Gabion wall  Option 4 – Sheet pile Out of the above a suitable system shall be recommended at a particular terminal location depending on the cost effectiveness, based on the soil type encountered.

WAPCOS Limited 2-23 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.12 DREDGING OF WATERWAYS The Kochi City Region waterway comes under the National Waterways -3 as identified by Inland Waterways Authority of India. The waterways’ and channel widths vary across the length and breadth of the city region. There is varying level of silting across the waterways as per discussions with various departments and authorities maintaining the waterways. However, dredging is recommended on entire network to ensure a minimum vertical draft of 1.5m. Dredging may be carried out by Department of Irrigation or the Inland Waterways Authority of India, authorised to dredge the waterways. Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI) is reported to maintain a guaranteed depth of 1-2m with a width of 32m at the bottom across the NW-3. According to IWAI, the planned routes/ traffic channels on NW-3 are dredged and the installation of navigation aids (buoys) on NW-3 is completed. Dredging in the areas between the corridor/traffic channel route and the pier/jetty needs emphasis. The bathymetry data along the various routes and terminal locations has already been collected. The minimum water depth needed for navigation of the proposed design boats is -1.5 m wrt CD. However, suitable allowance for siltation (say 0.5 m to 1.0 m) also needs to be taken into account while calculating quantity of capital dredging. Dredge level of - 2.5 m CD is considered in the main channel of all routes except for Routes 11, 12, 14 and 15 in which -1.5 m CD is considered. Dredge level of - 1.5 m CD is also considered in approaches to terminals. Along the identified routes, the segments which have insufficient depths are marked and the quantity of capital dredging was assessed and the same is presented below. The following have been considered while arriving at the quantity of dredging required for the project:  A channel width of 32 m is considered for two-way channel and 15 m for one-way channel  In high siltation areas, depths in approach channel and waterfront, shall be considered as -2.5 m CD.  Dredged level of -1.5 m CD to be considered in approach channels and waterfront in low siltation areas.  Wherever water depths in NW3 are less than 1.5 m below CD, it is proposed to undertake dredging to achieve dredged level of -1.5 m CD.  The channel depths along routes 11, 12 and 14 shall be limited to 1.5 m below CD The dredging quantities have been arrived for each route is given in Table-2.7.

WAPCOS Limited 2-24 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-2.7: Details of dredging quantities Route Origin Intermediate Destination Volume(m3) No. 1 High Court Vypeen Fort Kochi 89548.50 2 Vytilla Eroor Infopark 98563.60 Kakkanad 3 High Court Willingdon Island Mattancherry 41671.60 (Ferry Side) 4 Ernakulam High Court Moolampilly 77862.80 Bolgatty Thanthonnithuruth Ponnarimangalam Mulavukad Hospital Mulavukad Panchayat Mulavukad North Korumkotta South Chittoor 5 High Court Ernakulam Kumbhalam 45986.50 Thevara Netoor 6 Fort Kochi Willingdon Island Mattancherry 0.00 (Ferry Side) 7 Ernakulam Fort Kochi Vypeen 12613.80 8 Edakochi Kumbalam Vytilla 10031.30 Netoor Thykoodam 9 Edakochi Thopumpady Vypeen 41877.70 Mattacherry Willingdon Island (Ferry Side) 10 Moolampilly Pizhala Cheranalloor 1280.40 Kothad Chennur 11 Cheranalloor Eloor Varapuzha 22858.00 12 Moolampilly Varapuzha Njarackal 71498.80 Kadamakudy Paliyamthuruth 13 Moolampilly Cheriyamthuruth Thundathumkadavu 6115.60 14 Njarackal Elamkunnapuzha High Court 98952.90 Mulavukad View Point 15 Pizhala Aster Medcity Amrita Hospital 30505.90 Total 649367.40 Source: DPR

The Dredging shall be done using Cutter Suction Dredger (CSD) and Grab Dredger. The total quantity of capital dredging is 6,49,367 m3. Maintenance dredging is assessed as 0.375 million cum/yr. The average dredge volume is expected to be 0.23 Mm3/yr .The average dredge quantity is expected to stabilize and thereby reduce over the years to around 0.12 Mm3/yr. Dredging is proposed to be carried out mainly at the berthing area and approach channel areas.

WAPCOS Limited 2-25 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.13 DUMPING AREA The total quantity of the dredge material will be 6,49,367 m3. Dredged material will be suitably disposed in open sea and on land identified. As per the geotechnical investigations carried out at the channels, the bottom of the channel consists of very soft clayey, very loose to soft clayey sand or sandy clay. In some channels the bottom sediments comprises silty clay, silty sand, cemented sand etc. Various lands in non CRZ area have been identified for the disposal of the dredged material. In few of the locations approval for dumping has been obtained for the disposal of the dredged material and will be carried out in consultation with District Administration. As per the suggestion of wildlife, the option of disposal of the clay, silt and sand obtained during the dredging at suitable locations along the banks of lake to form a bed, where afforestation to be done by mangroves and mangrove associate species shall be also explored to minimize the dumping of the dredge disposal in open sea. The route-wise disposal locations are presented in Table-2.8. The dumping locations are shown in Figure- 2.7.

Table-2.8: Details of Dumping Location S No Locations Site Capacity Proposed Volume of (m3) Dredge material (m3) 1 BPCL Land 44,554 9,939 2 KINFRA/Smartcity 71,484 65,935 3 Opposite to Varapuzha 9,539 21,520 Panchayath 4 Identified land of 2,04,007 37,592 Trust 5 Open sea 12,00,000 5,14,381 Total 22,50,594 6,49,367 Source: DPR

In certain pockets the dredging is less than 1000 m3 and the identified dredge disposal locations are very far. Therefore discussions are held with local panchayats for identification of dredge material disposal sites for the agricultural purpose the nearer to the such dredge pockets.

WAPCOS Limited 2-26 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Figure-2.7: Dredge Disposal Location Map

WAPCOS Limited 2-27 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.14 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS The major construction material requirement for the project is given in the Table. In that majority of the material is available in and around the project site itself. The details are given in Table-2.9. Table-2.9: Details of construction material required for the project S. No. Description Unit Quantity Place of Distance Available to Source Source 1 Cement Tonne 10323 Local Local 2 Course Sand Cum 14234 Kaladi and 40 Km (Crushed Sand) Perumbavur 3 10mm Metal Cum 7645 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 4 20mm Metal Cum 17828 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 5 40mm Metal Cum 113 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 6 AAC Blocks Nos 768336 Thoppumpady 10 Km 7 Rubble Cum 44944 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 8 Murrum Cum 43110 Kaladi and 41 Km Perumbavur 9 Reinforcement Tonne 2932 Local Local Steel 10 Structural Steel Tonne 1443 Local Local Source: DPR 2.15 SOLID & HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT The waste expected to be generated at the terminals and their proposed handling is given below: Municipal Solid Waste Bins shall be provided at appropriate locations in the terminals to collect the Primary waste storage in segregated manner in biodegradable and non-biodegradable poly- bags. The waste would be collected by the municipal employees, from each terminal, deploying suitably sized waste trucks. Frequency of collection shall depend on the terminal size. However the waste shall be collected atleast once per day. Soak Pit Sludge The sludge shall be removed periodically by the municipal workers and taken away in lorries for disposal at appropriate location or for use as a manure. Boatyard • Garbage collection bins for solids & oily rags required as per rules, shall be placed in the yard, where solid waste would be collected. The same shall be disposed through authorized dealers. • The boatyard shall be regularly swept with an industrial vacuum sweeper to remove contaminants.

WAPCOS Limited 2-28 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

• Metal scrap generated from workshops shall be stored in separate containers and disposed through approved agencies. Battery & e waste: • The battery and e-waste generated shall be disposed of through the authorized vendors. • Agreements will be made with the equipment suppliers to take back their products once their utility ceases.

2.16 EMISSION DETAILS The propulsion of the boats will be diesel-electric. At normal operating speeds, the boats would operate with the help of batteries and there would not be any fuel consumption. The boats will operate on diesel only when batteries are completely discharged. The reduction in pollution emissions after project commissioning is presented below. Parameter Reduction in Emissions of Pollutants (Tonnes/Year) 2019 2020 2021 2025 2035 CO2 3103 8955 8578 10237 16278 CO 21.01 61.59 60.10 72.21 114.28 HC 7.71 22.61 22.06 26.51 41.95 NOX 20.24 59.32 57.88 69.55 110.07 PM 1.06 3.10 3.02 3.63 5.75 Total 3153.02 9101.62 8721.06 10408.9 16550.05

2.17 ELECTRICAL POWER REQUIREMENT The main power requirement for electrical loads in the proposed Terminals (Major, Minor & Intermediate) shall be on account of illumination for terminal buildings, high mast lighting, auxiliary services like water supply system, fire-fighting system & rain water harvesting etc. In case of operational power, all the installed loads shall not be running simultaneously. The estimated electrical load requirement for various terminals is 56,314 kWh/day. Power at 11kV shall be obtained from Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB) at one point near boundary of the respective terminal. 11 KV supply shall be taken in the terminal building through adequate sized 11 KV XLPE underground cable considering fault level of the supply point. An independent space for HT panel and metering board as per the requirements of KSEB shall be provided. The HT panel shall be provided with adequate protective device like Over Current Protection, Short Circuit Protection, Earth Fault Protection, Under Voltage Protection etc.

WAPCOS Limited 2-29 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

2.18 LAND ACQUSITION As a part of the project, 45 terminals are proposed to be developed. The major jetties shall be developed/re-developed as major boat hubs which shall be the main transit point and shall connect various islands and as part of the property holistic development objective of the project, the hub shall also be developed as a commercial/economic centre. Also, parking is proposed to be developed at these major jetties, besides the introduction of public bicycle sharing concept at all the jetty locations. Also, place making is recommended as an integral part of jetty development. In accordance with the land requirement by all the jetties, a minimum of land to the extent of 1 acre is proposed to be developed for the provision of above mentioned facilities. In case of jetty locations within the Panchayat areas, the land is primarily owned by the Panchayat committees while in other cases, the ownership varies from Cochin Corporation, Port Trust, etc. The proposed project developments, will lead to acquisition of few buildings, petty shops, land. At various locations 5 number of residential buildings, 58 number of commercial establishment such as petty shops, encroachers, squatters etc, are proposed to be acquired as a part of the project. The total land to be acquired for the project is 9.51 ha. In that 5.3 ha is government land and 4.21 ha is private land. 2.19 CAPITAL COST The total project cost in setting up the development of the Project is estimated at Rs. 819 Crores. The details are given in Table-2.10. Table-2.10: Capital Cost Estimation (Unit: Rs. Crore)

S. No. Description Total Cost (In Cr) A Direct Infrastructures Costs A.1 Jetty Infrastructure Cost 215 1 Construction Cost for Terminal Buildings 2 Pontoon & Gangway / Fixed Jetty 3 Shore Protection 4 Foot Over Bridge 5 RCC Platform 6 Water Tank, Sewage, Drainage, Fencing etc. 7 Internal Roads, Car Parking 8 Electrical 9 Night Parking Jetty 10 Boat Washing Jetty 11 Fuelling Jetty A.2 Boat yard 14 A.3 Dredging of waterway 33 A.4 Commercial Complex A.5 System & OCC (Excluding AFC) 40 Enabling works for demolition of existing A.6 works and reconstruction 5 A.7 Marina 6

WAPCOS Limited 2-30 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. No. Description Total Cost (In Cr) Total Civil Infrastructure Cost 314 A.6 Cost of Boat including work boat 269 A.7 Soft Costs 1 Set up/start up/development cost (LS) 48 2 Contingency 2% on Sub Total 13 3 Interest During Construction 5 Total (A) 649 B Ancillary Infrastructure Development of Access road /Island road /non - B.1 motorised transport 89 Development of Electric Feeders ,Bicycle, sharing and B.2 walkways with travelators 3 B.3 Solar Farm B.4 Set up/start up/development cost 6 Sub-Total 98 Grand Total (sub total A+B) 747 C Land acquisitions cost 72 Grand Total including Land Acquisition Cost 819 Source: DPR 2.20 DETAILS OF SOLAR/ ENERGY CONSERVATION MEASURES As part of energy conservation measures, it proposed to meet the power requirements of the Water Metro Project by setting up solar power panels over roof tops of the terminal buildings, covered roofs over the pontoons and by setting up a land based power plant. The power requirement of Water Metro Project is about 12,650 kW. About 700 kW can be generated from the solar panels installed over the roof tops and the remaining power requirement will be produced by setting up a solar power plant. RESCO / CAPEX business model will be implemented for sourcing the solar power. 2.21 MANPOWER For overall management of the project including expenditures, revenue, operations, routes, schedules, engineering, repair and maintenance; and administrative staff is proposed. The admin staff includes General Manager, Additional General Manager – Marine, Additional General Manager – Systems, Manager – Mechanical Electrical and Plumbing (MEP), Deputy Manager – civil, Section Engineer – Marine, Section Engineer – Systems and Section Engineer – MEP. For smooth functioning and operation of terminals, staff is proposed as per the category of the Terminal. The staff includes Station Master/Jetty Master, Ticket Operating Manager (TOM), Excess Fare Officer (EFO), Janitor and Security. A rotation bases shifts or scheduling has been considered for janitor staff. Each boat is assumed to be equipped with one driver and two lascars for operation during the schedules. With the kind of automation & electrical propulsion proposed in KWMP boats where all parameters & alarms & cut outs are monitored, the requirement of running DGs being minimum, the redundancy available & the support by workboats with a

WAPCOS Limited 2-31 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

mechanic/ engine driver to reach an emergency location, the possibility of a dispensation/waiver of Engineer, required as per KIV rules has been considered. 2.22 FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF THE PROJECT The Kochi water transportation project has considerable potential to become a self- sustainable ecosystem while integration of all modes of transport within Kochi city is implemented along with adequate improvements in the areas pertaining to accessibility and last mile connectivity on islands, complemented with property developments at each boat jetty, and recasting them to economic centres of each island. Based on the present considerations and estimations of capital expenditures, operations cost, maintenance cost, manpower cost, loan amount and revenue in terms of fare box revenue and nonfare box revenue, the Project IRR (pre-tax) for the water transport project is estimated at 1.42 %. The IRR comes to be appropriate and the project may be viable or sustainable in terms of financial analysis. 2.23 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK The Project is proposed to be fully operationalised by end of 2020. Recognising the impact that the project would have on the livelihood of the people as well as on energy consumption and reduced emissions besides promoting integrated public transport, the project is recommended for funding by international funding agencies. It is recommended that Kochi Metro Rail Limited is appointed as the nodal agency for project implementation by establishing a vertical focussed on Water Transport Operations named “Metro Aqua”. The vertical may be headed by a General Manager (Metro Aqua) under the guidance of the Director (Systems). It is recommended that a Steering Committee be formed with the Managing Director, KMRL as the Convener and the committee shall advice and guide Kochi Metro Rail Limited on the operations and functioning of the Water Transport System as a part of the Integrated Public Transport System in Kochi. It shall coordinate with the Metropolitan Transport Authority - Kochi (MTA-KOCHI) to ensure integration. The project implementation schedule is given in Figure-2.8.

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Figure-2.8: Project Implementation Schedule

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CHAPTER-3 ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE STATUS 3.1 GENERAL The EIA study requires a comprehensive and scientific consideration of various environmental aspects and their interaction with natural resources, namely, physico- chemical parameters i.e. meteorology, air quality, noise quality, land use and water quality, biological parameters i.e. terrestrial flora and fauna, marine flora and fauna, fish species, etc. and socio-economic parameters i.e. demography, occupational profile, etc. As a part of the study, a large quantum of related secondary data as available with departments like Forest, Fisheries, Revenue, etc. has been collected. Field surveys were conducted for primary data generation on various aspects including ambient air quality, water quality, noise, marine ecology etc. The major portion of the study area is under water. Thus, as a part of the EIA study, appropriate emphasis has been given to marine environment. As a part of the EIA study, the baseline status has been ascertained for the following aspects:  Meteorology  Geology  Seismicity  Oceanographic Condition  Land use pattern  Ambient air quality  Ambient noise level  Aquatic water quality  Terrestrial Flora, Fauna  Aquatic Ecology  Archeologically Important Area  Socio-economic Aspects

3.2 METEOROLOGY Rainfall: The average annual rainfall is reported as 3014.8 mm, and most of which is received in the period from May to October under the influence of south-west monsoons. June and July are the wettest months of the year, accounting for more than 50% of the annual rainfall. On an average, there are 124.1 rainy days in a year. The average monthly rainfall and rainy days recorded at IMD station Cochin is summarized in Table-3.1. The rainfall as received in various months of the year is depicted in Figure-3.1. Table-3.1: Monthly Rainfall for the India Meteorological Department (IMD) Station at Kochi Month Rainfall (mm) No. of Rainy days January 24.3 1.1 February 27.1 1.2

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Month Rainfall (mm) No. of Rainy days March 45.0 2.6 April 113.1 6.9 May 284.5 11.0 June 700.3 23.0 July 575.5 22.8 August 378.8 19.0 September 310.3 13.4 October 366.6 14.2 November 150.4 7.2 December 39.0 1.8 Total 3014.8 124.1 Source: Climatological Tables (1981-2010), IMD Kochi

Figure-3.1 Month wise Rainfall Variation in Project Area Temperature:The average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at IMD station Kochi is presented in Table 3.2. The mean monthly maximum temperature ranged from 29.5°C in August to 33.0°C in April and the mean monthly minimum temperature ranged from 23.0°C in January to 25.9°C in April. The month-wise temperature variations are depicted in Figure-3.2. Table-3.2: Average monthly maximum and minimum temperatures at IMD station Kochi Month Temperature (°C) Maximum Minimum January 31.9 23.0 February 32.0 24.2 March 32.6 25.5 April 33.0 25.9 May 32.4 25.7 June 30.3 24.2 July 29.6 23.8

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Month Temperature (°C) Maximum Minimum August 29.5 24.0 September 30.2 24.2 October 30.7 24.1 November 31.3 24.1 December 31.9 23.2 Mean 31.3 24.3 Source: Climatological Tables (1981-2010), IMD Kochi

Figure-3.2: Month wise Temperature Variation in Project Area Humidity: The relative humidity is generally high throughout the year, with highest during south-west monsoon months. With the retreat of south-west monsoons, there is a marginal decrease in humidity. The lowest humidity is observed for the period from December to March. The average monthly relative humidity data recorded at Kochi IMD station is given in Table-3.3. The month wise humidity variations are given in Figure-3.3. Table-3.3: Monthly average relative humidity for the IMD Station at Kochi Month Relative humidity (%) At 8.30 hrs At 17.30 hrs January 75 61 February 79 65 March 79 68 April 79 70 May 82 73 June 90 82 July 91 83 August 90 82 September 87 79 October 86 77 November 82 72 December 76 64 Average 83 73

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Source: Climatological Tables (1981-2010), IMD Kochi

Figure-3.3: Month-wise Humidity Variation in Project Area Wind Speed/Direction: Generally, light to moderate winds prevail throughout the year. Winds were light and moderate particularly during the morning hours. While during the afternoon hours the winds were stronger. The annual wind rose are shown in Figure-3.4 respectively and presented in Table-3.4. Table- 3.4: Summary of Wind Pattern – IMD Kochi Time No. of Days With Wind Percentage No. of Days Wind From Month Speed (km.p.h) 62 or 20-61 1=19 0 N NE E SE S SW W NW CALM more JAN 08.30 0 0 25 6 2 30 33 4 0 0 0 0 31 17.30 0 3 28 0 2 0 1 0 0 15 58 24 0 FEB 08.30 0 0 22 6 4 25 23 4 0 1 1 1 41 17.30 0 5 23 0 2 0 0 0 0 12 56 30 0 MAR 08.30 0 0 22 9 6 17 18 3 1 0 0 1 54 17.30 0 7 24 0 3 0 0 1 0 9 53 33 1 APR 08.30 0 0 21 9 6 14 13 4 0 0 0 4 59 17.30 0 8 22 0 4 2 2 1 2 10 42 36 1 MAY 08.30 0 0 22 9 6 12 11 7 1 3 3 5 52 17.30 0 6 25 0 4 1 2 2 2 11 38 38 2 JUN 08.30 0 1 22 8 8 6 5 3 2 6 13 15 42 17.30 0 3 27 1 10 1 1 0 1 7 32 43 5 AUG 08.30 0 0 23 8 11 4 5 3 1 2 10 16 48 17.30 0 4 26 1 10 1 0 0 0 7 33 46 3 SEP 08.30 0 0 22 8 10 8 7 7 3 3 7 8 47 17.30 0 4 25 1 7 0 0 1 2 11 34 43 2 OCT 08.30 0 0 22 9 3 6 14 11 3 1 1 3 58 17.30 0 2 28 1 3 0 1 1 5 21 40 26 3 NOV 08.30 0 0 21 9 2 12 14 9 2 0 1 1 59 17.30 0 1 28 1 3 2 2 2 4 19 47 18 3 DEC 08.30 0 0 25 6 2 35 23 5 0 0 0 0 35 17.30 0 1 30 0 2 2 2 1 1 15 52 24 1 Annual 0 3 268 94 5 14 14 6 2 2 4 5 48 Mean 0 46 312 7 5 1 1 1 2 12 43 33 2

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Source: Climatological Tables (1981-2010), IMD Kochi

Figure-3.4: Wind Rose Diagram for the Year (IMD Kochi)

Cloud & Visibility: The details of cloud & visibility occurred in Kochi is given in Table-3.5 & 3.6 respectively. Table-3.5: Details of Cloud in Kochi Time NO OF DAYS WITH CLOUD NO OF DAYS WITH LOW CLOUD MONTH (hrs) AMOUNT (ALL AMOUNT OKTAS CLOUDS)OKTAS 0 T-2 3=5 6=7 8 0 T-2 3=5 6=7 8 FOG 8 JAN 08.30 5 9 13 4 0 18 10 3 0 0 0 17.30 8 9 10 4 0 19 10 2 0 0 0 FEB 08.30 4 9 12 3 0 11 14 3 0 0 0 17.30 7 9 9 3 0 14 11 3 0 0 0 MAR 08.30 3 9 15 4 0 8 17 6 0 0 0 17.30 4 7 16 4 0 7 15 9 0 0 0 APR 08.30 1 4 15 9 1 2 17 11 0 0 0 17.30 0 3 15 11 1 0 9 20 1 0 0 MAY 08.30 0 2 12 15 2 1 11 18 1 0 0 17.30 0 1 12 16 2 0 8 21 2 0 0 JUN 08.30 0 0 5 17 9 0 4 24 3 0 0 17.30 0 0 5 18 8 0 3 26 2 0 0 AUG 08.30 0 0 7 18 6 0 5 24 2 0 0 17.30 0 0 7 18 6 0 5 24 2 0 0 SEP 08.30 0 1 11 15 3 0 9 19 2 0 0 17.30 0 1 9 17 3 0 8 21 1 0 0 OCT 08.30 0 2 12 14 3 1 13 16 1 0 0 17.30 0 1 9 18 3 0 7 23 1 0 0 NOV 08.30 1 3 14 11 1 3 17 10 0 0 0 17.30 1 3 10 14 2 2 11 16 1 0 0 DEC 08.30 4 7 15 5 0 13 14 4 0 0 0 17.30 5 6 11 8 1 11 13 7 0 0 0 ANNUAL TOTAL 18 47 140 128 32 56 133 162 14 0 0

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Time NO OF DAYS WITH CLOUD NO OF DAYS WITH LOW CLOUD MONTH (hrs) AMOUNT (ALL AMOUNT OKTAS CLOUDS)OKTAS 0 T-2 3=5 6=7 8 0 T-2 3=5 6=7 8 FOG 8 MEAN 25 40 115 152 33 52 102 196 15 0 0 Source: Climatological Tables (1981-2010), IMD Kochi

Table-3.6: Details of number of Days With Visibility MONTH Time (hrs) UPTO 1km 1-4kms 4-10kms 10-20kms OVER 20kms JAN 08.30 0.2 17.7 13.1 0.1 0 17.30 0 0.2 16.7 14.1 0 FEB 08.30 0.3 15.4 12.1 0.2 0 17.30 0 0 13.9 14.1 0 MAR 08.30 0.1 11.5 19.3 0.1 0 17.30 0 0 13.8 17.2 0 APR 08.30 0.1 3.8 25.5 0.7 0 17.30 0 0.7 13.2 16.2 0 MAY 08.30 0 4 26.6 0.4 0 17.30 0 0.6 16.1 14.3 0 JUN 08.30 0.1 6.8 23.8 0.3 0 17.30 0.1 1.7 22.9 6.3 0 AUG 08.30 0.2 5.2 25.3 0.3 0 17.30 0.2 5.2 25.3 0.3 0 SEP 08.30 0.3 4.7 24.6 0.4 0 17.30 0.3 4.7 24.6 0.4 0 OCT 08.30 0.3 8.9 21.5 0.3 0 17.30 0 1.1 19.7 10.2 0 NOV 08.30 0.6 13 16.3 0.1 0 17.30 0 1.2 20.2 8.6 0 DEC 08.30 0.2 14.2 16.4 0.1 0 17.30 0 0.2 18.8 12 0 ANNUAL TOTAL 2.7 110.8 248.1 3.4 0 MEAN 0.3 9.6 215.6 139.6 0 Source: Climatological Tables (1981-2010), IMD Kochi 3.3. MICRO METEOROLOGICAL DATA OF THE PROJECT SITE A temporary meteorological station was established near to Ernakulam high court jetty location of meteorological parameters comprising air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction and rainfall were carried out in the study period January to March, 2018, average data as given Table 3.7 and wind rose Figure-3.5. Table-3.7: Micrometeorological Data for the Study Area (January to March 2018) Month Temperature Humidity Wind speed Rainfall Dominant Avg Max Min Avg Max Min Avg Max Min Wind Direction January 25.1 33.1 23.5 82.0 89 44 3.5 4.5 2.1 0 NW & NE February 28.5 33.2 24.8 77.3 91 42 2.0 5.8 0 2.4 NW & NE March 29.0 33.4 23.9 78.5 95 49 1.6 54 0 41.8 NW & NE

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Figure-3.5: Wind Rose Diagram for the study period 3.4. GEOLOGY The study area is a part of Ernakulam region. Geologically two distinct lithounits are discernible in the area. The eastern part is occupied by hard rocks representing Precambrian metamorphosed rocks while the coastal tract in the west is covered by soft rock or the unconsolidated coastal alluvium. Major part of the district is occupied by charnockite and moigmatite groups of rocks of Precambrian age. The charnockite group is composed of pyroxene granulite, magnetite quartzite and charnockite. Charnockite, which is very widely distributed, is coarsegrained, granulitic and dark coloured. Pyroxene granulite and magnetite quartzite occur as linear bands. Calc-gneiss and quartzite of khondalite group are the oldest rocks of the area and they are seen as linear lensoidal bodies within the charnockites. The migmatite group includes biotite gneiss and quartzofeldspathic gneiss which are next to charnockite in abundance. These older rocks are intruded by both acid (syenite) and basic (gabbro and dolerite) intrusive. Patchy outcrops of Warkalli beds, consisting of pebble bed, grit, friable sandstone and variegated clay is seen in the western part around Edappalli, kalamasseri areas. Both the Warkalli beds as well as the basement rocks are subjected to intense lateritisation, which is confined to the midland region only. The coastal tract is covered by Quaternary sediments

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like beach sand, palaeo-beach ridge deposits (sand), flood plain deposits (sand, silt, clay) and tidal deposits (clay, mud) (Figure-3.6).

Figure-3.6: Geology and mineral resources of Ernakulam.

(Source: District Resource map, , Geological Survey of India) Geomorphology Ernakulam district is divisible into three physiographic zones as (i) the coastal plains in the west, the midland region in the east and the steep to very steep hills in the easternmost part. The coastal plain is a low lying area, with a maximum elevation of around 10m towards the eastern part, characterised by backwater bodies, marshy lands, sandy flats and alluvial plains, which are liable for flooding during the monsoon. The midland region has a rolling topography with low hills and narrow valleys. The hills are generally covered with laterite or lateritic soils and the valleys are alleviated. The region has a very gentle to moderate slope from east to west. The easternmost part is a rugged terrain with steep sloped hills and small summits. It actually forms the foothills of the Western Ghats. Elevation of this terrain is generally more that 300m above mean sea level. As the area is covered by forest soil, thick forest and cultivation of cash crops like rubber abd pepper can be seen in the area (Figure 3.7)

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Figure-3.7: Geomorphology and landuse of Ernakulam. (Source: District Resource map, Ernakulam district, Geological Survey of India) On the basis of morphological features and physico-chemical properties, the soils of the district are classified as Lateritic, Hydromorphic saline, Brown hydromorphic, Riverine alluvium and Coastal alluvium. Lateritic soil is the most predominant soil type of the district. In , , Kunnathunadu and parts of taluks lateritic soil is encountered. These soils are well drained, low in organic matter and plant nutrients. The major crops grown are coconut, tapioca, rubber, areacanut, pepper, cashew and spices. Small patches of hydromorphic saline soil are encountered in the coastal tracts of the district in Kanayannur and Cochin taluk. The tidal backwaters

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contribute to the salinity of the soil. Coconut is grown in these soils. Brown hydromorphic soil is the second most prevalent soil type of the district and they are encountered in valley bottoms. The soil is enriched in clay content and plant nutrients. The soil is suited for paddy cultivation. Riverine alluvium is restricted to the banks of rivers and their tributaries. They are composed of sandy to clayey loam and are enriched in plant nutrients. It is suited for a large variety of crops like coconut, paddy arecanut, pepper, vegetables etc. In Cochin taluk and the western parts of Paravur and Aluva taluk coastal alluviumis encountered and is composed of sand and clay. Coconut is the major crop in these soils. 3.5. SEISMICITY The area falls a part of the peninsular India, which is considered seismically highly stable (Zone-III) as per Seismic Zoning Map of the country given in IS 1983 (part I): 2002. The seismic zoning map is enclosed as Figure-3.8.

Figure-3.8: Seismic Zoning Map

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3.6. OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITION Waves The wave climate is governed by the south-west monsoons when wave action can be strong with prevailing wave direction from north-west to south-west. Deep water (15m) wave observation in the past indicate the significant wave heights of 4m, 2m and 1m at the water depths of 10m, 5m and 2m respectively, the predominant wave direction being west. Wave action inside the Ernakulam Channel is insignificant because of narrow entrance between Cochin Gut and Fort Cochin and the configuration of the land. Generally calm conditions prevail throughout the year except during the times of extreme wind action. The present study area is in inland waterways and these are protected by land masses. The wave action in most of the jetties is insignificant. The following maximum wave heights under normal conditions are considered:  Fort Kochi and Vypeen – 1.0 m  Other locations – 0.5 m

Tides Cochin experiences semi diurnal tides with marked daily inequality. The tidal levels as per Naval Hydrographic Chart for the Port of Kochi are as follows: Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) + 1.20 m CD Mean Higher High Water Level (MHHWL) + 0.90 m CD Mean Lowest High Water Level (MLHWL) + 0.80 m CD Mean Sea Level (MSL) + 0.60 m CD Mean Highest Low Water Level (MHLWL) + 0.60 m CD Mean Lower Low Water Level (MLLWL) + 0.30 m CD Currents The currents along the coast of Cochin consists of tide, wave and wind induced components. As per observations the maximum current velocities at the Cochin Gut during the non-monsoon periods is of the order of 3 knots, which could increase to as high as 5.5 knots during the monsoon periods. Inside the Ernakulam Channel the current velocities are low, of the order of 0.5 knots only, with directions varying at different locations. Littoral Drift The littoral drift influenced by the monsoon is southwards during south–west monsoon period and northwards during non–monsoon period. Though this contributes to the siltation in the approach channel, it has no direct impact in the Ernakulam Channel.

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3.7. LANDUSE PATTERN Landuse describes how a patch of land is used (e.g. for agriculture, settlement, forest), whereas land cover describes the materials (such as vegetation, rocks or buildings) that are present on the surface. Accurate land use and land cover identification is the key to most of the planning processes. The land use pattern of the study area has been studied through digital satellite imagery data. The land use pattern has been studied through satellite imagery data. Remote sensing satellite data of Resource Sat- 2 Satellite (LISS-IV, path 099, row 066, sub-scene D dated 24.02.2018) Data of was procured from National Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA), Hyderabad. The data was processed through ERDAS software package available with WAPCOS. Ground truth studies were conducted in the area to validate various signals in the satellite images and correlate them with different land use domains. The landuse pattern of the study area is given in Table-3.8. The FCC and Classified imagery of the study area is given in Figure-3.9 & 3.10. Table- 3.8: Landuse pattern of the study area Category Area(ha) Area (%) Water/River 39282 40.32 Vegetation 16263 16.69 Open Land 24995 25.66 Agricultural Land 1147 1.18 Built up area/Settlement 15736 16.15 Total 97423 100.00

The major landuse category in the area of the basin is water, as it accounts for about 40.32% of the total area. The area under vegetation and Open land is about 16.69% and 25.66% respectively of the study area. The area is densely populated, the area under Built- up land/settlements account for about 16.15% of the total area. Area under agricultural land is only 1.18% the study area.

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Figure-3.9: FCC of the study area

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Figure-3.10: Classified Imaginary of Study Area

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3.8. SOIL QUALITY To assess the impacts of the proposed activities on the soils in the area, the physicochemical characteristics of soils within the study area have been examined by Soil Characteristics obtaining soil samples from nine locations and is given in Table-3.9. The Analysis is done through, NABL Accredited Standards Environmental & Analytical Laboratories,Ernakulam. The location of the soil sampling is given in Figure-3.11. The physicochemical characteristics of the soils in the study area, as obtained from the analysis of the soil samples are presented in Table-3.10. Table-3.9: Soil Sampling Location S No Location Latitude Longitude S 1 FORTKOCHI 9°58'.103" N 76°14'.762" E S 2 THOPPUMPADY 9°55'.867" N 76°16'.158" E S 3 EROOR 9°58'.826" N 76°19'.990" E S 4 NETOOR 9°55'.164" N 76°18'.818" E S 5 MULAVUKADU 10°01'.55.2" N 76°15'.09.8" E S 6 VARAPUZHA 10°4'.435" N 76°16'.315" E S 7 ERNAKULAM 9°57'.49.9" N 76°17'.17.6" E S 8 AMRITA 10°02'.090" N 76°21'.571" E S 9 INFOPARK 10°00'.031" N 76°21'.571" E

Figure-3.11: Soil Sampling Locations

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Table-3.10: Results of Soil Quality RESULT SL TEST UNIT THOPPUMP MULAVUKA VARAPUZ ERNAKULA INFOPA NO PARAMETERS FORTKOCHI EROOR NETOOR AMRITA ADY DU HA M RK Blackish Dark Browish Blackish Browish Blackish Browish 1 Colour ___ Brown Brown Brown Brown Black Brown Black Brown Black Slit % 9.43 17.41 18.33 55.2 51.3 23.6 23.3 30.9 15.3 2 Texture Sand % 67.9 74.73 61.9 36.1 37.9 64.6 57.8 51.8 78.6 Clay % 22.6 7.71 19.72 8.62 10.7 11.7 18.9 16.9 5.7 Water Holding 3 ml/L 600 520 540 560 560 520 580 570 580 Capacity (WHC) Bulk Density 4 % 1.32 1.46 1.32 1.42 1.49 1.35 1.32 1.11 1.22 (BD) 5 Porosity % 42 38 42 32 34 30 36 27 33 6 pH (1:5 Ratio) ___ 7.82 8.2 7.14 8.09 6.72 6.08 8.15 6.53 6.41 Conductivity 7 µS/cm 200 85 101 106 22 35 135 42 90 (1:5 Ratio) Cation Exchange meq/c 8 10.4 10.6 12.74 12.3 9.79 9.83 17.6 10.7 9.4 Capacity m 9 Organic Matter % 1.72 0.255 0.431 0.49 0.33 1.49 1.47 1.16 0.215 10 Organic Carbon % 1.0 0.148 0.25 0.29 0.19 0.87 0.85 0.67 0.126 11 Nitrogen (as N) % 0.16 0.06 0.137 0.05 0.07 0.11 0.11 0.09 0.08 Phosphoros (as 12 % 0.03 0.047 0.048 0.049 0.051 0.017 0.025 0.022 0.052 P) 13 Potassium (as K) % 0.031 0.019 0.036 0.051 0.062 0.038 1.7 0.026 0.017

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 Bulk density of soils in the study area varied between 1.11 - 1.41%  Porosity of soils varied between 27 – 42 %, which is in normal range for such soils.  Water holding capacity of the soils varied between 520 – 600 ml/l..  The soils were generally slightly alkaline with pH range 6.08-8.2. This is probably due to excess of oxides and hydroxides of basic metals, particularly calcium and magnesium.  Electrical conductivity (EC) was found varying between 22-200 µs/cm.  Potassium percentage in this study area was found varying between 0.017-1.7%.  Nitrogen level in this study area varied between 0.05-0.16%, which is normal.  Phosphorous in the study area soils was found normal ranging between 0.017 - 0.052%.  Cation exchange capacity (CEC) varied between 9.4-17.6 meq/100 gm. 3.9. GROUND WATER QUALITY The water table in the open well in the project site vicinity (post monsoon season) varies between 1 m to 6 m. The project site is categorized as “Safe Zone” by Central Ground Water Board. Ground water availability report prepared by CGWB, Kerala is used to know the ground water level and quality in the district. (The categorization of blocks in to safe, semicritical etc. stating the ground water resource status prepared by Ground Water Board, Kerala region for Ernakulam District.) Ground water samples were collected from nine locations and analysed. The water samples were examined for physico-chemical parameters as well as for bacteriological parameters. The Analysis is done through, NABL Accredited Standards Environmental & Analytical Laboratories,Ernakulam. The details of Nine sampling locations are presented in Table-3.11 and Figure-3.12. Analysis results of groundwater are presented in Table-3.12. Table-3.11: Ground Water Sampling Locations S No Location Latitude Longitude GW 1 ERNAKULAM NORTH 9°57'.49.1" N 76°17'.18.2" E GW 2 VARAPUZHA 10°4'.430" N 76°16'.305" E GW 3 MULAVUKADU 10°01'.55.2" N 76°175'.09.8" E GW 4 THOPPUMPADY 9°55'.805" N 76°16'.171" E GW 5 INFO PARK 10°00'.031" N 76°21'.571" E GW 6 AMRITHA 10°02'.090" N 76°17'.748" E GW 7 NETOOR 9°55'.206" N 76°18'.800" E GW 8 FORT KOCHI 9°58'.100" N 76°17'.748" E GW 9 EROOR 9°58'.823" N 76°19'.994" E

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Figure-3.12: Ground water Sampling Locations

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Table-3.12: Ground Water Sampling Results

TEST RESULT SLNO UNIT PARAMETERS ERNAKULAM NORTH VARAPUZHA MULAVUKADU THOPPUMPADY INFO PARK AMRITHA NETOOR FORT KOCHI EROOR 1 pH --- 6.93 6.3 7.03 7.81 6.97 6.63 7.03 7.23 6.44 2 Temperature oC 30 29 30 29 29 30 30 29 30 3 Conductivity µs/cm 612 305 203 11721 430 452 649 867 676 4 Turbidity NTU 9.21 14.5 3.63 0.8 6.8 1.6 1.6 0.5 0.7 Total Dissolved 5 mg/L 393 194 127 7619 233 270 472 564 440 Solids Total 6 suspended mg/L 18.4 22.4 16.8 6.4 22 8 12 8.4 <1 solids Total Hardness 7 mg/L 208 97.9 73.4 1479 93.8 106 220 289 183 (as CaCO3) 8 Chloride (as Cl) mg/L 46.7 16.5 41.8 5841 62 48.7 101 89.5 89.6 Total 9 Alkalinity(as mg/L 195 83.6 61.7 343 83.6 91.5 199 258 75.6 CaCO3) Sulphate (as 10 mg/L 9.94 21 5.86 68.4 10.2 33.7 15.3 15.5 100 SO4) Nitrate (as 11 mg/L 3.32 2.34 2.88 7.67 1.4 16.8 16.1 5.42 9.95 NO3) 12 Flouride (as F) mg/L < 0.10 < 0.10 < 0.10 0.28 < 0.10 0.15 < 0.10 < 0.10 0.12 13 Iron (as Fe) mg/L 1.98 5.34 1.58 0.16 2.97 0.41 0.86 0.06 0.15 14 Zinc (as Zn) mg/L < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 15 Calcium (as Ca) mg/L 73.7 33.5 26.2 347 35.9 40.9 70.1 66.9 53.7 Magnesium (as 16 mg/L 5.83 3.47 1.97 148 < 1.0 < 1 36.2 29.6 11.9 Mg) Cadmium (as 17 mg/L < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 < 0.03 Cd) 18 Copper (as Cu) mg/L < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.05 19 Nickel (as Ni) mg/L < 0.10 0.15 < 0.10 < 0.10 < 0.10 < 0.10 < 0.10 0.12 < 0.10 20 Lead (as Pb) mg/L < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 21 Mercury (as Hg) mg/L < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 < 0.002 Chromium 22 mg/L < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 < 0.4 (Total as Cr) 23 Arsenic (as As) mg/L <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Phenolic 24 mg/L < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 Compound Total Coliform 25 MPN/100ml 9 4 12 21 23 17 4 7 14 Bacteria 26 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml < 2 < 2 7 13 < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2 < 2

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From the observation, it was found that:

 pH of the groundwater was found ranging from 6.3 to 7.81.  TDS values were found in the range of 127 to 7619 mg/l which is very high from prescribed limit of drinking water.  Conductivity of groundwater was found 203 to 11721 µs/cm.  Hardness values were in the range of 73.4 to 1479 mg/l.  Calcium and magnesium were in the range of 26.2 to 347 mg/l and 1.97 to 148 mg/l to respectively.  Chlorides 16.5 to 5841 mg/l and nitrates 1.4 to 16.8 mg/l..  Presence of heavy metals such as Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, copper, lead, Mercury, Phenol, and Zinc are found below detectable limit.

3.10. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY The study area covers the backwaters of Kochi. There are no major sources of air pollution in the project area. The sources of air pollution in the region are vehicular traffic, dust emissions from unpaved village roads and domestic fuel burning. As per the secondary data, ambient air quality in the study area was found to be well within permissible limit. Ambient air quality (AAQ) monitoring was conducted 6 locations in the study area by WAPCOS from 08th January 2018 to 31st March 2018, as a part of the EIA study. Ambient air quality (AAQ) monitoring was carried out as per the Notification issued by MoEF&CC on 16.1.2009. The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out with a frequency of two samples per week for twelve consecutive weeks at six locations in the study period. A total 12 parameters were monitored and findings of the same are described in this section to assess the ambient air quality status in the area. The parameters monitored as a part of the study are listed as below:

. Particulate Matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) . Particulate Matter less than 10 microns (PM10) . Sulphur dioxide (SO2) . Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) . Carbon Monoxide (as CO) . Ozone (as O3) . Lead (as Pb) . Ammonia (as NH3) . Benzene (as C6H6) . Benzo (O) Pyrene (as BaP) . Arsenic (as As) . Nickel (as Ni) The location of ambient air quality monitoring stations is given in Table-3.13. The Analysis is done through, NABL Accredited Standards Environmental & Analytical Laboratories, Ernakulam. The results of ambient air quality survey conducted during the study period are given in Table-3.14 to Table-3.19. The summary of ambient air quality monitoring is

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given in Table-3.20. The ambient air quality standards specified by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) are given in Table-3.21. The location of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring station was selected based on the prominent wind directions during the monitoring period. The ambient air quality monitoring stations were selected considering that the upwind, downwind, and cross wind direction with respect to proposed project site are covered. The location of ambient air quality monitoring stations is shown in Figure- 3.13. Table-3.13: Location of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations S. No. Station Location Coordinates Code 1 AAQ-1 Eroor 09°58.581’ N , 76°19.992’ E 2 AAQ-2 South Chitoor 10°02.221’ N , 76°16.524’ E 3 AAQ-3 Fort Kochi 09°58.110’ N , 76°14.714’ E 4 AAQ-4 High Court 09°59.001’ N , 76°16.404’ E 5 AAQ-5 Nettur 09°55.164’ N , 76°18.816’ E 6 AAQ-6 Varapuzha 10°04.428’ N , 76°16.288’ E

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Figure-3.13: Ambient Air Quality monitoring stations

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Table-3.14: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-1 S. Date of Parameter

No. Sampling PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 Ammonia Ozone CO Lead Arsenic Nickel C6H6 BaP (NH3) (O3) (Pb) (as As) (as Ni) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) (ng/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) 1 08.01.2018 102.2 42.1 < 2.00 < 2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 2 11.01.2018 92.1 35.2 < 2.00 14.5 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 3 16.01.2018 113 53.5 < 2.00 6.92 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 4 18.01.2018 112 64. 5 < 2.00 6.84 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 5 22.01.2018 102 29.3 < 2.00 6.38 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 6 26.01.2018 108 39.8 < 2.00 4.39 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 7 31.01.2018 108 38.1 < 2.00 5.89 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 8 02.02.2018 158 64.5 < 2.00 11 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 9 09.02.2018 101 41.6 < 2.00 11.3 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 10 10.02.2018 116 43.8 < 2.00 5.69 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 11 16.02.2018 128 42.5 < 2.00 14.5 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.98 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 12 17.02.2018 101 40.5 < 2.00 15.3 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.66 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 13 23.02.2018 121 52.1 < 2.00 13.6 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 14 24.02.2018 109 29.8 < 2.00 5.39 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.98 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 15 02.03.2018 119 40.5 < 2.00 2.4 < 20.0 < 5.0 9.12 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 16 03.03.2018 108 39.6 < 2.00 8.45 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 17 09.03.2018 98.5 39.2 < 2.00 6.76 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 18 10.03.2018 118 41.6 < 2.00 16.9 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 19 16.03.2018 101 40.6 < 2.00 5.05 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 20 17.03.2018 112 45.4 < 2.00 4.01 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 21 23.03.2018 145 49.6 < 2.00 3.89 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 22 24.03.2018 122 36.5 < 2.00 5.91 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 23 30.03.2018 163 53.5 < 2.00 4.19 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 24 31.03.2018 134 38.4 < 2.00 6.45 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80

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Table-3.15: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-2 S. Date of Parameter

No. Sampling PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 Ammonia Ozone CO Lead Arsenic Nickel C6H6 BaP (NH3) (O3) (Pb) (as As) (as Ni) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) (ng/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) 1 08.01.2018 81.4 18.8 < 2.00 < 2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 2 12.01.2018 122 35.8 < 2.00 11.7 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 3 15.01.2018 116 53.8 < 2.00 5.49 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 4 19.01.2018 99.3 26.1 < 2.00 8.68 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 5 23.01.2018 98.2 23.4 < 2.00 5.82 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 6 26.01.2018 145 49.6 < 2.00 9.86 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 7 31.01.2018 116 54.5 < 2.00 7.58 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 8 02.02.2018 138 39.5 < 2.00 5.13 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 9 09.02.2018 136 59.3 < 2.00 10.4 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 10 10.02.2018 110 40.6 < 2.00 11.8 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.51 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 11 16.02.2018 139 49.6 < 2.00 <2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.85 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 12 17.02.2018 99.6 30.5 < 2.00 6.65 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 13 23.02.2018 129 49.6 <2.00 10.9 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 14 24.02.2018 141 49.8 < 2.00 12.8 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 15 02.03.2018 99.8 36.4 < 2.00 5.28 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.29 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 16 03.03.2018 139 58.4 < 2.00 11.7 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.4 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 17 09.03.2018 123 43.6 < 2.00 13.6 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.63 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 18 10.03.2018 113 43.9 < 2.00 9.64 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 19 16.03.2018 110 41.6 <2.00 9.64 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.52 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 20 17.03.2018 112 42.1 < 2.00 6.58 < 20.0 < 20.0 2.32 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 21 23.03.2018 102 41.5 < 2.00 5.49 < 20.0 < 20.0 2.34 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 22 24.03.2018 101 28.5 < 2.00 5.13 < 20.0 < 20.0 2.82 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 23 30.03.2018 117 48.4 < 2.00 3.86 < 20.0 < 20.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 24 31.03.2018 98.9 31.3 < 2.00 4.38 < 20.0 < 20.0 2.82 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80

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Table-3.16: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-3 S. Date of Parameter

No. Sampling PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 Ammonia Ozone CO Lead Arsenic Nickel C6H6 BaP (NH3) (O3) (Pb) (as As) (as Ni) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) (ng/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) 1 08.01.2018 164 91.8 < 2.00 < 2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 2 11.01.2018 162 52.6 <2.00 3.45 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 3 16.01.2018 91.1 44.5 < 2.00 6.83 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 4 19.01.2018 139 82.6 < 2.00 12.1 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 5 22.01.2018 96.4 29.3 < 2.00 5.86 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 6 26.01.2018 124 39.6 < 2.00 3.86 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 7 31.01.2018 146 62.4 < 2.00 8.41 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 8 02.02.2018 112 39.1 < 2.00 13.9 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 9 09.02.2018 141 60.9 < 2.00 9.64 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 10 10.02.2018 138 49.6 < 2.00 <2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.75 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 11 16.02.2018 143 40.6 < 2.00 7.28 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 12 17.02.2018 118 51.6 < 2.00 13.6 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 13 23.02.2018 149 58.2 < 2.00 10.6 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 14 24.02.2018 109 36.8 < 2.00 15.9 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 15 02.03.2018 129 53.6 < 2.00 15.2 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 16 03.03.2018 159 51.2 < 2.00 13.6 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 17 09.03.2018 149 62.3 < 2.00 6.63 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 18 10.03.2018 131 39.9 < 2.00 11.9 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 19 16.03.2018 104 39.1 < 2.00 10.3 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 20 17.03.2018 125 35.6 < 2.00 8.2 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 21 23.03.2018 134 30.5 < 2.00 6.13 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 22 24.03.2018 128 31.9 < 2.00 6.08 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 23 30.03.2018 166 34.9 < 2.00 3.86 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 24 31.03.2018 118 38.9 < 2.00 4.15 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80

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Table-3.17: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-4 S. Date of Parameter

No. Sampling PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 Ammonia Ozone CO Lead Arsenic Nickel C6H6 BaP (NH3) (O3) (Pb) (as As) (as Ni) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) (ng/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) 1 08.01.2018 132 51.2 <2.00 12.4 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 2 12.01.2018 121 48.2 <2.00 7.93 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 3 15.01.2018 135 49.2 < 2.00 7.93 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 4 19.01.2018 128 49.6 < 2.00 9.12 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 5 22.01.2018 128 63.1 < 2.00 8.98 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 6 26.01.2018 98.9 23.9 < 2.00 7.95 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 7 31.01.2018 138 62.1 < 2.00 9.88 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 8 03.02.2018 121 50.3 <2.00 11.03 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 9 09.02.2018 94.6 42.1 <2.00 7.52 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 10 10.02.2018 147 56.5 <2.00 6.9 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 11 16.02.2018 151 62.5 <2.00 14.2 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 12 17.02.2018 132 52.3 <2.00 11.2 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 13 23.02.2018 118 49.4 <2.00 12.8 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.86 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 14 24.02.2018 139 46.4 <2.00 8.74 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.98 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 15 02.03.2018 138 49.2 <2.00 6.88 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.4 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 16 03.03.2018 145 68.9 <2.00 6.65 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 17 09.03.2018 117 49.6 <2.00 <2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.32 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 18 10.03.2018 138 42.9 <2.00 6.72 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.98 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 19 16.03.2018 136 58.4 <2.00 17.7 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.09 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 20 17.03.2018 124 52.6 <2.00 9.2 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.52 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 21 23.03.2018 125 50.2 <2.00 5.28 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 22 24.03.2018 112 43.6 <2.00 4.98 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 23 30.03.2018 109 48.1 <2.00 3.96 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 24 31.03.2018 109 49.3 <2.00 5.38 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80

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Table-3.18: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-5 S. Date of Parameter

No. Sampling PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 Ammonia Ozone CO Lead Arsenic Nickel C6H6 BaP (NH3) (O3) (Pb) (as As) (as Ni) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) (ng/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) 1 08.01.2018 109 58.6 <2.00 4.27 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 2 11.01.2018 145 33.8 <2.00 8.59 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 3 16.01.2018 104 31.7 < 2.00 4.7 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 4 18.01.2018 139 38.9 < 2.00 5.36 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 5 23.01.2018 118 41.2 < 2.00 9.31 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 6 26.01.2018 125 49.6 < 2.00 6.88 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 7 31.02.2018 138 60.1 < 2.00 9.88 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 8 03.02.2018 141 60.8 <2.00 10.8 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 9 09.02.2018 102 42.9 <2.00 9.73 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.29 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 10 10.02.2018 125 49.6 <2.00 6.92 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 11 16.02.2018 108 41.5 <2.00 14.1 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.32 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 12 17.02.2018 110 41.5 <2.00 <2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 13 23.02.2018 104 40.5 <2.00 8.09 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.21 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 14 24.02.2018 124 48.6 <2.00 11.3 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 15 02.03.2018 98.9 29.6 <2.00 6.64 < 20.0 < 5.0 <1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 16 03.03.2018 119 43.9 <2.00 10.4 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.4 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 17 09.03.2018 129 48.2 <2.00 8.99 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 18 10.03.2018 126 50.5 <2.00 12.8 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.4 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 19 16.03.2018 126 48.6 <2.00 6.65 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.52 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 20 17.03.2018 101 31.2 <2.00 4.32 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.63 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 21 23.03.2018 89.2 28.4 <2.00 3.84 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.29 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 22 24.03.2018 93.8 30.5 <2.00 4.76 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.18 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 23 30.03.2018 68.2 31.4 <2.00 4.39 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.29 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 24 31.03.2018 88.9 28.4 <2.00 3.93 < 20.0 < 5.0 2.5 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80

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Table-3.19: Ambient air quality status at AAQ-6 S. Date of Parameter

No. Sampling PM10 PM2.5 SO2 NO2 Ammonia Ozone CO Lead Arsenic Nickel C6H6 BaP (NH3) (O3) (Pb) (as As) (as Ni) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (μg/m3) (mg/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) (ng/m3) (μg/m3) (ng/m3) 1 08.01.2018 92.6 52.1 < 2.00 < 2.00 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 2 12.01.2018 112 54.1 <2.00 8.04 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 3 15.01.2018 138 44.9 < 2.00 4.21 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 4 18.01.2018 106 54.5 < 2.00 8.99 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 5 23.01.2018 89.5 32.4 < 2.00 6.89 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 6 26.01.2018 124 39.6 < 2.00 3.96 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 7 31.01.2018 132 52.1 < 2.00 6.91 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 8 03.02.2018 110 50.2 < 2.00 11.4 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 9 09.02.2018 112 42.9 < 2.00 6.772 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 10 10.02.2018 118 39.2 < 2.00 9.39 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 11 16.02.2018 128 54.9 < 2.00 17.8 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.66 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 12 17.02.2018 138 53.1 < 2.00 9.21 < 20.0 < 5.0 < 1.15 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 13 23.02.2018 139 50.6 < 2.00 7.76 < 20.0 < 5.0 4.35 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 14 24.02.2018 118 39.6 < 2.00 12.2 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.55 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 15 02.03.2018 109 46.9 < 2.00 8.45 < 20.0 < 5.0 4.12 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 16 03.03.2018 139 58.4 < 2.00 8.49 < 20.0 < 5.0 3.66 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 17 09.03.2018 139 50.6 < 2.00 15.9 < 20.0 < 5.0 4.12 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 18 10.03.2018 128 53.6 < 2.00 8.35 < 20.0 < 5.0 4.58 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 19 16.03.2018 138 46.9 < 2.00 7.43 < 20.0 < 5.0 4.47 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 20 17.03.2018 125 49.6 < 2.00 7.77 < 20.0 < 5.0 5.26 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 21 23.03.2018 125 33.7 < 2.00 4.96 < 20.0 < 5.0 4.3 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 22 24.03.2018 119 36.8 < 2.00 3.91 < 20.0 < 5.0 5.49 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 23 30.03.2018 134 38.4 < 2.00 5.89 < 20.0 < 5.0 5.34 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80 24 31.03.2018 141 36.8 < 2.00 4.63 < 20.0 < 5.0 4.81 < 0.01 < 0.10 < 5.0 < 0.40 < 0.80

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Table- 3.20: Summary of ambient air quality monitoring Station Maximum Minimum Average 98 Percentile 3 Particulate Matter less than 10 micron(PM10) (μg/m ) Eroor 163.0 92.1 116.3 160.7 South Chitoor 145.0 81.4 116.1 143.2 Fort Kochi 166.0 91.1 132.3 165.1 High Court 151.0 94.6 126.5 149.2 Nettur 145.0 68.2 112.2 143.3 Varapuzha 141.0 89.5 122.6 140.2 3 Particulate Matter less than 2.5 micron(PM2.5) (μg/m ) Eroor 64.5 29.3 43.4 64.5 South Chitoor 59.3 18.8 41.5 58.9 Fort Kochi 91.8 29.3 48.2 87.6 High Court 68.9 23.9 50.8 66.2 Nettur 60.8 28.4 40.9 59.9 Varapuzha 58.4 32.4 46.4 56.9 3 Nitrogen Dioxide (No2) (μg/m ) Eroor 16.9 2.4 8.1 16.2 South Chitoor 13.6 3.9 8.3 13.3 Fort Kochi 15.9 3.5 9.0 15.6 High Court 17.7 4.0 8.8 16.2 Nettur 14.1 3.8 7.6 13.6 Varapuzha 17.8 3.9 8.5 17.0 Carbon Monoxide (CO) (mg/m3) Eroor 9.1 3.0 4.7 8.8 South Chitoor 2.9 2.3 2.6 2.8 Fort Kochi 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 High Court 3.3 2.4 2.9 3.3 Nettur 3.3 2.3 2.6 3.3 Varapuzha 5.5 3.6 4.4 5.5

Observations on ambient PM10 levels

It is observed from Table-3.21 that average concentration of PM10 at various stations 3 3 ranged from 166 to 81.4 g/m . The highest PM10 value was recorded as 166.0 µg/m near 3 Fort Kochi and lowest values of 81.4 g/m were recorded at South Chitoor. The PM10 values monitored during the field survey were well above the permissible limit of 100 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. The increase in the concentration may because of the construction and vehicular movement in that area.

Observations on PM2.5 levels

The average concentration of PM2.5 at various stations monitored ranged from 91.8 to 18.8 3 3 µg/m . The highest PM2.5 value was recorded as 91.8 µg/m near Fort Kochi and lowest 3 values of 18.8 µg/m were recorded at South Chitoor. The PM2.5 values monitored during the field survey were below permissible limit of 60 g/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas except Fort Kochi & high court locations.

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Observations on ambient NO2 levels

It can be seen from Table-20 that during the study period, average NO2 concentration at 3 various sampling stations ranged from 2.4 to 17.8 µg/m . The highest NO2value was recorded as 17.8 µg/m3 at Varapuzha and lowest value of 2.4 µg/m3 at Eroor. The average concentration of NO2 at various stations in the study area was observed to be well below the prescribed limits of 80 g/m3 specified for industrial, residential, rural and other areas. Observations on CO levels The average concentration of CO at various stations monitored ranged from 2.3 to 9.1 mg/m3. The highest CO value was recorded as 9.1 mg/m3 at Eroor and lowest values of 2.3 mg/m3 were recorded at Nettur. In various locations the CO level is below the detectable limit in various days. The CO values monitored during the field survey were above permissible limit of 4 mg/m3 for industrial, residential, rural and other areas . Observations on other parameters

It is observed that SO2, Ozone, Ammonia, Benzene, Benzo Pyrene, Arsenic and Nickel was found to be below detectable limit during the field survey. Table- 3.21:National Ambient Air quality Standards (NAAQS) Parameter Industrial, Residential, Ecologically Sensitive Rural & other areas Area Central Government

Particulate Matter PM 2.5 60 60 Particulate Matter PM 10 100 100 Sulphur Dioxide (as SO2) 80 80 Oxides of Nitrogen (as NO2) 80 80 Carbon Monoxide (as CO), 4 4

Ozone (as O3) 100 100 Lead (as Pb) 1 1

Ammonia (as NH3) 400 400 Benzene (as C6H6) 5 5 Benzo (O) Pyrene (as BaP) (ng/m3) 1 1 Arsenic (as As) (ng/m3) 6 6 Nickel (as Ni) (ng/m3) 20 20 * 24 hourly or 08 hourly or 01 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98% of the time in a year. 2% of the time, they may exceeded the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.

3.11. AMBIENT NOISE LEVELS Baseline noise data has been measured using a weighted sound pressure level meter. The survey was carried out in calm surroundings. Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurement in the outside environment was made using sound pressure level meter. Hourly noise meter readings were taken at each site, and equivalent day time and night time noise levels were estimated. The ambient noise levels were recorded at 6 locations and details are listed Table- 3.22. The hourly ambient noise levels recorded at various locations and day

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time equivalent noise levels are listed in Table-3.23. The Ambient Noise standards are given in Table-3.24. Table-3.22: List of Noise monitoring stations S. No. Noise monitoring station 1 Eroor 2 South Chitoor 3 Fort Kochi 4 High Court 5 Nettur 6 Varapuzha

Table-3.23: Ambient Noise Level in the study area [Unit: dB(A)] Time Noise monitoring stations S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 6AM-7AM 55.8 58.8 58.9 43.8 55 51.9 7AM-8AM 53.7 55.9 62.6 46.5 59.5 55.9 8AM-9AM 56.1 57.5 60.7 48.9 59 54.9 9AM-10AM 57.4 56.8 61.9 52.8 61 56.4 10AM-11AM 56.8 64.8 52.1 54.7 60.9 61.5 11AM-12PM 54.6 53.1 58 55.8 66 64.8 12PM-1PM 57.8 47.6 56.5 54.9 53.2 52 1PM-2PM 56.7 44.5 56.5 56.8 55.7 56.7 2PM-3PM 60.5 52.5 54.7 57.7 55.5 58.8 3PM-4PM 56.8 50.5 56.3 58.8 52.1 50.2 4PM-5PM 66.6 51.2 62.3 59.7 58.1 53.9 5PM-6PM 63 52.2 53.6 60.7 52.7 56.1 6PM-7PM 64.7 52.5 58.5 56.4 56.7 56.4 7PM-8PM 62.9 54 57.1 55.8 54.9 54.9 8PM-9PM 51.9 57.4 55.9 52.8 54.2 55.7

Leq(day) 60.45 56.73 58.76 56.21 58.82 57.77

Table-3.24: Ambient Noise Standards ------Area Category Limits in dB(A) Leq Code of Area ------Day time Night time ------A. Industrial Area 75 70 B. Commercial Area 65 55 C. Residential Area 55 45 D. Silence Zone 50 40 ------Notes: 1. Day time 6 AM and 9 PM 2. Night time is 9 PM and 6 AM 3. Silence zone is defined as areas upto 100 metres around such premises as hospitals, educational institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by competent authority. Use of vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones. 4. Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000 Gazettee notification, Government of India, date 14.2.2000.

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It may be seen from the Table-3.23, that day time equivalent noise level ranged from a minimum of 58.82 dB(A) to a maximum of 60.45 dB(A). The day equivalent noise level recorded at various locations were compared with Ambient Noise Standards and were observed to be well below the permissible limit specified for commercial areas. 3.12. TERRESTRIAL FLORA The vegetation of Kerala is most luxuriant and diverse resulted by the varied topographical features, high rainfall and geological conditions. This favoured the formation of shola forests on the mountain valleys to the mangrove forests along seacoast and estuaries. The state of Kerala is divisible in to three distinct altitudinal zones, viz. the highlands, the midlands and the lowlands (Kerala State Atlas, 1984), each with its distinct biological wealth, vegetational composition and agricultural/land-use patterns. The highlands abode the State's most characteristic vegetation. The midlands, lying between the mountains and the lowlands, with intensive cultivation are formed of undulating hills and valleys with isolated pockets of forest formations. During the present study period, the top canopy of the vegetation represented by tree species like Lannea coromandelica, Syzygium cumini, Thespesia populnea, Pletophorum pterocarpum, Mimusops elengi, Leucanea leucocephala, Azadirachta indica, Bombax malabaricum, Terminalia catappa, Mangifera indica, Cassia siamea, Cocus nucifera, Erythrina indica, Gmelina arborea, Ailanthus excelsa etc. The undergrowth or shrubby elements mainly consist of Abutilon indicum, Cassia auriculata, Tephrosia purpurea, Lawsonia inermis, Lantana camara, Cassia occidentalis, Cassia alata, Bixa orellana, Holarrhena antidysenterica, Ipomoea carnea, Clerodendrum viscosum, Clerodendrum inerme, Vitex negundo and other mangrove associates. Climbers are few which represent Coccinia grandis, Ipomoea aquatica, Passiflora edulis, Quisqualis indica, Aristolochia indica, Cadaba indica etc. The ground floor is occupied by the growth of herbaceous species and grasses. The common herbaceous species present in the study area are Tridax procumbens, Urena lobata, Borreria hispida, Alternanthera sessilis, Corchorus aestuans, Sida acuta, Blumea lacera, Leucas aspera, Ludwigia parviflora, Mimosa pudica, Phyla nodiflora, Acalypha indica, Euphorbia hirta etc. Species such as Eragrostis sp, Chloris barbata, Bothriochloa pertusa, Cymbopogon citratus, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Imperata cylindrical, Setaria verticillata, Saccharum spontaneum, Rottboellia exaltata, Oplismenus compositus and Phragmites karka were common grasses in the study area. The list of floral species observed in the study area is given in Table-3.25.

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Table- 3.25: List of plant species reported in the study area Name of Species Family Habit Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Climber Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Shrub Acacia auriculiformis Mimosaceae Tree Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Herb Acanthus ilicifolius Acanthaceae Shrub Achras sapota Sapotaceae Tree Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Tree Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Tree Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Tree Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae Tree Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Tree Alternanthera sessilis Amaranthaceae Herb Alysicarpus rugosus Fabaceae Herb Amaranthus spinosus Amaranthaceae Herb Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Herb Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree Annona squamosa Annonaceae Shrub Anthocephalus cadamba Rubiaceae Tree Areca catechu Arecaceae Tree Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Climber Artocarpus hirsutus Moraceae Tree Artocarpus integrifolius Moraceae Tree Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Shrub Avicennia alba Avicenniaceae Tree Avicennia officinalis Avicenniaceae Tree Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree Bacoba monnieri Scrophulariaceae Herb Bambusa arundinacea Poaceae Grass Barringtonia acutangula Lecythidaceae Tree Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree Bixa orellana Bixaceae Shrub Blumea lacera Asteraceae Herb Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herb Bombax malabaricum Bombacaceae Tree Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae Tree Borreria hispida Rubiaceae Herb Borreria ocymoides Rubiaceae Herb Bothriochloa pertusa Poaceae Grass Butea monosperma Fabaceae Tree Cadaba indica Capparidaceae Climber Caesalpinia bonduc Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Caesalpinia sappan Caesalpiniaceae Shrub

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Name of Species Family Habit Caesalpnia coriaria Caesalpiniaceae Tree Callistemon lanceolatus Myrtaceae Tree Carissa carandas Apocynaceae Shrub Caryota urens Arecaceae Tree Cassia alata Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Cassia auriculata Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Cassia fistula Fabaceae Tree Cassia occidentalis Caesalpiniaceae Shrub Cassia siamea Caesalpiniaceae Tree Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Herb Casuarina equisetifolia Casuarinaceae Tree Cayratia pedata Vitaceae Climber Ceiba pentandra Bombacaceae Tree Cenchrus ciliaris Poaceae Grass Centela asiatica Apiaceae Herb Chloris barbata Poaceae Grass Chromolaena odorata Asteraceae Shrub Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae Shrub Clerodendrum viscosum Verbenaceae Shrub Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Climber Cocus nucifera Arecaceae Tree Colocasia esculenta Araceae Herb Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Herb Costos speciosus Costaceae Herb Cressa cretica Convolvulaceae Shrub Croton hirtum Euphorbiaceae Herb Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Herb Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae Climber Cymbopogon citratus Poaceae Grass Cynodon dactylon Poaceae Grass Cynotis cristata Commelinaceae Herb Cyperus difformis Cyperaceae Herb Cyperus iria Cyperaceae Herb Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Herb Dactyloctenium aegyptium Poaceae Grass Dalbergia sissoo Fabaceae Tree Datura metal Solanceae Shrub Delonix regia Caesalpiniaceae Tree Desmodium triflorum Fabaceae Herb Eclipta alba Asteraceae Herb Eichorrnia crassipes Pontederiaceae Herb Elesine indica Poaceae Grass Emelia sonchifolia Asteraceae Herb

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Name of Species Family Habit Eragrostis sp Poaceae Grass Erythrina indica Fabaceae Tree Eucalyptus tereticornis Myrtaceae Tree Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Herb Euphorbia tirucalli Euphorbiaceae Tree Ficus auriculata Moraceae Tree Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Tree Ficus benjamina Moraceae Tree Ficus elastica Moraceae Tree Ficus hispida Moraceae Tree Ficus religiosa Moraceae Tree Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Herb Fimbristylis tetragona Cyperaceae Herb Garcinia gummi-gutta Clusiaceae Tree Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae Tree Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Shrub Holarrhena antidysenterica Apocynaceae Shrub Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Tree Hygrophila auriculata Acanthaceae Herb Imperata cylindrica Poaceae Grass Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Climber Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Shrub Ipomoea pescarpae Convolvulaceae Climber Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Shrub Justicia procumbens Acanthaceae Herb Kandelia candel Rhizophoraceae Tree Lagerstroemia indica Lythraceae Tree Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Tree Lantana camara Verbenaceae Shrub Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Shrub Leanotis nepetiifolia Lamiaceae Herb Leucanea leucocephala Mimosaceae Tree Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Herb Ludwigia parviflora Onagraceae Herb Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Tree Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae Tree Manilkara hexandra Sapotaceae tree Melia azedarach Meliaceae Tree Mimosa pudica Mimosaceae Herb Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Tree Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Tree Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae Climber

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Name of Species Family Habit Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Shrub Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Large herb Myristica fragrans Myristicaceae Tree Nerium oleander Apocynaceae Shrub Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae Tree Oldenlandia corymbosa Rubiaceae Herb Oplismenus compositus Poaceae Grass Pandanus odoratissimus Pandanaceae Tree Parthenium hysterophorus Asteraceae Herb Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae Climber Pavonia procumbens Malvaceae Herb Phoenix laurierii Arecaceae Tree Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Tree Phragmites karka Poaceae Grass Phyla nodiflora Verbenaceae Herb Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Tree Phyllanthus urinaria Euphorbiaceae Herb Physalis minima Solanaceae Herb Piper longum Piperaceae Climber Pletophorum pterocarpum Caesalpiniaceae Tree Plumeria alba Apocynaceae Tree Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae Tree Polyalthia longifolia Annonaceae Tree Polygala sp. Polygalaceae Herb Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae Tree Prosopis juliflora Mimosaceae Tree Psidium quajava Myrtaceae Tree Psychotria sp. Rubiaceae Shrub Pterocarpus marsupium Fabaceae Tree Quisqualis indica Combretaceae Climber Rottboellia exaltata Poaceae Grass Saccharum spontaneum Poaceae Grass Samanea saman Mimosaceae Tree Santalum album Santalaceae Tree Saraca asoka Fabaceae Tree Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herb Setaria verticillata Poaceae Grass Sida acuta Malvaceae Herb Sida rhomboidea Malvaceae Herb Solanum torvum Solanaceae Shrub Sonneratia alba Sonneratiaceae Tree Sonneratia caseolaris Sonneratiaceae Tree Sphearanthus indicus Asteraceae Herb

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Name of Species Family Habit Swietenia macrophylla Meliaceae Tree Synedrella nodiflora Asteraceae Herb Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree Syzygium samarangense Myrtaceae Tree Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae Shrub Tamarindus indicus Caesalpiniaceae Tree Tectona grandis Verbenaceae Tree Tephrosia purpurea Fabaceae Shrub Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Tree Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Tree Trema orientalis Ulmaceae Tree Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Herb Triumfetta pentandra Tiliaceae Herb Typha angustifolia Poaceae Grass Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Vanda tesellata Orchidaceae Herb Vernonia cinerea Asteraceae Herb Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Shrub Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Tree Zanthoxylum rhetsa Rutaceae Tree Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Tree

IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS

Some important medicinal plants recorded during the present study are Adhatoda zeylanica, Asparagus racemosus, Aegle marmelos, Phyllanthus emblica, Azadirachta indica, Boerhavia diffusa, Cassia fistula, Curculigo orchioides, Centela asiatica, Santalum album, Areca catechu, Centela asiatica, Clerodendrum inerme, Bacoba monnieri, Lawsonia inermis, Abutilon indicum, Piper longum, Phyla nodiflora, Leucas aspera etc. The list of medicinal plants recorded in the study area during the present study period is given in the Table-3.26. Table-3.26: List of medicinal plants recorded in the study area during field study Name of Species Family Habit Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Shrub Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Tree Madhuca longifolia Sapotaceae Tree Acalypha indica Euphorbiaceae Herb Phyllanthus emblica Euphorbiaceae Tree Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Herb Cassia fistula Fabaceae Tree Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herb Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree

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Name of Species Family Habit Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Herb Blumea lacera Asteraceae Herb Sida acuta Malvaceae Herb Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae Climber Centela asiatica Apiaceae Herb Justicia procumbens Acanthaceae Herb Tridax procumbens Asteraceae Herb Santalum album Santalaceae Tree Solanum torvum Solanaceae Shrub Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Tree Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Oleaceae Tree Clerodendrum inerme Verbenaceae Shrub Datura metal Solanceae Shrub Bauhinia racemosa Caesalpiniaceae Tree Erythrina indica Fabaceae Tree Cassia tora Caesalpiniaceae Herb Eclipta alba Asteraceae Herb Areca catechu Arecaceae Tree Zanthoxylum sp Rutaceae Tree Butea monosperma Fabaceae Tree Murraya paniculata Rutaceae Shrub Abrus precatorius Fabaceae Climber Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae Climber Morinda tinctoria Rubiaceae Tree Leanotis nepetiifolia Lamiaceae Herb Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Tree Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb Phyla nodiflora Verbenaceae Herb Piper longum Piperaceae Climber Passiflora edulis Passifloraceae Climber Costos speciosus Costaceae Herb Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Tree Alysicarpus rugosus Fabaceae Herb Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Shrub Garcinia gummi-gutta Clusiaceae Tree Ficus hispida Moraceae Tree Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Shrub Bacoba monnieri Scrophulariaceae Herb

3.13. FAUNA Mammals The proposed project is located in Kochi and major wild life is reported near to the site. However, commonly observed or reported faunal species in the study area is given in

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Table-3.27. Amphibians were noticed mainly in fresh water and marshy places. Frogs and toads were present in this area. No tailed amphibians were cited in the survey. Reptilian fauna is comparatively rich, however mainly restricted to the patches of dense vegetation. Table- 3.27: List of faunal species reported in the study area Zoological Name Local Name Mammals Herpestres edwardsinyula Common Mongoose Lapus nigricollis Indian Hare Rousettus leschenaultia Fruit Bat Bandicota benghalensis Bandicoot Bandicota indica Rat Funumbuls palmarum Squirrel Mus rattus Indian rat Hystrix indica Porcupine Mus musculus Common Mouse Reptiles Hemidactylus sp House Lizard Melanochelys Indian pond terrapin Psammophilus blanfordanus Rock agama Calotes vescicolor Common garden lizard Chameleon zeylanicus Indian chameleon Boiga sp Cat snake Bangarus sp Krait Naja naja Indian cobra Vipera sp Russel viper Amphibians Rana tigrina Common frog Bufo melanosticus Toad

Butterflies The common Butterflies seen in the study area are Common Crow, Common Emigrant, Grey pansy, Grey pansy, Common Rose, Common Wanderer, Blue Tiger, Common Leopard, Common Wanderer, Common sailer, Common Mormon, Common Jezebel, Common Jezebel were commonly. The list of the butterflies reported in the study area is given in Table - 3.28. Table-3.28: Butterflies reported in the study area Common name Zoological name Common Pierrot Castalius rosimon Common Emigrant Catopsilia pomona Mottled Emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Striped Tiger Danaus genutia Common Jezebel Delias eucharis Common Crow Euploea core Common Grass Yellow Eurema hecabe Common Jay Graphium doson Great egg fly Hypolimnas bolina White Orange Tip Ixias marianne Common Cerulean Jamides celeno

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Common name Zoological name Grey pansy Junonia atlites Chocolate Pansy Junonia iphita Lemon Pansy Junonia lemonias Psyche Leptosia nina Common Bush Brown Mycalesis perseus Common sailer Neptis hylas Common Sailor Neptis hylas Common Rose Pachliopta aristolochiae Red Helen Papilio helenus Common Mormon Papilio polytes Glassy Tiger Parantica aglea Common Wanderer Pareronia valeria Common Leopard Phalanta phalantha Common Grass Dart Taractrocera maevius Blue Tiger Tirumala limniace Common Four Ring Ypthima huebneri Red spot Zesius chrysomallus

3.14. MANGALAVANAM BIRD SANCTUARY Mangalavanam is a small patch of primarily mangrove species in a small tidal wetland, situated amidst Kochi, in Ernakulam district, Kerala. The mangrove serves as a shelter for birds both residents and migratory. The Mangalavanam has been declared as a bird sanctuary on 31st August 2004. It is the smallest of the protected area in the State, having an area of only 2.74 ha. The Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary lies between latitudes 9°59'13.4" N and longitudes 76°16'26.1" E in the east of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI) and National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) close to the new building complex of the High court of Kerala. A Jayson and Easa (1999) documented the vertebrate fauna of the Mangalavanam during 1998-99 and reported 72 species of birds. Azeez and Bhupathy (2006) in the month of May recorded birds belonging to 32 species. The Department of Forest, Government of Kerala has conducted survey of the birds of Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary in November 2009. In the present study area including Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary, common birds observed are Asian Koel (Eudynamys scolopacea), Common Myna (Acridotheres tristis), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Little Cormorant (Phalacrocorax niger), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Red-wattled Lapwing (Vanellus indicus), Indian Robin (Saxicoloides fulicata), Intermediate Egret (Mesophoyx intermedia)House Crow (Corvus splendensDarter (Anhinga melanogaster), Black Kite (Milvus migrans), Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus), Indian Pond-heron (Ardeola grayii), Indian Cormorant (Phalacrocorax fuscicollis), and Little Egret (Egretta garzetta). Birds such as Ashy Drongo (Dicrurus leucophaeus), Chestnut-tailed Starling (Sturnus malabaricus), Common Sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), Common Redshank (Tringa totanus), Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea), Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis) are seasonal

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visitors to the area. According to secondary sources, Greenish Warbler (Phylloscopus trochiloides), Blyth’s Reed-Warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum), Wood Sandpiper (Tringa glareola), Common Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) and Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis) are reported as the winter visitors in the area (Azeez and Bhupathy, 2006; Nameer 2010). Mangalavanam is a shallow water body and attract the waders. The Marsh sandpiper is the most commonly observed bird species followed by Spotted Sandpiper. While the presence of these two long distant migratory waders in good number is a good indicator. Apart from the sandpipers, good population of other waders such as shanks, stilts etc. is also reported. The list of the birds reported during the survey is given in Table- 3.29. Table-3.29: Avi-faunal species observed in Mangalavanam Bird Sanctuary and Study Area Common Name Scientific Name Jungle Myna Acridotheres fuscus Common Myna Acridotheres tristis Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Crimson Sunbird Aethopyga siparaja Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Blue-eared Kingfisher Alcedo meninting White-breasted Waterhen Amaurornis phoenicurus Darter Anhinga melanogaster Grey Heron Ardea cinerea Purple Heron Ardea purpurea Indian Pond-heron Ardeola grayii Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis Little Heron Butorides striatus Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis Rock Pigeon Columba livia Oriental Magpie -Robin Copsychus saularis Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos House Crow Corvus splendens Asian Palm Swift Cypsiurus balasiensis Fulvous Whistling-duck Dendrocygna bicolor Pale-billed Flowerpecker Dicaeum erythrorhynchos Ashy Drongo Dicrurus leucophaeus Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus Greater racket-tailed Drongo Dicrurus paradiseus Black-rumped Flameback Dinopium benghalense Common Flameback Dinopium shorii Rufous Woodpecker Dryocopus hodgei Black Bittern Dupetor flavicollis Little Egret Egretta garzetta

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Common Name Scientific Name Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus Stork-billed Kingfisher Halcyon capensis White-throated Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis Pallas's fish- Eagle Haliaeetus leucoryphus Brahminy Kite Haliastur indus Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus Cinnamon Bittern Ixobrychus cinnamomeus Black-headed Munia Lonchura malacca White-cheeked Barbet Megalaima viridis Intermediate Egret Mesophoyx intermedia Black Kite Milvus migrans Purple Sunbird Nectarinia asiatica Cotton Pygmy-goose Nettapus coromandelianus Black-crowned night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius House Sparrow Passer domesticus Indian Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Little Cormorant Phalacrocorax niger Plain Prinia Prinia inornata Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Rose-ringed Parakeet Psittacula krameri Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata Chestnut-tailed Starling Sturnus malabaricus Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Black-headed Ibis Threskiornis melanocephalus Common Redshank Tringa totanus Red-wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus

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Figure-3.14: Location of Magalavanam Bird Sanctuary respect to project site 3.15. COCHIN BACKWATERS The Cochin Backwaters is a part of long chain of lakes and canals with northern boundary of Azheekodu and southern boundary of Thannirmukham bund. The total area of the Backwater is about 157 sq.km (SOI toposheet, 1981) with depth ranging from 2 to 8 m. Two rivers ( and Muvattupuzha) are connected to this backwater system. Cochin Backwater systems support intense shrimp farming activities. The traditional culture method is carried out on paddy fields adjacent to the Vembanadlake (Pokkali fields). Cochin Backwaters has been experiencing high level of anthropogenic pressure during the last five decades. The area of backwaters in 1912 was 315 sq. km (Gopalan et al., 1983), which has shrunk to 157 sq. km by 1989 (SOI Toposheet).

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Water quality parameters The various studies revealed high nutrient content at most of the studied stations in Cochin back water. They have related this high nutrient condition to available under water vegetation in the region. Assimilative capacity of inshore waters of Cochin was assessed using data on hydrography and averaged for a period of three years. Results have revealed that in the estuary, total suspended sediments and cadmium have reached critical level while copper and lead concentration has attained level of caution. Studies reported high pollution in Cochin backwaters mainly from industrial waters. They also have reported the importance of introduction of free living protozoans as biological indicators for heavy metal pollution in Cochin inland region so as to attain timely monitoring and management. This study was aimed to evaluate the heavy metal content from different seasons along the Cochin back waters. Iron was found highest in concentration during pre-monsoon season and maximum concentration of zinc was obtained during monsoon season. Influence of dissolved heavy metal in Cochin back waters was assessed in this study. Iron was found high during wet season. Apart from that dissolved heavy metal concentration was found highest during dry season with zinc as major pollutant. They concluded that zinc can be acritical factor to be monitored and controlled in nutrient rich estuaries or else it can vastly accelerate eutrophication and associated ecological constraints. Water quality of valanthakad backwaters was assessed for 2007. They elucidated that high water degradation characteristics of this region are devoted to hospital discharges and decaying slaughter house wastages. Nitrate-nitrogen and phosphate-phosphorous also have illustrated higher values. This is the first report from this region depicting degrading water quality. The Cochin backwater supports the rich biodiversity. A total of, 685 species of flora and fauna were recorded in Cochin backwater system. Out of them, 194 Phytoplankton, 135 zooplankton, 199 benthos, 150 fishes and 7 mangroves species were recorded between 1958 and 1997. 3.16. AQUATIC ECOLOGY SURVEY The environment assessment study was carried out broadly by the team of research scholars and marine biology experts from Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University during February & March 2018 in Cochin backwater and coastal area. 41 sampling location were covered based on the project location. Water, sediments, plankton and benthos samples were collected from different locations. Physico- chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and nutrient were analysed using standard methods. Further, the biological parameters such as phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthos were also been investigated. Sampling stations are geo tagged and are provided in the Table-3.30.

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Table-3.30: The geographical locations of the sampling stations Station Name of the place Lat. Long. 1 High Court 9°59'0.49"N 76°16'23.8"E 2 Bolgatty North 9°59'13.16"N 76°16'02.6"E 3 Thanthonnithuruth 9°59'48.9"N 76°15'56.1"E 4 Ponnarimangalam 10° 00'13.9"N 76°15'50.4"E 5 Mulavukadu Hospital 10° 00'41.6"N 76°15'43.2"E 6 Mulavukadu Panchayat 10° 01'27.3"N 76°15'27.8"E 7 Mulavukadu North 10° 01'46.3"N 76°15'34.2"E 8 Korumkotta 10° 01'27.3"N 76°15'27.8"E 9 South Chittoor 10° 02'14.9"N 76°16'09.7"E 10 Moolampilly 10° 02'18.9"N 76°16'07.6"E 11 Aster Medicity 10° 02'46.5"N 76°16'23.3"E 12 Amrita Hospital 10° 02'01.2"N 76°17'18.6"E 13 Pizhala 10° 02'53.3"N 76°15'55.5"E 14 Kothad 10° 03'30.5"N 76°16'19.7"E 15 Chennur 10° 03'31.1"N 76°16'17.7"E 16 Cheranalloor 10° 04'21.4"N 76°16'55.9"E 17 Eloor 10° 04'23.4"N 76°16'57.9"E 18 Varapuzha 10° 04'23.5"N 76°16'25.7"E 19 Thundathumkadavu 10° 03'49.7"N 76°16'02.2"E 20 Chariyumthuruth 10° 3'50.4"N 76°15'58.5"E 21 Paliyamthuruth 10° 03'10.6"N 76°15'02.8"E 22 10° 03'10.6"N 76°15'05.8"E 23 Njarackal 10° 01'56.8"N 76°14'20.2"E 24 Elamkunna Puzha 9° 59'12.8"N 76°16'07.5"E 25 Mulavukadu View Point 10° 01'56.8"N 76°15'03.6"E 26 Vypeen 9°58'25.2"N 76°14'41.2"E 27 Fort Kochi 9°58'8.7"N 76°15'6.4"E 28 Wellington Island 9°57'46.8"N 76°15'50.9"E 29 Mattancherry 9°57'27.9"N 76°15'37.9"E 30 Thoppumpady 9°56'10.3"N 76°15'50.7"E 31 Edakochi 9°53'36.5"N 76°17'47.4"E 32 Kumbalam 9°55'11.4"N 76°18'17.4"E 33 Nettoor 9°55'38.5"N 76°18'27.8"E 34 Thykoodam 9°57'34.7"N 76°19'44.5"E 35 Vytilla 9°58'02.8"N 76°19'21.9"E 36 Eroor 9°58'48.1"N 76°20'00.8"E 37 Kakkanad 9°59'32.1"N 76°21'09.4"E 38 Info Park 10° 00'20.6"N 76°22'07.5"E 39 Thevara Yard 9° 56'47.1"N 76°17'25.3"E 40 Emberketion Jetty 9° 58'13.7"N 76°15'44.1"E 41 Ernakulam 9° 58'22.2"N 76°16'41.1"E

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3.16.1 Materials and Methods Water and Sediment Sampling Surface and subsurface water samples were collected using Universal water sampler (Niskin) from the and transferred to the pre-cleaned polypropylene and glass containers. Sediment samples were collected by using a Peterson’s Grab, transferred to clean polythene bags and transported to the laboratory. The sediments samples were air-dried for sediments texture analysis. The plant root and other debris were removed and stored for further analysis. separate set of sediment sample were sieved in the field itself for benthic faunal assemblage. Water Analysis Temperature, Salinity and pH: The physical parameters such as pH, temperature and salinity were measured in-situ. The surface water temperature was measured with a mercury thermometer having ± 0.02°C accuracy and the pH of water was measured by a calibrated pH pen (pH ep-3 model). The seawater salinity was measured using the refractometer (Erma Company, Japan). Preservation and Laboratory Analysis: After collection, all samples were stored in ice box 4 °C and then brought to the laboratory. In the laboratory, water samples were filtered through Whatman GF/C filter paper and analyzed for organic matter and all other nutrients. Unfiltered samples were used for the estimation of total nitrogen and total phosphorus. All the analyses were carried out as per internationally used standard procedures described for samples of aquatic origin and are summarized below. Dissolved Oxygen (DO): The modified Winkler’s method described by Strickland and Parsons (1972) was followed by the estimation of dissolved oxygen fixed at the collection site. The values were expressed in mg/l. Nutrient analysis Water samples were taken from the sampling locations using polypropolene bottles transported to the lab by keeping them in a portable ice box concentrations of water nutrients viz. ammonia (NH4), silicate (SiO3), sulphate (SO4), inorganic phosphate (Po4), nitrate (NO3), and nitrite (NO2) were determined by following the methods described by Strickland and Persons (1972) and TN and TP were analyzed by following the above reference in non filtered seawater. Heavy metal analysis in water and sediment Heavy metal concentration in water and sediments samples were estimate by following the APHA method (22 edition) using the ICP-MS values were separated iln terms of µg/L for

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water and mg/kg for sediment. The interment was pre celebrated with standard metals (MERCK). Chlorophyll `a', The samples were filtered through Whatman GF/C filter papers and the chlorophyll was extracted into 90% acetone. The resulting colored acetone extract was measured in a spectrophotometer at different wavelengths (630, 645, 647, 663, 664) and the same acetone extracts were acidified and measured for the phaeo-pigments. (UNESCO, 1994) Phytoplankton Phytoplankton samples were collected from the surface waters of the study areas by towing a plankton net (mouth diameter 0.35 m) made of bolting silk [No.25 mesh size 48 μm) for half an hour. These samples were preserved in 5% neutralized formalin and used for qualitative analysis. For the quantitative analysis of phytoplankton, the settling method described by Sukhanovo (1978) was adopted. Numerical plankton analysis was carried out using Utermohl's inverted plankton microscope. Phytoplankton was identified using the standard works of Hustedt (1930-1966), Venkataraman (1939), Cupp (1943), Subramanian (1946), Prescott (1954), Desikachary (1959 and 1987), Hendey (1964), Steidinger and Williams (1970) and Taylor (1976) and Anandet al. (1986). Zooplankton Zooplankton samples were collected from the surface waters of the study areas by horizontal towing of a plankton net with mouth diameter of 0.35 m, made of bolting silk (No. mesh size 33 mm) for half an hour. These samples were preserved in 5% neutralized formalin and used for quantitative analysis. The zooplankton was identified using the classical works of Dakin and Colefax (1940), Davis (1955), Kasthurirangan (1963) and Wickstead (1965) and Damodara Naidu (1981). For the quantitative analysis of zooplankton, a known quantity of water (100 l) was filtered through a bag net (0.33 mm mesh size) and filtrate was made up to 1l in a wide mouthed bottle and enumerated using Utermohl’s inverted plankton microscope. The Zooplankton density is expressed as number of organisms/m3. Benthic Community For studying the benthic organisms, sediment samples were collected using a Petersen grab. The wet sediment samples were sieved with varying mesh sizes for segregating the organisms. Macrobenthos are organisms which are retained in the sieve having mesh size between 0.5 and 1 mm. The sieved organisms were stains with Rose Bengal and sorted to different groups. The number of organisms in each grab sample was expressed in number per meter square.

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3.16.2 Water Quality Analysis

The results of water quality analysis is given in Table-3.31.

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Table-3.31: Results of water quality analysis Station Temp DO Salinit pH Nitrite Nitrate IP Silicate Ammoni TSS Chl Phaeoph Vicibility oil and . (⁰C) (mg/l) y (ppt) (μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) a μMol/L) (mg-1) (ug/l) ytin (E.C) grease(m BOD (ug/l) g/l) (mg/l) St-1 Surface 28.7 5.7 21 8.1 1.23 9.49 0.98 35.91 0.73 60.8 7.50 3.42 0.809524 0.7 3.8 Sub- 28.6 5.2 26 8 2.36 13.19 1.47 35.98 0.82 91 6.93 4.21 surface St-2 Surface 28.9 5.8 21 8 2.02 11.61 1.12 99.04 1.65 64 8.24 3.75 0.809524 0.8 4.2 Sub- 28.7 5.5 26 8 2.61 16.23 1.61 102.94 2.80 85 7.19 4.64 surface St-3 Surface 28.7 5.9 21 8 1.01 5.53 0.63 67.14 1.28 61.8 7.54 3.76 0.809524 0.6 3.7 Sub- 28.8 5.6 26 8 1.87 11.38 1.75 88.54 0.41 88.2 6.26 3.22 surface St-4 Surface 28.7 5.8 21 7.8 1.43 5.66 0.21 25.66 0.73 60.6 8.55 4.32 0.772727 0.6 3.8 Sub- 28.8 5.5 27 7.8 1.16 8.84 1.05 32.00 0.69 82.6 4.75 2.13 surface St-5 Surface 28.7 5.8 21 7.9 0.93 4.99 1.75 64.00 0.92 77.2 5.13 1.97 0.772727 0.6 4.2 Sub- 28.8 5.4 26 7.9 1.38 5.38 2.09 95.34 1.47 87.2 4.39 2.16 surface St-6 Surface 28.4 5.6 19 7.9 1.23 9.75 0.77 35.42 1.51 51.4 6.32 2.96 0.548387 0.6 3.5 Sub- 28.3 5.1 22 7.6 2.14 12.10 1.75 70.63 2.29 68.8 5.32 2.43 surface St-7 Surface 28.7 5.3 20 7.7 0.79 6.58 1.68 60.66 0.50 47 7.43 3.41 0.809524 0.7 3.2 Sub- 28.8 4.9 25 7.7 2.41 11.10 2.44 67.14 0.64 60 6.44 2.96 surface St-8 Surface 28.6 5.3 21 7.8 1.23 6.95 0.35 102.42 0.92 90.6 4.21 1.98 0.809524 0.7 3.1 Sub- 28.6 4.6 25 7.8 3.10 10.19 1.05 113.16 1.19 104.6 4.13 1.67 surface St-9 Surface 28.5 5.8 22 7.6 1.40 6.79 0.21 81.40 1.33 86.2 8.43 4.39 1.307692 0.6 4.1 Sub- 28.3 5.1 22 7.6 1.77 7.56 0.98 99.04 1.88 108.8 6.54 3.55 surface St-10 Surface 28.9 5.4 22 7.6 2.70 5.67 2.51 32.11 1.56 58.6 5.17 2.31 1.214286 0.7 3.2 Sub- 28.7 4.6 22 7.6 3.20 5.81 3.77 65.61 1.92 72.2 5.11 2.67 surface St-11 Surface 28.9 4.6 16 8.1 0.91 11.24 0.63 31.97 0.64 79.8 7.94 3.21 1.214286 0.6 2.5 Sub- 28.3 4.2 17 8.6 1.38 13.19 0.42 32.07 1.65 92.6 5.33 3.23 surface St-12 Surface 29.4 5.6 8 7.8 0.88 9.32 0.93 37.29 0.93 67.30 5.32 2.79 1.307692 0.3 2.5 Sub- 29.3 5.5 9 7.8 1.98 11.78 1.03 39.72 1.82 76.90 3.54 1.96 surface

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Station Temp DO Salinit pH Nitrite Nitrate IP Silicate Ammoni TSS Chl Phaeoph Vicibility oil and . (⁰C) (mg/l) y (ppt) (μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) a μMol/L) (mg-1) (ug/l) ytin (E.C) grease(m BOD (ug/l) g/l) (mg/l) St-13 Surface 28.9 5.3 14 8 2.41 12.20 0.77 35.77 2.93 59.6 6.45 3.12 1.416667 0.3 2.1 Sub- 28.8 5 16 8 3.20 15.69 0.84 78.64 2.66 69.2 5.43 1.69 surface St-14 Surface 29.6 5.6 13 8 1.33 10.37 0.28 63.10 0.55 68.6 6.87 2.44 1.416667 0.4 2.6 Sub- 29.5 5.2 16 8 3.81 12.82 1.19 65.43 0.92 81.8 5.22 2.80 surface St-15 Surface 29.6 5.6 13 8 2.63 6.69 1.61 30.64 0.14 68.8 5.32 2.43 1 0.4 2.6 Sub- 29.5 5.2 16 8 2.98 8.44 1.81 31.72 1.47 85 4.32 1.98 surface St-16 Surface 29.6 5.8 9 7.7 0.76 7.56 2.37 30.57 2.47 64 3.94 1.48 0.944444 0.3 4.5 Sub- 29.3 4.1 15 7.2 1.11 14.57 2.79 36.01 1.92 86.2 3.44 1.49 surface St-17 Surface 29.6 5.6 9 7.7 1.99 5.81 1.81 63.45 0.64 84.8 8.43 5.32 1.0625 0.4 3.1 Sub- 29.3 4.3 15 7.4 2.16 11.07 2.44 65.82 0.82 98.6 7.11 3.22 surface St-18 Surface 29.6 4.3 10 8.3 1.01 14.57 1.68 29.07 1.33 106.2 9.32 6.32 1.416667 0.4 2.1 Sub- 29.2 4 12 7.7 1.60 17.44 1.12 40.23 1.92 119.8 7.95 3.69 surface St-19 Surface 29.7 5.7 15 7.9 2.36 13.76 0.28 67.52 1.79 64 4.32 1.96 1.416667 0.3 4.1 Sub- 29.7 5.5 16 7.6 4.60 19.82 0.35 90.08 0.41 86.2 4.11 1.68 surface St-20 Surface 29.8 5.8 15 7.9 2.43 29.63 0.98 32.11 0.87 44.8 3.19 1.34 1.214286 0.4 2.8 Sub- 29.6 5.3 16 7.7 2.80 33.62 0.91 32.38 0.37 58.6 4.32 2.11 surface St-21 Surface 29.8 6.1 17 7.6 2.16 15.55 1.40 31.72 0.78 86.2 3.54 1.79 1.133333 0.5 4.7 Sub- 29.4 5.5 19 7.6 3.98 17.04 2.02 20.11 0.69 99.8 4.54 2.11 surface St-22 Surface 29.8 5.7 17 7.6 1.65 11.22 1.54 64.98 1.65 49 3.29 1.59 0.85 0.6 3.8 Sub- 29.7 5.8 19 7.7 3.61 13.40 2.23 66.72 2.98 61 3.11 1.73 surface St-23 Surface 29.6 5.7 17 7.7 1.11 14.97 3.07 67.59 0.37 45 4.21 1.99 1.00 0.7 3.6 Sub- 29.5 5.3 19 7.6 1.33 16.69 3.91 69.75 0.41 64 3.59 1.69 surface St-24 Surface 30.2 5.9 20 8.1 1.55 11.54 2.45 68.65 0.65 56.70 4.32 2.15 1.0625 0.5 3.8 Sub- 30.1 5.6 24 8.1 1.99 12.54 3.21 69.73 0.87 67.30 3.88 2.59 surface St-25 Surface 30.2 5.8 24 8.1 1.54 9.32 1.32 54.32 0.73 59.64 4.11 1.99 1.133333 0.5 4.2 Sub- 30.2 5.8 24 8.1 2.34 14.32 2.14 67.31 0.95 64.32 3.56 1.69

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Station Temp DO Salinit pH Nitrite Nitrate IP Silicate Ammoni TSS Chl Phaeoph Vicibility oil and . (⁰C) (mg/l) y (ppt) (μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) a μMol/L) (mg-1) (ug/l) ytin (E.C) grease(m BOD (ug/l) g/l) (mg/l) surface St-26 Surface 28.7 4.9 25 7.9 4.82 15.58 0.77 71.01 0.37 57.20 2.31 1.88 1 0.6 3.4 Sub- 28.6 4.7 27 8 2.58 18.81 0.84 81.96 0.78 86.20 2.11 1.11 surface St-27 Surface 28.7 5.2 25 7.7 1.75 9.05 1.40 65.43 1.28 48.60 2.19 1.29 1.307692 0.7 3.6 Sub- 28.6 5.2 26 7.8 4.60 12.24 2.09 67.24 1.70 66.60 2.06 1.32 surface St-28 Surface 28.8 5.3 25 7.9 1.60 8.39 1.47 33.36 2.57 85.20 3.29 1.73 1.0625 0.8 3.2 Sub- 28.6 4.8 25 7.9 1.87 15.78 1.33 60.87 3.57 81.20 2.88 1.39 surface St-29 Surface 28,8 5.2 21 8 0.91 11.40 1.19 67.18 0.14 51.00 5.42 2.11 1.133333 0.8 2.9 Sub- 28.6 4.7 22 8.1 2.11 26.00 1.33 98.90 1.83 68.80 4.77 1.95 surface St-30 Surface 28.9 5.3 19 7.8 0.76 23.99 0.98 36.29 0.50 45.00 5.56 2.29 1.0625 0.5 3 Sub- 28.7 5.1 20 7.8 2.39 11.00 2.58 53.58 1.24 64.00 3.11 1.82 surface St-31 Surface 29.2 4.8 20 7.9 2.19 15.02 0.63 42.84 0.46 38.60 4.76 2.25 1.0625 0.5 2.8 Sub- 28.9 4.5 21 7.9 0.37 17.18 1.26 68.22 0.78 84.60 2.21 1.14 surface St-32 Surface 29.2 4.9 19 8 1.35 11.91 0.35 92.24 0.87 26.20 5.13 2.29 0.944444 0.3 2.9 Sub- 29 4.6 21 7.9 2.24 22.52 0.63 102.21 1.01 64.80 4.27 1.98 surface St-33 Surface 29.3 5.2 21 8 2.11 17.25 0.56 71.22 0.18 58.60 4.26 1.99 1.133333 0.3 2.9 Sub- 28.9 4.9 22 7.9 2.31 30.98 2.09 99.49 0.32 66.20 3.21 1.97 surface St-34 Surface 28.4 5.6 4 7.8 1.11 11.14 0.21 35.87 0.83 47.32 3.43 1.96 1.0625 0.3 2.7 Sub- 28.3 4.9 5 7.8 1.84 15.01 0.56 65.89 1.03 65.83 2.54 1.73 surface St-35 Surface 28.8 5.5 4 7.8 1.57 16.90 3.00 33.08 0.85 44.21 4.33 1.21 1.214286 0.3 3.2 Sub- 28.7 5.2 4 7.7 3.49 16.98 2.65 67.73 1.32 53.21 2.32 2.19 surface St-36 Surface 28.9 5.4 3 7.7 2.70 31.36 2.93 34.23 1.32 39.54 2.55 1.43 1 0.2 2.9 Sub- 28.8 5.1 3 7.8 4.50 33.34 4.47 66.90 1.53 47.23 2.45 1.22 surface St-37 Surface 28.6 5.6 3 7.8 1.84 17.48 1.38 42.31 0.75 42.64 3.24 1.94 1.0625 0.3 3.1 Sub- 28.5 5.2 3 7.8 2.18 21.45 1.75 56.32 0.93 55.31 2.99 1.55 surface St-38 Surface 29.3 5.3 2 7.7 1.94 21.47 1.94 41.93 0.74 37.54 3.18 1.49 1.133333 0.3 2.9

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Station Temp DO Salinit pH Nitrite Nitrate IP Silicate Ammoni TSS Chl Phaeoph Vicibility oil and . (⁰C) (mg/l) y (ppt) (μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) μMol/L) a μMol/L) (mg-1) (ug/l) ytin (E.C) grease(m BOD (ug/l) g/l) (mg/l) Sub- 29.1 5.2 4 7.8 2.74 27.49 2.13 55.31 0.97 58.32 2.33 1.31 surface St-39 Surface 28.7 4.9 21 8 2.14 21.43 1.32 38.54 0.37 39.80 3.25 1.69 1.0625 0.9 2.8 Sub- 28.5 4.7 21 8 3.71 29.41 1.75 46.32 0.64 66.60 2.19 1.21 surface St-40 Surface 28.6 5.3 22 7.7 1.37 13.52 1.23 59.43 1.47 39.60 4.14 1.11 1 1.2 3.1 Sub- 28.6 5.2 23 7.8 2.61 19.45 1.84 69.33 2.06 69.20 2.45 1.21 surface St-41 Surface 28.9 5.4 20 8 1.64 15.32 1.21 54.32 1.74 40.60 4.12 1.49 0.944444 1.3 2.9 Sub- 28.6 5.3 22 7.8 2.18 19.45 1.74 59.54 3.12 61.80 2.43 1.10 surface

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Water temperature The water temperature in the study area at different stations ranged between 28.3 to 30.2 The distribution of the water temperature smoothly showed variation from bottom to surface waters and warm water in entire study area because of summer season. Dissolved Oxygen The study area showed not much fluctuation of dissolved oxygen concentrations between the stations and among the water column from surface to bottom, the concentration of DO varied from 4 to 6.1 mg/l. Salinity (ppt) The water salinity in the study area at different stations ranged between 2 to 27 ppt. the minimum salinity due to the fresh water mixing. pH The water pH value in the study area ranged between 7.2 and 8.6. The minimum pH at Cheranalloor due to the discharge from the factory and the higher value because of organic load from municipal sewage. Nitrite Nitrite is the intermediate product of oxidation of ammonia to nitrate. It is unstable under oxic conditions and generally occurs in low concentrations in surface waters. The nitrite concentration spatial maps ranged from 0.36 to 4.82 µMol/l. This variation of nitrite concentration due to the sedimentation of the bottom bounded nutrients mixing in water column. Nitrate Overall, the nitrate concentration is higher in all the stations. The nitrate concentration in the study area ranged between 4.99 and 33.61 19.24 µMol/l. the maximum nitrate concentration at Eroor because of municipal sewage. Ammonia The toxicity of ammonia is critically depends on pH and temperature, the un-ionized form + is more toxic than the ionized form. As pH increase, NH4 is converted to NH3 and toxicity increase. Higher temperatures also favor the more toxic form. The ammonia was higher with the surface stations than the bottom waters. From the observations, surface and bottom waters ammonia varied from 0.14 to 3.57 µMol/l. the higher ammonia concentration because of black soil formation. Reactive Silicate The reactive silicate concentration of water samples showed higher in all the stations. The concentration ranged between 20.11and 113.15 µMol/l.

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Inorganic Phosphate The inorganic phosphate concentration ranged between 0.2 and 4.46 µMol/l. Total suspended solids (TSS) TSS value was ranged between 26.2 to 119.8 mg/l. the higher TSS value recorded in all bottom water samples than surface water its must be a reason of sedimentation. Chlorophyll a and Phaeophytin Pigments are chemical compounds which reflect only certain wavelengths of visible light. This makes them appear "colorful". Flowers, corals, and even animal skin contain pigments which give them their colors. Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in plants that allows them to convert sunlight into usable energy through a process called photosynthesis. There are several kinds of chlorophyll, the most important being chlorophyll "a". In the present study, the chlorophyll a concentration was higher in all the station its values ranged between 2.11 and 9.32µg/L. the minimum concentration was recorded at station 26 bottom water at mouth of the back water where marine water mixing is higher during tidal action and vessel movement and the higher concentration was recorded at station 19 surface water at Thundathumkadavu where heavy organic load due to sewage mixing. Phaeophytin is a brownish or grey-green compound formed by the degradation of chlorophyll. The concentration of Phaeophytin ranged between 1.10 and 4.64 µg/L. Gross primary production The assessment of primary production of an ecosystem is one of the important factors to estimate potential fish yield. All the organic matter available in the backwater is primarily synthesised by the primary producers (phytoplankton and cyanobacteria) and the products are transferred to consumers through different trophic levels. Hence, studies on the production of organic matter are great importance as a basic process of the backwater. In the present study seven stations were selected to study the gross primary production of Cochin back waters. GPP values ranged between 239.45 and 293.88 mg C/m3/day. Whereas, the minimum value was recorded at Fort kochi due to marine water mixing during high tide and the higher concentration was recorded at Pizhala because of higher organic load from sewage. 3.16.3 Soil texture In the present study most of the station the soil nature were dominated by clay except few locations.

Table-3.32: Soil texture analysis Station Soil texture Clay % Silt % Sand % St-1 82.3 11 6.7 St-2 79.3 18.4 2.3 St-3 78.1 12.8 9.1

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Station Soil texture Clay % Silt % Sand % St-4 75.8 15.3 8.9 St-5 79.5 11.6 8.9 St-6 82.1 6.9 11 St-7 6.8 11 82.2 St-8 77.4 9.5 13.1 St-9 56.8 26.8 16.4 St-10 4.8 11.7 83.5 St-11 22.8 14.8 62.4 St-12 72.6 14.7 12.7 St-13 78.7 11.4 9.9 St-14 78.3 11.42 10.28 St-15 82.9 12.3 4.8 St-16 79.5 11.1 9.4 St-17 85.2 11.4 3.4 St-18 81.6 10.6 4.8 St-19 78.6 14.6 6.8 St-20 78.4 9.4 12.2 St-21 79.1 11.7 9.2 St-22 74.2 14.3 11.5 St-23 81.2 10.6 8.2 St-24 80.4 13.1 6.5 St-25 81.3 13.4 5.3 St-26 76.4 14.6 9 St-27 79.3 11.4 9.3 St-28 78.9 11.7 9.4 St-29 78.2 15 6.8 St-30 79.5 10.5 10 St-31 81.8 11.4 6.8 St-32 79.8 11.4 8.8 St-33 81.9 6.9 11.2 St-34 79.9 11.2 8.9 St-35 78.9 12.8 8.3 St-36 79.6 13.7 6.7 St-37 78.5 15.3 6.2 St-38 77.8 14.7 7.5 St-39 80.1 8.9 11 St-40 77.3 15.9 6.8 St-41 82.3 11 6.7

3.16.4 Heavy metals Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that have a high atomic weight and a density at least 5 times greater than that of water. Their sources are multiple industrial, domestic, agricultural, medical and technological applications have led to their wide distribution in the environment; raising concerns over their potential effects on human health and the environment. Their toxicity depends on several factors including the dose, route of exposure, and chemical species, as well as the age, gender, genetics, and nutritional status of exposed individuals. Because of their high degree of toxicity, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, and mercury rank among the priority metals that are of public health significance. In the present study, totally six heavy metals were analysed from

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water and sediment samples of Cochin back water and the results were given in the table 3.33. In water samples the concentration of heavy metals such as cadmium, lead and mercury were found to be below detectable level at all the stations where as copper and zinc showed below detectable level in most of the stations and remaining stations shows very minimum in concentration. The nickel concentration ranged between 0.19 and 45 mg/l. the minimum concentration was recorded at station 4 surface water and the maximum water recorded at station 34 bottom water. The results are given in Table-3.33. In sediment samples the heavy metals concentration such as cadmium and mercury found to be below detectable level in all the station of Cochin back water. Copper The copper concentration in sediment samples of Cochin back waters ranged between 0.14 and 35.6 mg/kg. The minimum concentration was recorded at station 4 surface water and the maximum concentration was recorded at 12 surface water. Lead The lead concentration in sediment samples of Cochin back waters ranged between 2.1 and 17.13 mg/kg. The minimum concentration was recorded at station 24 surface water and the maximum concentration was recorded at 12 surface water. Nickel The nickel concentration in sediment samples of Cochin back waters ranged between 1.6 and 15.9 mg/kg. The minimum concentration was recorded at station 23 surface water and the maximum concentration was recorded at 13 surface water. Zinc The copper concentration in sediment samples of Cochin back waters ranged between 6.7 and 237.32 mg/kg. The minimum concentration was recorded at station 36 surface water and the maximum concentration was recorded at 12 surface water.

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Table-3.33: Heavy metals concentration in water and sediment samples of Cochin back waters Heavy metals concentration in water samples (mg/l) Heavy metals concentration sediment samples (mg/kg) St. Cd Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn Cd Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn 1 BDL 0.017 BDL BDL 0.022 0.017 BDL 5.6 6.5 BDL 8.2 75.5 BDL 0.018 BDL BDL 0.026 0.019 2 BDL 0.014 BDL BDL 0.028 0.025 BDL 4.4 6.93 BDL 9.15 115.4 BDL 0.015 BDL BDL 0.026 0.022 3 BDL 0.011 BDL BDL 0.025 0.021 BDL 0.26 6.43 BDL 8.56 112.4 BDL 0.013 BDL BDL 0.021 0.025 4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.019 0.019 BDL 0.14 5.87 BDL 7.98 112.9 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.025 0.021 5 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.028 0.031 BDL 4.2 6.8 BDL 9.4 120.4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.028 0.033 6 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.023 0.023 BDL 3.8 9.3 BDL 10.5 135.3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.024 7 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.026 0.021 BDL 3.9 11.4 BDL 11.4 114.3 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.027 0.022 8 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.021 0.025 BDL 8.3 12.6 BDL 11.9 154.6 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.022 0.026 9 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.025 BDL BDL 10.4 13.4 BDL 14.3 143.2 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.026 BDL 10 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 BDL BDL 11.6 12.8 BDL 13.2 225.2 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.038 BDL 11 BDL BDL 0.084 BDL 0.031 BDL BDL 12.3 11.4 BDL 13.6 215.6 BDL BDL 0.092 BDL 0.029 BDL 12 BDL BDL 0.045 BDL 0.021 BDL BDL 35.6 17.13 BDL 15.6 237.32 BDL BDL 0.048 BDL 0.023 BDL 13 BDL BDL 0.053 BDL 0.024 BDL BDL 34.4 16.5 BDL 15.9 226.7 BDL BDL 0.055 BDL 0.024 BDL 14 BDL BDL 0.057 BDL 0.034 BDL BDL 28.7 14.7 BDL 13.8 215.6 BDL BDL 0.058 BDL 0.032 BDL 15 BDL BDL 0.043 BDL 0.033 BDL BDL 27.4 13.5 BDL 12.5 215.3 BDL BDL 0.044 BDL 0.032 BDL 16 BDL 0.012 0.019 BDL 0.036 0.067 BDL 13 12.4 BDL 11.2 158.4

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Heavy metals concentration in water samples (mg/l) Heavy metals concentration sediment samples (mg/kg) St. Cd Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn Cd Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn BDL 0.014 0.021 BDL 0.039 0.062 17 BDL 0.013 0.021 BDL 0.038 0.073 BDL 12.6 11.3 BDL 9.4 153.2 BDL 0.015 0.022 BDL 0.039 0.075 18 BDL 0.014 0.025 BDL 0.035 0.069 BDL 14.5 13.2 BDL 11.3 187.6 BDL 0.013 0.021 BDL 0.034 0.066 19 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.028 BDL BDL 12.7 12.5 BDL 9.3 185.4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.029 BDL 20 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.031 BDL BDL 9.3 11.5 BDL 6.4 143.2 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.033 BDL 21 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.043 BDL BDL 3.9 5.8 BDL 5.6 87.8 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.036 BDL 22 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.042 BDL BDL 3.7 4.8 BDL 4.9 84.9 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.041 BDL 23 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.044 BDL BDL 2.5 2.6 BDL 1.6 11.6 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.041 BDL 24 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.036 BDL BDL 1.9 2.2 BDL 1.9 12.4 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.037 BDL 25 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.035 BDL BDL 2.9 3.4 BDL 5.6 11.7 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.038 BDL 26 BDL 0.01 BDL BDL 0.042 BDL BDL 2.8 3.2 BDL 5.5 10.8 BDL 0.011 BDL BDL 0.041 BDL 27 BDL 0.01 BDL BDL 0.041 BDL BDL 2.5 3.3 BDL 5.3 11.7 BDL 0.012 BDL BDL 0.041 BDL 28 BDL 0.01 0.003 BDL 0.037 BDL BDL 3.9 3.2 BDL 5.2 9.3 BDL 0.011 0.0026 BDL 0.038 BDL 29 BDL 0.012 0.026 BDL 0.032 BDL BDL 6.9 7.7 BDL 14.7 18.3 BDL 0.011 0.025 BDL 0.033 BDL 30 BDL 0.013 0.029 BDL 0.031 BDL BDL 6.8 7.4 BDL 13.8 17.8 BDL 0.013 0.03 BDL 0.032 BDL 31 BDL 0.012 0.021 BDL 0.035 BDL BDL 5.9 6.8 BDL 11.6 16.9 BDL 0.014 0.034 BDL 0.038 BDL

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Heavy metals concentration in water samples (mg/l) Heavy metals concentration sediment samples (mg/kg) St. Cd Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn Cd Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn 32 BDL 0.014 0.033 BDL 0.039 BDL BDL 3.2 2.9 BDL 5.9 8.2 BDL 0.013 0.032 BDL 0.041 BDL 33 BDL 0.012 BDL BDL 0.039 BDL BDL 3.1 2.6 BDL 5.3 8.1 BDL 0.013 BDL BDL 0.041 BDL 34 BDL 0.011 BDL BDL 0.043 BDL BDL 3.2 2.5 BDL 5.1 8.3 BDL 0.012 BDL BDL 0.045 BDL 35 BDL 0.012 BDL BDL 0.034 BDL BDL 3.1 2.8 BDL 4.4 7.8 BDL 0.013 BDL BDL 0.035 BDL 36 BDL 0.012 BDL BDL 0.033 BDL BDL 2.9 2.9 BDL 3.9 6.7 BDL 0.014 BDL BDL 0.034 BDL 37 BDL 0.011 BDL BDL 0.037 BDL BDL 2.6 2.1 BDL 4.3 6.9 BDL 0.013 BDL BDL 0.038 BDL 38 BDL 0.012 BDL BDL 0.032 BDL BDL 2.5 2.6 BDL 4.1 7.3 BDL 0.011 BDL BDL 0.033 BDL 39 BDL 0.012 BDL BDL 0.041 BDL BDL 6.1 5.6 BDL 9.7 14.4 BDL 0.011 BDL BDL 0.041 BDL 40 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.042 BDL BDL 5.2 5.4 BDL 9.6 14.7 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.043 BDL 41 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.041 BDL BDL 5.4 5.1 BDL 8.5 11.6 BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.039 BDL

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In the present study all the heavy metals in the water and sediment samples shows most of the heavy metals were below detectable level and lower than the threshold effect level according to NOAA 2014. Similarly, Kaladharan et al. (2011) also reported that the concentration of cadmium lead and zinc are BDL, BDL and 0.02 µg/l. many earlier reports also support the present study were given below Sl. No. Parameters (mg/l) Dry season Wet season 1 Chromium 0.22 0.47 2 Copper 1.28 0.68 3 Iron 262.3 799 4 Manganese 0.24 0.63 5 Nickel 3.55 4.56 6 Zinc 8.84 4.36 Source: Anus et al., 2015 Sl. No. Parameters Averaged observation (mg/l) 1 Nickel 0.42 2 Cadmium 1.012 3 Chromium 1.032 4 Lead 1.54 5 Manganese 0.73 6 Zinc 0.26 Source: Radhakrishnan and Jayaprakas, 2015 Sl. No. Parameters Averaged observation (µg/l) 1 Boron 0.1485 2 Cadmium BDL 3 Chromium 0.03 4 Flouride 0.06 5 Iron 2.03 6 Lead BDL 7 Zinc 0.02 Source: Kaladharan et al., 2011 3.16.5 Phytoplankton Phytoplankton forms the vast array of minute and microscopic plants passively drifting in natural waters and mostly confined to the illuminated zone. In an ecosystem these organisms constitute primary producers forming the first link in the food chain. Phytoplankton long has been used as indicators of water quality. Some species flourish in highly eutrophic waters while others are very sensitive to organic and/or chemical wastes. Some species develop noxious blooms, sometimes creating offensive tastes and odours or anoxic or toxic conditions resulting in animal death or human illness. Because of their short life cycles, plankton responds quickly to environmental changes. When under stress or at the end of their life cycle, chlorophyll a in phytoplankton decomposes with phaeophytin as one of the major products. In the present study, a total of 39 species were recorded from 41 stations. The phytoplankton density ranged between 68083 and 142703 cells/L. The minimum density was recorded at st-26 and the maximum was recorded at st- 3 (Figure-3.15).The results are given in Table-3.34.

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Figure-3.15:Phytoplankton density.

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Table-3.34 A: Phytoplankton abundance and density S No Species name St-1 St-2 St-3 St-4 St-5 St-6 St-7 St-8 St-9 St-10 St-11 St-12 St-13 St-14 1 Skeletonema costatum 4500 4685 5934 2450 5394 5932 6329 14392 8392 7984 7843 6977 7534 8493 2 Stephanopyxis turris 1943 1365 1329 3450 2541 1850 1329 3251 2134 2194 3219 2943 0 2413 3 Leptocylindrus danicus 1325 1123 2900 2100 2650 2410 1300 2413 2133 1284 1243 2654 3812 2143 4 Chaetoceros constrictus 12543 15832 6932 6722 6832 8439 6843 6900 1241 7392 7392 6592 6382 7843 5 C. capense 6432 5362 8324 4393 6439 6329 2122 3821 1243 2560 2184 2340 2143 2340 6 C. didymus 2145 1426 3420 2010 8439 1293 4120 3292 1823 1329 2184 3864 2150 3150 7 C.compressus 7312 2145 4510 3193 2017 2530 1800 3194 1173 1329 1439 2981 2183 4235 8 C.decipiens 2143 2145 1382 1927 2010 2089 1350 1382 1420 1294 1429 1904 1223 2313 9 C.denticulatus 1325 1467 1294 2750 3291 2193 1342 1200 1800 1328 3149 2050 1329 2050 10 C.diversus 1225 1426 2194 2630 2900 2199 1520 1342 1450 1284 3210 2890 2194 3890 11 C.tortissimus 1325 1165 3291 1937 2319 1472 0 0 0 0 1284 1982 1239 1243 12 Ceratium furca 6732 8425 3192 2885 2530 3785 0 5640 1673 1328 2319 3992 3560 3560 13 C. fusus 5213 4753 3219 2645 2410 3450 2450 2193 2410 1200 3291 2152 2152 1232 14 C. lineatum 1243 4477 1932 2940 3120 2193 1420 3241 2100 1400 2100 2134 2134 1354 15 Coscinodiscus centralis 11546 9352 14236 7392 9325 8291 16532 15321 11432 12319 14292 12329 1324 8634 16 C.asteromphalus 8325 12365 8327 7392 8235 5291 7954 9382 8965 7329 11323 11923 11232 11244 17 C. marginatus 9352 6736 4600 3120 2100 2100 2470 9473 5932 4392 3192 3302 4256 6532 18 C.granii 2136 5771 4950 2193 1743 2140 2416 4210 967 2914 1283 4563 2450 0 19 C.radiatus 2111 1426 2194 1392 2159 1400 1785 2193 1325 3755 3620 2763 2000 0 20 C.wailesii 3214 3251 1329 1832 1639 1002 1867 3291 1241 2183 3411 2592 2100 1800 21 Gyrosigma diminutum 1253 3520 1123 2100 1200 800 1850 2192 1231 1382 1400 1231 0 960 22 Protoperidinium conicoides 942 3840 2191 0 0 1500 2420 2183 1780 0 850 2645 0 540 23 P.diabolum 3241 1352 3219 0 0 1020 2320 3192 1560 0 945 3450 0 980 24 P.pentagonum 1265 3520 2100 0 0 1040 2209 4263 1260 1540 1420 2973 3124 1425 25 Triceritium favus 4251 1263 2410 2140 1750 2410 2450 3100 5643 1280 2100 2991 1240 1470 26 Bacteriastrum hyalinum 3241 4100 6493 2450 1253 3102 1756 3120 3123 2183 2178 1208 1280 1230 27 Bacillaria paxillifera 1532 1432 2010 2600 1860 839 1750 2132 1530 1210 1471 1921 0 0 28 Pleurosigma directum 0 2100 2000 2750 1890 1400 1875 3912 1420 2134 3219 2140 4210 4875 29 P.strigosum 0 0 2140 3480 953 2100 2170 2192 1240 2184 2354 1882 3212 1566 30 P.formosum 0 0 2540 1932 954 1020 867 2193 1564 2138 3106 2009 1253 3148 31 P. diverse-striatum 0 0 3219 1372 927 1300 647 1244 985 1850 2143 890 3265 1325 32 Pleurosigma sp. 9424 4100 5392 3120 944 2410 1733 1389 2547 3219 1008 1921 2665 2143 33 Pseudo-nitzschia seriata 1324 2143 2300 1382 934 2150 1740 1010 1213 1985 1637 833 3200 2155 34 P. nitzschia auotratis 1243 1856 4560 1294 1324 893 1375 2148 1231 2439 2142 1923 2350 3142 35 P.nitzschia pungens 1132 935 4143 1339 815 941 1500 1500 1940 0 0 805 3100 1242 36 Plagiotropis lepidoptera 4612 1426 3219 2174 1020 1230 1285 2765 1532 0 0 1320 3100 2132 37 Actinocyclus octonarius 0 1288 2139 1100 1045 1520 0 0 0 0 1210 0 2800 2103 38 Pyrophacus steinii 0 2528 3410 1860 832 1823 1230 0 0 1262 1901 0 3500 2134

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S No Species name St-1 St-2 St-3 St-4 St-5 St-6 St-7 St-8 St-9 St-10 St-11 St-12 St-13 St-14 39 Thalassionema nitzschioides 1364 1900 2606 2459 1074 1622 1346 3156 2312 3092 2114 1285 3308 1100 Total 126914 132000 142703 98905 96868 95508 95472 137822 90965 92696 110605 114354 103004 108139

Table-3.34 B: Phytoplankton abundance and density S No Species name St-15 St-16 St-17 St-18 St-19 St-20 St-21 St-22 St-23 St-24 St-25 St-26 St-27 St-28 1 Skeletonema costatum 4294 7549 7382 6943 7854 9843 8493 9532 8573 6372 5432 6858 8423 7443 2 Stephanopyxis turris 2480 2130 2200 2170 4352 4150 1354 2142 2150 1923 1343 1543 2340 3284 3 Leptocylindrus danicus 1325 2015 4235 2347 1342 1439 2420 1345 2145 1293 1354 2280 1324 1943 4 Chaetoceros constrictus 2314 2075 9432 8392 9674 9539 8442 6327 9834 5392 4437 6342 9372 7439 5 C. capense 8437 9324 4210 4213 3290 1294 2485 2143 1426 3192 1334 1342 1243 1329 6 C. didymus 2314 2645 2314 1223 4327 1539 2246 1365 2002 1219 1254 1097 1255 1243 7 C.compressus 1483 2854 1254 2192 2413 1394 1325 2643 1324 1182 1546 1048 2184 1028 8 C.decipiens 3210 1294 2550 1342 2552 2194 1623 1643 2143 1281 2133 1048 1329 2431 9 C.denticulatus 3132 1329 1620 3960 3552 3450 1224 2450 1653 1211 2000 1329 1329 1329 10 C.diversus 1243 2360 2132 3780 3720 2658 1146 1110 1224 2193 1423 1750 2152 1425 11 C.tortissimus 1232 2385 2850 3990 3587 2750 1423 1100 1543 0 2850 1250 1201 1212 12 Ceratium furca 3560 2756 4620 0 0 0 2410 1200 3130 0 1990 1340 1032 3213 13 C. fusus 2152 2400 4930 0 0 0 2301 0 2500 0 1740 4900 2104 0 14 C. lineatum 2143 2050 2134 0 0 0 2333 1326 0 1124 1124 2193 3121 0 15 Coscinodiscus centralis 1234 7493 9483 9332 8968 11329 7435 7420 8291 5392 0 4200 8439 7432 16 C.asteromphalus 8439 8332 4100 4120 2183 3120 2550 1220 0 943 0 1221 0 8432 17 C. marginatus 7439 3655 0 3214 1878 1392 1342 1851 2142 1238 5321 2050 0 1654 18 C.granii 1740 3860 0 2156 2540 2500 1567 2500 3221 1800 2343 1328 3560 2413 19 C.radiatus 1300 3945 1420 2210 2120 2132 1365 2310 1325 1230 2311 1228 3243 2143 20 C.wailesii 2145 3455 2100 4920 2413 1233 1426 1425 1800 2122 2450 2440 1780 1520 21 Gyrosigma diminutum 1240 3750 2410 4211 1038 1423 1560 3450 1223 2042 1410 2183 2143 2400 22 Protoperidinium conicoides 2135 3292 1471 2410 3529 2410 3750 1410 1325 1032 2800 0 1546 3410 23 P.diabolum 1234 0 0 1800 2438 3128 0 2800 1426 1204 950 0 2314 3450 24 P.pentagonum 2710 0 0 950 2178 950 0 1950 2140 2132 2500 0 1325 2314 25 Triceritium favus 1350 0 0 1500 1520 1211 0 1537 1425 1426 1200 1429 1356 1750 26 Bacteriastrum hyalinum 1230 3452 1442 1400 1043 1438 2450 1336 2500 2800 1480 2148 3253 3500 27 Bacillaria paxillifera 0 0 4300 2145 1037 2280 1410 1080 2142 2324 2250 1328 2310 1280 28 Pleurosigma directum 3100 1232 4440 2410 1398 1410 1500 1420 1020 0 2550 1329 4231 1774 29 P.strigosum 1245 954 2432 2530 2439 1329 1483 1350 2190 0 2245 1460 2050 2360 30 P.formosum 2134 1123 2134 1247 1750 3219 1966 2470 0 2900 2375 2122 2650 2440 31 P. diverse-striatum 1342 1425 2311 592 1500 2450 1754 2641 0 1342 0 1732 0 2850 32 Pleurosigma sp. 2890 2134 3122 2400 1056 3219 2454 3180 0 2300 0 2450 0 2975 33 Pseudo-nitzschia seriata 2143 2132 2134 954 1200 2560 2878 2411 1890 2243 0 1845 1325 0 34 P. nitzschia auotratis 3471 1943 1943 2450 1550 2350 1242 1522 845 2530 3410 0 2450 0

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35 P.nitzschia pungens 0 2134 1843 1235 2410 1328 2077 0 1660 0 1250 0 0 0 36 Plagiotropis lepidoptera 2450 1423 0 0 2431 0 1442 1245 1740 0 2110 1855 2448 2789 37 Actinocyclus octonarius 0 1943 0 0 0 0 1262 1598 1601 1750 850 1270 1970 2505 38 Pyrophacus steinii 3500 2100 1550 1614 1364 1792 0 0 831 1371 1928 1593 1589 1402 39 Thalassionema nitzschioides 1449 1822 1480 2400 1979 2043 0 0 950 1580 2132 1530 2594 2422 Total 95239 104765 101978 98752 98625 96496 82138 82452 81334 68083 73825 71061 90985 96534

Table-3.34 C: Phytoplankton abundance and density S No Species name St-29 St-30 St- 31 St-32 St-33 St-34 St-35 St-36 St-37 St-38 St-39 St-40 St-41 1 Skeletonema costatum 6321 5943 6329 8231 7213 7532 6923 5932 9500 5885 6634 8493 9532 2 Stephanopyxis turris 2934 1923 2194 2191 3907 2976 3421 4291 2943 1745 2321 1354 2142 3 Leptocylindrus danicus 2319 2193 1893 0 2965 2776 2193 3291 2325 2023 2655 2420 1345 4 Chaetoceros constrictus 8243 6329 5329 0 0 0 5342 4292 8543 4986 5692 8442 6327 5 C. capense 2174 1932 1823 0 0 0 0 1932 2432 2962 2324 2485 2143 6 C. didymus 1043 2192 2193 2192 0 0 0 2134 2145 1926 2720 2246 1365 7 C.compressus 1392 1032 1043 3912 0 0 0 1043 2312 2145 1410 1325 2643 8 C.decipiens 1392 2193 1732 1439 2876 0 0 2311 2143 2276 2382 1623 1643 9 C.denticulatus 3181 2194 1329 1329 2455 2633 1439 1325 2367 1994 1224 2450 10 C.diversus 1032 2103 1832 1429 2388 2075 1932 1043 1225 2726 2494 1146 1110 11 C.tortissimus 1329 1032 1832 1449 2753 2557 1832 0 1325 2665 2791 1423 1100 12 Ceratium furca 1392 2104 1439 3921 3966 3794 2193 0 3732 6025 2192 2410 1200 13 C. fusus 927 2194 1539 2483 3397 3189 2193 2103 2213 4653 2219 2301 0 14 C. lineatum 1328 849 1291 2191 1653 1466 1129 1293 1243 1377 1932 2333 1326 15 Coscinodiscus centralis 5218 4932 5932 7291 7074 6975 6392 4293 8546 4852 4236 7435 7420 16 C.asteromphalus 3917 3912 2932 2181 3965 2676 2391 1024 2325 2965 2327 2550 1220 17 C. marginatus 1493 932 839 3612 2975 2467 2214 984 2352 1736 2788 1342 1851 18 C.granii 2183 1938 1329 2193 1897 1737 1439 944 2136 1471 2452 1567 2500 19 C.radiatus 2138 1035 1032 2183 1932 1986 2183 893 2111 1326 2494 1365 2310 20 C.wailesii 1732 1430 1022 1329 1336 1466 1043 1032 3214 1741 1629 1426 1425 21 Gyrosigma diminutum 2183 2103 2143 1529 1764 1685 2032 2103 1253 1790 1823 1560 3450 22 Protoperidinium conicoides 2134 1834 2154 1723 1436 1557 2143 933 942 1934 2491 3750 1410 23 P.diabolum 1839 1394 1033 943 986 875 0 944 3241 1565 1719 0 2800 24 P.pentagonum 1329 1530 1248 1039 1086 1156 0 1032 1265 1620 1186 0 1950 25 Triceritium favus 1328 1428 1923 1283 1337 1462 0 1654 4251 1353 1550 0 1537 26 Bacteriastrum hyalinum 3291 3210 2183 1339 1976 2077 3821 3442 3241 2780 2753 2450 1336 27 Bacillaria paxillifera 2193 3201 2443 3219 4086 3091 2134 3921 1532 1832 1852 1410 1080 28 Pleurosigma directum 1832 2410 2132 2199 3478 2824 2381 2432 0 2654 2448 1500 1420 29 P.strigosum 1328 1093 2143 2991 2053 1977 0 0 0 0 1640 1483 1350 30 P.formosum 2381 944 1832 901 1086 1267 0 2199 0 0 1670 1966 2470 31 P. diverse-striatum 2319 1023 934 943 1896 1678 2191 2112 0 0 1849 1754 2641

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S No Species name St-29 St-30 St- 31 St-32 St-33 St-34 St-35 St-36 St-37 St-38 St-39 St-40 St-41 32 Pleurosigma sp. 2183 1824 739 892 1864 1568 1203 0 1424 4678 1742 2454 3180 33 Pseudo-nitzschia seriata 839 943 904 788 1349 1246 2314 2133 1324 2143 2004 2878 2411 34 P. nitzschia auotratis 937 743 931 829 1198 1076 2133 2832 1643 1856 1975 1242 1522 35 P.nitzschia pungens 839 619 988 2193 1176 1145 1032 0 1942 1735 1053 2077 0 36 Plagiotropis lepidoptera 1329 1025 1634 2192 2264 1977 2724 2832 1971 1786 1547 1442 1245 37 Actinocyclus octonarius 2219 1033 1802 3191 1985 1764 1342 3291 0 1867 1947 1262 1598 38 Pyrophacus steinii 1049 2284 1953 2239 2763 1965 2281 2399 0 2628 1473 0 0 39 Thalassionema nitzschioides 2199 2439 1929 2928 2937 2677 3291 3733 1364 2670 2954 0 0 Total 85439 79472 75932 82917 89472 79372 75281 76827 89483 92743 91362 82138 82452

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3.16.6 Zooplankton Zooplankton community is a heterogeneous assemblage of animals covering many taxonomic groups. They play a vital role in the marine food chain and their abundance/biodiversity is considered as an index of fertility as the fishery resources of any aquatic system mainly depend on the magnitude of phytoplankton and zooplankton production. In the present study, a total of 27 species were recorded from 41 stations. The Zooplankton density ranged between 10483 and 28431 org./m3. The minimum density was recorded at st-27 and the maximum was recorded at st-8 (Figure-3.16) and the results are given in Table-3.35.

Figure-3.16: Zooplankton density

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Table-3.35 A: Zooplankton abundance and density S No Zooplankton St-1 St-2 St-3 St-4 St-5 St-6 St-7 St-8 St-9 St-10 St-11 St-12 St-13 St-14 1 Acartia gravelyi 1023 1125 843 1024 1420 0 957 1047 1471 584 1701 0 0 0 2 Acartia plumosa 953 728 0 1142 996 0 0 0 947 567 1519 0 0 0 3 Acartia southwelli 1282 1084 0 1054 1502 1987 1481 1207 1027 957 499 1471 1941 1452 4 Acrocalanus similis 1345 1551 956 1001 1045 1689 1336 1167 1970 851 1470 0 0 0 5 Brachionus plicatilis 1957 2869 2911 1880 1562 0 0 0 0 0 0 2142 2024 1942 6 B. clayciflours 2035 1764 2156 1955 1865 0 0 2358 1869 1571 1241 1054 2142 1854 7 B. falcatus 846 1554 1247 1102 1022 0 0 1917 764 1964 1069 1801 1854 2901 8 B. quadridentatus 959 846 956 854 945 0 0 1274 1554 1128 1248 2880 2001 2480 9 B. rotundiformis 1672 1552 1051 0 0 0 0 1504 846 657 1455 1955 2880 1955 10 Oithona brevicornis 1837 1801 947 1011 1455 1884 1571 974 552 1647 1024 764 1955 1102 11 O. similis 1143 959 1050 1620 1654 2411 1964 1280 801 1204 1307 1554 1602 1254 12 O. simplex 0 0 0 0 1864 2185 1128 951 959 1421 1801 846 1647 1341 13 O. brevicornis 1241 1847 1574 1507 1402 1925 1657 1784 1027 982 54 552 1804 768 14 Paracalanus crassirostris 1069 1004 0 0 0 1241 1647 1280 941 491 1001 0 0 0 15 Paracalanus indicus 1248 1887 0 0 954 1539 1204 1964 768 943 1580 0 0 0 16 Tintinnopsis beroidea 1455 1361 1047 841 947 859 1421 1957 417 851 1155 1204 2204 1307 17 T. cylindrica 1024 957 846 1602 579 1096 982 1248 1037 645 1102 1421 1921 1801 18 T. tocantinensis 1307 1047 965 0 0 0 961 947 702 853 1513 1989 0 0 19 Euterpina acutifrons 1801 1759 1422 0 0 0 1525 781 691 913 1048 1961 0 0 20 Doliolum sp. 0 0 1701 0 0 1495 1241 793 379 152 1013 1525 0 496 21 Microsetella norvegica 0 0 965 1522 0 0 954 1011 257 497 956 741 0 0 22 M. rosa 781 697 1220 905 679 1423 0 0 0 555 0 0 0 655 23 Macrosetella gracilis 0 547 955 0 948 1658 861 0 648 641 0 0 1011 706 24 M. oculata 0 875 956 945 929 882 0 1064 941 0 482 0 0 941 25 Lucifer sp. 499 577 768 822 682 462 0 972 371 0 675 954 0 0 26 Bivalve spot 508 0 0 511 759 198 0 0 0 210 0 0 1024 371 27 Gastropod larvae 396 0 846 645 705 0 949 951 544 199 0 0 1309 586 Total 26381 28391 25382 21943 23914 22934 21839 28431 21483 20483 24913 24814 27319 23912 Table-3.35 B: Zooplankton abundance and density No Zooplankton St-15 St-16 St-17 St-18 St-19 St-20 St-21 St-22 St-23 St-24 St-25 St-26 St-27 St-28 1 Acartia gravelyi 1431 2670 2255 2201 942 2645 2355 0 0 0 1247 621 0 1421 2 Acartia plumosa 0 0 1602 1359 854 1873 2024 0 0 1468 0 0 540 1054 3 Acartia southwelli 0 0 1647 1148 1901 1914 1307 1794 845 0 1022 911 0 0 4 Acrocalanus similis 1805 + 1804 1355 1480 1482 1801 0 0 0 0 1156 569 1009 5 Brachionus plicatilis 0 0 0 1024 455 1008 1554 2571 2358 1225 1561 247 0 0 6 B. clayciflours 0 0 0 1307 1024 1298 0 1964 1917 1664 1327 1056 0 0 7 B. falcatus 0 0 0 1301 1307 1405 0 2128 1774 1372 1355 551 0 0

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No Zooplankton St-15 St-16 St-17 St-18 St-19 St-20 St-21 St-22 St-23 St-24 St-25 St-26 St-27 St-28 8 B. quadridentatus 2142 1099 1541 554 801 1921 0 1657 1504 1650 0 0 0 0 9 B. rotundiformis 1054 1298 1455 941 0 0 0 0 0 0 1048 647 0 0 10 Oithona brevicornis 2064 1405 1530 555 1099 1964 2554 1423 1069 1331 1013 204 974 1147 11 O. similis 1554 1921 0 0 1298 1128 1846 1658 1248 1741 2147 421 280 1281 12 O. simplex 1846 1989 0 0 1405 657 1907 0 0 0 0 982 951 993 13 O. brevicornis 2220 1961 1248 1955 921 1791 1421 1969 + 1674 1510 655 656 1548 14 Paracalanus crassirostris 0 1954 1475 1132 1475 0 0 1248 1471 1471 0 0 551 1013 15 Paracalanus indicus 0 1907 1224 1254 1224 0 0 1455 1530 0 0 0 447 2147 16 Tintinnopsis beroidea 0 0 1307 1341 1307 1307 1941 1524 1571 1588 0 0 550 0 17 T. cylindrica 0 0 1807 768 1421 1807 1284 0 0 0 1015 0 884 0 18 T. tocantinensis 1951 231 0 0 0 0 0 1575 1652 1641 1620 800 551 996 19 Euterpina acutifrons 0 0 1548 1648 1148 580 1947 0 0 0 0 648 541 1061 20 Doliolum sp. 2645 1280 1013 1941 1255 961 1481 0 0 1869 0 0 768 1087 21 Microsetella norvegica 1873 1964 956 1284 0 0 0 0 0 764 517 0 0 964 22 M. rosa 1914 1957 0 0 0 0 0 931 0 1554 395 852 574 0 23 Macrosetella gracilis 1482 913 1525 1784 887 0 1341 0 1402 846 0 531 542 207 24 M. oculata 1008 1152 941 0 462 1047 762 0 751 552 547 385 247 0 25 Lucifer sp. 0 0 0 0 0 722 0 1005 640 1571 467 491 0 0 26 Bivalve spot 949 1102 0 987 754 541 958 947 0 0 571 574 541 0 27 Gastropod larvae 994 1516 954 0 863 340 0 0 0 1746 0 0 317 0 Total 26932 26319 25832 25839 24283 26391 26483 23849 19732 25727 17362 11732 10483 15928 Table-3.35 C: Zooplankton abundance and density S No Zooplankton St-29 St-30 St-31 St-32 St-33 St-34 St-35 St-36 St-37 St-38 St-39 St-40 St-41 1 Acartia gravelyi 499 0 955 1828 0 0 0 1002 1247 0 2101 0 0 2 Acartia plumosa 1501 0 0 0 0 1231 587 954 1300 0 1955 0 2307 3 Acartia southwelli 0 0 645 1820 0 1574 699 0 0 1004 0 0 2033 4 Acrocalanus similis 659 781 589 1388 0 0 0 649 958 + 2001 2188 1951 5 Brachionus plicatilis 0 0 0 0 2099 2008 1080 0 0 0 1580 951 2784 6 B. clayciflours 1421 1842 1964 1156 2188 2257 455 0 0 0 2155 1705 1380 7 B. falcatus 982 1257 1957 247 951 0 1024 0 0 0 1102 1557 1964 8 B. quadridentatus 491 1088 1248 1056 1705 1651 1107 1280 571 1099 1513 1052 1655 9 B. rotundiformis 943 0 947 0 1859 0 1657 951 1364 1388 1048 0 0 10 Oithona brevicornis 1421 1917 0 1955 0 1954 647 1784 977 1574 1013 957 1498 11 O. similis 1989 1274 1102 1102 1485 1665 1204 1380 1025 0 0 1884 1628 12 O. simplex 1961 1504 1513 1254 991 1939 1427 1964 1107 0 0 2411 356 13 O. brevicornis 525 974 1048 1341 1657 1868 504 1080 1380 1307 859 2185 1971 14 Paracalanus crassirostris 452 859 1013 838 0 0 974 0 1270 1033 596 1925 0 15 Paracalanus indicus 957 588 1047 1098 0 0 859 0 1157 955 882 1241 0 16 Tintinnopsis beroidea 0 947 1482 991 1274 1956 588 0 0 681 694 539 1204

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S No Zooplankton St-29 St-30 St-31 St-32 St-33 St-34 St-35 St-36 St-37 St-38 St-39 St-40 St-41 17 T. cylindrica 957 1554 0 0 1504 1780 599 0 0 633 357 655 1427 18 T. tocantinensis 655 907 562 958 1274 1658 698 849 1157 0 0 950 0 19 Euterpina acutifrons 0 1088 951 0 1280 0 0 0 0 947 991 359 1088 20 Doliolum sp. 746 387 0 1750 951 0 759 369 861 964 1570 968 599 21 Microsetella norvegica 675 956 671 499 1786 0 0 258 667 495 1661 0 0 22 M. rosa 0 0 956 0 0 0 885 208 779 0 0 0 0 23 Macrosetella gracilis 0 348 438 0 0 749 997 995 317 467 1276 651 0 24 M. oculata 359 554 0 1359 0 0 0 0 0 457 0 987 699 25 Lucifer sp. 955 657 0 757 934 0 0 0 0 927 0 0 855 26 Bivalve spot 244 0 294 0 0 525 642 769 147 0 359 389 0 27 Gastropod larvae 0 0 0 496 0 369 0 957 199 461 0 391 0 Total 18392 19482 19382 21893 21938 23184 17392 15449 16483 14392 23713 23945 25399

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The Cochin backwater supports the rich biodiversity. A total of, 685 species of flora and fauna were recorded in Cochin backwater system. Out of them, 194 Phytoplankton, 135 zooplankton, 199 benthos, 150 fishes and 7 mangroves species were recorded between 1958 and 1997.The present study showed that the Cochin backwater is more productive ecosystem which support higher plankton diversity. The density of phyto and zooplankton are moderately higher but NIO conducted the EIA studies during 2011 and 2014 they have reported lower diversity and density of phytoplankton and moderate number of diversity and lower density of zooplankton. They have reported that the density of zooplankton is higher than the phytoplankton. 3.16.7 Benthic organisms Organisms living in or on the sediment on the seafloor are called benthos. Marine benthic invertebrate communities are dominated by polychaete annelids, molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms and ect. Given their relatively stationary existence the community structure of the benthos can reveal localized impacts such as organic pollution or contamination. Some polychaetes in particular, such as the Family Capitellidae, are well- established indicators of organic pollution when they occur in high numbers. In the present study, a total of 42 benthic organisms were collected from 41 different locations of Cochin back waters. Among the 42 species 25 were polychaete, two amphipod, 10 bivalves and five insect larvae. The density of benthic organisms ranged between 637 and 4022 org./m2. The minimum density was recorded at station 38 whereas, the maximum was recorded at station 18 (Figure-3.17) & results are shown in Table-3.36.

Figure-3.17: Benthos density of the project Area

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Table-3.36 A: Benthos density of the project Area Species St-1 St-2 St-3 St-4 St-5 St-6 St-7 St-8 St-9 St-10 St-11 St-12 St-13 St-14 S No

Polychaeta worms

1 Perinereis anderssoni 57 66 95 204 69 558 472 849 642 392 0 0 0 21 2 Perinereis cavifrons 98 99 117 0 0 87 74 102 43 26 0 0 32 36 3 Ceratonereis sp. 0 0 0 0 0 52 38 71 532 465 0 0 61 57 4 Cossura coasta 0 0 89 90 55 63 40 29 346 421 0 0 105 231 5 Prionospio cirrifera 44 44 61 64 0 34 73 27 0 21 21 34 34 48 6 P. pinnata 78 0 66 0 78 81 31 48 0 0 0 0 59 83 7 P. polybranchiata 66 87 77 0 0 27 51 32 27 46 0 0 72 99 8 Paraprionospio pinnata 56 76 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 Paraprionospio sp. 79 99 132 0 0 0 0 0 99 90 98 0 0 0 10 Cirratulus africanus 312 106 88 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 0 11 Cirratulus sp. 98 213 65 218 98 0 0 109 96 0 0 0 0 0 12 Chloeia inermis 109 155 171 0 0 213 0 212 0 210 108 98 89 0 13 Nephthys polybranchia 124 98 120 98 89 0 102 0 0 99 0 0 0 0 14 Nephthys dibranchis 89 105 83 210 143 322 214 0 0 0 0 0 0 42 15 Nephthys sp. 291 219 321 214 102 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 16 Glycera alba 132 213 113 98 87 99 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 123 17 Glycera convoluta 98 87 98 102 221 0 0 0 0 211 0 0 0 0 18 Capitella capitata 241 453 241 130 143 98 0 322 0 0 0 0 0 0 19 Capitella sp. 212 112 143 214 133 214 221 241 162 143 213 312 98 67 20 Heteromastus filiformis 213 132 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 425 211 143 98 21 Heteromastus silllilis 132 143 98 98 0 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 99 22 Diopatra neapolitana 65 103 219 217 219 0 0 0 218 0 89 0 0 0 23 Lumbrineris simplex 102 132 98 181 0 212 0 221 0 231 121 0 0 0 24 Lumbrineris notocirrata 192 104 133 162 133 0 0 0 0 0 133 0 0 0 25 Goniada emerita 46 87 87 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 AMPHIPODS 26 Grandidierella bonneri 32 25 34 0 0 0 0 33 33 0 0 0 54 44 27 Corophium triaenonyx 45 55 68 0 0 65 55 67 87 54 0 0 0 43 Bivalves 28 Crassostrea mandrasensis 0 31 41 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 Saccostrea cucullata 0 27 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 Donax scortum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 Corbula caribaea 32 32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 Cardium sp. 43 42 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 Corbicula fluminea 32 44 25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 Corbicula cyreniformis 32 39 43 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Species St-1 St-2 St-3 St-4 St-5 St-6 St-7 St-8 St-9 St-10 St-11 St-12 St-13 St-14 S No

35 Meretrix meretrix 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 Meretrix casta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 Villorita cyprinoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insect larvae 38 Cirolana fluviatilis 35 33 58 62 66 109 162 199 166 73 103 97 173 102 39 Gammarus lacustris 27 41 72 29 82 85 129 183 63 76 19 75 64 93 40 Americorophium triaeonyx 19 17 19 52 49 65 94 107 182 172 38 103 92 80 41 Chironomus 28 32 48 62 19 82 81 67 88 92 45 39 73 71 42 Ctenapseudes 31 18 62 52 41 66 98 28 63 104 76 45 64 85 Total 3290 3369 3338 2666 1827 2704 1935 2947 2847 2926 1489 1014 1391 1620

Table-3.36 B: Benthos density of the project Area Species St-15 St-16 St-17 St-18 St-19 St-20 St-21 St-22 St-23 St-24 St-25 St-26 St-27 St-28 S No

Polychaeta worms

1 Perinereis anderssoni 26 27 172 743 328 343 158 649 0 0 0 0 65 78 2 Perinereis cavifrons 21 41 45 43 65 67 21 42 0 0 0 0 78 219 3 Ceratonereis sp. 29 33 21 23 22 87 79 94 127 211 164 45 195 4 Cossura coasta 83 0 0 0 0 105 89 94 174 108 0 0 0 0 5 Prionospio cirrifera 83 0 0 0 27 26 21 23 128 103 0 0 0 0 6 P. pinnata 61 0 0 87 0 24 89 78 78 50 0 0 0 0 7 P. polybranchiata 0 0 34 88 85 56 143 0 56 74 0 0 83 132 8 Paraprionospio pinnata 0 0 21 44 24 49 88 35 67 59 0 0 102 84 9 Paraprionospio sp. 0 0 66 0 77 39 33 0 92 107 0 0 64 73 10 Cirratulus africanus 0 0 65 94 76 21 24 43 73 84 0 0 67 119 11 Cirratulus sp. 108 106 99 20 90 89 77 99 88 49 0 0 66 39 12 Chloeia inermis 89 0 154 88 176 221 214 231 97 65 0 0 49 104 13 Nephthys polybranchia 0 39 53 48 30 27 38 49 103 81 0 0 84 75 14 Nephthys dibranchis 95 0 144 217 313 614 321 79 28 47 56 66 48 58 15 Nephthys sp. 132 122 176 415 147 176 243 211 39 102 115 39 37 99 16 Glycera alba 67 0 211 321 145 196 198 166 77 58 75 74 66 49 17 Glycera convoluta 0 0 213 192 122 132 111 93 64 73 84 82 93 74 18 Capitella capitata 0 188 126 731 516 143 176 287 84 74 95 84 88 19 19 Capitella sp. 172 221 164 103 817 316 313 211 75 48 61 43 39 77 20 Heteromastus filiformis 87 0 0 0 0 49 89 123 115 84 55 94 74 10 21 Heteromastus silllilis 96 0 45 85 57 78 53 53 75 77 64 87 48 19 22 Diopatra neapolitana 0 0 54 84 74 44 62 32 84 56 39 84 37 47

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Species St-15 St-16 St-17 St-18 St-19 St-20 St-21 St-22 St-23 St-24 St-25 St-26 St-27 St-28 S No

23 Lumbrineris simplex 0 0 36 85 43 47 143 54 95 94 77 64 66 53 24 Lumbrineris notocirrata 123 144 154 0 132 0 0 133 38 54 71 59 93 33 25 Goniada emerita 0 98 67 55 78 75 0 99 95 73 29 95 84 75 AMPHIPODS 26 Grandidierella bonneri 35 33 0 0 0 0 0 0 64 103 55 74 66 59 27 Corophium triaenonyx 43 87 0 0 0 38 76 87 73 66 74 44 74 84 Bivalves 28 Crassostrea mandrasensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 11 9 8 0 0 29 Saccostrea cucullata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 66 11 12 0 0 30 Donax scortum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 11 55 34 0 0 31 Corbula caribaea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 13 14 9 0 0 32 Cardium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 18 12 8 0 0 33 Corbicula fluminea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 34 Corbicula cyreniformis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 Meretrix meretrix 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 11 11 0 0 0 36 Meretrix casta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 9 12 0 0 0 37 Villorita cyprinoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 9 13 0 0 0 Insect larvae 38 Cirolana fluviatilis 63 0 84 48 0 85 69 29 0 0 0 85 87 39 39 Gammarus lacustris 39 0 39 84 0 0 74 76 0 0 0 64 84 81 40 Americorophium triaeonyx 153 0 95 93 0 0 81 103 0 0 0 77 47 0 41 Chironomus 123 0 67 103 0 56 94 39 77 65 0 58 66 39 42 Ctenapseudes 74 0 92 128 0 63 99 75 48 66 0 77 59 49 Total 1802 1139 2497 4022 3444 3266 3276 3387 2326 2306 1279 1445 1984 2105

Table-3.36 C: Benthos density of the project Area S No Species St-29 St-30 St-31 St-32 St-33 St-34 St-35 St-36 St-37 St-38 St- 39 St-40 St-41

Polychaeta worms 1 Perinereis anderssoni 89 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 89 92 204 2 Perinereis cavifrons 106 98 59 96 84 0 0 0 0 0 172 111 105 3 Ceratonereis sp. 153 181 45 28 65 74 60 0 0 0 75 65 88 4 Cossura coasta 75 69 74 103 112 94 84 91 33 39 65 93 77 5 Prionospio cirrifera 45 49 59 28 95 77 89 56 49 37 27 19 33 6 P. pinnata 28 74 67 63 19 22 67 40 77 93 77 83 38 7 P. polybranchiata 19 59 83 94 81 90 66 39 20 39 92 74 82 8 Paraprionospio pinnata 47 73 71 94 88 92 103 64 73 88 93 79 76

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S No Species St-29 St-30 St-31 St-32 St-33 St-34 St-35 St-36 St-37 St-38 St- 39 St-40 St-41

9 Paraprionospio sp. 84 88 93 74 29 47 99 0 0 0 37 27 74 10 Cirratulus africanus 59 48 84 49 59 39 35 0 0 0 59 88 69 11 Cirratulus sp. 40 138 94 88 66 42 94 0 0 0 36 48 75 12 Chloeia inermis 110 100 49 39 84 31 49 0 0 0 44 39 38 13 Nephthys polybranchia 39 29 19 96 77 19 47 0 0 0 29 56 28 14 Nephthys dibranchis 21 39 61 30 37 49 28 0 0 0 64 39 39 15 Nephthys sp. 49 41 94 55 63 84 73 0 0 0 59 74 88 16 Glycera alba 36 102 87 85 49 55 74 0 0 0 67 38 29 17 Glycera convoluta 29 48 84 104 74 77 95 0 0 0 84 56 73 18 Capitella capitata 11 33 64 88 94 93 94 66 59 0 0 75 83 19 Capitella sp. 103 30 59 55 69 73 94 88 65 0 0 77 49 20 Heteromastus filiformis 48 39 37 99 49 41 66 49 47 0 0 0 0 21 Heteromastus silllilis 85 77 59 36 59 74 69 36 30 0 58 51 47 22 Diopatra neapolitana 11 48 59 41 50 75 88 0 0 0 85 44 75 23 Lumbrineris simplex 58 19 49 55 95 49 44 0 0 0 49 28 47 24 Lumbrineris notocirrata 19 38 48 59 66 77 30 0 0 0 77 35 48 25 Goniada emerita 38 67 77 33 46 94 29 0 0 0 22 63 95 AMPHIPODS 26 Grandidierella bonneri 94 65 78 54 84 73 0 0 0 0 0 0 29 27 Corophium triaenonyx 38 48 0 0 0 54 56 0 0 0 53 29 33 Bivalves 28 Crassostrea mandrasensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 12 12 9 29 Saccostrea cucullata 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 10 8 30 Donax scortum 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 Corbula caribaea 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 Cardium sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 Corbicula fluminea 0 34 24 56 24 74 13 31 0 0 0 0 0 34 Corbicula cyreniformis 0 22 65 45 27 19 32 11 0 0 0 0 0 35 Meretrix meretrix 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36 Meretrix casta 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 Villorita cyprinoides 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Insect larvae 38 Cirolana fluviatilis 75 65 29 53 56 73 88 19 0 56 55 39 49 39 Gammarus lacustris 49 64 88 50 39 0 75 78 38 0 29 49 87 40 Americorophium triaeonyx 94 0 56 55 0 66 39 50 29 55 0 39 59 41 Chironomus 97 49 69 38 55 87 10 58 55 56 29 0 77 42 Ctenapseudes 39 95 30 55 38 48 66 39 74 76 83 88 91 Total 1916 1996 1951 1919 1903 1869 1911 773 649 637 1732 1720 2102

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In the present study four group polychaetes is the predominate group in species wise as well as density wise. Rich bivalve assemblage (Corbicula) was recorded on the southern side of the backwater between the stations 30 and 36. Benthos recorded in the Cochin back waters (Sheeba, 2000). The study was conducted in the 7 different station of Cochin back water. POLYCHAETES OLIGOCHAETES OTHER CRUSTACEANS Ancistrosvllis constricta Oligochaete sp. Barnacles Lycastis indica AMPHIPODS Balanus sp. Dendronereis aestlUJrina Grandidierella bonneri MOLLUSCS Perinereis cavifrons G. gilesi Nlldibranchs Nephthis dibranchis Melita zeylanica Gastropod sp. Diopatra neapolitana Eriopisa chilkensis Dentalium sp. Lumbrinereis simplex Corophium triaenovx Bivalve sp. L. notocirrata TANAIDACEANs Calolina sp. Gonida emerita Apseudes chilkensis CardiulII sp. Glycera alba A. gymnophobium Modiolus striatllus G.convoluta ISOPODS Paphia papilliens Prionospio pinnata Isopod sp Donax sp. P. polbranchiata Anthuridae FISHES Cossura coasta. DECAPODS Juvenile fish Capitella capitata Decapod sp. MISCELLANEOUS GROUPS Heterolllastides silllilis Crab Amphioxus Heterolllastides biridus MYSIDS Foraminifera Paraheteromasllls tenuis Mysid sp. Sea anemone Scvphoproctus diiboutiensis CUMACEANS Nematodes Maldanella capensis Culllacea sp. Echinoderms OlVenia fllsiformis SERGESTIDS Sternaspis sClltata SerRestid sp Pista indica ALPHEIDS Sabellid sp. Alpheid sp.

Feebarani John (2009) studied the benthic population community in the Cochin backwaters environment and compares the status of the benthos distribution of three different time periods. Species 1974-1976 1977-1978 2002-2004 Ancistrosyllis constricta LC VC LC Cossura coasta R R C Dendronereis estuarina R VC R Diopatra neapolitana R VC R Eulalia viridis …. R …. Fabricis sp …. R …. Glycera alba R R …. Glycera longipinnis R R ….

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Species 1974-1976 1977-1978 2002-2004 Glycera trydactyla …. …. LC Glycinde bonhourei …. …. LC Heteromastus bifidus …. …. C Lumbriconereis heteropoda R R … Lumbriconereis latreilli R LC R L. simplex R C R Lumbriconereis sp C LC …. Lycastis indica R …. R Mercierella elongata …. R …. Mesochaetopterus R …. …. Nereis sp … LC LC Nephthys oligobranchiata VC R C Nephthys polybranchiata …. R …. Notopygos sp …. …. R Notomastus sp …. …. LC Owenia sp R …. …. Paraheteromastus tenuis LC C VC Phyllodoce gracilis R R … Polydora kempi …. R R Prionospio cirrifera C R C P. pinnata LC C LC P. polybranchiata VC C VC Sabellidae …. …. R Syllis spongicola …. …. R Scyphoproctus djiboutiensis …. …. LC Sternapsis scutata R R …. Alpheus malabaricus R … … Alpheus sp … AB LC Apseudes chilkensis AB VC R Agymnophobia LC C R Anthuridae sp …. R R Cirrolinia fluviatilis R VC R Corophium triaenonyx LC AB LC Eriopisa chilkensis R C …. Eriphia smithia R … …. Grandidierella sp C AB LC Iphinoe sp R R R Metapenaeus affinis R R …. Neorhynchoplax sp …. …. R Penaeus sp …. R …. Rhynchoplax sp …. LC R Scylla serrata …. R …. Squailla nepa …. …. R Maccophthalmus sp …. R ….

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Species 1974-1976 1977-1978 2002-2004 Synidotea variegata R R …. Viaderiana sp R …. …. Arca sp R …. …. Disoma sp …. …. …. Katalysia sp …. R R Leiochrides africanus R …. …. Naculana sp R …. …. Paphia sp …. R …. Tellina sp R …. …. Thias sp …. …. R Muculista senhousia …. …. LC Modiolus undulatus …. C …. Modiolus metacalfei R LC …. SoIen sp R R …. Standella sp R R …. Gobiidae R R …. Cynoglossus R R …. Trypauchen vagina R R …. Sipunculoidea R R …. Cirianthus sp R R …. Milne edwardsia R R …. Obelia bicucspidata R R …. Sea anemone R R …. Nemertean …. C …. Brittle star …. R …. Oligochaete …. R …. *(R-Rare(no=1 ),LC-Less common(no=2-S),C-Common(no=6-1 0), VC-Very Common(no=11-50),AB-Abundant(no=S1100),HA-Highly abundant(≥101)

3.16.8 Species diversity

The diversity values of phytoplankton in the Cochin back waters ranged between 3.18 and 3.58 almost all the station shows similar diversity because of the entire station plot in the backwater ecosystem except few where slight variation found between the stations. The evenness ranged between 0.91 and 0.97. For zooplankton in the Cochin back waters the diversity ranged between 2.57 and 3.07 almost all the station shows similar diversity because of the entire station plot in the backwater ecosystem except few where slight variation found between the stations. The evenness ranged between 0.95 and 0.99. The diversity values of benthos in the Cochin back waters ranged between 1.9 and 3.41 almost all the station shows similar diversity because of the entire station plot in the backwater ecosystem except few where minimum to moderate variation found between

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the stations. The evenness ranged between 0.83 and 0.99. The details are given in Table- 3.37. Table-3.37: Diversity & Eveness indeces Station. Phytoplankton Zooplankton Benthos Diversity Evenness Diversity Evenness Diversity Evenness 1 3.18296 0.91032 3.016913 0.976 3.2518 0.922145 2 3.27358 0.91351 3.005174 0.9722 3.2734 0.920697 3 3.47786 0.94931 2.972775 0.9764 3.3712 0.948207 4 3.46069 0.96572 2.886543 0.9803 2.9123 0.956564 5 3.29438 0.91931 2.987144 0.9812 2.7531 0.952506 6 3.43338 0.93717 2.67095 0.9633 2.7342 0.898081 7 3.248 0.90637 2.803873 0.9896 2.4787 0.894012 8 3.30961 0.92356 3.040476 0.98364 2.4631 0.836528 9 3.27196 0.91306 3.06622 0.9648 2.3798 0.858331 10 3.22364 0.92196 3.035775 0.9552 2.5861 0.894738 11 3.31457 0.91793 3.005799 0.9724 2.2453 0.87537 12 3.36732 0.93254 2.749209 0.9704 1.942 0.883832 13 3.36258 0.95355 2.675774 0.9881 2.7484 0.970078 14 3.31033 0.92376 2.755763 0.9534 2.8688 0.957635 15 3.39554 0.94754 2.729723 0.9845 2.9635 0.958744 16 3.36935 0.94769 2.758894 0.97377 2.2738 0.915062 17 3.28907 0.94902 2.86289 0.9905 3.0754 0.943916 18 3.32882 0.94398 2.93819 0.9808 2.72609 0.846907 19 3.3478 0.94162 3.041402 0.98394 2.59869 0.840718 20 3.26773 0.92666 2.89183 0.96532 2.9198 0.87624 21 3.31381 0.93972 2.731703 0.9853 3.1471 0.934601 22 3.34657 0.94128 2.669135 0.9856 3.0182 0.896315 23 3.26259 0.9252 2.585077 0.9795 3.345 0.940828 24 3.31603 0.9568 2.854781 0.9877 3.373 0.94872 25 3.41859 0.96944 2.670675 0.96324 2.8848 0.920055 26 3.36252 0.95354 2.808576 0.9717 3.0393 0.956346 27 3.31328 0.93958 2.830743 0.9794 3.3308 0.989161 28 3.34461 0.94846 2.57035 0.974 3.15436 0.946627 29 3.48654 0.95168 2.860042 0.9547 3.3022 0.952823 30 3.4942 0.95377 2.853045 0.969 3.3381 0.963179 31 3.50634 0.95709 2.848311 0.9674 3.4077 0.983241 32 3.39763 0.94813 2.85698 0.9703 3.3913 0.978521 33 3.41953 0.9618 2.670212 0.98603 3.3602 0.978504 34 3.38492 0.95989 2.63026 0.9713 3.3622 0.979097 35 3.27088 0.96169 2.936049 0.9801 3.3345 0.97103 36 3.35524 0.9596 2.647014 0.9547 2.67212 0.963762 37 3.27472 0.93657 2.783011 0.9629 2.49491 0.972692 38 3.47913 0.97087 2.702141 0.9746 2.3511 0.946169 39 3.58082 0.97742 2.839375 0.9643 3.2282 0.958684 40 3.31381 0.93972 2.852421 0.9522 3.3192 0.96656 41 3.34657 0.94128 2.737473 0.96621 3.352 0.958676

3.16.9 Fish and fishery (Cheena vala) are fishing nets that are fixed land installations for fishing at various locations in the navigation channel and they have become a tourist

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attraction. In the fort kochi area, fishing nets are present near to the project site. Chinese fishing nets and gill net operation using Catamaran are fishing methods practiced in the Cochin backwaters. In the present study, a total of 33 species were identified from Cochin backwaters. Among them Oreochromis mossambicus are Anguilla bicolor are coming under the category of Near Threatened as per IUCN status remaining species are under the category of Least concern and Not evaluate. Shell fishes: Metapenaeus dobsoni, M. affinis, M. monoceros, Penaeus indicus,

P.semisulcatus, P.monodon P. canaliculatus, Acetes indicus

Table-3.38: identified fish species from Cochin backwaters S. Species Habitat IUCN status Migration No. 1 Stolephorus indicus Marine; brackish; Not evaluate Oceanodromous pelagic-neritic 2 Stolephorus Marine; brackish; Not evaluate Oceanodromous commersonnii pelagic-neritic 3 Thryssa malabarica Marine; brackish; Not evaluate Amphidromous pelagic-neritic 4 Chanos chanos Marine; freshwater; Not evaluate Amphidromous brackish 5 Tylosurus Marine; brackish Not evaluate strongylurus 6 Therapon jarbua Marine; freshwater; Catadromous brackish 7 Carangoides Marine; brackish Least malabaricus concern 8 Lutjanus Marine; brackish Least fulviflamma concern 9 L. johni Marine; brackish Least concern 10 L. argentimaculatus Marine; brackish Least concern 11 Johnius dussumieri Marine; brackish Not evaluate Oceanodromous 12 Etroplus suratensis Brackish Least concern 13 Leiognathus equulus Marine; freshwater; Least Amphidromous brackish concern 14 L. dussumieri Marine; brackish Not evaluate 15 Gerres filamentosus Marine; freshwater Least Amphidromous concern 16 Ambassis ambassis Marine, Fresh and Least Oceanodromous Brackish water concern 17 Parambassis Marine, Fresh and Least thomassi Brackish water concern 18 Anguilla bengalensis Marine, Fresh and Least Catadromous Brackish water concern 19 Anguilla bicolor Marine; freshwater; Near catadromous brackish Threatened 20 Mystus oculatus Fresh and Brackish Least

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S. Species Habitat IUCN status Migration No. water concern 21 Megalaspis cordyla Marine and Brackish Not evaluate water 22 Chanos chanos Marine, Fresh and Not evaluate Amphidromous Brackish water 23 Oreochromis Fresh and Brackish Near Amphidromous mossambicus water Threatened 24 Etroplus suratensis Brackish water Least Potamodromous concern 25 Mugil cephalus Marine, Fresh and Least Catadromous Brackish water concern 26 Liza parsia Marine, Fresh and Not evaluate Catadromous Brackish water 27 Arius maculatus Marine, Fresh and Potamodromous Brackish water 28 Siganus javus Marine and Brackish Not evaluate Oceanodromous water 29 Sillago sinhama Marine and Brackish Not evaluate Amphidromous water 30 Johnius coitor Marine, Fresh and Least Amphidromous Brackish water concern 31 Platycephalus indicus Marine and Brackish Oceanodromous water 32 Leiognathus Marine and Brackish dussumieri water 33 Lates calcarifer Marine, Fresh and Not evaluate Catadromous Brackish water

In the present study a total of 33 species of fin fishes and eight shell fishes are reported from one time collection during summer 2018. But totally 150 species of fishes belonging to 100 genes belongs 56 families were identified from Cochin Backwater areas. The species, which inhabit the different zones of the estuary are oligohaline fishes (23 species) and truly estuarine fishes (38 species). Kurup and Samuel (1987) observed 89 species of marine fishes, of which 41 species were euryhaline and 48 species were stenohaline, which regularly migrate from inshore areas of Arabian sea to the lake or vice versa depending on the conditions prevailing in the Backwaters. Shrimp The commonly available shrimps in the Cochin backwaters area are Metapenaeus dobsoni, M. affinis, M. monoceros, Penaeus indicus, P.semisulcatus, P.monodon P. canaliculatus, Acetes indicus and A.erythraeus. (ICMAM, 2002) 3.16.10 Mangrove The small mangrove patches scattered in the Cochin backwaters. The major species recorded in these areas are Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Excoecaria agallocha, Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera

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gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Bruguiera cylindrical, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris. Among them Avicennia is the dominant one. In most of the site selected for jetty construction is without any mangrove patches except few site having stunted single individual plant. In Tevara jetty Location Avicennia is dominent, in the locations Thoppumpady, Thonthoni thuruthu, Kadamakudi, Amritha stunted individual plants are present. Along the waterfront of Tevara Jetty, there is already KSINC jetty in operation, On the landside, KSINC office, workshops and fueling facility exists.

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Table-3.39: Species composition and occurrence of Mangroves in different stations of Cochin back water

Acanthus Bruguiera Bruguiera E. K. R. R. Study area illicifolius Avicennia conjugata cylindrica agalloca candel apiculata mucronaa S. caseolaris Total A A C C R R A A C 9 Panangadu R A _ _ _ _ _ R 3 Nettur C A ______2 Kumbalam A A R _ C R _ C R 7 Edakochi _ A C C _ _ _ C R 5 Kannamali C A A _ C _ _ A _ 5 Chellnam A A A A C _ _ R _ 6 C C C _ C _ _ C R 6 Vallanthakkadu R C R _ C C _ A C 7 Mangalavanam A A R R _ _ - C _ 5 Bolgatty C A R _ R _ _ R _ 5 Mulavukadu C A C R C - _ C R 7 Vallarpadam C A C _ C R _ A R 7 Panambukadu A A C C A _ _ A C 7 Puthuvypin C A C C R _ _ C C 7 Valappu A A A A A _ _ A _ 6 Elankunapuzha R A R C A _ _ C _ 6 Cherai _ C _ R C _ _ R _ 4 Maliyankara R A _ _ A _ _ _ _ 3 Sattar island R A _ _ A _ _ _ _ 3 Total 18 20 15 10 16 4 1 16 10

Study area (A- Abundant, R- Rare, C- Common, - absent) (Sources: Preethy et al., 2010)

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3.16.11 Aquaculture and cage culture Tide fed pond culture were practiced in Cochin backwaters the candidate shell fish is Penaeus vannamei and the fin fishes are Lates calcarifer, Etroplus suratensis and Oreochromis mossambicus. 3.16.12 Avifauna A total of 12 avifauna were reported from Cochin backwaters where given in the table 3.40. Among them cormorant and egret are the dominant species. They are intensively feed on clam and small fishes. Table-3.40: List of Avifauna recorded in Cochin backwaters S. No. Scientific name Common name 1 Halcyon smyrnensis White-throated Kingfisher 2 Haliastur indus Brahminy Kite 3 Acridotheres tristis Common myna 4 Egretta garzetta Little egret 5 Microcarbo niger Little Cormorant 6 Ardea intermedia Intermediate egret 7 Egretta garzetta Small egret 8 Phalacrocorax fuscicollis Indian cormorant 9 Ardeola grayii Pond heron 10 Bubulcus ibis Cattle egret 11 Corvus splendens House crow 12 Anhinga melanogaster Darter

3.16.13 Seaweed There are three species (Grateloupia lithophila, Enteromorpha intestinalis, Chaetomorpha sp.) of seaweed available on the southern side of mouth region where artificial rocky shore formed to prevent the soil erosion. 3.16.14 Sea grass There is no sea grass bed available in and around the Cochin back water system 3.16.15 Turtles There is no turtle species reported in and around the Cochin back water system 3.16.16 Pearl oysters There is no Pearl oyster bed available in and around the Cochin back water system 3.16.17 Coral reef There is no coral reef system available in and around the Cochin back water system 3.16.18 Dolphins Humpback dolphins enter into the Cochin back water main channel during high tide occasionally

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3.17. ARCHEOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT AREA and St. Francis Church are the notified archeological important area as per archeological survey of India (ASI), coming in the 10 km radius of project area. Mattancherry Palace Museum, Kochi The palace was built around 1545 AD by the Portuguese and presented to Veera Kerala Varma as a generous gift by them. It underwent major repairs and renovations by the Dutch and hence the palace is also known as "Dutch Palace." The palace represents the blending of the European and Indian styles of architecture. The present museum was established in May 1985 housing a variety of exhibits such as portraits of the Cochin Kings, palanquins, dresses, weapons, three royal umbrellas, canopy, dolis, swords, stamps and coins etc. The life-size portraits of the kings of Cochin from 1864 onwards are displayed in a long hall originally served as coronation hall. The weapons on display are sheathed swords, daggers and axes besides ceremonial spears decorated with feathers. There are two temples dedicated to Lord Krishna and Shiva respectively. The upper story of the palace where the present museum is housed consists of a coronation hall, bed chamber, ladies chamber, dining hall and other rooms. The glory of the palace lies in its mural paintings covering an area of nearly 300 sq.m executed in three phases. The themes depict scenes from Ramayana. St. Francis Church, Kochi St. Francis Church is one of the earliest European churches in India well known for its beautiful architecture and ambience. The church’s history dates back to 1503 A.D when the Portuguese erected a wooden church dedicated to St. Bartholomew within the temporary fort made with mud and bamboo at Kochi. The church is also known for its architectural style with old world charm and magnificence being very visible on every element of the church – the pulpit made of wood decorated with carvings, baptism platform, the offering etc. There is also a cenotaph in the middle of the lawn and it was built in 1920 in remembrance of the Kochiites who laid down their lives in World War I. The famous explorer Vasco Da Gama, the first Portuguese sailor to reach the shores of Kerala, died here in 1524 during his third visit to Kochi. He was buried in this Church. After 14 years, his body was taken back to Portugal. His burial spot inside the church is clearly marked out and has drawn visitors ever since. There are also several inscriptions on leaves, depicting the life and times of the Portuguese and the Dutch.

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3.18. SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS Demographic Profile As mentioned the proposed project is located in the District Ernakulam. The study area or the Project Influence Area comprises of about 11 in sub-district Kochi, Paravur and Kanayannur. The total population in the study area villages is of the order of 572120 persons as per Census of India 2011. The distribution of population and demographic profile in the study area villages is outlined in Table-3.41 and depicted in Figure-3.18.

Table-3.41: Demographic profile in the study area villages

S.No Village Name tion

Total Households Total Popula Male Total Total Female Population< 6 years Average Size Family Sex Ratio District Ernakulam SubdistrictParavur 1 (CT) 6667 26750 13171 13579 2465 4 1031 2 Eloor (CT) 7901 31468 15557 15911 2865 4 1023 Subtotal(A) 14568 58218 28728 29490 5330 4 1027 Subdisrict Kochi Kochi (M Corp. + OG) 3 (Part) 65469 274350 136262 138088 26459 4 1013 4 Elamkunnapuzha (CT) 6554 26997 13271 13726 2526 4 1034 2898 Subtotal(B) 72023 301347 149533 151814 5 4 1015 Subdistrict Kanayannur 5 (Part) 164 546 252 294 50 3 1167 6 (M) 18096 69390 33918 35472 5674 4 1046 7 (CT) 7619 30594 15157 15437 2795 4 1018 8 Kadamakkudy (CT) 4017 16295 8185 8110 1536 4 991 9 Mulavukad (CT) 5315 21833 10633 11200 1944 4 1053 10 (CT) 11065 44704 22176 22528 3983 4 1016 11 Kumbalam (CT) 7214 29193 14406 14787 2518 4 1026 1850 Subtotal (C ) 53490 212555 104727 107828 0 4 1030 14008 5281 Total(A+B+C) 1 572120 282988 289132 5 4 1022 Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2011

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Figure -3.18: Demographic profile in the study area villages

The male and female population in study area villages comprises about 49.46% and 50.54% respectively of the total population. The population comprising of children below the age of 6 years accounts for about 9.23% of the total population in the study area villages. The sex ratio (no. of females per 1000 males) and average family size in the study area villages is 1022 and 4 persons per family respectively. Caste Profile The distribution of population in study area villages on the basis of caste is summarized in Table-3.42 and Figure-3.19.The General Caste is the dominant caste in the study area accounting for about 93.71% of the total population followed by Schedule Castes 5.96% of the total population. Schedule Tribe accounts for 0.33% of the total population in the study area villages. Table-3.42: Caste profile in the study area villages S.No Village Name Total Population Population General Population Schedule Schedule Caste Caste Tribe District Ernakulam SubdistrictParavur 1 Varappuzha (CT) 26750 787 48 25915 2 Eloor (CT) 31468 3433 290 27745 Subtotal(A) 58218 4220 338 53660 Subdisrict Kochi 3 Kochi (M Corp. + OG) 274350 6903 788 266659 (Part) 4 Elamkunnapuzha (CT) 26997 3024 144 23829 Subtotal(B) 301347 9927 932 290488 SubdistrictKanayannur 5 Thrikkakara North 546 8 0 538 (Part)

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S.No Village Name Total Population Population General Population Schedule Schedule Caste Caste Tribe 6 Thrippunithura (M) 69390 6547 166 62677 7 Cheranallur (CT) 30594 1882 59 28653 8 Kadamakkudy (CT) 16295 1156 27 15112 9 Mulavukad (CT) 21833 2681 27 19125 10 Maradu (CT) 44704 3939 261 40504 11 Kumbalam (CT) 29193 3740 101 25352 Subtotal (C ) 212555 19953 641 191961 Total(A+B+C) 572120 34100 1911 536109 Source: Primary Census Abstract, 2011

Figure-3.19: Caste profile in the study area villages Literacy Levels The details of literate and illiterate population amongst the total population of study area villages are shown in Table-3.43. It is observed that about 88.06% of the total population in the study area villages is literate, while about 11.94% are illiterate (Refer Figure- 3.20). The literacy rate among male and female population is 88.74% and 87.39% respectively.

Table-3.43: Distribution of literate and illiterate population in study area villages

S.N Village Name

o

terate

Total Population Population Literate MaleLiterate Female Literate Population Illiterate Male Illiterate Female Illi

District Ernakulam SubdistrictParavur 1 Varappuzha (CT) 26750 23486 11663 11823 3264 1508 1756 2 Eloor (CT) 31468 27682 13838 13844 3786 1719 2067 Subtotal(A) 58218 51168 25501 25667 7050 3227 3823 Subdisrict Kochi Kochi (M Corp. + OG) 3 (Part) 274350 239950 120118 119832 34400 16144 18256

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S.N Village Name

o

terate

Total Population Population Literate MaleLiterate Female Literate Population Illiterate Male Illiterate Female Illi

4 Elamkunnapuzha (CT) 26997 23803 11738 12065 3194 1533 1661 30134 26375 13185 13189 3759 1767 1991 Subtotal(B) 7 3 6 7 4 7 7 SubdistrictKanayannur 5 Thrikkakara North (Part) 546 486 227 259 60 25 35 6 Thrippunithura (M) 69390 62255 30548 31707 7135 3370 3765 7 Cheranallur (CT) 30594 27110 13480 13630 3484 1677 1807 8 Kadamakkudy (CT) 16295 14341 7265 7076 1954 920 1034 9 Mulavukad (CT) 21833 19466 9514 9952 2367 1119 1248 10 Maradu (CT) 44704 39565 19835 19730 5139 2341 2798 11 Kumbalam (CT) 29193 25648 12884 12764 3545 1522 2023 21255 18887 2368 1097 1271 Subtotal (C ) 5 1 93753 95118 4 4 0 57212 50379 25111 25268 6832 3187 3645 Total(A+B+C) 0 2 0 2 8 8 0 Source: Primary Census Abstract-2011

Figure-3.20: Literacy profile in the study area villages Occupational profile The details on occupational profile in the study area villages are given in Table-3.44. It is observed that 37.89% of the total population is engaged in some form of economically productive activity or vocational activity, and have been designated as Total Working population. On the other hand, Non-workers or persons who are dependent on the population, which is engaged in economically productive work accounts for about 62.11% of the total population. Among the population that is working about 88.77% has been designated as Main workers while the remaining 11.23% has been designated as Marginal workers.

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Table-3.44: Occupational profile in the study area villages

Populatio n Total Workers Main Workers Marginal Workers Non Workers S.No Village Name Total District Ernakulam SubdistrictParavur 1 Varappuzha (CT) 26750 10125 8195 1930 16625 2 Eloor (CT) 31468 11490 9251 2239 19978 Subtotal(A) 58218 21615 17446 4169 36603 Subdisrict Kochi 3 Kochi (M Corp. + OG) (Part) 274350 103772 94130 9642 170578 4 Elamkunnapuzha (CT) 26997 9950 8719 1231 17047 Subtotal(B) 301347 113722 102849 10873 187625 SubdistrictKanayannur 5 Thrikkakara North (Part) 546 185 185 0 361 6 Thrippunithura (M) 69390 27700 25013 2687 41690 7 Cheranallur (CT) 30594 11347 9657 1690 19247 8 Kadamakkudy (CT) 16295 6144 5406 738 10151 9 Mulavukad (CT) 21833 7830 6218 1612 14003 10 Maradu (CT) 44704 16903 15335 1568 27801 11 Kumbalam (CT) 29193 11317 10305 1012 17876 Subtotal (C ) 212555 81426 72119 9307 131129 Total(A+B+C) 572120 216763 192414 24349 355357 Source: Primary Census Abstract 2011

Figure-3.21: Occupational profile in the study area villages

WAPCOS Limited 3-89 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER – 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES 4.1 INTRODUCTION Based on the project details and the baseline environmental status, potential impacts that are expected to accrue as a result of the proposed project have been identified. The assessment for quite a few disciplines is subjective in nature and cannot be quantified. Wherever possible, the impacts have been quantified. However, for non-tangible impacts, a qualitative assessment has been done so as to formulate appropriate management measures for them as well. This Chapter deals with anticipated positive as well as negative impacts due to the construction and operation of the proposed project and strategies to mitigate them. The proposed project envisages the development of Inland Waterways Transport System in Kochi. The proposed inland waterway system in Kochi will be designed to serve passenger traffic. The following section describes the various impacts and mitigation measures suggested to minimize the impacts due to the proposed project. 4.2 IMPACTS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE The impacts during construction phase will be localized and short-term and primarily related to civil works and erection of equipment. The duration of impact will be limited to the construction phase only. The following activities may cause environmental impacts during construction of the proposed project:  Site preparation  Excavation and backfilling  Hauling of earth materials  Piling, cutting and drilling  Dredging activities  Erection of concrete and steel structures  Noise from heavy equipment operation  Road construction  Painting and finishing  Clean up operations  Landscaping and Green belt development

The details of activities and probable impacts during construction phase are depicted in Table 4.1. Table 4.1: Identification of Activities & Probable Impacts during Construction Phase Activities Sector Anticipated Impacts Site clearing and leveling Air Fugitive dust emission (cutting, stripping excavation, Air emission from construction earth movement, compaction) equipments and machinery Water Run off from grass stripped area. Land Loss of fertile top soil

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Activities Sector Anticipated Impacts Change in drainage pattern Ecology Loss of vegetation Transportation and storage Air Air emission from vehicles of construction material/ Fugitive dust emission due to traffic equipment movement Water Spilling of construction material and flow into streams. Run–off from storage areas of construction material Soil Deposition of spilled construction material and flow into streams Public utilities Increased flow of traffic and congestion Civil construction activities Air Fugitive dust emissionon road from Water Runconstruction–off from areas erection areas containing oils, paints Socio-economic Increase in employment Influx of labours Socio-economic Stress on infrastructure Stress on social relation

4.2.1 Impact on Land Environment a) Impacts due to pre-construction activities Pre-construction activities include the Clearing, stripping and levelling the sites, earth filling, excavation for foundations and construction activities would result in generation of debris and construction wastes. Since the proposed development is taking place near to existing jetties, the existing roads would be utilised for gaining access for construction. There is sufficient space on sea shore and the same would be utilised for the storage of material and siting of construction equipment. No temporary sheds would be necessary. Thus, impacts on land environment during pre-construction phase are not expected to be significant. b) Impacts due to the acquisition of land Proposed project envisages the construction of jetties across 10 island communities. In accordance with the land requirement by all the jetties, a minimum of land to the extent of 1 acre is proposed to be developed for the provision of above mentioned facilities. In case of jetty locations within the Panchayat areas, the land is primarily owned by the Panchayat committees while in other cases, the ownership varies from Cochin Corporation, Port Trust, etc. Mitigation measures: The projects are proposed on the bank of Vembandu lake, the land required for these projects falls within periphery of the lake water and belongs to the government and private people. There are no habitations at the land to be acquired for the project. Private land may be acquired for which appropriate compensation shall be paid.

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c) Impacts due to quarrying and reclamation The proposed jetties are proposed on the bank of lake. Proposed project envisages the construction of passenger ferry berth. Proposed site needs to be levelled for construction of jetty and backup facilities. Mitigation measures: To the extent possible material from the cutting of the slopes on the proposed sites shall be used for levelling and reclamation. No exclusive quarries are proposed for these projects and construction material will be procured from the existing quarries or from the market. d) Impacts due to construction activities The major components envisaged as a part of the proposed project includes construction of Jetty, Terminal and various facilities like Toilet blocks, Strom water drain, Vehicle Parking area etc. The details of construction material required are given in Table-4.2. The construction material required for the project is proposed to be brought from nearest market/quarry and, which is about 10-100 km from the project site. Table-4.2: Details of Construction Material Sl Descriptions Unit Quantity Place of Distance to No. Available Source Source 1 Cement Tonne 10323 Local Local 2 Course Sand (Crushed Sand) Cum 14234 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 3 10mm Metal Cum 7645 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 4 20mm Metal Cum 17828 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 5 40mm Metal Cum 113 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 6 AAC Blocks Nos 768336 Thoppumpady 10 Km 7 Rubble Cum 44944 Kaladi and 40 Km Perumbavur 8 Murrum Cum 43110 Kaladi and 41 Km Perumbavur 9 Reinforcement Steel Tonne 2932 Local Local 10 Structural Steel Tonne 1443 Local Local Source: DPR Mitigation measures: There is no major vegetation on the land to be acquired for the proposed sites and no major wildlife has been reported in the area. However, awareness programmes shall be taken up training shall be given to the sensitize workers to avoid the loss of vegetation and disturbance to the faunal species in the area. No exclusive quarries are proposed for these projects. During transportation of the material care shall be taken to avoid damages to the Air and Noise environment. On completion of construction activities, surplus materials, debris, discarded boxes, containers, drums etc; will be removed from the site and disposed in designated disposal site.

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e) Impact due to disposal of solid waste During construction phase, the domestic solid wastes generated will contain mainly vegetable matter followed by paper, cardboard, packaging materials, wood boards, polythene, etc. The total solid waste that may be generated is estimated to be of the order of 0.16 t/day for jetty @ 200 gm per person per day. Mitigation measures: the solid waste management shall be based on the principle of reduce, reuse and recycle and adequate facilities for collection and conveyance of municipal wastes generated at each post shall be developed. Garbage bins will be kept for collection of solid waste at appropriate locations at each construction site. Solid waste will be disposed off at designated landfill sites to be identified in consultation with local administration. 4.2.2 Impact on Water Environment a) Impacts due to effluents from labour camps During construction phase, about 20 workers are likely to be engaged in each Jetty. The labour involved in construction phase would come from the nearby villages. However, technical manpower is likely to be deployed from outside and will stay near the site during construction phase. It is assumed that about 25% of the total population will come from outside. The total increase in population during the construction phase will be of the order of 800 during construction phase. Considering 25% of labour population to come from outside, about 200 persons would be staying in labour camps. The total water requirement for the technical manpower and workers during construction phase has been estimated as 76 m3/day. The details are given as below: Labour population involved in construction work @ 45 lpcd for 800 persons 36.00 m3/day Labour population staying at construction site @ 135 lpcd for 200 persons 27.00 m3/day ------Total 63 m3/day ------

The sewage generated is normally taken as 80% of the total water requirement. Thus, the sewage generated would be of the order of 50.4 m3/day. The disposal of sewage without treatment could lead to significant problems related to water pollution and public health. The disposal of sewage without treatment can cause problems of odour and water pollution. The typical composition of untreated sewage is given in Table-4.3.

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Table-4.3: Typical composition of untreated sewage Parameters Value Total Solids, mg/l 720 Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l 500 Total Suspended Solids, mg/l 220 BOD mg/l 220 Oil and grease, mg/l 100

Alkalinity (as CaCO3), mg/l 100 Total Phosphorus, mg/l 80 Total Nitrates, mg/l 40 Bicarbonates, mg/l 100 Carbonates, mg/l 10 Nitrates, mg/l 40 Phosphates, mg/l 40 Chlorides, mg/l 50 Sulphates, mg/l 30 Calcium, mg/l 40 Magnesium, mg/l 40 Potassium, mg/l 15 Sodium, mg/l 70

Normally untreated sewage would find its way to natural drainage system which ultimately confluences into the lake. It is proposed to treat the sewage from labour camps before disposal. Mitigation measures: Proper sanitation facilities including the community toilets with mobile sewage treatment plant. Facilities for potable drinking water shall be developed for the work force involve during construction phase. b) Effluent from other sources Substantial quantities of water would be used in the construction activities. With regard to water quality, waste water from construction activities and runoff from construction site would mostly contain suspended impurities. Adequate care should be taken so that excess suspended solids in the wastewater are removed before discharge into water body. Mitigation measures; The effluent is proposed to be treated by collecting the waste water and runoff from construction sites and treating the same in settling tanks. The settling tanks shall be so designed that it has a detention time of 1.5 to 2 hours. No flocculant is proposed to be used for this purpose. c) Effluent from workshops, oil storage etc. The effluent from workshops, oil storage, etc. will contain oil and grease particles and need to be treated prior to disposal. Mitigation measures: The effluent shall be treated in oil skimmer and the decanted effluent shall be disposed. The collected oily matter is stored in cans, etc. and disposed through authorized vendors of the Pollution control board

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d) Impacts due to dredging operation The minimum water depth needed for navigation of the proposed design boats is -1.5 m wrt CD. However, suitable allowance for siltation (say 0.5 m to 1.0 m) also needs to be taken into account while calculating quantity of capital dredging. Dredge level of -2.5 m CD is considered in the main channel of all routes except for Routes 11, 12, 14 and 15 in which -1.5 m CD is considered. Dredge level of -1.5 m CD is also considered in approaches to terminals. Based on the bathymetry details and the design water depths required in approach channel & maneuvering areas. The total quantity of material to be dredged is 6.49 lakh m3. The dredging and other construction activities normally increase the turbidity levels in the water column. The change in water-column turbidity during dredging is a short-term impact. The increase in turbidity lasts as long as the material is being dredged. The turbidity level returns to the pre-project level after the dredging operations. The time required for the turbidity level to return to its original turbidity level increases with the increase in clay content. The turbidity increase also depends on the type of dredging method adopted. Dredging is done by a `Cutter Suction Dredger' (CSD) and Grab Dredger. The method is preferred as it has minimal environmental impacts as far as increase in water turbidity is concerned. This is because of the fact that the dredged material is sucked before it gets an opportunity to spread. Due to the operation by CSD, the majority of clayey sediments would be sucked by the suction pipe. However, a small quantity of clay particles is likely to escape the cutter-suction head which may enter the water environment in the immediate vicinity of the dredging site. Since, the clay particles are in the range of 2 to 10, it would take about a week for these particles to settle down. The increase in turbidity level is likely to last for a period of 10 to 15 days, once the dredging activities are over. It can be concluded that apart from short-term increase in turbidity levels, no other significant effect on marine quality due to dredging is anticipated. e) Impacts due to disposal of dredged material Long boom excavators will load the dredged material to barges in most of the locations and the dredged material will be carried to the disposal locations. Cutter suction dredgers will be used in 1 or 2 routes. The dredged silt/mud shall be disposed at identified disposal areas, open sea, etc. The route-wise disposal locations are given in Table-4.4.

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Table-4.4: Details of dredging & Dumping Location S No Locations Site Capacity Proposed Volume of (m3) Dredge material (m3) 1 BPCL Land 44,554 9,939 2 KINFRA/Smartcity 71,484 65,935 3 Opposite to Varapuzha 9,539 21,520 Panchayath 4 Identified land of Cochin Port 2,04,007 37,592 Trust 5 Open sea 12,00,000 5,14,381 Total 22,50,594 6,49,367

In certain pockets the dredging is less than 1000 m3 and the identified dredge disposal locations are very far. Therefore discussions are held with local panchayats for identification of dredge material disposal sites the nearer to the such dredge pockets. About 5.14 lakh cum dredged material will be dumped in the open sea. As per the detailed numerical model studies have been carried out to investigate the advection- dispersion of the dredge disposal at open sea by IIT Chennai, the dredge dispersion appears to be not so alarming due to a low discharge quantity. The offshore release leads to more than 40000 dilutions, taking place within 1000m around the point of release to reach the ambient condition. Thus the dredge dispersion at a depth of 23m is well under acceptable limits. About 1.35 lakh cum material shall be dumped in the open land identified at various locations. However, based on the ecological survey conducted and the review of existing data, the area to be deposited exhibits moderate primary productivity. Hence, no significant impact on marine ecology is anticipated due to reclamation of land. Dredged material, if not securely transported and dumped at pre-designated sites, can have serious environmental impacts, such as:  Dredged material, if not disposed properly, can be washed away into the main river which can cause negative impacts on the aquatic ecosystem of the river.  Normally, the land is cleared before disposal. During clearing operations, trees are cut, and undergrowth perishes as a result of dredge disposal.  In many of the sites, dredged material is stacked without adequate stabilisation measures. Normally disposal is done at low lying areas, which get filled up due to stacking of material. This can sometimes affect the natural drainage pattern of the area leading to accumulation of water or partial flooding of some area which can provide ideal breeding habitat for mosquitoes.

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4.2.3 Impacts on Marine Ecology Dredging is a vital part for any marine infrastructure development like waterways. To increase the width and depth of the navigation channel, dredging of sediment is required. As a result of dredging impacts on marine ecology are anticipated. Dredging is proposed to be carried out at berthing area, and shallow depth areas. In the areas to be dredged, the existing marine life would be affected, however, such sites re-colonized in short duration after the cessation of the dredging activities. The proposed project is located in an operational jetty area with regular boat movement. It was observed during the marine ecological survey that the project area has moderate productivity and berthing area has less and occasional presence of Fish larvae. Hence, no major impacts are anticipated on marine ecology due to construction and operation of the proposed project. Impacts on benthic organisms During dredging operations, the removal of material from the sea bed also removes the animals living on and in the sediments (benthic animals). With the exception of some deep burrowing animals or mobile surface animals that may survive a dredging event through avoidance, dredging may initially result in the complete removal of animals from the excavation site. Since, the significant macro-and meio-fauna is not developed in the area, hence dredging is not expected to lead to significant adverse impacts. None of macro-and meio-faunal species observed during the study is coming under the rare, endangered or threatened category. The meio-faunal or macro faunal species observed in the area are common benthic organisms. Impact on phytoplankton and primary productivity Biomass of phytoplankton depends mainly on the availability of light in nutrient rich waters. Dredging and disposal may lead to increased turbidity and consequent reduction of light penetration for short periods. This may affect primary productivity and plankton biomass. However, turbidity due to dredging and dumping will be observed only in a localised area and only for a very short duration. Hence impacts on this account are expected to be marginal in nature. Impact on fisheries As per the baseline date collected during the site visits Kochi fishery harbour is not among the proposed location and is 3km from Mattancherry and 5 km from Fort Kochi two of the proposed major jetties. Among the actual jetty sites, in the Kochi backwaters, no significant fishing zones are reported except for the traditional Chinese net fishing practices. Not many fishermen from the proposed jetties does not engage in fishing. In fort kochi, the constructions shall be planned in such a way that there will be no impact on the existing fishing nets. As there is no significant fishing zones reported in the vicinity

WAPCOS Limited 4-8 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

of the proposed jetties, and considering the low fish catch at Vypeen known to involve in fishing activity no significant impact are envisaged on the fisheries from the proposed project. Suitable management measures have been suggested to check the disposal of oily waste and collection of spillage oil in case of accidental oil spillage from the boats. The most important impact on fishes may be suspended solid load or changes in the food chain. The high turbidity due to heavy suspended solid load during dredging or disposal of dredged materials results in clogging of gills of fishes thereby causing asphyxiation. But since fishes are free swimming they very well avoid such areas and move to safer areas. Once the turbidity disperses due to current and wave disturbances, they come back to the area. Due to this capability of the fishes there is virtually no impact on fishes and fisheries by dredging and disposal. The study also did not show the existence of breeding grounds for fisheries. Mitigation measures: mitigation plan to minimise the impacts on aquatic life will be as follows:  The levelling and reclamation plan will be carefully examined prior to the commencement of the construction activities in the area.  Turbidity, DO and salinity will be monitored once every week at 3 locations: near the Berth, channel and records of monitoring will be maintained. If DO level goes 4.0 mg/l, then its cause will be investigated and corrective actions taken.  Cutter suction dredgers and long boom excavators will be used for dredging, which is known to reduce turbidity generation relative to other types of dredger.  The spillage of material (sediment) from the vessel bucket and dredged area into the surrounding water will be minimized by using trained operators.  All dredging equipment and barges will be maintained in good working condition.  Hopper door seals will be maintained in proper condition to ensure minimum loss of sediment during transport.  Dredging operations will be timed to coincide with favorable “weather/tidal” and current conditions so as to ensure that sediment plume travels towards environmentally non sensitive zone.  Timing of dredging operations shall be scheduled to avoid fish breeding season.  Suction heads at the end of pipes will be kept above the bed when not in operation to prevent any bed disturbance.

WAPCOS Limited 4-9 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

4.2.4 Impacts on Ambient Air Quality Up-gradation of existing roads and construction of new roads approaching the proposed site involves cutting and filling of the earth. Within the project site, cutting and leveling activity would be required for Jetty.

The potential source of air quality impact arising from the establishment/ construction of the proposed project is fugitive dust generation. The dust, measurable as PM10 and PM2.5 would be generated as a result of construction activities. The potential dust sources associated with the construction activities are loading and unloading of the materials, top soil removal, vehicular movement over roads, etc. The possible construction activities that contribute to the environmental impacts are broadly given below:

. Dust generation during leveling of earth . Dust generation due to the movement of vehicles on unpaved roads . Emission of pollutants from vehicular exhaust . Unloading of raw materials and removal of unwanted waste material from site . Accumulation of excavated earth material The impact will be for short duration and confined within the project boundary and is expected to be negligible outside the plant boundaries. However, the plant site is cordoned off by a high boundary wall and planned green belt; such impacts will be confined only within the plant site. Impacts due to fugitive emissions The major pollutant in the construction phase is SPM being air-borne due to various construction activities. The vehicular movement generates pollutants such as NOx, CO and HC. But, the vehicular pollution is not expected to lead to any major impacts. The soils in the project area are sandy in texture, and are likely to generate dust as a result of vehicular movement. However, the fugitive emissions generated due to vehicular movement are not expected to travel beyond a distance of 200 to 300 m. The impact on air environment during construction phase is not expected to be significant, since, there are no habitations in the vicinity of the site. Impacts due to construction equipment The combustion of diesel various construction equipment could be one of the possible sources of incremental air pollution during the construction phase. The fuel utilization rates of various equipment expected to be in operation during construction phase is given in Table-4.5. Under the worst case scenario, it has been considered that equipment used for construction of berth and earthwork at each site, are operating at a common point.

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Table-4.5: Fuel combustion during construction phase Equipment Fuel consumption No. of Units Total fuel rate (lph) consumption (lph) Dumpers 30 4 120 Generators 30 2 60 Batching plant 40 1 40 Dumpers 20 4 80 Loaders and unloaders 25 3 75 Excavators 25 2 50 Water tanker 8 5 40 Total 465

The major pollutant likely to be emitted due to construction of diesel in various construction equipment shall be SO2. The short-term increase in SO2 concentration has been predicted using Gaussian plume dispersion model. The results are summarized in Table-4.6.

3 Table-4.6: Short-term (24 hr) increase in concentration of SO2 (g/m ) Wind Speed Distance (km) (m/s) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.47 x10-34 2.3 x10-11 1.15 x10-6 9.4 x10-5 0.85 2.8 x10-8 5.3 x10-4 4.4 x10-4 4.2 x10-5 1.53 7.4 x10-5 1.75 x10-4 4.2 x10-5 2.2 x10-4 2.78 1.09 x10-4 1.23 x10-4 2.6 x10-5 8.1 x10-6 4.30 9.4 x10-5 1.23 x10-4 2.6 x10-5 8.1 x10-6 5.98 7.1 x10-5 6.4 x10-5 1.28 x10-5 5.8 x10-5 7.00 6.8 x10-5 5.5 x10-5 1.09 x10-5 5.0 x10-6

It is evident from Table 5.9 that the maximum short-term increase in SO2 is observed as 0.00053 g/m3, which is at a distance of 200 m from the emission source. The incremental concentration is quite low and does not require any specific control measure. Thus, the operation of construction equipment is not expected to have any major impact on the ambient air quality as a result of the project. 4.2.5 Impacts on Noise environment a) Impacts due to operation of construction equipments The noise during construction phase are due to operation of various construction equipment. The noise levels generated by various construction equipments are given in Table-4.7. Table-4.7: Average noise levels generated by the operation of various construction equipment Equipment Noise level (dB(A)) Batching Plant 90 Transit mixer 75 Winch-7.5 t capacity 75 Generator 85 Hydraulic Rig 85 Compressor 80

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Equipment Noise level (dB(A)) Hydra 12/15t 80 Wibro hammer 80 Bentonite pump 85 Concrete mixer 75 JCB-3D 85 Trailor 85 Excavator 80 Dumper 85 EoT cranes 80 Ordinary cranes 75

Under the worst case scenario, considered for prediction of noise levels during construction phase, it has been assumed that equipment required during construction phase is operating at a common point. Likewise, to predict the worst case scenario, attenuation due to various factors too has not been considered during noise modelling. Modelling studies were conducted to assess the increase in noise level due to operation of various construction equipments, and the results of this exercise are given in Table-4.8. Table-4.8 Predicted noise levels due to the operation of various construction equipment Distance (m) Ambient Increase in noise Noise level Increase in noise level level due to due to ambient noise (dB(A)) construction construction level due to activities (dB(A)) activities construction (dB(A)) activities (dB(A)) 30 45 70 70 25 50 45 66 66 21 100 45 60 60 15 200 45 54 55 10 500 45 46 49 4 1000 45 36 46 1 1500 45 36 45.5 0.5 2000 45 34 45 -

It is clear from Table-4.8, that at a distance of 1 km from the construction site, the increase in noise levels will be only 1 dB(A). The nearest residential areas are at a distance of 0.5 km from the each project site. Hence, no adverse impacts are anticipated on ambient noise levels during construction phase of the proposed project. It would be worthwhile to mention here that in absence of the data on actual location of various construction equipments, all the equipment have been assumed to operate at a common point. This assumption leads to over-estimation of the increase in noise levels. Also, it is a known fact that there is a reduction in noise level as the sound wave passes through a barrier.

WAPCOS Limited 4-12 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Walls of various houses or other structure will attenuate at least 30 dB(A) of noise. In addition there is noise attenuation due to the following factors.  Air absorption  Rain  Atmospheric in-homogeneities  Vegetal cover No increase in ambient noise level is anticipated, as a result of various activities, during project construction phase due to the following:  Assumption that all equipment are operating from a common point leads to over-estimation of increase in noise level  Attenuation of 30 dB(A) of noise by wall of any structure  Noise attenuation due to various factors. b) Impacts due to increased vehicular movement During construction phase, there will be significant increase in vehicular movement for transportation of construction material. During construction phase, the increase in vehicular movement is expected to increase upto a maximum of 32 trucks/day. As a part of EIA study, impact on noise level due to increased vehicular movement was studied using Federal Highway Administration model. The results of modelling are outlined in Table-4.9. Table-4.9: Increase in noise levels due to increased vehicular movement Distance (m) Ambient Increase in noise Noise levels due Increase in noise level level due to to increased ambient noise dB(A) increased vehicular level due to vehicular movement dB(A) increased movement dB(A) vehicular movement dB(A) 10 36 72 72 60 20 36 67 67 55 50 36 61 61 49 100 36 57 57 45 200 36 52 52 40 500 36 46 47 35 1000 36 42 44 31

As mentioned earlier, there will be significant attenuation due to various factors, e.g. absorption by construction material, air absorption, atmospheric in-homogeneties, and vegetal cover. Thus, no significant impact on this account is anticipated. Appropriate measures have been suggested as a part of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) report to minimize impacts on wildlife.

WAPCOS Limited 4-13 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Mitigation measures: The various measures suggested for control of noise pollution are as follows:  Vehicles to be equipped with mufflers recommended by the vehicle manufacturer.  The construction acitivities shall be limited to day time. Suitable barriers shall be provided around construction sites.  Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever possible.  Notification will be given to residents within 100 m of jetty noise generating activities. The notification will describe the noise abatement measures that will be implemented.  Monitoring of noise levels will be conducted during construction phase of the project. In case of exceeding of pre-determined acceptable noise levels by the machinery will require the contractor(s) to stop work and remedy the situation prior to continuing construction. The effect of exposure of high noise levels on the workers operating the various construction equipment is likely to be harmful. It is known that continuous exposure to high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing acuity of the workers/operators and hence, has to be avoided. To prevent the adverse impacts, the exposure to high noise levels should be restricted as per the exposure period outlined in Table-4.10. Workers operating in the high noise areas shall be provided with ear plugs. Table-4.10: Maximum Exposure Periods specified by OSHA Maximum equivalent continuous Unprotected exposure period per day Noise level dB(A) for 8 hrs/day and 5 days/week 90 8 95 4 100 2 105 1 110 ½ 115 ¼ 120 No exposure permitted at or above this level

Impact of Piling, cutting and drilling It may be seen that careful and objective estimates of the noise level created during piles construction are essential if the project is to be optimised from an environmental angle. The noise generated during the piling operations may disturb the marine flora and fauna. The effect of noise will be limited to a zone around the pile. Thus no significant impact would occur on this account.

WAPCOS Limited 4-14 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

4.2.6 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment

The construction phase of the project is likely to expand over a period 24 months and total will require good amount of labour force. The construction phase would lead to generation of temporary employment opportunities and would temporarily increase the income levels of the local population. Local businessmen will get opportunity to supply construction materials. The demand generated from the employees working at site for basic facilities will increase the local business opportunities in the area. Any development, either temporary or permanent will support the family of many villagers. Thus, positive impacts on socio-economic environment are envisaged during construction phase. 4.2.7 Impacts on Archaeology and Heritage The proposed Mattancherry terminal is in proximity to Mattancherry Palace, which is a centrally protected monument/site. The Construction activities of the Mattancherry passenger jetty Terminal are proposed 102.35 m away from Mattancherry palace, which is coming in the regulated area. The terminal is provided on a pile platform at minimum clearance of the prohibited construction line. AS the proposed Mattanchery passenger jetty Terminal is proposed near to the existing jetty and this will enhance the public transport in the area, the impact is very negligible. The Terminal is designed in accordance to the general architecture and cultural aspect of Mattancherry with an open waiting area not consists of walls or glazing and traditional construction materials like terracotta tiles, terracotta underlay, wooden rafters, etc are used. The proposed Fort Kochi terminal is coming between the Chinese fishing net, which is have a huge heritage value to the people of Kochi. The construction activities are planned in such a way that, there will be no changes in the existing fishing nets. The fishing nets will be shifted to the adjacent location and efforts shall be taken to retain the structure.

4.3 IMPACTS DURING PROJECT OPERATION PHASE 4.3.1 Impact on Land Environment a) Impacts on Land Use Pattern of the Area The proposed jetty is proposed near the existing jetty used for the water transport in Kochi. The land required for these projects falls within periphery of the lake water and belongs to the government and private land. The projects will not interfere with natural drainage in the area. The operation of the proposed jetty will provide an impetus to the mushrooming of secondary and tertiary activities in the area. The project would stimulate lot of ancillary developments like shops, restaurant, repair shops, etc. in and around the jetty. This will lead to conversion of barren land into commercial use near to the jetties.

WAPCOS Limited 4-15 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Mitigation Measures: Since there is no displacement involved in the proposed project, no specific management measures are proposed. However there will be employment generation during operation phase of the project. b) Impacts due to Generation of Solid Waste at jetty The solid waste generation is envisaged during operation phase could be the disposal of garbage or solid waste generated from various sources. The solid waste generated shall mainly comprise of packaging, polythene or plastic materials etc. Therefore, a system needs be devised whereby undue quantity of garbage is not permitted to accumulate in the jetty area and the same could be disposed off at designated sites in a proper manner. Mitigation Measures: Adequate facilities for collection, conveyance and disposal of solid waste will be developed. Provisions shall be made to separately store the degradable and non-degradable solid waste. The solid waste will be disposed at the designated landfill sites. Various aspects of solid waste management include:  Reuse/Recycling  Refuse storage  Collection and Transportation  Disposal Reuse/Recycling Project proponent will explore opportunity to recycle the waste generated at the project site, in this context project will identify authorized vendors and send used batteries, used oil, and used oil filters for recycling. The municipal solid waste will be disposed by landfilling at a suitable site. 4.3.2 Impact on Water Environment a) Impacts due to Generation of Waste Water It is estimated that a total of 5 to 10 persons will be employed at each jetty. In addition to the project operation staff, drinking water and sanitation facilities will be developed for passengers as well. The passenger traffic estimated for the year 2035 would be of the order of 86000 passengers at various jetties. The water demand provided in the project report was for the year 2035 and was estimated considering the passengers boarding as well as alighting @ 10 lpcd (as per NBC 2016). This is duplication as the passengers alighting at a terminal are boarding at another terminal. Based on experience in Kochi Metro, the number of passenger using toilets is very less. Therefore, only 30% of the passengers boarding at terminals are considered in estimating the water demand. Also considering water efficient sanitary fixtures the per capita water demand can be reduced to 5 lpcd. The total water required for passengers and staff expected as 142.477 KLD. The sewage that would be generated from these terminals

WAPCOS Limited 4-16 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

would be about 80% of the water demand. Sewage generated is expected to be 113.981 KLD. Based on this the daily water demand and sewage generated at each terminal is given in Table-4.11. Table-4.11: Details of Water Consumption & Sewerage Generation S. No. Terminal Water Demand (Litres/day) Sewage Demand (litres/day) 2019 2025 2035 2019 2025 2035 1 Amrita Hospital 323 405 608 258 324 486 2 Aster Medcity 45 53 60 36 42 48 3 Bolgatty 233 308 495 186 246 396 4 Cheriyamthuruth 90 113 165 72 90 132 5 Chennur 75 98 143 60 78 114 6 Cheranalloor 870 1088 1583 696 870 1266 7 Edakochi 1635 2108 3218 1308 1686 2574 8 Elamkunnapuzha 218 285 450 174 228 360 9 Eloor 345 435 645 276 348 516 10 Embarkation Jetty 2205 2948 4800 1764 2358 3840 11 Ernakulam 7613 10095 16140 6090 8076 12912 12 Eroor 465 593 900 372 474 720 13 Fort Kochi 9098 12173 19778 7278 9738 15822 14 High Court 8025 10575 16823 6420 8460 13458 15 Info Park 1 1560 2040 3210 1248 1632 2568 16 Info Park 2 1560 2040 3210 1248 1632 2568 17 Info Park 3 1560 2040 3210 1248 1632 2568 18 Info Park 4 1014 1326 2087 811 1061 1669 19 Kadamakudy 173 225 345 138 180 276 20 Kakkanad 450 578 878 360 462 702 21 Korumkotta 885 1170 1838 708 936 1470 22 Vaduthala 885 1170 1838 708 936 1470 23 Kothad 75 98 143 60 78 114 24 Kumbhalam 3938 5070 7845 3150 4056 6276 25 Mattancherry 4148 5535 8948 3318 4428 7158 26 Moolampilly 540 683 1043 432 546 834 27 Mulavukad Hospital 233 308 495 186 246 396 28 Mulavukad North 233 308 495 186 246 396 29 Mulavukad 233 308 495 186 246 396 Panchayat 30 Mulavukad View 60 75 128 48 60 102 Point 31 Nettoor 623 795 1238 498 636 990 32 Njarackal 698 900 1395 558 720 1116 33 Paliyamthuruth 173 225 345 138 180 276 34 Pizhala 555 698 1020 444 558 816 35 Ponnarimangalam 233 308 495 186 246 396 36 South Chittoor 1890 2408 3638 1512 1926 2910 37 Willingdon Island 4440 5940 9615 3552 4752 7692 (WI) 38 Thanthonnithuruth 233 308 495 186 246 396 39 Thevara 1680 2175 3330 1344 1740 2664 40 Thoppumpady 720 953 1485 576 762 1188 41 Thundathumkadavu 60 75 113 48 60 90

WAPCOS Limited 4-17 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. No. Terminal Water Demand (Litres/day) Sewage Demand (litres/day) 2019 2025 2035 2019 2025 2035 42 Thykoodam 285 353 533 228 282 426 43 Varapuzha 300 390 600 240 312 480 (Market) 44 Vypeen 2018 2693 4350 1614 2154 3480 45 Vytilla 3390 4388 6818 2712 3510 5454 46 Boatyard 5000 5000 5000 4000 4000 4000 Total 71077 91849 142477 56861 73479 113981

Mitigation Measures: Suitable waste water treatment measures will be provided for the treatment of domestic sewerage from the jetty premises. Septic tank with biodigestors shall be provided for sewage treatment upto 10,000 litres of sewage generation. The sewage generation at all the terminals is less than 10,000 litres/day in 2019 and 2025. Therefore, it is proposed to provide septic tanks with biodigestors at all the terminals. However, in 2035, the sewage generation at Ernakulam, Fort Kochi and High Court terminals would be more than 10,000 litres/day and the treatment facilities at these three locations will be upgraded as per the applicable statutory guidelines. b) Impacts of Boat Movement on Back waters of Kochi During the operational phase with additional facilities there will be increased activities of boat movement in the region. All these activities may have impacts on aquatic life. Possible sources of such impacts on aquatic environment would be from; . Accidental Oil Spill from the calling boats . Washing of boats . Discharges of sewage from vessels . Discharge of solid waste Boat traffic poses a risk of oil pollution from the following sources: . Small spills caused by the accidental release of oil-contaminated bilge water from boats . Minor spills caused by release of bunker oil during terminal operations . By the rupture of a bunker oil tank in a Boat collision Marine environmental implications during routine operations at the jetty could be due to the following cases. . Release of wastes generated from the boats including garbage, solid waste, oily ballast and bilge water as well as sewage . Wastes generated at the terminal such as domestic wastewater, effluent from the grit/oil separator and garbage

WAPCOS Limited 4-18 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Mitigation Measures: The major source of water pollution in the proposed project shall be the accidental spills, which may occur during bunkering operations. To combat oil pollution near the jetty, portable oil skimmers should be available at the berth. A clean sweep oil recovery unit consisting of a power pack and the recovery unit mounted on a system can be utilized for this purpose. The recovery unit generally consists of a recovery drum, collecting trough, screw conveyor, discharge housing and wiper assembly. In addition, the berths should have chemical dispersants with spray pumps, catamarans for collection of debris and recovery of oil and tanker carriers of 5 kl capacity for recovering sludge/bilge water. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 (MARPOL, 73/78), has issued guidelines for prevention of Marine Pollution. These are listed in subsequent paragraphs and shall be strictly adhered to for prevention of marine pollution.  Harmful substances in the packaged form shall not be disposed into the lake  Sewage generated at the Boat should not be disposed off into the lake, unless it is treated  Garbage produced on Boat must be kept on board and discharged either ashore or at nearest garbage dumping site.  Discharge of all plastics is prohibited. 4.3.3 Impact on Aquatic Ecology a) Impacts due to maintenance dredging One of the main concerns over dredging and dumping of sediments for maintenance dredging is the suspension of fine sediments into the water column, causing temporary increases in turbidity. The designated channel area will have continuous dredging for maintenance of defined depth and continuous siltation. This constant sediment disturbance keeps the channel devoid of fauna or with very low biodiversity. Increased turbidity may lead to short-lived effects on organisms that are light-dependent, but these are generally considered to be negligible. However, the release contaminants such as heavy metals associated with the suspended sediments can lead to increased availability of contaminants to the food chain. Nutrients released from dumped dredge spoil may cause higher algal biomass once the sediments settle and turbidity reduces, and would be available to key secondary producers such as copepods, decapods and chetognaths. Dumping sediments on the seabed may smother and crush meroplanktonic and other organisms living on the seafloor and may cause changes in benthic habitats and biological communities. The impact of dumping on biological communities in dump sites does not extend far beyond the dump sites.

The Maintenance dredging for the proposed channel will be 0.375 million cum/yr. This

WAPCOS Limited 4-19 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

can result in reduction of species diversity and abundance as over a period of time repeated turbidity might favour only the shade loving phytoplankton and could affect many filter- feeding zooplankton. b) Impacts on Fisheries As there is no significant fishing zones reported in the vicinity of the proposed jetties, and considering the low fish catch at Vypeen known to involve in fishing activity no significant impact are envisaged on the fisheries from the proposed project. There are Chinese nets present in the various navigation channels. The proposed project will not disturb the fishing nets. Suitable management measures have been suggested to check the disposal of oily waste and collection of spillage oil in case of accidental oil spillage from the boats. 4.3.4 Impact on Noise Environment a) Impacts due to Noise on Marine Ecology During operation phase, there could be less noise levels due to operation of boats. As the boats are modern facilities, no adverse impacts on noise environment are anticipated during operation phase of proposed project. As a part of the environmental protection activities, trees and ornamental horticultural trees and shrubs would be developed around the project area, which will attenuate noise levels to a certain extent. 4.3.5 Impact on Air Environment During project operation phase, major activity would be passenger service. The propulsion of the boats will be diesel-electric. At normal operating speeds, the boats would operate with the help of batteries and there would not be any fuel consumption. The boats will operate on diesel only when batteries are completely discharged. The reduction in pollution emissions after project commissioning is presented in Table-4.12. Table-4.12: Reduction in pollution emissions after project commissioning Parameter Reduction in Emissions of Pollutants (Tonnes/Year) 2019 2020 2021 2025 2035

CO2 3103 8955 8578 10237 16278 CO 21.01 61.59 60.10 72.21 114.28 HC 7.71 22.61 22.06 26.51 41.95 NOX 20.24 59.32 57.88 69.55 110.07 PM 1.06 3.10 3.02 3.63 5.75 Total 3153.02 9101.62 8721.06 10408.9 16550.05

The key source of air pollution in the proposed project is due to the increased vehicular movement and Boat movement in the project are. Mitigation measures: The following management plan would reduce the impact of such emissions on the general environment.

WAPCOS Limited 4-20 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 All equipment shall be properly maintained to minimize exhaust.  Vehicles will be turned off when not used for extended periods of time.  Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and around the project area. 4.3.6 Impacts on Socio-Economic Environment The following impacts are envisaged in the project operation phase:  In addition to direct employment, operation phase would also lead to generation of direct and indirect employment opportunities and would increase the income levels of the local population.  In the operation phase, project would lead to mushrooming of various allied activities. This will lead to marginal improvement in the employment scenario, which is a positive impact.  Improvement in communications and transportation facilities.  Development in transportation facilities will help the people to access the health, education and market facilities in the adjoining areas. This will be a positive impact.

WAPCOS Limited 4-21 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER – 5 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 5.1 GENERAL Environmental Management Plan is a plan that seeks to achieve a required end state and describes how activities that have or could have an adverse impact on the environment, will be mitigated, controlled, and monitored. The EMP will address the environmental impacts during design, construction and operation phases of a project. Due regard must be given to environmental protection during the entire project. In order to achieve this, number of environmental specifications/ recommendations has been made. These are aimed at ensuring that the proponent/contractor maintains adequate control over the project in order to minimize the extent of impact during construction, ensuring appropriate restoration of areas affected by construction, and preventing long term environmental degradation. Environmental impacts arising due to development activities are the key aspects on EIA study. An equally essential element of this process is to develop measures to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse impacts to acceptable levels and enhance the beneficial ones during implementation and operation of the projects. The integration of the project planning has been done by clearly defining the environment requirements within an Environment Management Plan (EMP). The Management Action Plan aims at controlling pollution at the source of generation itself to the maximum possible extent with the available and affordable technology followed by treatment measures before they are discharged. Formulating Environmental Management Plan, which specify mitigation, monitoring activities and indicators to be attached to Annual and periodic activity plans for project implementation. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the proposed project is classified into the following categories: . EMP During project construction phase . EMP during project operation phase 5.2 EMP FOR CONSTRUCTION PHASE The potentially negative impacts of proposed project are expected during construction phases. Good constructions practices are key to minimize, if not eliminate such negative impacts. The measures to be adopted during the construction phase to mitigate the adverse impacts are described in the following paragraphs. 5.2.1 Land Environment On completion of construction activities, it should be made mandatory for the contractor to annihilate all signs of haul roads, storage areas, temporary structures, labour colonies,

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

etc. Extraneous material and objects should be removed from the site. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. The major impacts on land environment during the construction phase are expected during construction phase only. The borrow pit areas are generally left untreated. During the rainy months these untreated borrow areas get filled up with water and these can serve as potential breeding sites for mosquitoes. As a part of the Environmental Plan, the borrow pits shall be properly levelled, so that no isolated pools or puddles are left over, once the water dries up. A proper system to drain out the rainwater must be installed. The surface roads, which are proposed to be utilised during construction shall be black topped. Adequate provisions should be made for their timely repairs. On completion of construction activities, the roads should be resurfaced completely. Material excavated during construction will be used for refilling and reclamation purposes. During construction phase, significant amount of construction material will be required for construction of jetty and other infrastructure. The cutting and filling materials are sufficient to avoid the extra quarry. However, the provision for the same shall be provided in the overall project cost. The construction materials i.e. Steel, Cement, Sand etc; shall be procured from nearest market. Responsibility: The contractor shall be responsible to implement the managements measures suggested for land environment during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.2 Water Environment The major source of water pollution in the construction and operation phases is the sewage generated by the workers and employees. Temporary colonies of the construction workers should be established sufficiently away from the HTL and adequate sanitation facilities shall be provided to prevent degrading the environmental quality of the area. Appropriate water supply sources need to be identified. Proper infrastructure for storage and if required treatment e.g. disinfection or other units, should also be provided. During construction phase about 50.4 m3/day of sewage is expected to be generated at all the proposed port sites. One community toilet needs to be provided for 20 persons. The sewage from the community toilets can be treated in a septic tank. The treated effluent can be used for meeting irrigation requirements of areas being afforested under greenbelt development. The total cost required shall be Rs.60.5 lakh. The details are given in Table- 5.1.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-5.1: Cost estimate for sanitation facilities in labour camps Item Unit Number Total cost (Rs. lakh) Community toilet Rs.50,000/community 41 20.50 toilet Mobile Sewage Treatment Lumpsum 40.00 Plant Total 60.50

Responsibility: The contractor shall be responsible to implement the managements measures suggested for water environment during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.3 Air Environment Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles The major source of air pollution in the proposed project sites is the increased vehicular movement in the project construction and operation phases. The movement of other vehicles is likely to increase as the commissioning of the project would lead to significant development in the area. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles emitting pollutants above the standards shall not be allowed to ply either in the project construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction equipment shall be fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce CO and HC emissions. All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the quarry sites to the construction site should be paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of fugitive emissions. If any of the road stretches cannot be blacktopped or paved, then adequate arrangements shall be made to spray water on such stretches of the road. Control of Emissions Minor air quality impacts will be caused by emissions from construction vehicles, equipment and DG sets, and emissions from transportation traffic. Frequent truck trips will be required during the construction period for removal of excavated material and delivery of select concrete and other equipment and materials. The following measures are recommended to control air pollution:  The contractor will be responsible for maintaining properly functioning construction equipment to minimize exhaust.  Construction equipment and vehicles will be turned off when not used for extended periods of time.  Unnecessary idling of construction vehicles to be prohibited.  Effective traffic management to be undertaken to avoid significant delays in and around the project area.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Road damage caused by sub-project activities will be promptly attended to with proper road repair and maintenance work. Various measures listed above shall be made mandatory in the Tender Specifications for construction of the project. The project contractor while preparing the estimate shall include the cost and above measures while preparing the plan and cost estimate for the project. Control of emission for DG sets Measures to emissions due to DG sets The measures to control emissions due to DG sets are recommended as below:  Location of DG sets and other emission generating equipment should be decided keeping in view the predominant wind direction so that emissions do not effect nearby residential areas.  Stack height of DG sets to be kept in accordance with CPCB norms, which prescribes the minimum height of stack to be provided with each generator set to be calculated using the following formula: H = h+0.2x √KVA H = Total height of stack in meter h = Height of the building in meters where the generator set is installed KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA Dust Control The project authorities will work closely with representatives from the community living in the vicinity of project area to identify areas of concern and to mitigate dust-related impacts effectively (e.g., through direct meetings, utilization of construction management and inspection program, and/or through the complaint response program). To minimize issues related to the generation of dust during the construction phase of the project, the following measures have been identified:  Identification of construction limits (minimal area required for construction activities).  When practical, excavated spoils will be removed as the contractor proceeds along the length of the activity.  Excessive soil on paved areas will be sprayed (wet) and/or swept and unpaved areas will be sprayed and/or mulched.  Contractors will be required to cover stockpiled soils and trucks hauling soil, sand, and other loose materials (or require trucks to maintain at least two feet of freeboard).  Regular spray of water over unpaved areas.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Contractor shall ensure that there is effective traffic management at site. The number of trucks/vehicles to move at various construction sites to be fixed.  The construction area and vicinity (access roads, and working areas) shall be swept with water sweepers on a daily basis or as necessary to ensure there is no visible dust. An amount of Rs. 25.00 lakh has been earmarked for implementing the measures for controlling the air pollution. Various measures listed above shall be made mandatory in the Tender Specifications for construction of the project. Responsibility: The contractor shall be responsible to implement the managements measures suggested for air environment during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.4 Noise Control Measures The construction and operation phases are likely to increase the vehicular traffic in the area, which can lead to increase in the ambient noise levels mainly along the road alignment. During construction phase, use of various construction equipment is the major source of noise. However, based on the modeling studies, the noise due to operation of various construction equipment is not likely to have any adverse impact on the habitations in nearby villages. However, efforts need to be made to reduce the noise generated by the various construction equipment. The various measures that could be implemented are as follows:  Noise from air compressors could be reduced by fitting exhaust mufflers and intake mufflers.  Chassis and engine structural vibration noise can be dealt by isolating the engine from the chassis and by covering various sections of the engines.  Noise levels from the drillers can be reduced by fitting of exhaust mufflers and the provision of damping on the steel tool.  Exposure of workers near the high noise levels areas can be minimized. This can be achieved by job rotation/automation, use of ear plugs, etc.

The effect of exposure of high noise levels on the workers operating the various construction equipment is likely to be harmful. It is known that continuous exposure to high noise levels above 90 dB(A) affects the hearing acuity of the workers/operators and hence, has to be avoided. Workers operating in the high noise areas shall be provided with ear plugs.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Control of Noise due to DG Sets The following Noise Standards for DG sets are recommended for the running of DG sets during the construction:  Noise from the DG set should be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or by treating the enclosure acoustically.  The Acoustic Enclosure should be made of material of appropriate thickness and structural/ sheet metal base. The walls of the enclosure should be insulated with fire retardant foam.  The acoustic enclosure/acoustic treatment of the room should be designed for minimum 25 dB(A) Insertion Loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on the higher side.  The DG set should also be provided with proper exhaust muffler.  Proper efforts to be made to bring down the noise levels due to the DG set, outside its premises, within the ambient noise requirements by proper siting and control measures.  A proper routine and preventive maintenance procedure for the DG set should be set and followed in consultation with the DG set manufacturer which would help prevent noise levels of the DG set from deteriorating with use. An amount of Rs. 10.00 lakh has been earmarked for implementing the measures for controlling the air pollution. Various measures listed above shall be made mandatory in the Tender Specifications for construction of the project. Responsibility: The contractor shall be responsible to implement the managements measures suggested for control of noise pollution during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.5 Provision of Free Fuel As a part of EMP, it is proposed to make a clause mandatory in the contract of every contractor involved in project construction to provide supply of fuel to their labourers, so that trees are not cut for meeting their fuel demands. The peak labour/technical population will be 800 for the construction at 41 sites. Hence, the total peak labour population shall be about 800. The project proponent in association with the state government should make necessary arrangements for distribution of kerosene oil and LPG. This fuel would be supplied at subsidized rates to the local/contract laborers for which provision has been kept in the cost estimate. The total cost required for provisions of fuel has been estimated as Rs. 75.6 lakh. The details are given in Tables-5.2.

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Table-5.2: Cost estimate for LPG distribution Year No. of Annual requirement Total Cost Cost after escalation Employees @1cylinder per four @Rs.1500 /cylinder @ 10%/ year (Rs. persons per month (Rs. lakh) lakh) (No. of cylinders) I 800 200 36.0 36.00 II 800 200 36.0 39.60 Total 75.60

Responsibility: The contractor shall be responsible for free fuel distribution for labourers during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.6 Lake Ecology In this proposed development, dredging is proposed in some of the sites and, it is necessary to evolve an environment friendly Dredging Plan, where the depth of cut is engineered on sound scientific principles and steps taken to minimise the turbidity cloud in the vicinity of the drag/cutter head. The dredged material will be disposed in the designated dumping and landfill areas. The following recommendations are made which require to be adopted for amelioration of adverse impacts to the extent possible: - Dredger operators should follow proper safety procedures to avoid accidents and spills. - Authorities should ensure that all the boat moving in proximity to the area to be dredged or disposal sites do not affect such activities or vice-versa. - To reduce the potential for error on the part of the Contractor, endeavor should be made to regularly monitor the activities during dredging and disposal activities. - Timing of dredging and disposal activities could be planned, where practical, to avoid and reduce any adverse impacts on sensitive marine flora and fauna.

Responsibility: The contractor in consultation with district administration shall be responsible for implementing the management measures suggested for lake ecology during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.7 Control of Impacts Dredging on Aquatic Environment The total quantity of material to be dredged is 6.49 lakh m3. The impact on coastal aquatic ecology during the construction phase would be largely confined within the construction period itself. An important factor in minimizing adverse impacts would be optimizing the construction period and avoidance of activities beyond the specified area

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of implementation. Hence, as a part of the management strategy various activities should be well coordinated and optimized to avoid time and cost over-run. The recommended measures are given as below:  To avoid impacts on aquatic environment, the construction specially on water front including desilting and dredging shall not be carried out during the fish breeding season (during April, May)  The use of a Cutter suction dredger and long boom excavators will be used for dredging, which is known to reduce turbidity generation relative to other types of dredger.  Hopper door seals will be maintained in proper condition to ensure minimum loss of sediment during transport.  Spillage of fuel / engine oil and lubricants from the construction site are a source of organic pollution which impacts aquatic life, particularly benthos. This shall be prevented by suitable precautions and also by providing necessary mechanisms to trap the spillage.  The construction activities like desilting, dredging, etc will be carried out in the confined manner to reduce the impacts on aquatic environment.  The construction waste including debris shall be disposed safely in the designated areas and in no case shall be disposed in the aquatic environment.  Dredging shall not be undertaken during fish breeding season and other special weather situations.  Suitable desilting and dredging methods shall be used to minimise the loss of sediments into the neighboring water column and cause minimum disturbance to the marine ecology of the area.  Dredging and construction activities to be scheduled and planned to minimise impacts on fishermen and aquatic ecology.  Waste consignment notes to be prepared and documented for the disposal of dredged material.  Disposal of dredged spoils shall be carried out the designated site as per the stipulated guide lines.  Strict management of the aquatic environment should be followed during the construction phase through waste control, use of minimum disturbance techniques during construction for ensuring minimal changes to the aquatic environment.  After completion of construction activities, adequate clean-up of the area should be undertaken and all discharged materials should be removed from the site.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

5.2.8 Dredge Disposal Plan The total quantity of material to be dredged is 6.49 lakh m3. As per the geotechnical investigations carried out at the channels, the bottom of the channel consists of very soft clayey, very loose to soft clayey sand or sandy clay. In some channels the bottom sediments comprises silty clay, silty sand, cemented sand etc. Various lands in non CRZ area have been identified for the disposal of the dredged material. In few of the locations approval for dumping has been identified for the disposal of the dredged material has been obtained from the stakeholders. In that, about 1.35 lakh cum material shall be dumped in the open land identified. 5.14 lakh cum of the dredged material Dredged material will be dumped in open sea. Long boom excavators will load the dredged material to barges in most of the locations and the dredged material will be carried to the disposal locations. Cutter suction dredgers will be used in 1 or 2 routes. The route-wise disposal locations are given in Table-5.3. As per the suggestion of wildlife, the option of disposal of the clay, silt and sand obtained during the dredging at suitable locations along the banks of Vembanad lake to form a bed, where afforestation to be done by mangroves and mangrove associate species shall be also explored to minimize the dumping of the dredge disposal in open sea. Table-5.3: Details of dredging & Dumping Location S No Locations Site Capacity Proposed Volume of (m3) Dredge material (m3) 1 BPCL Land 44,554 9,939 2 KINFRA/Smartcity 71,484 65,935 3 Opposite to Varapuzha 9,539 21,520 Panchayath 4 Identified land of Cochin Port 2,04,007 37,592 Trust 5 Open sea 12,00,000 5,14,381 Total 22,50,594 6,49,367

In certain pockets the dredging is less than 1000 m3 and the identified dredge disposal locations are very far. Therefore discussions are held with local panchayats for identification of dredge material disposal sites for the agricultural purpose the nearer to the such dredge pockets. As per the detailed numerical model studies have been carried out to investigate the advection-dispersion of the dredge disposal at open sea by IIT Chennai, the dredge dispersion appears to be not so alarming due to a low discharge quantity. The offshore release leads to more than 40000 dilutions, taking place within 1000m around the point of release to reach the ambient condition. Thus the dredge dispersion at a depth of 23m is well under acceptable limits. All the dumping area identified is open land near to riverside itself. The dumping of dredged material will be done in the scientific manner by providing appropriate protection walls with deep

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

foundations so that muck will not flow and washed away in the river. The top of the dumping areas will be generated into stepped level terraces. Proper plantation will be done at the dumping sites for reclamation of the dumping areas. 5.2.9 Management of solid waste During construction and operation phases, the solid wastes generated will contain mainly vegetable matter followed by paper, cardboard, packaging materials, wood boards, polythene, etc. The total solid waste to be generated would be of the order of 0.16 t/day. Adequate facilities for collection and conveyance of municipal wastes generated at the disposal site shall be developed. Dust bins shall be proposed per site for the separate collection of bio-degradable and non-bio-degradable waste. A provision of Rs.58.34 has been earmarked for this purpose. The details are given in Table-5.4. Table-5.4: Cost Estimates For Solid Waste Management S. No. Item Cost (Rs. lakh) 1. Provision of dust bins for collection of bio-degradable and non- 12.30 biodegradable wastes (total 246 dust bin @ 6 dust bin per site @ Rs.5000/dust bin) 2. One covered trucks for conveyance of solid waste to Municipal 40.0 disposal site @ Rs. 40 lakh per truck 3. Manpower cost for 4 persons @ Rs. 6,000/ month for 2 years 6.04 including 10% escalation/year Total 58.34

Responsibility: The contractor in consultation with district administration shall be responsible for implementing the management measures suggested for solid waste management during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.10 Control of Pollution due to increased vehicles The movement of vehicles is likely to increase during construction phase and later in the operation phase of the project. Thus, as a control measure, vehicles emitting pollutants above the prescribed standards will not be allowed to ply either in the project construction or in the operation phases. Vehicles and construction equipment will be fitted with internal devices i.e. catalytic converters to reduce CO and HC emissions. All the roads in the vicinity of the project site and the roads connecting the quarry sites to the construction site are paved or black topped to minimize the entrainment of fugitive emissions. If any of the road stretches cannot be blacktopped or paved due to some reason or the other, then adequate arrangements will be made to spray water on such stretches of the road. Responsibility: The contractor in consultation with district administration shall be responsible for implementing the management measures suggested for control of

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

pollution due to increased vehicle during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.11 Fire Fighting Equipment It is proposed to place fire extinguishers and fire hydrants in the adequate numbers at suitable locations in the port premises to deal with any emergency situation. It has been envisaged that the fire protection planning shall be taken up in the following manner: Construction of Camps etc. and placement of fire protection equipments. It has been planned that all facilities to be constructed shall be fully equipped with the fire protection equipment’s as per the standards applicable. The analysis of fire hazard in the construction camps alongwith mitigation measures, and other facilities is given in Table-5.5. Table-5.5: Analysis of fire hazard in the construction of these camps, and other facilities S. No Stage Potential hazard Remedial Measures

1. Construction of  Fire prevention and By Contractors Camps/sites fire fighting not  Fire fighting equipments will be considered in design placed at all common places ( within 15 meters of work place)  In adequate fire protection measures  Contract will ensure the during construction placement and maintenance of fire fighting equipments b). Maintenance of fire protection equipments as the safety measures thorough dedicated EMC

It has been envisaged to set up full-fledged Environment Management Cell (EMC) reporting directly to Head of Project. This department shall also take care of the adequacy of Fire Safety measures set up in all facilities created either owned by KMRL or any of its Contractors. The details of potential hazard and suggested remedial measures is outlined in Table-5.6. Table-5.6: Details of potential hazard and suggested remedial measures Potential hazard Remedial Measures  Fire incident due to  Each camp will be provided with rated estimated trip electrical short circuit/ off circuit breaker will be installed on each block. gas Leakage/ Improper  All labour and staff are made aware of fire hazard by handling of flammable training, regular campaigns and by placing posters and liquids/lack of precaution signs  Improper access to and  Flammable liquids will stored at designated storage from the location area . The storage will be well protected, ventilated  In adequate fire fighting with adequate provision of fire equipments.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

arrangements  Additionally fire point containing fire buckets, CO2  Lack communication extinguishers, fire Extinguisher will be provided at the  Lack of Knowledge on common place covering labour Camps. fighting fire and handling  Placement of written posters of preventive measures in fire equipment each site  In adequate Emergency  Regular inspection of the site by EMC response  Placement of placard of emergency numbers to be contacted in case of Emergency Responsibility Project In charge is responsible for implementation of plan through his authorized representative on site. Site EMC Team shall monitor the implementation of plan and report noncompliance to site management. Training and awareness Training of employees on fire prevention and fire fighting is important to prevent occurrence of fire incident in project area. All employees will be given brief overview of fire prevention, fire fighting procedure and response process at the time EMC Induction training. Project proponent will also carry out regular campaigns on fire prevention around the site. EMC is responsible for providing required training. An amount of Rs. 20.00 lakh has been earmarked for implementing the measures for firefighting system. 5.2.12 Public Health The various construction activities may lead to creation of water pools, which provide habitat to Mosquitos. That may lead to various diseases. The water resources project consists of various components and each requires a set of specific management measures. The suggested measures are for controlling of diseases are given as below:  Adequate drainage system to dispose storm water drainage from the construction camps should be provided.  Adequate vaccination and immunization facilities should be provided for workers at the construction site.  Supply of protected water and safe disposal of effluent can eliminate most of the water-borne diseases such as Cholera, Jaundice, etc. Proposed Health Facilities at Construction sites and Construction camp It is recommended that necessary medical facilities be developed at the project site during construction phase. It is recommended that the dispensary shall be developed during project construction phase itself near the construction site, so that it can serve the labour population. A well-stocked First Aid kit (administered by medical personnel) shall be maintained at labour camp for each post. Public Awareness Programmes

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

It is recommended that a detailed health awareness programme be implemented in the project and the surrounding areas. The objectives of the survey includes:  Awareness about various diseases and actions to be taken in the course of an epidemic.  Develop community education massages to provide the community with information about recognizing the illness, how to prevent transmission and when to seek treatment.  Initiate proper communication with the community as soon as epidemic or public health problem is identified.  Sensitize communities to constantly sleep under treated mosquito nets  Distribute treated mosquito nets to communities living in proximity to the lake. An amount of Rs.20 lakh be earmarked for implementation of various measures of public health facilities. Responsibility: The contractor in consultation with district administration & health department shall be responsible for implementing the management measures suggested for public health during construction phase. These aspects will be made mandatory as a part of the contract agreement. 5.2.13 Safety Practices during Construction Phase The Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions as far as possible for safety of the workers. The contractor will supply all necessary safety appliances such as masks, ear plugs, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor shall comply with all regulation regarding, working platforms, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress. In order to guarantee construction safety, efficient lighting and safety signs shall be installed on temporary roads during construction and adequate traffic regulations shall be adopted and implemented for temporary roads. 5.2.14 Occupational health and safety at construction site and labour camps • Provide personal protective equipment to the labours. • Ensure the labours are trained to work on the specific project. • For untrained labour – training should be provided before permission to work on the site. • The contractor shall provide, if required, erect and maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary facilities during the progress of work for labour to standards and scales approved by the Engineer- In charge. • Contractor shall follow all relevant provisions of the Factories Act, 1948 and the Building & other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment and

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 for construction & maintenance of labor camp. • Construction camps shall not be proposed within 1000m or sufficiently away from nearest habitation to avoid conflicts and stress over the infrastructure facilities, with the local community. The location, layout and basic facility provision of each labour camp shall be submitted to Engineer prior to their construction. • Safety and sanitation facility should be provided in the labour camp. Uncontaminated water shall be supplied to the construction workers at labour camps. • The contractor shall arrange for a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances as per the Factories Rules in every work zone, Availability of suitable transport at all times to take injured or sick person(s) to the nearest hospital • Always maintain a fully equipped first aid box in the construction camp.

Some of the safety sign boards to be displayed at construction site is as follows;

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Responsibility: The contractor shall be responsible for implementing the management measures suggested for construction phase. 5.3 EMP FOR IMPLEMENTATION DURING OPERATION PHASE 5.3.1 Control of Air Pollution During project operation phase, one the major activity would be the emission from the boats. The propulsion of the boats will be diesel-electric. At normal operating speeds, the boats would operate with the help of batteries and there would not be any fuel consumption. The boats will operate on diesel only when batteries are completely discharged. Hence there will be less chance of air pollution. All the DG sets shall be kept as per the CPCB norms to avoid the pollution due to that. The impacts due to dust emissions could be substantially managed by containment and reduction of emissions. The reduction in the emissions is achieved by continuous spraying of water so that the surface remains moist and entrainment of fugitive emissions is avoided. Responsibility: The project proponent shall be responsible for implementing the management measures suggested for control of air pollution during operation phase. 5.3.2 Control of water pollution The total water required for passengers and staff expected as 130.528 KLD. Based on experience in Kochi Metro, the number of passenger using toilets is very less. Therefore, only 30% of the passengers boarding at terminals are considered in estimating the water demand. Also considering water efficient sanitary fixtures the per capita water demand can be reduced to 5 lpcd. Sewage generated is expected to be 104.42 KLD considering 20% losses. Suitable waste water treatment measures will be provided for the treatment of domestic sewerage from the jetty premises. Septic tank can be provided for sewage treatment upto 10,000 litres of sewage generation. Apart from these regular effluents, plan has been proposed for leaks at workshops and oil spills. The other major source of water pollution is oil spills which may occur during bunkering operations. To combat oil pollution near the port, portable oil skimmers should be available at the berth. A clean sweep oil recovery unit consisting of a power pack and the recovery unit mounted on a system can be utilized for this purpose. The recovery unit

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

generally consists of a recovery drum, collecting trough, screw conveyor, discharge housing and wiper assembly. In addition, the berths should have chemical dispersants with spray pumps, catamarans for collection of debris and recovery of oil and tanker carriers of 5 kl capacity for recovering sludge/bilge water.  In case an oil change is undertaken on the engine, the used oil would be collected in suitable containers and stored in the yard. Similarly, if fuel needs to be removed for purposes of maintenance, the same would be stored in containers & returned back to the boat on completion of repairs.  Bilge water, if any, collected from spaces, could be also transferred to containers.  Portable transfer pumps for both sludge (fuel and oil) & bilge along with tanks have been provided in the list of yard equipment/ utilities.  The Oil effluent will be demarcated separately and shall be given to authorized recyclers. The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the protocol of 1978 (MARPOL, 73/78), has issued guidelines for prevention of Marine Pollution. These are listed in subsequent paragraphs and shall be strictly adhered to for prevention of marine pollution.  Harmful substances in the packaged form shall not be disposed into the lake  Sewage generated at the Boat should not be disposed off into the lake, unless it is treated  Garbage produced on Boat must be kept on board and discharged either ashore or at nearest garbage dumping site.  Discharge of all plastics is prohibited. Responsibility: The project proponent in co-ordination with District Administration, and concerned Port Authorities and departments shall be responsible for implementing the management measures suggested for control of water pollution during operation phase. 5.3.3 Jetty related wastes The wastes generated at the jetty in normal operations include domestic effluent, garbage and solid wastes (debris, leftover plastic items, boxes, containers etc). Sufficient number of toilets and bathrooms will be provided to the operational staff. Bins shall be provided at appropriate locations in the terminals to collect the solid waste. • Separate bins shall be kept for biodegradable and non-biodegradable. • The same shall be disposed to the municipal dumping yards. • The battery and e waste generated shall be disposed of through the authorized vendors.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

5.3.4 Fire and Safety Management Full-fledged fire fighting facilities will be provided in the port to tackle any fire contingency. Regular safety audits will be carried out for improving safety performance. Onsite and offsite Disaster Management Plans shall be developed and mock drills will be conducted at regular intervals to keep the disaster management team in a state of full preparedness.

Fire-fighting arrangements will be made as per the requirements. Basic fire-fighting arrangements consisting of fire hydrants and fire pump will be provided for fire control. The medium for the Fire Hydrant system to fight fire is river water. The system can be used by the in-house trained or fire department personnel in case of emergencies to combat fire. The system will be capable of providing effective water stream / jet required in the advanced stage of fire for cooling the burning surface and the adjacent areas in order to extinguish the fire. Common pumping arrangement is proposed for hydrant system. Sprinklers will be installed not only to control dust pollution but also to guard against self-ignition. 5.3.5 Rain Water Harvesting The basic design concept is to minimize the discharge of storm water from the terminal to the outside road drain, by providing a series of recharge pits in the drain bed. The entire rain water collected from the terrace and other surface area shall be led to rain water harvesting recharge pits. The dimensions of pits are approximately 1.2 m dia and 1.5 m depth up to water table. The recharge pit with bore holes are provided at a suitable interval and filter media shall be provided depending on the soil conditions pack with Gravel Bed, Pebbles, Sand etc to recharge the ground water. The location of the recharge structures is preferably on the open area or on side of the storm water drain etc. The excess runoff shall be diverted to the external storm water drain.

5.3.6 Storm Water Management The entire storm water from the terminals would be disposed through suitable storm water drainage system with rain water harvesting recharge pits and the surplus water is discharged to the existing storm water drain running outside the Terminals premises. The effectiveness of the drainage system depends on proper cleaning of all drainage pipes/channels. Regular checking will be done to see that none of the drains are clogged due to accumulation of sludge/sediments. The clogged drains will be cleaned as soon as possible, preferably the same day. The catch-pits linked to the storm water drainage system from the raw material handling areas will be regularly checked and cleaned to ensure their effectiveness. This checking and cleaning will be rigorous during the monsoon season, especially at the time of heavy rains forecast.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

5.3.7 Greenbelt Development Extensive plantation programme will be taken in the project site. This plantation programme will be taken up to upgrade the ecological status of the area and to improve the aesthetic quality of area. Green belt is proposed in each terminal area. The Terminal wise area details proposed for the greenbelt development is given below: NAME OF TERMINALS GREEN BELT / LANDSCAPING AREA (m2) Amrita Hospital 100 Aster Medcity 90 Bolgatty 100 Chennur 500 Cheranalloor 200 Cheriyamthuruth 300 Edakochi 100 Elamkunnapuzha 400 Eloor 250 Embarkation Jetty (WI) 100 Ernakulam 700 Eroor 100 Fort Kochi 500 High Court Info Park-1 400 Info Park-2 400 Info Park-3(MOB . HUB) 400 Info Park-4(SANDS INFRA) 400 Kadamakudy 300 Kakkanad 150 Korumkotta 150 Kothad 400 Kumbhalam 100 Mattancherry 800 Moolampilly 150 Mulavukadu Hospital 150 Mulavukadu North 100 Mulavukadu Panchayath 100 Mulavukadu View Point 150 Nettoor 200 Njarackal 250 Paliyamthuruth 200 Pizhala 300 Ponnarimangalam 250 South Chittoor 150 Terminals Jetty (WI) 80 Thanthonnithuruth 100 Thevera 200

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Thoppumpady 150 Thundathumkadavu 300 Thykoodam 20 Vaduthala 100 Varapuzha (Market) 740 Vypeen 191 Vytilla 738 Total Area 11559

The greening programme, particularly the green belt will help in reducing pollution due to vehicular activities and other port operations. While selecting plant species, following criteria will be kept in view:  Native plant species will be preferred  Fast growing plants will be planted  Plants having thick canopy cover will be used  Preferably perennial and evergreen species will be selected  Plants having large leaf area index will be considered  Shoreline / marshy area will be planted with mangrove vegetation  Road sides will be planted with local vegetations The details of Greenbelt development are given as below:

 Plantation will be done along the approach roads, working site, parking and other available sites of Kochi Water Metro Project.  Available space at the project area will be brought under Greenbelt for plantation of fruit, ornamental and shade trees along with shrubs, climbers etc. Fruit trees can be protected with angle iron guards.  During the initial phase of plantation and summer season, weakly watering of plants can be done. In addition if required farm yard manure (FYM), agro-chemicals and insecticides can also be applied.  The outer most layers will be planted by tree species & inner most layer will be planted by shrub species.  Single row of each tree and shrub has been proposed with a spacing of 2.5 m x 2.5 m for trees and 2m x 2m for shrubs.  The pit size has been recommended as 45 cm x 45 cm x 45 cm for trees and 30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm for shrubs.  At the proposed planting sites, the width of Greenbelt development can be increased depending on the quantum of land available.  The saplings for Greenbelt can be processed from nearby nurseries of the Forest Department. On the completion of plantation, maintenance (soil working, watering, weeding, transplanting etc) of the above sapling will be carried out for at least 5 (five) years from

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

the date of plantation to getting effective result. The maintenance of the plantation area will also be done by the project proponents. The recommended plant species for plantation under Greenbelt Development are given in Table-5.7. Table-5.7: Plant species recommended for greenbelt development Scientific Name Local Name Peltophorum pterocarpum Copperpod Casuarina equisetifolia Cassrina Swietenia mahogoni Mahogany Lagerstroemia speciosa Jarul Calophyllum innophyllum Pinna Cocus nucifera Coconut Acacia auriculiformis Earpod wattle Cassia fistula Amaltas Mimusops elengi Ilani/ Maulsari Thespesia populnea Poovarasu/Cheelanthi Pongamia pinnata Karanji Alstonia scholaris Ezhilamppala Shrubs Tabernaemontana divaricata Crape jasmine/Chandni Tecoma stans Yellow trumpet Plumeria rubra Champa Calotropis procera Aka Nerium indicum Red kaner Ixora coccinea Rugmini Anona squamosa Custard apple Thevetia peruviana Kulkiphool Michelia champaca Swarna Champa

The fencing of single row plantations will be done by using iron /wooden guards. The fencing of multiple row plantations will be done preferably by barbed wire. A four strand barbed wire fencing, with cross strands, stretched on iron/cement poles fixed at a distance of 4 meter from one another; is recommended. Using the appropriate protection measures, the survival rate of sapling should be 90% after raising the plantation of age one year at any stage during contractual period with normal shape and size. The budget also includes maintenance of the executed work. As per the guidelines of CPCB, various plant species have been suggested for the plantation programme at the project area. Mangrove plantation Cochin has one of the best natural harbors in the world. Mangrove vegetation in Cochin area are seen along with the back water channels and along the banks of estuarine water bodies, in the form of patches or narrow continuous belt. Ecologically, it is important to reduce erosion of coastlines, binding and stabilization of soil by plant root and deposit

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

vegetative matter. Reduce erosion forces such as waves, wind energy and floods. It also tend to slow down the flow of water during rainy season. Mangroves provide important habitats for the life cycle of important plants and animal species. Aquatic animals such as fish, crab and prawn depend on mangrove areas for spawning and juvenile development. Considering the fact, it’s became important to raise a mangrove plantation at the vicinity of Kochi water Metro Project. The species of mangrove which are recommended for plantation is given in Table-5.8. Table-5.8: The mangrove species recommended for plantation in the mangrove planting area of the project Species Name Local Name Family Habit Acanthus ilicifolius Chullikandal Acanthaceae Shrub Avicennia officinalis Uppatti Avicenniaceae Tree Rhizophora mucronata Peekandal Rhizophorazeae Tree /Pranthankandal Bruguiera cylindrica Black mangrove Rhizophorazeae Tree Sonneratia caceolaris Blathi Kandal Sonneratiaceae Small tree Kandelia candel Cherukandal Rhizophorazeae Shrub

An amount of Rs. 20.0 lakh is earmarked for this purpose. Responsibility: The project proponent in co-ordination with Forest Department, shall be responsible for implementing the Green Belt plan. 5.3.8 Socio-economic Aspects The operation phase will provide significant opportunities for employment in skilled, semi-skilled & unskilled categories. About 1000 people will be employed as part of the project. Thus the proposed project would be considerably beneficial to the socio- economic conditions of local area. Beside direct employment, rise in indirect employment and enterprise development due to proposed project would also be significantly beneficial to the economy of local area. These direct & indirect employment would improve employment opportunities. The project will not only improve the socio- economic condition as well as status of health and education in the region. Thus, the project would have a significant positive impact on the overall economy of the area. It was noticed that the people who participated in the public consultation were positively willing towards this project, as it will be a fastest & cheaper way of transport. The only issues or problems are lack of provision of good safety equipment, poor services & low frequency of the ferry boats. As the project envisions provision of these services it is expected to contribute the opportunities for women to access a safe public transport & use to it emancipate their social & economic rights. Thus this project will certainly have positive impacts on the various population groups of that area. Increase in transient

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

population in the project area, migration of workers may cause economic, social and cultural conflicts or displacement of local populations. There are indications that sections of the society that depend on traditional resources (like coir, bamboo, fishery, cashew etc.) for livelihood and the vulnerable sections like Scheduled castes and tribes in the state were left out from development experience. 5.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF EMP 5.4.1 Constitution of Environmental Management Cell Various control measures have been suggested in the EMP for environmental protection. It is suggested that the KMRL should maintain a full-fledged Environmental Management Cell (EMC) reporting to the top management through the Environment Division of KMRL. The EMC will closely monitor the environment aspects of the proposed project and identity problems and accordingly, suggest certain measures to mitigate the same. In addition it will also all the statutory requirements in the area of environmental protection. 5.4.2 Summary of Generic and Site-Specific ESMP The summary of EMP for development of jetties at various locations and allied facilities including mitigation measures, are given in Table-5.9.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-5.9: Generic EMP for Development of Jetties and allied facilities for KWMP Potential Implementing Monitoring Monitoring S.No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Frequency Institution Impacts Pre-construction Phase 1. Establishment of  Should be identified by the contractor in a central point in Prospective One Time KMRL Construction consultation with the people. Contractor Camp and site  Layout of construction camp, including indicating various office structures to be constructed such as the temporary structures to be put up, site roads, drainage, lighting, equipment storage units and other facilities, should be approved by Engineer-in-charge.  Living units of 30-40 m2 to each of the labour family with proper ventilation shall be provided  Construction camps should have separate toilets for male and female workers, drinking water, LPG cooking fuel, first aid facilities and waste disposal facilities. 2. Construction Contractor will make his own necessary arrangement for Prospective One time KMRL water procuring construction water: Contractor Regular  In case of community water source, Contractor should carry out consultations with villages/Panchayats and obtain written permission for the utilization of water  In case of private source, Contractor should not utilize the water unless written consent is obtained from other owners of the land parcel.  In case of new bore wells, permits should be obtained as per requirements of State Ground Water Board regulations especially for critical and over-exploited blocks  In case of surface water bodies, necessary permission from concerned department or administrative clearances should be obtained. 3. Storage sites Contractor shall provide layout and specifications for storage Prospective One time KMRL of: Contractor  Petrol/Oil/Lubricants: Suitable flooring will be provided at

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Potential Implementing Monitoring Monitoring S.No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Frequency Institution Impacts the storage places of Petrol/Oil/Lubricants to avoid soil and water contamination due to spillage. Cement: Damp-proof flooring, as per IS codes 4. Borrow Areas Shall be identified by the Engineer and list shared in the bid Prospective One time KMRL document Contractor 5. Disposal sites  Shall be identified by Engineer and list shared in the bid KMRL One Time KMRL document  Silt Disposal Plan to be prepared by Contractor and approved by Engineer  Debris Disposal Plan to be prepared by Contractor and approved by Engineer 6. Waste disposal  The sewage from the toilets can be treated in soak pits or Prospective One time KMRL septic tanks. The disposal from septic tanks shall be either Contractor through soak pits or shall be de-sludged to be disposed off to the nearest municipal wastewater treatment facility. The soak pits shall be at least 100 m from any water source.  Municipal solid waste shall be disposed off at nearest municipal solid waste disposal site or landfill 7. Site Restoration Contractor to provide restoration plan of sites including Prospective One time KMRL borrow areas, construction sites and site office. The plan Contractor shall be approved by the Engineer. 8. Natural  Should be identified in consultation with Forest Department KMRL One time KMRL Habitats/ and Panchayats Wetlands  Works in identified areas should be avoided. 9. Tree Cutting  Necessary clearance for cutting of trees should be obtained KMRL One time KMRL by Engineer-in-charge prior to start of work from the Forest Department  A joint inspection of Forest Department, KMRL and Panchayats officials should be organized to identify the trees to cut for clearing the site. Trees to be cut should be clearly marked.

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Potential Implementing Monitoring Monitoring S.No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Frequency Institution Impacts Construction Phase 10. Construction  Proper cooking fuel should be provided to the labour Prospective Once in a KMRL Camps residing in the camps. In any case, woods should not be Contractor week used for cooking.  Proper sanitation facilities should be provided in the construction camps.  Potable drinking water should be provided to the workers.  Water logging conditions should not be allowed inside the camp.  For establishing construction camps, contractor should obtain NOC from the State Pollution Control Board. 11. Construction  It should be kept free of water logging Prospective Twice in a KMRL Sites  Protective guards should be provided across the areas Contractor month where workers may fall or could face an impalement hazard.  Keep form and scrap lumber away from work areas, passageways  No loose material should be allowed to leave unattended, and sites should be properly finished after completing the work  Good housekeeping should be maintained at construction sites 12. Public Safety  Warning sign boards should be provided along the Prospective Twice in a KMRL construction sites in English as well as local language Contractor month  Trespassing of the construction sites should not be allowed 13. Occupational  Safe access to the job sites should be provided to all Prospective Twice in a KMRL Health & Safety workers Contractor month  Passage ways, walkways, should be kept free of materials, scraps or obstructions

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Potential Implementing Monitoring Monitoring S.No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Frequency Institution Impacts  First Aid box should be readily available at construction sites  Contact with nearest nursing homes/clinics/primary health centre should be maintained by the Contractor to deal with any emergency at site  A vehicle should be readily available at construction site to meet emergency situation  The contractor should comply with all the precautions as required for the safety of the workmen as per the International Labour Organization as far as those applicable to this project  The contractor should strictly follow the statutory child labour act  Personal Protective Equipment such as helmets, hand gloves, safety shoes, nose masks, safety goggles should be provided to the workers.

14. Disposal of  Quality of silt shall be assessed before disposal Prospective Once in a KMRL Excavated  Prompt removal of extra silt from site Contractor week Material  Contaminated silt to be disposed properly at identified sites as per Silt Disposal Plan  Technical specifications shall be part of contract agreement 15. Storage of  All construction materials should be stored in secured Prospective Once in a KMRL Construction places and following good housekeeping practices Contractor week Materials  No hazardous material should be allowed to store near the construction sites. 16. Water Pollution  Solid waste shall be disposed at authorized sites identified Prospective Twice in a KMRL in disposal plan Contractor month  Waste water shall be treated and discharged through soak

WAPCOS Limited 5-26 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Potential Implementing Monitoring Monitoring S.No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Frequency Institution Impacts pits.  SW and GW quality to be tested regularly for any fecal contamination (at least once a week) 17. Soil Pollution  Measures to prevent accidental spills of oils and other Prospective Twice in a KMRL lubricants Contractor month  Disposal of waste and wastewater shall not be done on open land. 18. Air Pollution  Properly functioning construction equipment to minimize Prospective Twice in a KMRL exhaust shall be maintained Contractor month  Idling of machines and equipment shall be minimized  Pollution Free certified vehicles to be allowed  Avoid traffic in populated areas as much as possible  Cover stockpiled silt and trucks hauling silt, sand, and other loose materials or require trucks to maintain at least two feet of freeboard  Sprinkling of water on loose soil, especially during summers, shall be practiced as necessary 19. Noise Pollution  Construction equipment, vehicles and machines shall be Prospective Twice in a KMRL equipped with noise suppression devices and properly Contractor month maintained mufflers  Staging of construction equipment and unnecessary idling of equipment within noise sensitive areas to be avoided whenever possible.  Notification, describing noise abatement measures that will be implemented, to be given to residents within 100 m of major noise generating activities.  Regular monitoring of noise levels to be undertaken. In case of exceedance of pre-determined acceptable noise levels, the contractor(s) to stop work and remedy the situation before continuing with works 20. Landscape  On completion of the works all the temporary structures Prospective One time KMRL

WAPCOS Limited 5-27 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Potential Implementing Monitoring Monitoring S.No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Frequency Institution Impacts Degradation may be cleared away, all rubbish and debris disposed, Contractor excreta and disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the whole site  The site shall be restored to a condition in no way inferior to the condition prior to commencement of the works 21. Land  Follow Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in KMRL Twice in a Acquisition Land Acquisition Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act 2013 month and Kerala Rules, 2015. (LARR Rules)  The compensation award shall be declared before displacement of the affected families. Full payment of compensation as well as adequate progress in resettlement shall be ensured.  The compensation award shall take into account the market value of the property being acquired, including the location wise minimum price per unit area fixed (or to be fixed) by the State Government.  Conversion to the intended category of use of the land being acquired (for example, from agricultural to non- agricultural) shall be taken into account in advance of the acquisition, and the compensation award shall be determined as per the intended land use category.  The rehabilitation and resettlement benefits shall be extended to all the affected families.  Any affected family owning house and whose house has been acquired or lost, may be allotted free of cost house site  The land or house allotted to the affected families may be in the joint names of wife and husband of the affected family.  Each affected below poverty line family which is without homestead land and has been residing in the affected area

WAPCOS Limited 5-28 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Potential Implementing Monitoring Monitoring S.No. Environmental Mitigation Measures Agency Frequency Institution Impacts and which has been involuntarily displaced from such area, shall be entitled to a house.  In case of involuntary displacement infrastructural facilities and amenities shall be provided in the resettlement area  Facilities and amenities shall, inter alia, include roads, public transport, drainage, sanitation, safe drinking water, drinking water for cattle, community, ponds, grazing land, land for fodder, plantation (social forestry or agro forestry), Fair Price shops, panchayat ghars, Cooperative Societies, Post Offices, seed cum- fertilizer storage, irrigation, electricity, health centres, child and mother supplemental nutritional services, children's playground, community centres, schools, institutional arrangements for training, places of worship, land for traditional tribal institutions, burial/cremation grounds, and security arrangements.

WAPCOS Limited 5-29 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

5.5 CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILTY (CER) Kochi Metro Rail Limited (KMRL), a Joint Venture Company of Government of India (GoI) and Government of Kerala (GoK). KMRL has established the Kochi Water Metro Project (KWMP) for development of a modern water transport system for the Greater Cochin region in behalf of Government of Kerala. This shall bring substantial and dynamic improvement in the water transport scenario of Kochi. The main focus of the project is developing a sustainable Integrated Water Transportation System for Kochi city, meeting people’s expectations as per international standards and aims to integrate the system with other modes of transport including the metro system over a period of time with an integrated fare and integrated timetable. The proposed project is a public transport facility for the residents of Kochi. Seven additional terminals were proposed based on public consultation with various stakeholders in the area to enhance the access & transport facilities for the public at large. As a part of the project, the following activities are being carried out as a part of the ancillary facility. Development of Access Roads Access to these jetties is currently in a dilapidated shape or in a state wherein the potential users also do not use it for reasons such as poor lighting, safety and security concerns and lack of access roads as well as access modes in case of higher distances between the origin or destination point and the jetty locations. It is proposed to improve access road infrastructure to the jetties by way of widening and resurfacing so as to enable access by vehicles as well as walk and bicycles. A total of 20.84 KM access road and 16.98 KM island road is proposed to be developed as part of the project near to various terminals. Development of Electric Feeders & Bicycle Poor connectivity to the interiors of the islands through public transport is another reason for people shifting from water transport to bus-based public transport. In order to provide connectivity and access to the boat jetties, it is proposed that feeder services be initiated to the boat jetties by the introduction of small occupancy vehicles such as electric rickshaws etc. Solar Farm As part of energy conservation measures, it proposed to meet the power requirements of the Water Metro Project by setting up solar power panels over roof tops of the terminal buildings, covered roofs over the pontoons and by setting up a land based power plant. The power requirement of Water Metro Project is about 12,650 kW. About 700 kW can be generated from the solar panels installed over the roof tops and the remaining power requirement will be produced by setting up a solar power plant. RESCO / CAPEX business

WAPCOS Limited 5-30 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

model will be implemented for sourcing the solar power. Rain Water Collection System Water metro terminal Building roofs provide the platform to store the rainwater. The rainwater falling on the terminal building roof can be collected into separate underground storage tanks through roof gutters and downpipe systems. Installing a first flush device to this system will remove any washed down contaminated water. This stored water is not potable, hence it will be reused for watering lawn, washing down hard surfaces and cleaning purposes. Overflow from the tank will be directed to the river through storm water lines. Total cost earmarked for the ancillary infrastructure cost is Rs.54 Crore. The breakup is given in Table-5.10. Table-5.10: Cost towards the Corporate Environmental Responsibility (CER)

Total Cost S. No. Description (Rs. in Cr) 1 Development of Access road /Island road /non - motorised transport 20 2 Development of Electric Feeders & Bicycle 20 3 Solar Farm 10 4 Set up/start up/development cost 4 Total Cost 54

WAPCOS Limited 5-31 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER - 6 RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION POLICY 6.1 INTRODUCTION The objective of the Resettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) Plan is to enable project planners to take appropriate measures to devise suitable compensation as a part of resettlement and rehabilitation package for the PAFs. The proposed project developments, will lead to acquisition of few buildings, petty shops and land. The R&R Policy is being adopted by Kochi Metro Rail Limited in order to address any adverse social and economic impacts accrued to identified families or persons in the Affected Area. This Policy has been developed generally in accordance with the requirements of the Right to Fair Compensation & Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation & Resettlement Act, 2013 (RTFCTLARRA, 2013) , Rehabilitation and Resettlement, (Kerala), Rules, 2015 (LARR Rules)and the World bank guidelines that are applicable to the Project. 6.2 OBJECTIVES The social safeguard policy objectives of KWMP are the following and are in accordance with the World Bank’s social safeguard policy requirement:  To avoid involuntary resettlement where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs;  To plan resettlement activities as sustainable development program where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement by allocating sufficient resources to enable the persons affected to share in project benefits  To assist the affected to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them to pre-displacement levels  To see whether or not the affected persons are self-identified as members of a distinct cultural group with collective attachment to distinct places and to natural resources in the project area

6.3 WORLD BANK’S SOCIAL SAFEGUARDS POLICIES OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples is not triggered in this project as the project will not require any land on which the Scheduled Tribes/Indigenous Peoples depend to meet their social, economic and cultural needs. This is because such lands are not located in the areas where the project will be implemented. This means, the project will not have any adverse impacts on Scheduled Tribes. In view of this, the project does not trigger OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples.

WAPCOS Limited 6-1 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement is triggered as the project involves few involuntary resettlements in the three proposed jetties locations namely Chennur, Ponnarimangalam, and Mulavukad Hospital. The jetty site is selected in a such a way that minimal resettlement is to be taken place. 6.4 THE RIGHT TO FAIR COMPENSATION AND TRANSPARENCY IN LAND ACQUISITION, REHABILITATION AND RESETTLEMENT ACT, 2013 (RTFCTLARRA) This Central Act ensures, in consultation with institutions of Local Self-Government and Gram Panchayats established under the Constitution, a humane, participative, informed and transparent process of land acquisition for industrialization, development of essential infrastructural facilities and urbanization. It also ensures that the same is achieved with the least disturbance to the owners of the land and other affected families and provides just and fair compensation to the affected families whose land has been acquired or proposed to be acquired or are affected by such acquisition. The Act also makes adequate provisions for such affected persons for their rehabilitation and resettlement and ensures that the cumulative outcome of acquisition should be such that the affected persons become partners in development leading to an improvement in their post-acquisition social and economic status and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Criteria for Eligibility The Project Affected Persons (PAPs) are recognized as belonging to one of the following three groups:  Those with formal legal rights to the land and other rights recognized by Indian legal framework;  Those without formal legal rights to land at the time of census socio-economic survey but have a claim to such land or assets under Indian legal framework or becomes recognized through a process identified in the Resettlement Plan and  Those without recognizable legal right or claim to the land they are occupying. To achieve the objectives, particular attention will be paid to the needs of vulnerable groups among the affected especially those living Below the Poverty Line (BPL), the landless, the elderly, women and children.The Entitlement Matrix has provisions for compensation and resettlement assistance to all Project Affected Persons as categorized above in broad terms. Some of the terms used in the Entitlement Matrix are defined below.

WAPCOS Limited 6-2 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Project Affected Person is the one affected by involuntary resettlement and who stands to lose all or part of their physical assets such as productive land, commercial/business structure, access to common properties and sources/means of livelihood and income; Project Displaced Person is the one who has lost homestead/shelter and or commercial/business structure and has to be relocated. A Project Displaced Person is generally a Project Affected Person also; Titleholder is a person who has legal title/Patta/document to support his/her claim/right towards ownership of land and all assets on the land – residential, commercial/business, crops, trees etc. Squatter, a non-title holder, is a person who has settled on Government/public land without permission and has built residential and/or commercial structure, or has illegally occupied Government/public structures prior to the Cut-Off-Date; Encroacher is a person who has trespassed into Government/public land adjacent to his/her own land and using it for residential, rental, commercial and business purposes and deriving income prior to the Cut-Off-Date; and Cut-Off-Date is the date on which notification for acquisition of private land is issued under The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Act (RFCTLAR&R) Act, 2013 for acquisition of private titled land. For those without title, the Cut-Off Date shall be the date on which census socio-economic survey is being undertaken Principles for Compensation and Resettlement Assistance The payment of compensation for all acquired land, structures, both residential and commercial, and other assets will be paid at replacement costs to title holders in accordance with the provisions of RFCTLAR&R Act. In addition to compensation, they will also be paid resettlement assistance that includes assistance for relocation where necessary. As far as those without title to the land they are occupying and are considered as “non-title holders” are concerned, they are not entitled for compensation for the land they illegally occupy but eligible for the structures they have built and grown on the land in addition to resettlement assistance. Cut-off date for non-title holders to become eligible for resettlement assistance will be the date on which the census socio-economic survey is done.

WAPCOS Limited 6-3 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

6.5 The Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, (Kerala), Rules, 2015 The State Government of Kerala has formulated the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement, (Kerala), Rules, 2015 based on the provisions of the Central Act i.e. RTFCTLARRA, 2013. Payment of compensation and resettlement assistance to all project affected persons irrespective of their legal status will be on the basis of entitlements as set out in the Entitlement Matrix that is attached as given in Table-6.1. Table-6.1: Entitlement Matrix for the fixation of land value as per RTFCTLARRA 2013 S No. Component of compensation Manner of determination of value package in respect of land acquired under the Act 1 Market value of land Shall be determined by the District Collector 2 Factor by which the market value 1.00 (One) to 2.00 (Two) based on the is to be multiplied in the case of distance of project from urban area, as may rural areas be notified by the appropriate Government. 3 Factor by which the market value 1(One). is to be multiplied in the case of urban areas 4 Value of assets attached to land or Shall be determined by the District Collector building 5 Solatium Equivalent to one hundred per cent. of the market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 2 for rural areas or serial number 3 for urban areas plus value of assets attached to land or building against serial number 4 under column (2). 6 Final award in rural areas Market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 2 plus value of assets attached to land or building mentioned against serial number 4 under column (2) plus solatium mentioned against serial number 5 under column (2). 7 Final award in urban areas Market value of land mentioned against serial number 1 multiplied by the factor specified against serial number 3 plus value of assets attached to land or building mentioned against serial number 4 under column (2) plus solatium mentioned against serial number 5 under column (2).

WAPCOS Limited 6-4 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

6.6 R&R POLICY OF KOCHI METRO RAIL LIMITED The R&R Policy is being adopted by Kochi Metro Rail Limited in order to address any adverse social and economic impacts accrued to identified families or persons in the Affected Area. This Policy has been developed generally in accordance with the requirements of the Right to Fair Compensation & Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation & Resettlement Act, 2013 (RTFCTLARRA, 2013) , Rehabilitation and Resettlement, (Kerala), Rules, 2015 (LARR Rules)and the World bank guidelines. The Entitlement Matrix for Rehabilitation and Resettlement as per RTFCTLARRA 2013 & KMRL Policy is given in Table-6.2 Table-6.2: Entitlement Matrix for Rehabilitation and Resettlement as per RTFCTLARRA 2013 & KMRL Policy S No Elements of Entitlement/provision KMRL Adopted Rehabilitation Policy/Entitlements and Resettlement Entitlements 1 Provision of (1) If a house is lost in rural areas, a Rs. 1,50,000 will be given housing units in constructed house shall be provided as to all residential owners case of per the Indira AwasYojana who are displaced due to specifications. If a house is lost in lose of their housing displacement urban areas, a constructed house shall units. be provided, which will be not less than 50 sqmts in plinth area. (2) The benefits listed above shall also be extended to any affected family which is without homestead land and which has been residing in the area continuously for a period of not less than three years preceding the date of notification of the affected area and which has been involuntarily displaced from such area: Provided that any such family in urban areas which opts not to take the house offered, shall get a one-time financial assistance for house construction, which shall not be less than one lakh fifty thousand rupees: Provided further that if any affected family in rural areas so prefers, the equivalent cost of the house may be offered in lieu of the constructed house: Provided also that no family affected by acquisition shall be given more than one house under the provisions of this

WAPCOS Limited 6-5 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S No Elements of Entitlement/provision KMRL Adopted Rehabilitation Policy/Entitlements and Resettlement Entitlements Act. Explanation.–The houses in urban area may, if necessary, be provided in multi-storied building complexes. 2 Land for Land In the case of irrigation project, as far as possible and in lieu of compensation to be paid for land acquired, each affected family owning agricultural land in the affected area and whose land has been acquired or lost, or who has, as a consequence of the acquisition or loss of land, been reduced to the status of a marginal farmer or landless, shall be allotted, in the name of each person included in the records of rights with regard to the affected family, a minimum of one acre of land in the command area of the project for which the land is acquired: Provided that in every project those persons losing land and belonging to the Scheduled Castes or the Scheduled Tribes will be provided land equivalent to land acquired or two and a one-half acres, whichever is lower. 3 Offer for In case the land is acquired for Developed Land urbanisation purposes, twenty per cent. of the developed land will be reserved and offered to land owning project affected families, in proportion to the area of their land acquired and at a price equal to the cost of acquisition and the cost of development: Provided that in case the land owning project affected family wishes to avail of this offer, an equivalent amount will be deducted from the land acquisition compensation package payable to it. 4 Choice of Annuity The appropriate Government shall The head of the

WAPCOS Limited 6-6 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S No Elements of Entitlement/provision KMRL Adopted Rehabilitation Policy/Entitlements and Resettlement Entitlements or Employment ensure that the affected families are household of all Affected provided with the following options: Families losing primary (a) where jobs are created through the source of livelihood due project, after providing suitable to land acquisition will be training and skill development in the provided with Rs.5,00,000 required field, make provision for (per Affected Family as employment at a rate not lower than defined under the the minimum wages provided for in Policy). any other law for the time being in force, to at least one member per affected family in the project or arrange for a job in such other project as may be required; or (b) one time payment of five lakhs rupees per affected family; or (c) annuity policies that shall pay not less than two thousand rupees per month per family for twenty years, with appropriate indexation to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers. 5 Subsistence grant Each affected family which is Each Displaced Family for displaced displaced from the land acquired shall will be provided with Rs. families for a be given a monthly subsistence 36,000. allowance equivalent to three period of one thousand rupees per month for a a. All Displaced Family year period of one year from the date of belonging to the award. Scheduled Castes or the In addition to this amount, the Scheduled Tribes shall Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled receive an amount Tribes displaced from Scheduled Areas equivalent to fifty shall receive an amount equivalent to thousand rupees. (Rs. fifty thousand rupees. 50,000). In case of displacement from the b. This amount is Scheduled Areas, as far as possible, additional to other the affected families shall be rehabilitation measures being provided to all relocated in a similar ecological zone, displaced families. so as to preserve the economic opportunities, language, culture and community life of the tribal communities. 6 Transportation Each affected family which is One time financial

WAPCOS Limited 6-7 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S No Elements of Entitlement/provision KMRL Adopted Rehabilitation Policy/Entitlements and Resettlement Entitlements cost for displaced displaced shall get a one-time assistance of Rs. families financial assistance of fifty thousand 50,000.00 for shifting rupees as transportation cost for family, building material, belongings and cattle shifting of the family, building shall be given to each materials, belongings and cattle. Displaced Family. 7 Cattle shed/Petty Each affected family having cattle or Each Affected Family shops cost having a petty shop shall get one-time having cattle or having a financial assistance of such amount as petty shop in the Acquired Land shall get the appropriate Government may, by one time financial notification, specify subject to a assistance of Rs. minimum of twenty-five thousand 25,000.00 for re rupees for construction of cattle shed construction of cattle or petty shop as the case may be. shed or petty shop as the case may be. 8 One-time grant Each affected family of an artisan, Each Affected Family of to artisan, small small trader or self-employed person an artisan, small trader traders and or an affected family which owned or self-employed person or a Displaced Family certain others non-agricultural land or commercial, which owned non industrial or institutional structure in agricultural land or the affected area, and which has been commercial, industrial or involuntarily displaced from the institutional structure in affected area due to land acquisition, the Affected Area, shall shall get one-time financial assistance get one-time financial of such amount as the appropriate assistance of Rs. 25,000. Government may, by notification, specify subject to a minimum of twenty-five thousand rupees. 9 One-time Each affected family shall be given a Each Affected Family will Resettlement one-time ―Resettlement Allowance‖ be given a one-time Allowance of fifty thousand rupees only. “Resettlement allowance” of Rs. 50000 10 Stamp duty and (1) The stamp duty and other fees registration fee payable for registration of the land or house allotted to the affected families shall be borne by the Requiring Body. (2) The land for house allotted to the affected families shall be free from all encumbrances. (3) The land or house allotted may be in the joint names of wife and husband

WAPCOS Limited 6-8 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S No Elements of Entitlement/provision KMRL Adopted Rehabilitation Policy/Entitlements and Resettlement Entitlements of the affected family. 11 Employees Not Covered A onetime subsistence allowance of Rs.36000 to each Employee, who has been working for a minimum period of three years prior to the date of acquisition of the land, in a commercial establishment other than banks, financial institutions, companies incorporated under the Companies Act, shopping malls, cooperative societies, Public sector undertakings, Government organisations/ departments, Urban Local Bodies or an establishment which shifted its operations to another location. 12. Displaced Nil The right of first refusal Affected Family, on allotments of being a small commercial space being merchant or planned as part of the having a small project in the Metro Commercial stations or in the establishment, in adjoining area or being the acquired developed by KMRL for land. commercial purposes, provided the Affected Family had participated in the bidding process for allotment of such spaces and are willing to match the highest accepted financial offer. This entitlement will be limited to one commercial space per

WAPCOS Limited 6-9 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S No Elements of Entitlement/provision KMRL Adopted Rehabilitation Policy/Entitlements and Resettlement Entitlements affected establishment, irrespective of the number of affected persons. 13. Affected Family Nil Affected Family shall be given preference in employment opportunities in KMRL. This is subject to the availability of vacancies, suitability of the affected person for the employment and other requirement for employment being at par with other candidates. This entitlement is limited to only one person per Affected Family, within a period of 15 years from the date of the commercial operations in the first reach. The recruitment will be governed by the HR policies of KMRL on recruitment and the reservation policy of Government of India.

6.7 DETAILS OF ACQUISITION FOR KWMP

The proposed project developments, will lead to acquisition of few buildings, petty shops, land. At various locations 5 number of residential buildings, 58 number of commercial establishment such as petty shops, encroachers, squatters etc, are proposed to be acquired as a part of the project. The details are given in Table 6.3.

WAPCOS Limited 6-10 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-6.3: Details of acquisition for KWMP Sl.No Name of GP/ Name of Pier/ Extent of land Total No of No.of No of Muncipality / phase/ category available Extent Res. shops/ tenants Corporation Govt. Pvt. Building Rooms /lease (in (in Hects.) Hects.) 1 Cheranalloor South Chittoor 0.4157 0 0.4157 0 5 5 G.P I/Major 2 Cheranalloor Korumkotta 0 0.1580 0.1580 0 0 0 Panchayath I/Minor 3 Cheranalloor 0.1345 0 0.1345 0 4 4 4 Cheranalloor Aster Medcity 0 0.0936 0.0936 0 0 0 G.P II /Minor 5 Kadamakkudy Kothad, II Major 0.0492 0.3453 0.3945 0 0 0 G.P. 6 Chennur II 0.0065 0.3220 0.3285 1 1 1 Major 7 Moolampilly II 0 0.0596 0.0596 0 0 0 Minor 8 Kadamakkudy Pizhala 0 0.2870 0.2870 0 0 0 G.P. II Major 9 Kadamakkudy II 0.0230 0.0550 0.0780 1 0 0 Major 10 Paliyamthuruth II 0.0915 0.0810 0.1725 0 0 0 Minor 11 Kadamakkudy Charuvanthuruth 0 0.1227 0.1227 0 0 0 12 Mulavukad G.P Mulavukad 0 0.0470 0.0470 0 0 0 Panchayat I Major 13 Ponnari- 0.0162 0.168 0.1846 0 3 2 mangalam I Minor 14 Bolgaty 0.0640 0.0596 0.1236 0 0 0 I Minor 15 Mulavukad North 0.0565 0 0.0565 0 0 0 I Minor 16 Mulavukad G.P. Mulavukad 0.0035 0.0520 0.0555 2 0 0 Hospital I Minor 17 Varapuzha G.P. Varapuzha 0 0.213 0.2131 0 0 0 (Market) II Major 18 Thundathum- 0 0.077 0.0765 0 0 0 kadavu II Minor 19 Elakunnapuzha Elakunnapuzha 0 0.2580 0.2580 1 0 0 G.P (Pukkad) II Major 20 Kumbalam G.P Kumbalam 0.1100 0 0.1100 0 2 2 I Major 21 Thrikkakara Kakkanad 0.1420 0.1525 0.2945 0 0 0 Muncipality I Major 22 Infopark 0.3312 0 0.3312 0 0 0 I Minor

WAPCOS Limited 6-11 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl.No Name of GP/ Name of Pier/ Extent of land Total No of No.of No of Muncipality / phase/ category available Extent Res. shops/ tenants Corporation Govt. Pvt. Building Rooms /lease (in (in Hects.) Hects.) 23 Thripunithura Eroor 0.0500 0.0823 0.1323 0 0 0 Muncipality I Minor (Kappattikavu SN Jetty) 24 Maradu Nettoor 0 0.1260 0.1260 0 0 0 Muncipality I Minor 25 Eloor Eloor 0.1972 0 0.1972 0 0 0 Muncipality II Minor 26 Kochi Ernakulam -KTDC 0.8300 0 0.8300 0 5 5 Corporation I Major 27 Kochi High Court 0.1024 0 0.1024 0 0 0 Corporation I Major 28 Thevara Yard 0.6240 0 0.6240 0 0 0 I Major 29 Kochi Embarkation 0.4047 0 0.4047 0 0 0 Corporation (W/I) I Major 30 Fort Kochi 0.2954 0 0.2954 0 3 3 I Major 31 Kochi Mattancherry 0.5150 0 0.5150 0 4 4 Corporation I Major 32 Kochi Vytttila 0.4175 0 0.4175 0 0 0 Corporation I Major 33 Edakochi 0.0064 0.1270 0.1334 0 2 1 I Minor 34 Thanthonithuruth 0 0.0741 0.0741 0 0 0 I Minor 35 Thykkoodam 0 0.1502 0.1502 0 0 0 II Minor 36 Thoppumpady 0 0.061 0.0607 0 0 0 II Minor 37 Amritha Hospital 0 0.1214 0.1214 0 0 0 II Minor 38 Vyppin 0.3976 0 0.3976 0 1 1 I Major 39 Njarakal Njarakal 0.0225 0.078 0.1008 0 0 0 Panchayath ( Manjanakad) Total 5.3065 3.3713 8.6778 5 30 28

6.8 MEASURES FOR RESETTLEMENT There are 5 families that are likely to lose their homesteads as a result of the process of land acquisition. These families would be eligible to receive resettlement benefits, in addition to compensation of homestead plot and structure. The provisions “Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013” have been

WAPCOS Limited 6-12 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

taken into consideration. The provisions for Resettlement that would be extended to the families losing homesteads are given in Table-6.4. Table-6.4: Provisions for Resettlement Plan for families losing homestead S.No. Description Unit Assumed Provision Cost (Rs.) Housing Benefits and Compensation 1 a) If a house is lost in rural areas, a Rs. 1,50,000 will constructed house shall be provided be given to all 5 PAFS x as per the Indira AwasYojana residential owners Rs.1,50,000= specifications. who are displaced 7,50,000 due to lose of their b) If a house is lost in urban areas, a constructed house shall be provided, housing units. which will be not less than 50 sqmts in plinth area

c) In case family in urban areas does not opts to take the house offered, one-time financial assistance of not less than Rs. 150,000/- for house construction

d) If any affected family in rural areas so prefers, the equivalent cost of the house may be offered in lieu of the constructed house

2. House Building Assistance Per 5 PAFs x Rs. 7,50,000 family 1,50,000/PAF @ Rs. 1,50,000/ha 3. Cattle Shed/petty Shop One-time financial assistance of a Per 5 PAFs x Rs. 1,25,000 minimum of Rs. 25,000/- or as the family 25,000/PAF appropriate Government may, by notification specify, for construction of cattle shed/petty Shop 4. Transportation Grant One time financial assistance of Rs. Per 5 PAFs x Rs. 2,50,000 50,000/-for each displaced family family 50,000/PAF for shifting of the family, building materials, belongings and cattle. 5. Subsistence Allowance a) Each affected family, losing land, Per 5 PAFsxRs. 3000per 1,80,000 will be given a monthly subsistence family month x12 months

WAPCOS Limited 6-13 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S.No. Description Unit Assumed Provision Cost (Rs.) allowance equivalent to Rs. 3000/ for each PAF month for a period of one year from the date of award.

Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes displaced from Scheduled Areas shall receive an amount equivalent to Rs. 50,000/-, in addition to subsistence allowance 5. One time Resettlement Allowance Each affected family shall be given a Per 5 PAFs x Rs. 2,50,000 onetime “Resettlement Allowance” of family 50,000/PAF Rs. 50,000/ 6. Stamp Duty and Registration a) The stamp duty and the other fees To be decided by payable for registration of the land the District of the house allotted to the affected Administration families shall be borne by the requiring body

b) The land for house allotted to the affected families shall be free from all encumbrance

c) The land and the house allotted may be in the joint names of wife and husband of the affected family.

TOTAL 23,05,000

6.9 MEASURES FOR REHABILITATION The rehabilitation plan is been formulated as per KMRL R&R Policy. The market value of the land is arrived based on the Fair Value per are as per notification SRO No.698/2014 dt.14.11.14. In additional to the total land value calculated, the fair value raised at 10% w.e.f 1st April 2018 , Structure Value, 12% addl. land value , Multiple factor, etc shall be added. The Multiple factors shall be decided by district administration. The cost estimate for implementation of Rehabilitation measures is given in Table-6.5 and 6.6.

WAPCOS Limited 6-14 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-6.5: Market value of land Sl.No Name of GP/ Name of Pier/ Total Extent of land Fair Value As per LARR Estimated Muncipality / phase/ category Extent available per are as Act.-100% acquisition Corporation Govt. Pvt. per solatium based cost of pvt. (in (in notification on fair value land based on Hects.) Hects.) SRO (per are) the fair value No.698/2014 (in Rs.) dt.14.11.14 1 Cheranalloor Korumkotta 0.158 0 0.158 300000 600000 9480000 Panchayath I/Minor 2 Cheranalloor Aster Medcity 0.0936 0 0.0936 172500 345000 3229200 G.P II /Minor 3 Kadamakkudy Kothad, 0.3945 0.0492 0.3453 450000 900000 31077000 G.P. II Major 4 Chennur II 0.3285 0.0065 0.322 180000 360000 11592000 Major 5 Moolampilly II 0.0596 0 0.0596 225000 450000 2682000 Minor 6 Kadamakkudy Pizhala 0.287 0 0.287 165000 330000 9471000 G.P. II Major 7 Kadamakkudy II 0.078 0.023 0.055 165000 330000 1815000 Major 8 Paliyamthuruth II 0.1725 0.0915 0.081 45000 90000 729000 Minor 9 Kadamakkudy Charuvanthuruth 0.1227 0 0.1227 225000 450000 5521500 10 Mulavukad G.P Mulavukad 0.047 0 0.047 499800 999600 4698120 Panchayat I Major 11 Ponnari-mangalam 0.1846 0.0162 0.1684 499800 999600 16833264 I Minor 12 Bolgaty 0.1236 0.0640 0.0596 1874250 3748500 22341060 I Minor 13 Mulavukad Mulavukad Hospital 0.0555 0.0035 0.052 780938 1561876 8121755.2 G.P. I Minor 14 Varapuzha Varapuzha (Market) 0.2131 0 0.2131 450000 900000 19179000 G.P. II Major

WAPCOS Limited 6-15 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl.No Name of GP/ Name of Pier/ Total Extent of land Fair Value As per LARR Estimated Muncipality / phase/ category Extent available per are as Act.-100% acquisition Corporation Govt. Pvt. per solatium based cost of pvt. (in (in notification on fair value land based on Hects.) Hects.) SRO (per are) the fair value No.698/2014 (in Rs.) dt.14.11.14 15 Thundathum-kadavu 0.0765 0 0.0765 375000 750000 5737500 II Minor 16 Elakunnapuzha Elakunnapuzha 0.258 0 0.258 247500 495000 12771000 G.P (Pukkad) II Major 17 Thrikkakara Kakkanad 0.2945 0.142 0.1525 1575000 3150000 48037500 Muncipality I Major 18 Thripunithura Eroor 0.1323 0.05 0.0823 1125000 2250000 18517500 Muncipality I Minor (Kappattikavu SN Jetty) 19 Maradu Nettoor 0.126 0 0.126 408240 816480 10287648 Muncipality I Minor 20 Edakochi 0.1334 0.0064 0.1 675000 1350000 13500000 I Minor 0.027 300000 600000 1620000 21 Thanthonithuruth 0.0741 0 0.0741 499800 999600 7407036 I Minor 22 Thoppumpady 0.0607 0 0.0607 750000 1500000 9105000 II Minor 23 Amritha Hospital 0.1214 0 0.1214 1170000 2340000 28407600 II Minor 24 Njarakal Njarakal 0.1008 0.0225 0.0783 330000 660000 5167800 Panchayath ( Manjanakad) Total Amount 307328483.20* *In additional to the above, the fair value raised at 10% w.e.f 1st April 2018 , Structure Value,12% addl.Land value , Multiple factor,etc

WAPCOS Limited 6-16 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-6.6: Provisions for Rehabilitation Plan for families losing Livelihood S. Description Unit Assumed Cost No Provision# (Rs.) 1. Rural artisans / Self-employed One-time financial assistance of a minimum 5 PAFs x 5 PAFS x of Rs. 25,000/- to each affected family of an Rs.25000/P Rs.25,000= artisan, small trader or self-employed AF 1,25,000 person or an affected family which owned non-agricultural land or commercial, industrial or institutional structure in the affected area, and which has been involuntarily displaced from the affected area due to land acquisition 2. Choice of Annuity or Employment a) At least one member per affected family 5 Onetime 5 PAFS x will be provided job (either in the project payment of Rs.5,00,000= or arrange for a job in such other Rs. 5,00,000 25,00,000 project), after providing suitable training per and skill development in the required field affected Or family b) Onetime payment of Rs. 500,000 per affected family Or c) Annuity policies that shall pay not less than Rs. 2000 per month per family for 20 years, with appropriate indexation to the Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Labourers 3. A onetime subsistence allowance of 10 10x 3,60,000 Rs. 36000 to each Employee, who has been Rs.36,0000 working for a minimum period of three years prior to the date of acquisition of the land, in a commercial establishment other than banks, financial institutions, companies incorporated under the Companies Act, shopping malls, cooperative societies, Public sector undertakings, Government organisations/ departments, Urban Local Bodies or an establishment which shifted its operations to another location. 4. Values of assets on land to be acquired Shops/Room 19 50,000 9,50,000 Street Vendors 27 25,000 6,75,000 Puramboke Shop 6 5,000 30,000 Commercial Building 16 2,00,000 32,00,000

Total 78,40,000

WAPCOS Limited 6-17 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

6.10 BUDGET The total budget for implementation of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan is Rs.3174.45 lakh or say Rs.31.74 crore. The details are given in Table-6.7. Table-6.7: Budget for implementation of the Rehabilitation and Resettlement Plan S. No. Components of R&R Cost (Rs. lakh) 1 Resettlement Plan 23.05 2 Rehabilitation Plan Compensation for Land 3073* Others 78.40 Total(A+B) 3174.45*

WAPCOS Limited 6-18 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER-7 ADDITIONAL STUDIES

7.1 GENERAL Following Additional studies were carried out for the proposed project:  Project specific HTL/LTL demarcation  Study on impact of dredging on shoreline changes  Siltation studies for the navigation channel  Mathematical model studies for dumping locations  Marine biodiversity assessment and management plan  Risk and Disaster Management Plan

7.2 HTL/LTL DEMARCATION The proposed project envisages the construction of 45 jetties across ten (10) island communities across 78.2 km channel length and 1 boatyard in Kochi. Since, the project is proposed in the coastal domain area, CRZ Clearance would also be required as per the CRZ Notification of January 2011.As per the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification dated 6th January 2011, project specific HTL/LTL demarcation is required for the projects requiring CRZ clearance. Terms Reference (TOR) for the EIA study was issued by MoEF & CC also recommended that project specific HTL/LTL demarcation be done for the proposed project. Hence, CRZ mapping for the proposed project has been done through Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS) Anna University, Chennai, an agency authorized by MoEF, Government of India for the demarcation of HTL<L. IRS has conducted required field survey sand measurements for demarcation of CRZ (covering 7Km radius area around the proposed dredging project site) in the last week of April 2018. Findings of the HTL /LTL report prepared by Institute of Remote Sensing (IRS) Anna University, Chennai are summarised as below. The detailed CRZ Report is attached as Annexure-III. The cadastral/village map was used as the Base Map. Based on topography and geomorphic features, HTL for the project site has been identified and traced in the field by Kinematic GPS survey. The HTL were superimposed on to geo-referenced cadastral map to prepare a local level CRZ map at a scale of 1:4000. 7.2.1 Objectives The objective of the present study is to examine the site for the proposed project (covering 7 Km radius area around the proposed dredging project site)”with reference to CRZ Notification 2011. Keeping in view of the requirements of notification, Institute

WAPCOS Limited 7-1 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

of Remote Sensing, Anna University under took the project with following agreed scope of work: Demarcation of HTL,LTL near project site (covering 7km radius area) by conducting DGPS survey in the field. Demarcation of ecologically sensitive entities such as Mangroves, Sand dunes, etc. if any in the vicinity of project site. Superimposition of HTL, LTL and ecologically sensitive areas along with the project site on geo referenced cadastral map. Demarcation of Coastal Regulation Zones in the neighbourhood of the project site. 7.2.2 Methodology The cadastral map of part of Kochi Municipal Corporation has been used as the base map. The Geomorphology of the Coastal Zone has been studied from the temporal medium resolution satellite data. In order to prepare the local level map on 1:4,000scale, the site has been inspected by IRS Scientists in the last week of April 2018. Based on the geomorphic units, high tide line has been identified in the field and traced by field survey using GNSS. The tide level observations were collected from the Tide Tables. The highest high tide level and lowest low tide level for the past 19 years were determined from these tide tables. As per the definition of high tide line, “The High Tide Line means the line on the land up to which the highest water line reaches during the spring tide”. There is a clear boundary between the areal spread of mudflats and vegetation usually very much apparent. This boundary line coincides with the HTL line interpreted from the satellite imagery. On the other hand LTL is defined as the seaward limit to which the waves recede during low tide. In case of in land waters such as creeks and backwaters, the ICRZ guidelines indicates that the development along rivers, creeks, creek lets and backwaters has to be regulated up to a distance where the tidal effects are experienced which has to be determined as ed on salinity concentration of 5 parts per thousand (ppt). 7.2.3 GNSS Surveying The Trimble R5 GNSS receivers were used to conduct the surveying at the project site. The survey involves three components namely, 1. Establishing Base Station, 2. Control Survey for Village Maps and 3. Real Time Kinematic Survey for HTL Demarcation. 7.2.4 Establishing Base Station The survey involves establishing one base station for Static Survey. The base stations were identified on stable locations with clear view of sky for uninterrupted

WAPCOS Limited 7-2 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

access to GNSS satellite signals. The control point with known elevation was used as initial reference station. The base station for the project site was established on firm ground and observed with static GNSS survey from the known coordinates of the control point. The observations times were fixed based on the length of base lines to obtain highest possible accuracies. 7.2.5 Static Survey The conduct of Static Survey using GNSS requires two GNSS receivers, one to be setup over the control point (with known co-ordinate) and another one over a reference station whose coordinates and distance from the control point are to be determined. Both these receivers must record data simultaneously. These known co- ordinates of the control point were fed and fixed for processing of the logged data to accurately determine the co- ordinates of the base stations. 7.2.6 Control Survey for Georeferencing Village Maps The cadastral map pertaining to the project site was provided by the client. The hard copy cadastral map was scanned and georeferenced with the help of GNSS coordinates of boundary points provided by the client and used for the preparation of local level HTL Maps. 7.2.7 Real Kinematic Survey for HTL Demarcation Kinematic Surveying enables a very rapid survey of a number of base lines in areas where there is good satellite visibility. At least, two GNSS receivers are required to perform a kinematic survey. One receiver is designated as the reference receiver and is set up over the Base Station. All baselines are measured relative to this station. The other receivers, called rovers, are moved in succession to trace and record the HTL on ground through ground profiling. 7.2.8 Demarcation of HTL Surrogate data such as coastal geomorphologic features identified from the satellite imagery, indicators available on the ground and tidal data were used to verify the HTL demarcated by Kinematic Survey. 7.2.9 Results and Conclusions The details of CRZ category of proposed development areas in 45 jetty locations, 12 dumping locations and dredging area in the proposed Kochi Water Metro Project as per CRZ notifications, 2011 are as given in Table-7.1 to 7.4. Table-7.1: CRZ categorization of the Jetty Locations S.No Description CRZ - Category Area in Sq.m 1 Amrita Jetty CRZ - II 400.1 CRZ - IVB 348.4 2 Aster Medicity Jetty CRZ - III 942.7

WAPCOS Limited 7-3 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S.No Description CRZ - Category Area in Sq.m CRZ - IVB 109.9 3 Bolgatty Jetty CRZ - III 1111.4 CRZ - IVB 288.9 4 Chennur Jetty CRZ - III 3166.4 CRZ - IVB 139.4 Non-CRZ 212.8 5 Cheranallor Jetty CRZ - III 462.1 CRZ - IVB 1204.5 6 Cheriyamthuruth Jetty CRZ - III 1479.2 CRZ - IVB 9.8 7 Edakochi Jetty CRZ - II 347.6 CRZ - IVB 283.5 8 Elamkunnapuzha Jetty CRZ - III 1285.82 CRZ - IVB 86.6 9 Eloor Jetty CRZ - III 1520.7 CRZ - IVB 599.5 10 Embarkation Jetty CRZ - IVB 2448.46 11 Ernakulam Jetty CRZ - II 7464.2 CRZ - IVB 621.8 Non-CRZ 1423.0 12 Eroor Jetty CRZ - III 312.8 CRZ - IVB 124.7 13 Fort Kochi Jetty CRZ - II 2964.2 CRZ - IVB 2299.6 CRZ - IB 69.8 14 High Court Jetty CRZ - II 56.0 CRZ - IVB 2376.8 15 Infopark Jetty-1 Non-CRZ 433.8 16 Infopark Jetty-2 Non-CRZ 697.1 17 Kadamakudy Jetty CRZ - III 809.3 CRZ - IVB 183.3 18 Kakkanad Jetty NON - CRZ 1402.2 19 Korumkotta Jetty CRZ - III 1612.6 20 Kothad Jetty CRZ - III 2059.3 CRZ - IVB 196.1 Non-CRZ 1516.5 21 Kumbhalom Jetty CRZ - III 811.9 CRZ - IVB 580.5 22 Mattancherry Jetty CRZ - II 4455.9 CRZ - IVB 2736.3 23 Moolampilly Jetty CRZ - III 647.6 CRZ - IVB 210.0 24 Mulavukadu Hospital Jetty CRZ - III 1059.4 CRZ - IVB 111.2 Non-CRZ 128.0 25 Mulavukadu North Jetty CRZ - III 593.0 CRZ - IVB 141.1 26 Mulavukadu Panchayath Jetty CRZ - III 563.2 CRZ - IVB 193.6

WAPCOS Limited 7-4 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S.No Description CRZ - Category Area in Sq.m Non-CRZ 521.9 27 Mulavukadu View Point Jetty CRZ - IVB 712 28 Nettoor Jetty CRZ - II 278.4 CRZ - IVB 101.9 29 Njarakkal (Manjanakkad )Jetty CRZ - III 916 CRZ - IVB 205.4 30 Paliyamthuruth Jetty CRZ - III 1075.0 CRZ - IVB 1113.7 31 Pizhala Jetty CRZ - III 2500.1 CRZ - IVB 105.6 Non-CRZ 508.1 32 Ponnarimangalam Jetty CRZ - III 1557 CRZ - IVB 233.5 Non-CRZ 123.7 33 South Chittoor Jetty CRZ - III 2118.6 CRZ - IVB 148.2 Non-CRZ 1447.3 34 Thanonithuruth Jetty CRZ - III 11 CRZ - IVB 291.74 35 Thevara Jetty CRZ - IA 2886.43 CRZ - II 1698.22 CRZ – IVB 225.64 Non-CRZ 1450.6 36 Thoppumpady Jetty CRZ - II 786.0 CRZ - IVB 303.6 37 Thundathumkadavu Jetty CRZ - III 802.5 CRZ - IVB 99.1 38 Thykkodam Jetty CRZ - II 1166.7 CRZ - IVB 539.3 Non-CRZ 434.0 39 Varappuzha Jetty CRZ - III 1159.2 CRZ - IVB 96.0 Non-CRZ 1024.8 40 Vypeen Jetty CRZ - III 1622.4 CRZ - IVB 1284.1 41 Vytilla Jetty CRZ - II 6187.0 CRZ - IVB 596.1 Non-CRZ 145.8 42 Willindon Island Jetty CRZ - II 499.6 CRZ - IVB 1243.4 43 Vaduthala Jetty CRZ - II 812.6 CRZ - IVB 112.0 44 Palluruthy Boat yard CRZ - II 12508.5 CRZ - IVB 1937.9 Non-CRZ 588.8 45 Smartcity Mobility Hub Non-CRZ 401.6 46 Smartcity Sasinfra Non-CRZ 300.5

WAPCOS Limited 7-5 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-7.2: CRZ categorization of the Dumping Locations S. No Description CRZ - Category Area in Sq.m 1 Brahmapuram Waste treatment Non-CRZ 99323.3 plant 2 Infopark Non-CRZ 47655.9

3 Kakkanad BPCL land Non-CRZ 44554.0

4 Offshore CRZ-IVA 4000000.0 5 Varapuzha Site Opposite land Non-CRZ 18775.6

Table-7.3: CRZ categorization of the Dredging area S. No Description CRZ - Category Area in Sq.m 1 Dredging CRZ-III 2020.4 CRZ-IVB 664105.5 Non-CRZ 66883.9

Table-7.4: CRZ Categorization for the Kochi Water Metro Project S. No CRZ Category Area in Sq.m Total Area in Sq.m Jetty Dredging Dumping 1 CRZ-IA 2,886.4 NIL NIL 2,886.4 2 CRZ-IB 69.8 NIL NIL 69.8 3 CRZ-II 39,625.0 NIL NIL 39,625 4 CRZ-III 30,199.1 2020.4 NIL 32,219.5 5 CRZ-IVA NIL NIL 40,00,000.0 40,00,000.0 6 CRZ-IVB 2,4643.2 664105.5 NIL 6,88,748.7 Total 97,423.57 6,66,125.9 40,00,000. 47,63,549.4 0

7.3 STUDY ON IMPACT OF DREDGING ON SHORELINE CHANGES Assessment of impact on shoreline due to the proposed dredging has been studied by IIT Chennai. The study area is demarcated and is spatially georeferenced from the Google earth using spatially referenced points. The change in shoreline will be either erosion or accretion values along the coast. The erosion and accretion value is calculated using the shape area and with the corresponding shape length along the coast. The study indicates the shore line changes demarcated for 12 years and in the particular area namely Ernakulam the erosion rate is 1.38m/year which is maximum due to mouth opening. The erosion occurs in the other areas namely High court, Embarkation, Vypeen, Ponnarimangalam, Mulavukad hospital, Thevara yard, Kumbalam, Paliyamthuruthu and Kadamakuddy. There is no alarming erosion at any place. The maximum accretion rate is 32.91m in Fort Kochi for 12 years (2.74m/year). In the accretion areas namely Fort Kochi, Mattancherry, Bolgatty, Mulavukad Panchayat, Nettoor, Najrackal and Elakunnapuzha the coast is very much stable .The coast is stable in the no change areas such as Vytilla, Eroor, Kakkanad, Infopark, Mulavukad North, Korumkotta, Moolampilly, South chitoor, Thykoodam, Pizhala, Kothad, Chennur, Cheranalloor, Eloor, Varapuzha,

WAPCOS Limited 7-6 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Thundathumkadavu, Chariyamthuruth, Amritha hospital and Aster medicity. The accretion values are shown in Table-7.5 and it is represented in graph in the Figure-7.1. The maximum magnitude of erosion is 2.74m/yr and the coast is stable or accreting at most of the locations. Table-7.5: Shoreline Change due to erosion and accretion S.No Location Erosion/Aggression (m/year) Status 1 High court 0.64 Erosion 2 Fort Kochi 2.74 Aggression 3 Vypeen 1.34 Erosion 4 0.00 No Change 5 Eroor 0.00 No Change 6 Kakkanad 0.00 No Change 7 Info Park 0.00 No Change 8 Embarkation (W/I) 0.03 Erosion 9 Mattancherry 1.06 Aggression 10 Ernakulam 1.38 Erosion 11 Bolgatty 0.84 Aggression 12 Thanthonnithuruth 0.00 No Change 13 Ponnarimangalam 0.19 Erosion 14 Mulavukad hospital 0.61 Erosion 15 Mulavukad Panchayat 0.35 Aggression 16 Mulavukad North 0.00 No Change 17 Korumkotta 0.00 No Change 18 Moolampilly 0.00 No Change 19 South Chitoor 0.00 No Change 20 Thevara Yard 0.41 Erosion 21 Nettoor 0.95 Aggression 22 Kumbalam 0.74 Erosion 23 Edakochi 0.76 Aggression 24 Thykoodam 0.00 No Change 25 Thoppumpady 0.72 Aggression 26 Pizhala 0.00 No Change 27 Kothad 0.00 No Change 28 Chennur 0.00 No Change 29 cheranalloor 0.00 No Change 30 Eloor 0.00 No Change 31 Varapuzha 0.00 No Change 32 Njarackal 0.61 Aggression 33 Elakunnapuzha 1.33 Aggression 34 Paliyamthuruthu 0.05 Erosion 35 Kadamakkudy 0.12 Erosion 36 Thundathumkadavu 0.00 No Change 37 Chariyamthuruth 0.00 No Change 38 Amritha hospital 0.00 No Change 39 Aster medcity 0.00 No Change

WAPCOS Limited 7-7 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Figure-7.1: Erosion/Accretion values of Various location 7.4 SILTATION STUDIES Siltation studies for the navigation channel were conducted by IIT Chennai. Based on siltation study the average siltation rate in the vulnerable regions of the water metro route is about 7 cm per 14 days during monsoon and 4 cm per 14 days during non- monsoon months. Nearly 40% of the routes are getting silted up. The mouth of the inlet and channels of the Cochin harbour are exposed siltation of 0.04-0.07m/14 days. The inner reaches of backwaters are silting up more during monsoon season. The route from Ernakulam to south chittoor are observed with some strong eddies and this resulted in some significant siltation and the rate is 0.05m/14 days during monsoon but some parts of this route is eroding. The route from Pizhala to Njarackal are also observed with prominent patches of siltation. The other main routes like High court to vypeen are shoaling in patches at a rate of 7-8 cm per neap to neap cycle during monsoon and nearly half the rate of siltation is observed during non-monsoon seasons. High court to Njarackal are silting in patches at a rate of more than 7 cm per neap to neap cycle. In the southern routes of backwaters also some significant siltation is observed but to an extent it is equally not alarming. The route from High court to Kumbalam are silting at rate of 0.08m/cycle. Similarly the route from Edakochi to Vytilla are silting at a mild rate of 2cm/cycle during monsoon and it is even less during non-monsoon. 7.5 MATHEMATICAL MODEL STUDIES FOR DUMPING LOCATIONS Detailed numerical model studies have been carried out to investigate the hydrodynamics of tides by IIT Chennai. It is to be noted that, considering such a time series for the 15 days period covers the spring-neap variations of the astronomical tide and addresses all variations in the astronomical tides. Typically the tidal amplitude and phase for the project site is extracted from TPXO data and the boundary conditions are implicated as a time varying tidal elevations. For the advection dispersion model, the lean period is considered with a nominal current of 0.05-0.1 m/s occurring in open sea.

WAPCOS Limited 7-8 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

In other periods, the ocean is more turbulent and advection - dispersion takes place much faster. Hence, the scenario considered in the present studies may be said to be critical one for predicting highest concentrations of sediment in the vicinity of dredge disposal sites. For modelling turbulence, the Spalart-Allmaras model is used as this is very well suited for coastal applications. The dredge disposal location can be fixed at a depth of 23m. The disposal site can be in south of Port entrance during north-east and vice-versa. All dredge spoils that are not shore dumped and dredge spoil from the routes in CoPT area can be preferably considered to be dumped in this offshore dumping site. For the considered dredge disposal location the initial sediment concentration is taken as 0. The sediment concentration reaches to 0.25 g/l from 200 g/l within 200 m and the distance of dilution to reach 0.1 g/l is within 700 m. This high dilution is possible as the discharge quantity is very less and the water depth of discharge is 23 m. The distance to the dilution to attain the nearly ambient condition extends up to less than 1000-1500m. The dredge is expected to move southward during north-east monsoon and northward during south-west monsoon. The advection-dispersion study reveals that the dredge dispersion appears to be not so alarming due to a low discharge quantity. The offshore release leads to more than 40000 dilutions, taking place within 1000m around the point of release to reach the ambient condition. Thus the dredge dispersion at a depth of 23m is well under acceptable limits. The detailed study is given in Annexure-IV. 7.6 MARINE BIODIVERSITY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN The Maine Ecology and Biodiversity assessment and preparation of Biodiversity Management Plan has been prepared by the centre of advanced study in marine biology faculty of marine sciences annamalai university, Tamil Nadu. As a part of the study collected the baseline data on water and sediment quality, Maine Ecology and Biodiversity from 41 locations in the study area in the month of February and March 2018.Findings of the study are summarised as below:  Sediment was largely dominated by clay material. Temperature of the seawater in the study area varied between 28.3-30.2oC and salinity was on higher side for the estuarine conditions and values varied between 2 to 27 ppt. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) varied in a very narrow range between (4.0 to 6.1 mg/l) both for surface and bottom waters suggesting well mixed oxygen conditions. pH of the surface and bottom water varied between 7.2 to 8.6.  Chlorophyll (Chl) a is an indicator of the algal biomass in a water body. chlorophyll a concentration was higher in all the station its values ranged between 2.11 and 9.32µg/L. The concentration of Phaeophytin ranged between 1.10 and 4.64 µg/L.

WAPCOS Limited 7-9 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 A total of 39 species of phytoplankton were recorded from this area The phytoplankton density ranged between 68083 and 142703 cells/L.  The zooplankton community is generally considered as the chief index of utilization of aquatic biotope. In the present study, a total of 27 species were recorded from 41 stations. The Zooplankton density ranged between 10483 and 28431 org./m3.  The coastal and estuarine biological communities, especially the benthic assemblages are routinely being used as indicators of ecosystem health. . In the present study, a total of 42 benthic organisms were collected from 41 different locations of Cochin back waters. Among the 42 species 25 were polychaete, two amphipod, 10 bivalves and five insect larvae. The density of benthic organisms ranged between 637 and 4022 org./m2.  The fish assemblages and fish catch data are traditionally used as indicators of ecosystem health. Being a navigational channel area, large-scale commercial fishery is not conducted within the study area. In the present study, a total of 33 species were identified from Cochin backwaters. Among them Oreochromis mossambicus are Anguilla bicolor are coming under the category of Near Threatened as per IUCN status remaining species are under the category of Least concern and Not evaluate.  Small mangrove patches scattered in the Cochin backwaters. The major species recorded in these areas are Avicennia officinalis, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Excoecaria agallocha, Acanthus ilicifolius, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera sexangula, Bruguiera cylindrical, Sonneratia alba, Sonneratia caseolaris. Among them Avicennia is the dominant one  The main principle of environmental management is to ensure that the disturbance due to dredging is kept minimum and within the assimilative capacity of the affected environment. This has to be done by integrating action plan for mitigating predicted adverse impacts and should be done on regular basis through comprehensive environmental monitoring with seasonal (pre- monsoon and post-monsoon) investigations. The aspects covered as a part of the Marine Environmental Management Plan are listed as below:

 Managing Turbidity  Noise management  Oil and other noxious spills

WAPCOS Limited 7-10 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Managing Terrestrial flora and fauna  Aquatic Biodiversity Management Systematic information has been derived from a set of survey conducted along the proposed project sites to derive detailed information on the prevailing environmental conditions and biodiversity in the region. Details have been discussed in the results section of the report. It is evident that the proposed sites of jetty construction are not sensitive areas as they don’t have any mangrove coverage in the proposed regions. None of the regions were observed with any scheduled marine forms and hence construction in this region will not put any ecological pressure.

Ecological stressors and mitigation procedures

The proposed project involves construction of jetties along the backwaters of Ernakulam region. As none of the proposed jetties are on any biologically sensitive zone, the construction of jetties in these regions poses null threat to the ecosystem. Constructional activities proposed in the region should have to be governed carefully with expert opinion, as activities involved in the construction may cause adverse impact onto the surrounding ecosystem. A well-defined management and monitoring plan needs to be in place for each of the aspects related to the proposed project activity. Management procedures include practices of various modes to support a developmental project by avoiding, support or mitigating environmental impacts.

Managing Turbidity

Need of turbidity management Uncontrolled sediment plumes into the marine ecosystem hamper the productivity through disturbing the light penetration. Reduced productivity disrupts the trophic level of the system causing large scale disturbance in the ecosystem associated flora and fauna. High amount of plumes affect the fishery by blocking the gills resulting in anoxia and mass mortality. These management procedures are to minimise the volume of fine sediments / silts introduced into the marine environment through various construction activities and to minimise / manage the spread of sediments generated by construction activities.

WAPCOS Limited 7-11 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Possible mitigation plans

Turbidity should have to be monitored through observations and in-situ measurements to proactively manage sediment plumes into the surrounding system. Following steps can be taken to manage turbidity in the construction sites,

 In-situ measurement of turbidity and have to be careful not to exceed the limit given by state pollution board at 1000 meters from the construction sites.  Estimate the plume extend and direction.  All material from piling and other construction operations have to be recovered on land and not discharged directly into the marine environment. Noise management

Need of noise management Cochin backwaters are famous livelihood for a variety of migratory and local birds, dolphins and turtles. These animals are very sensitive to noise disturbances around them. Noise levels above the tolerating level for these animals from construction activities may pose a threat to them and will destroy the ecological niche. It is hence necessary to adapt proper procedures to manage the noise produced from constructional activities so that the ecosystem around the project sites will not be disturbed.

Possible mitigation plans

Noise management is very important in near shore construction activities as large noise disturbances can disrupt the normal existence of birds and marine mammals in the surrounding environment. The following plans may be followed for management of noise from construction,

 Construction activities to be undertaken in accordance with the noise pollution (regulation and control) rules, 2000.  All equipment used during the construction phase to be regularly maintained to ensure efficient operation.  Noise-dampening equipment to be used on equipment with excessive noise generating characteristics Oil and other noxious spills

Oil spill into the marine system has detrimental effect; Oil destroys the water repellency of a bird's feathers, thus exposing these creatures to the harsh elements. Without the ability to repel water and insulate from the cold water, birds and mammals will die from

WAPCOS Limited 7-12 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

hypothermia. Many birds and animals also ingest oil when they try to clean themselves, which can poison them. Fish and shellfish may not be exposed immediately, but can come into contact with oil if it is mixed into the water column. When exposed to oil, adult fish may experience reduced growth, enlarged livers, changes in heart and respiration rates, fin erosion, and reproduction impairment. Oil also adversely affects eggs and larval survival. It is hence very crucial to govern the input of oil and other noxious materials to the aquatic ecosystem from the construction sites. Possible mitigation plans

 The potential for spills of oils and other noxious substances to the environment should be minimized as low as reasonably practicable. Steps should have to be taken to reduce the storage of oil and other noxious materials in the construction site and provide all necessary training and resources for a spill response.  All oil and other noxious materials should be stored in an appropriate store room that is capable of holding 110% of a spill from the largest container, or 10% of total volume of stored liquids, whichever is greater.  Refuelling of vehicles/equipment should be undertaken on land (not over water) so that the spill possibility can be reduced.  Drip trays shall be placed under mechanical stationary equipment so that oil drips from the equipment will not get into the ecosystem hampering the living resources.  All equipment should be regularly serviced to reduce emissions and to reduce the chance of oil leaks on site and in marine environments.  Appropriate volume and type of spill response materials should be made available at each construction sites.

Managing Terrestrial flora and fauna

Need of terrestrial flora/fauna management Construction activities in the near shore region can pose stress to the terrestrial flora and fauna surrounding it. Unmanaged transportation of construction materials through areas outside the constructional zone may destroy the prevailing vegetation in the region. Dumping of excavated sediment material onto the terrestrial region without considering the underlying vegetation also poses serious threat to the terrestrial flora and fauna.

Possible mitigation plans

WAPCOS Limited 7-13 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Ensure that the terrestrial fauna surrounding the construction sites are minimized and activities outside the constructional zone will be avoided.  A buffer area to be decided around the construction area, so that all construction activities have to be concealed within the buffer area.  Ensure no activities outside the works zone through clear delineation of the works area. Ensure traffic is restricted to established tracks and roads, and speed limits observed.

Aquatic Biodiversity Management

Need of terrestrial flora/fauna management A constructional activity in the near shore area for jetties includes piling of, that possibly excavate large load of sediments. Entrainment of these sediment plumes into the water column will increase the turbidity of the water column. This can have large scale impact on the survival of fishery resources. High sediment deposition in the near shore system may also largely affect the benthic animals residing in the region. Possible mitigation plans

 Proper maintenance of construction equipment, so that unwanted spill of oil and other construction materials into the aquatic environment can be controlled.  Net enclosure using silt screens to be established along the jetty construction area (piling sites), as this can prevent the spread of sediment across the construction site as well as to the aquatic ecosystem.  Vessels which are going to be used in the constructional activities should be equipped with spill response kits as well as experts with experience in spill response activities. Endurance and recovery of biodiversity in the ecosystem depends on the local ecological factors as well as on the impact of stress induced onto the system. Complete avoidance of ecological impact while development is practically impossible, but measures can be taken to reduce the amplitude of impact on the ecosystem by adopting issue specific mitigation plans. Some of the common mitigation measures to be considered while implementing the project is briefed as follows,

 Impacts can be minimized by conducting timely visits on the construction sites by scientific experts to validate the activities in the construction zones.  Adhere to the best construction practices available so that the impact can be reduced in a greater extend.

WAPCOS Limited 7-14 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Regular maintenance of all the activities and deployment of trained personnel will reduce many impacts. Unexpected accidents can be reduced in larger scale.  Organic solid and liquid waste on the vessels involved in project as well as from the construction sites should not be disposed in the ambient waters. It should be properly processed and or disposed as per the guidelines.  Breeding season (June-July) are sensitive period for the aquatic fauna and all modes of disturbances (piling and other activities) should be avoided during this period.  Areas should be predefined way from coastal regions for the disposal of excavated sediments from construction activities. Adhere to these locations for disposal piled sediment material. 7.7 RISK AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN

WAPCOS Limited 7-15 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

7.7.1 Approach Risk analysis and Disaster Management for Kochi Water Metro Project (KWMP) involves planning what to do before, during and after a disaster or emergency occurs. Through further understanding these hazards and assessing a structure’s behaviour to them, helps in better preparation for disasters management. A risk-informed, performance-based approach is adopted offering opportunities to better understand and identify credible hazards and develop alternatives that allow stakeholders (owners, government, etc.) to make risk-informed decisions as to how best protect heritage, environment, lives, livelihood and meet disaster mitigation objectives. This approach provides tremendous value including:  Preserving our heritage and environment  Embrace local heritage, resources, and methodologies  Limit damage and aesthetic impact  Cost-effective solutions  Maintain functionality of sites  Enhance life safety For the Kochi Water metro project disaster assessment is carried out in 2 stages, 1. Construction phase of the project 2. Operational phase of the project 7.7.2 Procedure The disaster management for Kochi project involves the following stages  Hazard and Risk Identification Process  Classification and frequency of Hazard identification process  Disaster Mitigation Planning  Emergency Access Assessments  Emergency Response Equipment Planning  Disaster mitigation and Preparedness Planning  Disaster Response Planning  Disaster Recovery Planning 7.7.3 Risk/Hazard Identification Process Hazard identification process is the first stage of the preliminary Hazard Identification (PHA). It is a systematic and structured assessment of potential accidents. During the assessment, consideration will be given to all potential scenarios that might occur regardless of their likelihood, and how the system will be operated in practice, including the potential for operator errors. Safety requirements are identified as

WAPCOS Limited 7-16 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

mitigation measures, which shall then be taken care by the design of the respective Sub- systems. The assessment is based on the experience gained on other metro projects but also takes in to account the specificities of the project, including operation condition, climatic condition and high occupancy period. Following broad categories has been considered for carrying out PHA for boats. For each of these broad categories, sub-categories are then identified with the help of the participating group based on which detailed PHA sessions are carried out.  Abnormal behaviour  Vandalism  Collision  Criminal behaviour  Overcrowding  Capsize  Entrapment  Evacuation  Explosion  Fire  Security concerns  Structural damage / collapse  Natural hazards  Slip/trip/fall of persons  Pollution hazards All hazards identified in this PHA are categorized by their frequency of occurrence and severity. When a hazard is identified, an estimate on the likely frequency of occurrence is made based on the frequency given in Table-7.6. The severity of the hazard is also ranked based on the definitions given in Table-7.7. The combination of frequency and severity will determine the risk rating of the hazards. Table-7.8 is used to categorize the hazards. The potential acceptability of the risk is then assessed according to Table-7.9. The acceptability will drive the efforts to be paid to mitigate each risk. Table-7.6: Classification of Frequency of Hazard Occurrence Category Frequency Range Description Guide A Frequent >= 100 / year Likely to occur frequently. The hazard will be almost continually experienced. B Probable >=1 - < 100 / year Will occur several times. The hazard can be expected to occur often. C Occasional >=1E-2 - < 1 / year Likely to occur several times. The hazard can be expected to occur several times. D Remote >=1E-4 - < 1E-2 / Likely to occur sometimes in the system life cycle. The year hazard can be reasonably expected to occur a few times over the system life.

WAPCOS Limited 7-17 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

E Improbable >=1E-6 - < 1E-4 / Unlikely to occur but possible. It can be assumed that year the hazard may exceptionally occur during the system life. F Highly < 1E-6 / year Extremely unlikely to occur. It can be assumed that the Improbable hazard may not occur during the whole system life

Table-7.7: Hazard Severity Level Severity Level Consequences to Persons or Environment 1 Catastrophic Fatalities and/or multiple severe injuries and/or major damage to the environment. 2 Critical Single fatality and/or severe injury and/or significant damage to the environment. 3 Marginal Minor injury and/or significant threat to the environment. 4 Insignificant Possible minor injury.

Table-7.8: Safety Risk Matrix Hazard Severity Levels Safety Risk Matrix 1 2 3 4

A R1 R1 R1 R2

B R1 R1 R2 R2

Frequency C R1 R2 R2 R3 Of Hazard Occurrence D R2 R2 R3 R4

E R3 R3 R4 R4

F R4 R4 R4 R4

Table-7.9: Risk Rating R1: Intolerable Shall be eliminated R2: Undesirable Shall only be accepted when risk reduction is impracticable and with the agreement of Client or the local Safety Authority R3: Tolerable Acceptable with adequate control and the agreement of the client R4: Negligible Acceptable

The various risk identified for the project is given in Table-7.10 and 7.11.

WAPCOS Limited 7-18 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-7.10: Potential risk and mitigation measures during Constructional Phase of the Project Sl. No Hazard Action Plan Accidents, Injuries due to : Certified contractors shall maintain high standard of work 1 environment Working on heights, risk of fall Falling material and Safety plan shall be prepared and followed stringently on collapses Working on wet surfaces/ fragile roof. site: • Restricted entry Mechanical Hazards, Chemical Handling, Electrical Hazards, • Permit Systems (wherever applicable) with clear work Hot work instructions • Training, supervising site workers to follow safe operating procedures(SOPs) • Signpost slippery areas, safety shoes with a good grip to the workers /supervisors • Use of Proper PPEs like Helmet, safety goggles , safety belts , safety shoes , safety jackets , safety torch • Use of safety nets while working from heights • Covered walkways • Combustible Materials, Paint, Plastics stored on site as per manufacturer guidelines & Safety Regulations. • Electrical equipment shall be regularly checked and properly maintained Portable public address system 2 Fire/Explosion Hazard due to Electrical fire • Dry riser with hydrant outlets on the floors constructed with a fire service inlet Hot work (cutting, welding & brazing etc.) • Provision of temporary Fire Fighting Water Supplies and appropriate Fire Suppression Measures. Storage of Combustible materials • Prohibition of smoking on site , Restricted smoking Zone during construction • Use of PPEs full covered heavy material cloths , leather high toped fire resistance boots and gloves, use ear plugs or muffs, respiratory

Protective equipments, etc.

WAPCOS Limited 7-19 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl. No Hazard Action Plan Controlling the dust pollution by dust suppression on site . 3 Health hazards due to Biological, Air, Water pollution, • Cordoning site with barricades Noise/vibration, confinement place entry, painting • First Aid • Use of Proper PPE • Adequate drinking water and sanitary facilities • Occupational Health, Life safety of Workman during construction activity • Nearby hospitals are identified

Local flood Increase in the Finished Ground Level as part of construction stage to prevent rain water accumulated on surrounding 4 areas to enter into the project area.

Provision of storm water drains at entry/ exit point to prevent entry of rain water

Provision of adequately sized storm water drains to discharge the storm water from the project area into the external storm water drainage system. External Storm water system is sufficient to cater to this additional discharge. 5 The structural design is certified as per IS criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures Earthquake Certification from Structural Engineer regarding EQ Resistant Design 6 Underground water storage tank of adequate capacity Fire • Automatic Fire Hydrant System • Automatic Sprinkler System • Portable Fire Extinguishers • Analogue Addressable Fire Alarm System with Emergency Voice Evacuation System • Manual Fire Alarm System • Provision of refuge areas • Fire lifts

WAPCOS Limited 7-20 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl. No Hazard Action Plan

• ensure that the site and reserves of building materials and 7 Noise soil are properly enclosed; • equipment can be made quieter by modifications, such as adding new mufflers or sound absorbing materials. • Equipments will be checked for proper maintenance • Temporary barriers/enclosures (e.g. plywood with sound absorbing materials) can be built around noisy equipment. These barriers can significantly reduce noise levels and are relatively inexpensive.

Table-7.11: Potental risk and mitigation measures for the Project Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 1 Water 1. Damaged hull 1. Water entering the D 1 R2 Boat to be designed for Logging/Water 2. Pipeline Failure boat and leading to 1. Provision to be made to pump out ingress of Ingress into the 3. Grounding/Stranding sinking water from any space inside the hull using a bilge boat 4. Stain tube Damage as a 2. Boat Capsizing or pump. result of fishing net boat tilting 2. High level Alarm on the console with automatic entangled in the propeller pump activation blades 3. Intact stability check as per IMO and Kerala IWT 4.Stability to be defined as per IMO rules (Bulkhead Positioning) 5. Provision of buoyant material to make boat unsinkable 6. Provide life jackets for every person ( as per capacity) 7. Provide LSA & FFA equipment as per Kerala IWT and India IV Act

WAPCOS Limited 7-21 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 2 Environmental 1. Extreme weather Water pollution due to D 2 R2 Best Management Practices (BMPs) and erosion conditions discharge of engineering design to limit soil erosion and 2. Falling of shore site suspended solids mobilization /transport of sediments from 3. Careless vessel disturbed area movement 3 Carrying of Security flaws, Non Explosion in Boat, D 1 R2 A Redundancy room will be installed at OCC explosive operational CCTV, Security fire, flammable material Suffocation due to gasses emitted, Panic situation Fatality due to fire and explosion 4 Improper Quality 1. Construction flaws, 1. Safety concerns D 3 R3 1. Proper quality checks to be imparted during Control 2. Improper Housekeeping 2. Ridership might get the construction of boats 3. Air Pollution affected 2. Should maintain Proper housekeeping during 4. Noise Pollution operations 3. Regular maintenance to be carried out as per schedule 5 Propulsion System 1.Oil based DE Failure 1. People will get D 4 R4 1. Lower Anchor immediately to prevent drifting Breakdown 2.Gen set Failure stranded in middle of of the boat 3. Electric motor , Shafting water 2. Inform workboat immediately system failure 2. Panic Situation 3. Redundancy to be provided for engine failure 4. Control system failure 3. Chances of like other alternatives having battery backup for (telemetry failure, governor Stampede and fall of immediate operation failure, wire breakage, people into water 4. Communication system to be provided for short circuiting) emergency message dispatching 5. Spares pool maintenance for immediate replacement 5. Boat should be designed for taking double the capacity for which it is designed. 6. Towing of the damaged boat to be made easy

WAPCOS Limited 7-22 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 6 Fire in a Boat Boat designed using 1. Suffocation due to D 1 R2 1. Use of material in accordance to fire/smoke flammable materials and gasses emitted norms applicable to a Boat environment and of emitting of thick smoke, 2. Water / air low fire load high temperature, large Pollution 2.Boat borne smoke detector/under frame fire flames 3. Fatality due to fire wire detection to be provided 3. Alarm available for passengers Adequate design of the ventilation system 4. Operational rules to maintain a clear environment to avoid accumulation of potential combustible materials and non-smoking policy in all premises Strict adherence to the PMS Training for the operating staff 7 Jamming of Shafts leading 1. Suffocation due to E 2 R3 1. Under frame heat detectors to be provided. to an overheat propulsion gasses emitted 2. Adequate periodic maintenance of the boats. system (Mechanical) 2. Water / air 3. Water sprinkler systems to be provided in boat Pollution for fighting fire along with standard fire fighting 3. Fatality due to fire equipments 8 Short circuit leading 1. Suffocation due to D 1 R2 1. Boat inborn smoke detector/under frame fire to ignition of the gasses emitted wire detection to be provided. conductors and 2. Water / air 2. FFS to be provided in boats for fighting connections Pollution electric fires 3. Fatality due to fire 3. Respect of the state of the art rules during design and maintenance of the electrical equipment 9 Ignition due to overheat of 1. Suffocation due to D 1 R2 1. Boat borne smoke detector/under frame fire the electrical and gasses emitted wire detection mechanical equipment 2. Water / air 2. Adequate dimensions of the electrical and Pollution mechanical equipment in regard to the state of 3. Fatality due to fire the art rules

WAPCOS Limited 7-23 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 10 Due to leak of Fuel/ Battery 1. Suffocation due to D 1 R2 1. Fire extinguisher placed. catching fire due to gasses emitted 2. Designed with proper ventilation overheating of electrolyte 2. Water / air 3. Battery maintenance to be adhered Pollution 4. Flooding of boat ( ref: DNV GL report) 3. Fatality due to fire 11 Insufficient Obstruction Suffocation of a D 3 R3 1. Communication means available for passengers ventilation system person due to lack of to warn Driver and OCC of the boat with air renewal 2. Adequate periodic maintenance of the person trapped in ventilation system schedule to be prepared boat for a long 3. Procedure to determine the necessity of boat period withdrawal in case of single, multiple, total AC/ventilation devices failure 12 Defect of fan or regulator Suffocation of a D 3 R3 1. Communication means available for passengers person due to lack to warn Driver or OCC of air 2. Adequate periodic maintenance of the ventilation system 3. Procedure to determine the necessity of boat withdrawal in case of single, multiple, total AC/ventilation devices failure 13 Defect of power supply Suffocation of a D 3 R3 1.Redundancy of power supply and emergency person due to lack light should come (ON) of air renewal 2. Adequate periodic maintenance of power supply equipment 3.Adequate operation procedure to initiate boat evacuation in case of prolonged power failure 4.Communication means available for passengers to warn Driver or OCC

WAPCOS Limited 7-24 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 14 Non detection of the Suffocation due to gas D 3 R3 1. Detection of smoke in passengers accessible gas or smoke accumulation emitting or areas in polluting liquid or 2. Smoke detectors in non accessible areas to areas accessible to smoke passengers passengers 3. Provision for smoke control system in the Boat ( GAS Detection System) 15 Alarm information not sent Suffocation due to gas D 3 R3 1. Communication equipment redundancy or not emitting or 2. A redundant communication system should be received polluting liquid or available in case of failure of the communication smoke system 3. Smoke detectors placed in all the areas 4. Word of Mouth or action 16 Presence of Excessive Suffocation due to gas D 3 R3 1. Choice of material in accordance to the state polluting materials temperature or emitting or of the art rules applicable to a Boat or incompatibility of polluting liquid or 2. Rooms that contain batteries should be fluids the materials smoke ventilated, especially as temperature increases (Continuous temp monitoring) 3. Alarm should be provided in the OCC in case of ventilation failure in Rooms with batteries 17 Slippery Boat floor Inadequate design or Person trips or falls D 3 R3 1. Use of non -slippery material for the Boat floor slippery floor 2. Adequate operation procedure to limit because of rain/sand wet/sandy spillage etc surfaces 3. Provision to be made to clean the slippery surface immediately

WAPCOS Limited 7-25 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 18 Insufficient lighting Failure of the Boat lighting Person trips or falls C 3 R2 1. Audio device available to warn the OCC staff of in Boat system the lack of lighting 2. Adequate number of car lighting equipment -redundant circuitry for lighting 3.Adequate periodic maintenance of the boat lighting 4. Sufficient spare bulbs to be maintained 19 Excessive Excessive longitudinal jerk Person trips or falls E 3 R4 1. Warning chime on speed acceleration/decel with Limitation of the longitudinal jerk during eration of a moving passenger operations Boat simultaneously not using 2. Grab poles and hand rails available for support passengers handles 3. ABLS system at OCC to be activated to show excess speed

20 Excessive side jerk Over speed in a curve with Person trips or falls E 3 R4 1. Definition of the maximum speed limit of the of a moving boat passenger Boat to be displayed and generated by the simultaneously not using 2. ABLS system at OCC to be activated to show waves support handles excess speed. Improper planning 3. Proper training for the staff 21 Loss of balance of a panic situation Person trips or falls D 3 R3 1. Adequate design of the access from the boat to person during an the evacuation pontoon and marking of passage operation, 2. presence of trained staff to manage a panic passengers heading situation 22 to the pontoon Evacuation from boat Overcrowding of the D 3 R1 Every boat should be designed to take double the rescue boat maximum load envisaged

WAPCOS Limited 7-26 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 23 Evacuation from boat Fall of a person during E 1 R3 1. Operation procedure to ensure safe evacuation an evacuation on the of pontoon passengers 2. Adequate design of the access from the boat to the walkway (no gap) 3. Audio intercommunication and video devices should allow the OCC staff to manage a panic situation 24 Evacuation from a in Midway : Engine Failure, Overcrowding of the E 1 R3 The boat to be designed to carry 100 % excess sinking/Engine Hull damage rescue boat. passenger capacity ( stability). failure boat 25 at Jetty : Engine failure, tripping and falling in E 1 R3 1. The boat should be designed to make maximum Hull Damage, to water when the people evacuate in the shortest possible time to evacuation from pontoon. sinking boat at a jetty 2. The boats to have guide ways which can be opened with ease in case of an emergency. 3. Additional emergency evacuation door to be added. 4. Adequate number of FFA and LFA 5. Staff trained for emergency situation 6. Provision to alert nearby boats and OCC 26 Contact with a hot Inadequate insulation of Burn due to contact D 2 R2 1. Respect of the state of the art rules concerning surface parts accessible to with a hot liquid or thermal passengers or maintenance object insulation of potentially hot equipment. staff 2. Trainings to be provided to staff and first aid kit 3. Adhere to defined safety norms for maintenance

WAPCOS Limited 7-27 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 27 Unexpected overheat Burn due to contact D 2 R2 1. Design of equipment to avoid accessible hot of an equipment accessible with a hot liquid or surface to object 2. Warning Stickers in case of unavoidable hot passengers or maintenance surface staff accessible to maintenance workers 28 Person exposed to Contact of a person with Electric shock D 2 R2 1. Devices fitted with high voltage should not be high voltage in Boat installations fitted with accessible to passengers. high voltage (, electrical 2. All power supply circuit and equipment are to equipment boxes...) be designed in accordance to local codes on wiring of electrical equipment Procedure on the maintenance of high voltage devices 3 Use of warning signs 29 Boat departs with No safety feature Trap of a person E 1 R3 1. Adequate working conditions and competency passenger considered to prevent between the test and certification for driver trapped between starting of the boat under boat and the pontoon 2. Mirror will be fitted near the driver to have Pontoon and this situation of a person from the clear vision on the alighting and boarding points Boat doors Mistake of the boat driver boat to the Water 3. Interlocking can be provided between ramp closing and engine starting

30 Weather Hazard Weather & environmental Erroneous boat E 1 R3 Proper communication to be maintained between condition detection leading to OCC and all boats. This is necessary to warn about boat collision at worst adverse weather condition.( NAVTEX) case. Capsizing causing fatalities & severe injury

WAPCOS Limited 7-28 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 31 Non or delayed Collision of a vehicle E 1 R3 operation of brakes in motion with 1.Chances of collision with pontoon ( Propulsion another vehicle : rear- 2.Damaged to boat reversal) end, side-on or head-on collision 32 Backward Failure of the travel Collision of a vehicle E 1 R3 1. All stopped boat during evacuation, passengers movement of Boats direction in motion with exchange or parked position should be control another vehicle : rear- immobilized in a safe way end, side-on 2. Operating procedure to ensure that driver or head-on collision applies anchors/ moored properly during evacuation, passenger exchange or parked position

33 Malfunction of System/Power Failure Collision of a vehicle E 1 R3 Redundancy to be provided for all systems and Communication in motion with also proper quality checks to be imparted for all other systems another vehicle : rear- COTS components equipment end, side-on or head-on collision

34 Over speed of a Driver mishandling Collision of boat E 1 R3 The maximum speed target should be set to result boat or in a safe state of operation and operator to be inadequate trained on applying proper Prop torque stopping distance techniques. Alarm system to be incorporated to indicate over speeding

WAPCOS Limited 7-29 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 35 Person present in Non detection of the 1. Suffocation and C 2 R2 Proper inspection to be done before the boats are the boat when it presence of a person in the getting stranded docked at the end of the day is withdrawn from boat withdrawn from Revenue Revenue Service and the Service person leaves boat subsequently 36 Vehicle overload Excessive or badly Boat can Capsize B 1 R1 Passenger entry is restricted by the ticketing distributed load system 37 Obstacle on the Object fallen from Boat can capsize due A 1 R1 1. Inform the OCC way infrastructure to a loss of guidance 2.Regular check on fixture of the infrastructure on the route or to an element left on the route or outside environment (e.g. sandstorm, earthquake, flooding, lightning etc.). 38 Panton gets 1. Wear and tear of 1. Passengers getting E 2 R2 1. Periodic maintenance and frequent inspection detached fastening equipment stranded in boat of pontoon fastening system 2. Heavy swell

39 Wrong operation of doors opening Drowning E 1 R3 1. Proper Training to be provided to the operator. the Boat doors on the opposite side to the 2. Sensor can be placed which talks with the boat Pontoon and people do not door and the pontoons notice that the open door is not on the actual side

WAPCOS Limited 7-30 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 40 Departure with Failure of the Boat door Fall of a person from D 1 R3 The departure authorization of a Boat is only open door where person can move in the boat, drowning allowed or out of Boat when the closed/locked status of the boat door is as Boat starts to move ensured. This is a safety critical feature Interlocking between door closure and engine starting 41 Breakage of the Breakage of a panel, a Fall of a person from E 2 R3 1. Respect of the state of the art rules for the Boat parts windshield, the boat, Drowning dimensions the gangway, the floor of the parts related to the boat to be followed 2. Stringent quality check to be performed during construction

42 Fall due to rush or Inadequate Trap of a person E 2 R3 1. The infrastructure gauge should allow a to the gap between infrastructure gauge between the Pontoon maximum gap the pontoon and calculation and Boat distance (to be defined) between the boat and the the boat 2. Pontoon in the worst conceivable operation configuration 3. Adequate periodic maintenance of the pontoon 4. Proper Crowd control by attendance 43 Trap of a person in closing command failure Trap of a person E 2 R3 Audible alarm emitted before the doors closing the boat door due (closing without warning) between the Pontoon Obstacle detection during boat door closing to an unexpected and Boat closing 44 Trap of limbs, baby Defect of the boat Trap of a person E 2 R3 Audible alarm emitted before the doors closing car, doors motoring or command between the Pontoon Obstacle detection during boat door closing wheelchair, during reception and Boat passengers exchange at the Jetty

WAPCOS Limited 7-31 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 45 Presence of a sharp 1.Inadequate design Contact of a person E 2 R3 1. Respect of the state of the art rule for the object 2.Damaged equipment with the sharp design of equipment accessible to passengers to accessible to that became sharp object avoid sharp or passengers or prominent objects maintenance staff 2. Adequate maintenance/operation procedure on sharp or prominent equipment accessible to staff

46 Insufficient Failure of the lighting Delay in the D 1 R2 1. High availability of the emergency lighting visibility during system evacuation process in 2. Audio device available to warn the OCC staff of evacuation on the case of fire the lack of lighting line 3. All exit lightings and exit signs are designed in accordance to codes with retro reflective tapes

47 Inadequate design Design of pressurized air Explosion of a D 1 R2 1. Adequate dimensions of tanks considering the of pressurized tank pressurized maximum conceivable pressure values devices equipment in the Boat

48 Inadequate design Design of power electronic Explosion of power D 1 R2 1. Respect of the state of the art rules during of power component electronic design of electronic component in power electronics equipment component the Boat 49 Bad boat Gangway design issue or Fall at the interface D 2 R3 1. Floating pontoons at low tide area positioning in low tide between the boat and 2. Proper berthing of the vessel with respect to regard to the high the high level the jetty by the operator level walkway walkway during passenger egress

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Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 50 Overcrowding at Late arrival of boats to Multiple consequences C 3 R2 1. Proper boat regulation gangways / stations the worst being PA announcement for crowd control terminal passengers being 2. Assistance from customer care pushed to water and 3. Controlled access to paid area thus getting drowned

51 Suicide by jumping Access to open door or This can lead to boat D 3 R3 Restriction for passenger movement during the into water or man move around for passengers delay, legal journey. Doors to be locked automatically over board litigations and thus unnecessary disturbance to water metro operation.

52 Overloaded Boat Improper crowd Minor injury to D 2 R2 Effective crowd control during boarding the boat management passengers inside procedure during boarding boat under normal situations. Under emergency situations, there may be severe injury and difficulty in evacuation

53 Public vandalism Object thrown from Passenger minor C 3 R2 Liaison with law and order department . Proper neighbourhood injury. boat security persons to be deployed and material damage. Worst case selection to be checked like toughened glass may create boat to capsize

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Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 54 Software bug System connection to Malfunction of critical C 3 R2 Special protection at the design level shall be unauthorized networks / software like considered to restrict the unauthorized access to poor fire AFC system may lead external devices such as external storage devices wall provisions / No to serious etc., antivirus safety consequences provision of restricted login control shall be software etc. leading severe injury provided. due to crowding and stampede

55 Improper CCTV Poor design (coverage & Security lapse which B 2 R1 Design coverage prediction and post coverage & equipment) in worst case implementation quality can lead to severe coverage study shall be conducted consequence Reputed vendors to be selected during contract like bomb blast in award stations process.

56 Incompetent Poor resource management Security lapse which B 2 R1 Government security agencies shall be employed security staff in worst case by KMRL can lead to severe . consequence like bomb blast in stations

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Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 57 Improper Terminal Poor safety consideration in Possibility of B 2 R1 Proper Terminal closure procedure considering closing procedures passengers trap inside safety procedure station, sabotage issues motive can cause severe damage to Terminal infrastructures

58 Poor intrusion No design consideration Security lapse which C 2 R2 CCTV system & ACIDS (access control and detection system in worst case intrusion detection system) shall detect can lead to severe unauthorized movement consequence like bomb blast at jetties

59 Pollution 1. Water pollution due to Affect the marine life 1. Periodic servicing to be done for all engine littering related components as per SOP’s 2 Air pollution due to DE 2. People to be educated about safeguarding the engine environment through the visual display system in 3. Noise pollution the boat 4. Oil pollution from 3. Proper maintenance schedule to be maintained hydraulic system if fitted at the OCC level in which the system identifies the maintenance schedule and the information is passed on the boat yard which withdraws the boat from service for maintenance 4. The boat to be covered with no provision for littering into water 5. Trashcans to be provided inside the boats

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Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 60 Not having Safe 1. Improper Access planning 1. Trip, fall into water A 2 R1 1. Safe means of access and egress should be Means of Access 2. Negligence towards safe and drowning provided and Egress access to site between a working area and 3. Illumination (i) safety vessel; 4. House Keeping (ii) the shore; 5. Not having proper 2. Efficient lighting should be provided at all barrications means of access and egress. 3. Means of access and egress and their approaches should be free from obstruction and, as far as practicable, kept clear of any substance likely to cause a slip, trip or fall. 4. Green nets to be provided and work area should be barricaded

61 Rescue and 1. Not having approved 1. Loss of critical time A 1 R11 . The occurrence of an emergency situation Emergency SOP's for saving a person should be informed immediately to the rescue Arrangements 2. Lack of knowledge and team for immediate launching of appropriate concern towards safety 2.Confusions and rescue procedures. chaos and panic 2. Sufficient rescue/evacuation boat(s) should be among workers provided and kept ready for immediate use in case of emergency 3. Serious emergency situations should be reported immediately to the public emergency authorities, i.e. Fire Services Department and/or , for assistance 4. Standard SOP's should be defined 5. Rescue facilities, including sufficient stretcher(s), portable resuscitation equipment and first aid

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Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 2. facilities, should be provided and kept readily accessible for emergency use

62 Safe Use of 1. Not having approved 1. Drowning A 2 R1 1. Lifebuoy with a buoyant safety line of 30 Lifejackets/Buoyan SOP's 2. Fall into water meters cy Aids 2. Lack of knowledge and 3. Panic among long should be available for use, and the locations concern towards safety workers of lifebuoys should be at less than 10 -metre 4. Legal complications intervals along the edges of places, in vicinity work area. To avoid any delays to rescue operations, lifebuoys should not be tightly tied to posts. 2. Ramps of adequate strength should be provided for the access of work area from shore 63 Safe Use of Lifting 1. Injury to Workers B 2 R1 1. For all equipments risk assessment for work Appliances/Mobile 2. Delay in completion over/near water should be conducted and Plant of work reviewed periodically by a competent person. 2. Insurance and worthiness should be checked periodically 64 Safe System of Safe System of Work D 2 R2 1. Tasks specific risk assessment for work Work over/near water should be conducted and reviewed periodically by a competent person. 2. All potential hazard(s) involved in the work over/near water, e.g. drowning, overturning of mobile plant/equipment into water and collapse in confined spaces, should be identified, listed out and addressed 3. A safety plan for work over/near water should be established and should be reviewed at regular intervals 4. Necessary safety instructions to be displayed

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Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk 65 Working At Height 1. Trip, fall into water A 1 R1 1. Suitable guard-rails and toe-boards should be and drowning installed at edges. Openings should be properly 2. Loss of life /Fatal covered where persons are liable to fall from injury due to fall height, to land surfaces or into water. 3. Fall leading to 2. Suitable working platforms, with suitable disability guard-rails and toe boards, should be provided for work at height. Safe means of access and egress should be provided for the working platform. 3. Safety harnesses with continuous and effective anchorage system should be provided when it is impracticable to provide a suitable working platform, access and egress and safe place of work. 66 Slips, trips, or falls 1. Issues with housekeeping 1. Slip into Water and A 2 R1 All employees must receive training on the nature and keeping the work area drowning of the fall hazards at the site and on how to avoid slippery 2. Bodily Injury from falls. 2 Not using Safety Nets Fall When work takes place over water, both of the 3.Safety Harness following must be in place: 4. Collapse of scaffolding A skiff or boat for emergency rescue operations, 5. Lack of training equipped with paddle or oars, a ring buoy or other life preserver, and a reach extension device. One or more ring buoys, with at least 90 ft. (27.4 m) of line attached, located at 200 ft. (61.0 m) intervals across the distance of the work area that is over water. 67 Collapse of 1. Building temporary E 1 R3 Temporary structures near flood plain structures 2. Soil Erosion

68 Water Pollution ( 1. Issues with storage Water Pollution A 3 R1 Adequate trainings to be provided to employees Oil/Lubrication/Pai 2. Carelessness in Handling working at waterfront. nt/Varnishes Proper Covering to be done prior to finishing to

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Sl Hazard Description Potential Cause Potential Risk Ranking Potential Hazard Elimination / Mitigation

No Consequence Measures (Potential Safety Requirements)

Freq Sev Risk Spillage) ensure that paints are not seeped into water

69 Waste Disposal 1. Improper training and 1. Soil and Water A 3 R1 Adequate trainings to be provided to employees lack of awareness Pollution working at waterfront. 2. Lack of Trashcans and 2.Leptospirosis Dustbins to be provided and awareness camps to non-periodic cleaning be conducted. Schedule for waste pickup to be developed and awareness camps to be conducted 70 Collapse of Weather & environmental 1. Trip, fall into water D 1 R2 Emergency procedures, including Temporary conditions and drowning rescue/evacuation structures 2. Loss of life /Fatal procedures, should be formulated and reviewed injury due to fall regularly in the safety plan for, but not limited 3. Injury from flying to, adverse weather (typhoon, thunderstorm, objects heavy rainstorm, etc.), fire, injuries of workers, etc. An emergency contact list (internal and external) should be displayed on board.

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7.7.4 Disaster Management “Disaster Management” means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for the following:  Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster;  Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences;  Capacity-building;  Preparedness to deal with any disaster;  Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster;  Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster;  Evacuation, rescue and relief;  Rehabilitation and reconstruction 7.7.4.1 Objective The objective of the DMP is:  To save life and alleviate sufferings;  To minimize any adverse effects on people, damage to property or harm to the environment;  To facilitate a rapid and effective emergency response and recovery;  To provide assistance to emergency and security services;  To communicate vital information to all relevant persons involved (both internal personnel and external agencies) with a minimum of delay; and  To keep all systems ready to handle any disastrous situation. The Disaster Management Manual and the associated Standard Operating Procedures that accompany the DMM serve as the centralized repository for the information, tasks and procedures that would be necessary to facilitate KRML management’s decision making process and its timely response to any disruptive or extended interruption of the department's normal business operations and services. This is especially important if the cause of the interruption is such that a prompt resumption of operations cannot be accomplished by employing only normal daily operating procedures. KMRL shall ensure that its employees are trained and prepared through emergency planning arrangements through specific post and competency requirements, training modules and participation in emergency exercises. 7.7.4.2 Levels of Incidents/ Disaster Level 0: An event or series of events causing no adverse impact on person(s), property, environment or services, but which may require attention of operation & maintenance

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staff. Level 1: An event or series of events causing delay to services up to 30 minutes during peak and 45 minutes in off-peak hours or limited damage to property or minor injury to person or death due to nonoperational reasons e.g. medical condition. OCC manages the level 1 event, with or without the assistance of external services, without the need for immediate information to concessionaire/authorities or trigger of the Disaster Management Manual. However, Chief Controller may inform OCC Manager if required. Level 2: An event or series of events causing delay of boat services exceeding 30 minutes during peak and 45 minutes in off-peak hours or limited damage to persons, property or the environment. OCC manages the level 2 event as per Incident Management Plan, with or without the assistance of external services. Chief Controller shall inform OCC Manager or On-call Senior Manager who will inform concessionaire/authorities if the disruption is over 30 minutes. Level 3: An event or series of events causing severe injury or death to one or more persons, significant damage to property or the environment, or security threat which lead to the triggering of the Disaster Management Manual. OCC Chief Controller shall immediately inform the authorities for any event of level 3. OCC Manager or senior member of management shall coordinate activities with other authorities and external agencies. Authorities will trigger Disaster Management Manual and mobilize additional resources. 7.7.4.3 Disasters In Water Metro Project Following situations shall be treated as Disaster for Kochi Water Metro  Fire  Boat Accidents (Collision, Capsizing)  Man over board or Suicide  Terrorist Attacks and Bomb Blast  Bomb Threat  Unmanageable Crowd  Natural Calamities  Wide Spread Violence And Public Disturbance  Reckless Operation of Boat  Driving under the Influence of Alcohol  Equipment Failure

The management of incidents causing delays and disruptions to passenger services are dealt separately through KWM’s Operations and Maintenance Plans and the supporting Standard Operating Procedures to these Plans. These incidents of level 0 and 1 are,

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therefore, not considered in this Plan. Incident / accident of level 2 may lead to the implementation of the DMM, while Level 3 events trigger it automatically. Approach Averting a disaster or response to mitigate the severity of disaster, as it relates to passenger boat accidents , require (i) prior and adequate advance Knowledge of likely incidents; (ii) availability of instruments/facilities to contain the risks; (iii) arrangements/ tools to facilitate quick resurrection; and above all (iv) facility ofskilled manpower support to organize the pre and post event response mechanisms. Thus the guidelines are presented in five related segments as below:  Weather Forecasting & Early Warning System- This is dealt in the second chapter wherein the spatial and temporal variations in climate characteristics and the resultant impacts are discussed. It is essential that boat owners and water way management authorities must pay attention on weather bulletins and guidelines issued by local meteorological organizations to avert boat tragedies.  Safety Standards & Specifications – These aspects have been discussed in chapter 3 wherein the importance of safety measures are discussed in details. The general safety measures expected to be adopted by boat operators are dealt with in this chapter. In addition, safety standards for mechanized and non- mechanized boats are also discussed.  Regulatory & Legal Issues- This is discussed in chapter 4. The regulatory provisions of national waterways, the existing ferry acts and rules and other legal issues are discussed in this chapter. The model rules are discussed in this chapter with roles and responsibilities of the proposed Inspectorate of Safety.  Search and Rescue – The Search and Rescue operations in the aftermath of boat accidents are equally important as the mitigation measures. The chapter 5 discusses these issues in details in reference to boat and navigation safety. Some of the important aspects like Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), Accident Management Plan, Emergency Search and Rescue, Response mechanisms at boats/vessels, rescue elements at Jetties, medical action plans etc. are discussed in this chapter.  Capacity Development- The Capacity Development aims to create enabling environment with appropriate policy and legal framework, institutional development including community participation through which individuals, organizations and societies obtain, strengthen and maintain capabilities to set and achieve their own development objectives over time. The plan includes KWM’s detailed approach to managing disasters by:  Regular assessment of the risks involved in Operation and Maintenance activities with adopting mitigation measures in order to prevent disasters by improving procedures and the use of the systems that support the safety of Kochi Water Metro.

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 Continuously development/optimization of Operation and Maintenance procedures in order to prepare for potential disasters and the use of systems based on a change in the assessment of the threat to Kochi Water Metro.  Effective response in managing all categories of disasters by KWM in terms of the standard and tested approach.  Speedy recovery from the disastrous situation to the point of normal planned operations and maintenance activities can resume.  Analysing the disaster management worldwide, adopting lesson learnt to continuously improve existing processes. KMRL approach to deal with disaster is based on two different levels of emergency plan:  The Disaster Management Plan which covers incidents that may affect specific corridors, e.g. stalled boats or loss of local communication or power control through to incidents that impact on all three Corridors I, II, and III involving stations and boats, e.g. major power failure, major loss of communications systems, major flooding and terrorist attack;  Local plans which cover specific locations, e.g. stations, OCC, maintenance Boatyards e.g. station evacuation due to congestion or local security alert. Both emergency plans are integrated and mutually support one another. The findings of the Risk Assessment Process are used to structure the content of these plans, as necessary. Rules dealing with operational emergencies and incidents are documented in the KMRL Standard Operating Procedures. In the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that support this Plan, KMRL will detail the specific activities that will apply to each of the disaster scenarios. The SOPs encompass: a) Accidents  Accident involving people in a Boat between stations  Accident involving people at station b) Fire  Dealing with fire at Terminal  Dealing with fire in OCC  Dealing with fire in Boat (At station or in between stations)  Dealing with fire in Boatyard  Dealing with fire adjacent to Terminal c) Man-made disasters  Dealing with acts of Sabotage  Dealing with act of crime including assault on employees  Dealing with riots, arson, vandalism on a large scale & civil disobedience  Dealing with terror attack  Dealing with bomb blast, bomb threats  Dealing with stampede  Dealing with nuclear/ Biological/ Chemical attack  Dealing with Drunken Crew/Passenger d. Natural disasters  Dealing with earthquake  Dealing with floods  Dealing with pandemic outbreak or potential Epidemic  Dealing with stormy weather e. System related disasters

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 Dealing with capsizing with casualty  Dealing with collision with or without passengers  Dealing with structural damage in steaming  Dealing with total power failure during steaming

7.7.4.4 Organisation and their Roles and Responsibilities Authoritise The Disaster Management Act, 2005 defines formation of different level of authorities, their roles and responsibilities, members and their key functions during disasters. Following chart explains the authority, members and their key functions during disastrous situations: Central Government Authorities National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) S. No. Authority Members 1 NDMA Chairperson: Prime Minister Other members: nominated by Chairperson (not exceeding 9) Roles and Responsibilities of NDMA  To lay down the policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management for ensuring timely and effective response to disaster  Approve the National Plan  Approve plans prepared by the Ministries or Departments of the Government of India in accordance with the National Plan  Lay down guidelines to be followed by the State Authorities in drawing up the State Plan National Executive Committee (NEC) No Authority Members 1 NEC Chairperson: The Cabinet Secretary to The Government of India Other members: The Secretaries to the Government of India in the different Ministries or Departments

Roles and Responsibilities of NEC  Assist the NDMA in the discharge of its functions  Implementing the policies and plans of the NDMA  Prepare National Plan

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 Ensure the compliance of directions issued by the Central Govt. for the purpose of disaster management in the country State Government Authorities State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMA) No Authority Members 1 SDMA Chairperson: Chief Minister of State Other members: (not exceeding 9) nominated by Chairperson; and Chairperson of the State Executive Committee

Roles and Responsibilities of SDMA  Lay down the State disaster management policy  Approve the State Plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by the National Authority  Approve the Disaster Management Manuals prepared by the departments of the Government of the State Coordinate the implementation of the State Plan  Recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures  Review the development plans of the different departments of the state and ensure that prevention and mitigation measures are mitigated therein;  Review the measures being taken for mitigation, capacity building and preparedness by the departments of the Government of the State and issue such guidelines as may be necessary.

District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) No Authority Members 1 SDMA Chairperson: Collector or District Magistrate Other Members:Elected representative of the local authority; Chief Executive Officer of the District Authority; Superintendent of Police; Chief Medical Officer of the district; not exceeding two other district level officers, to be appointed by the State Government.

Roles and Responsibilities of SDMA  Prepare a Disaster Management Manual including district response plan for the district  Coordinate and monitor the implementation of the National Policy, State

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 Policy, National Plan, State Plan and District Plan  Advise, assist and coordinate the activities of the Departments of the  Government at the district level, statutory bodies and other governmental and nongovernmental organizations in the district engaged in the disaster management; Kochi Water Metro Kochi Water Metro administration at different level has following set up of organization to deal with the Disastrous situations arising in Water Metro. The organization to deal with any eventualities is as follows. The roles and responsibilities and the standard operating procedures will be captured in a separate document.

MD KMRL

Disaster Management Committee

GM- Water Metro (Designated Person)

OCC Chief Controller (SMOC)

Safety Officer

FLRRU Support Staff ERU

Disaster Management Organization (DMO ) First Line Response & Recovery Unit (FLRRU) always on site, initiate recovery actions within the first minutes of an incident, and are trained – and supported by adequate operating procedures – to mitigate and contain the effect of a disruption on service or on passengers comfort, until further intervention of the SLRT. This team includes OCC Staff, Terminal Staff, Boat Operation staff and in some cases Maintenance staff. Second Line Response Unit (ERU or SLRRU) consisting of systems’ specialists provides emergency response capability across the entire system. The ERU is available to attend

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incidents on 24-hour standby basis and is trained to deal with all foreseeable boat related incidents. These units are located in the boatyard, on site or on-call whenever possible, and are scheduled and deployed so that they can attend to an incident on the mainline within 30 min to 45 min. They are trained and equipped with all necessary spare parts and tooling to permanently fix the failure (if not exceptional failure). This team includes Team leaders of different department of maintenance division, Boat Crew Controllers, Assistant Managers, Safety Manager and other experts from different divisions. Managers of different departments of Operation, Maintenance and Other divisions can also be called upon. Disaster Management Committee (DMC) consisting of Managing Director, All Directors, Executive assistants – will be involved in providing all needed assistance, damage control and keep liaison with non-emergency external agencies, take strategic decisions. No Name of Unit Members 1 All field staff on duty (Station controller, Boat Operator, FLRRU Boatyard Controller, Engineers, Technicians, Security Staff, OCC Staff) 2 System experts/specialists and Managers of concerned ERU Divisions (Operation, Maintenance, QHSE, Other divisions); Nominated LIO; al 3 DMC MD, Directors (P), Director (S),Delegated representative, Admin Support Roles and Responsibilities of DMO No Name of Unit Members 1 24/7 on call to attend any emergency across the 3 corridors FLRRU Gather information, Transmit to all concerned, Evacuate, Provide relief, Save life, Seek assistance, Barricade, Coordinate with external agencies locally 2 Carry out relief and recovery activities, Coordinate and help ERU with external agencies, Provide technical inputs, Provide probable time of restoration, Assess the loss/damage and seek assistance accordingly. Monitor and supervise the movement on other sections. Provide technical instructions on infrastructure/ system related issues. Update information to DMC about the rescue 3 DMC Prepare the DMM. Provide advice on safety matters, provide all admin related support, relief and restoration activities. Manage interface with external authorities, Monitor all Relief and Rescue activities. Damage control, Media management, Plan Long term response and recovery process, Key strategic decision making, Liaison with nonemergency external bodies like

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4 LIO Monitor and control all rescue & relief activities; Single point of contact with OCC; Close liaison with other agencies; 5 Contractor’s Assist and help LIO as per his instructions. Staff

7.7.4.5 Preventive Capability of Kochi Water Metro Preventive capabilities of Kochi Metro may be ensured by drafting Operational procedures and with state of art systems. These can be defined as follows: KMRL Organizational Capabilities: Senior Manager (Chief Officer) on Call (SMOC) Senior Manager shall be called by OCC Chief Controller only for Level 2 and 3 incidents. Exceptionally, Senior Manager can be called upon by Chief Controller if this one has strong presumption the situation could deteriorate to a level 2 or 3 incident without exceptional measures. Operational Control Centre (OCC) OCC is a centralized control centre for controlling and coordinating the boat running and other workstation operational activities on the water. The OCC is continuously staffed for: a) Control Monitoring and control of the boat service, b) Control of power and environmental systems, c) Incident Management, and d) Dissemination of Information, as required. OCC is fully equipped with system facilities for controlling the boat movements and incident management. In the event that the OCC is rendered inoperable by a disaster. Communication workstation – For effective communication between different actors BMS workstation – For controlling Auxiliary systems (Lift/Escalator/ Light/ Ventilation) CCTV workstation – For monitoring and supervising different areas of station Fire Alarm Control Panel – For controlling and monitoring Fire detection and suppression system. OCC is placed under the responsibility of the Chief Controller who is managing all operational activities on the entire Kochi Water Metro Competent and Trained Manpower KMRL will provide best training to all employees in order to achieve the world class services. All employees are provided with an Initial Training program to bring them to the required competence level and shall also be regularly provided refresher training. In addition to refresher trainings, regular practice sessions on safety critical issues shall also be planned in the form of drills by Respective Assistant Manager Level to keep the

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knowledge of all employees updated. The drills shall include “First aid and firefighting” practice in addition to other operational and maintenance activities. Initial Training is split in 3 different phases as follows:  Induction training  General training  Job specific training (includes disaster Management) KMRL emphasizes to build confident, competent and effective manpower by providing training which involves handling the crisis situations. In regard to disaster management, training includes roles & responsibilities of each employee, first intervention/response by the employee that is specific to their role, individual training in the collective response that is specific to their role and the group drills testing the collective response. Individual skills are emphasised in the initial training as detailed in the Training Modules. Collective skills are emphasised in drills. All employees will receive the following crisis management training apart to job-related training: a) First aid b) Fire Fighting training Practical hands on exercises are part of the training program and ensure every staff member will have the opportunity to perform and learn their role entrusted on him in Standard Operating Procedures of different scenario of crisis/ disaster situations. Supporting Agencies In addition to KMRL staffs, supporting agencies are required to manage emergency situation. In order to ensure both KMRL and supporting agencies are capable of handling emergency situation they are required to participate in at least two or more disaster exercises each year including a fire response. This is an exercise simulating a disaster scenario where KMRL emergency response staff must respond and recover from disaster along with supporting agencies. KMRL Liaison and Interface with Other Agencies The main point of contact between KMRL and other agencies is the Chief Controller located in the OCC. Chief Controller has all available communication means to enter in contact with agencies. Points of contact within these agencies are identified as follows. Agency Point of contact of OCC Chief Responsible to call Controller Fire Brigade TPC Police OCC Medical OCC KMRL SMOL

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Site Inspections and Familiarisation Other agencies will, in order to be able to apprehend the management of an emergency situation, be familiarized with Metro premises, installation and operation. During familiarization the concerned agency shall also be shown the designated place to report during the emergencies. These designated reporting points shall be mentioned in SWO of concerned station. This is done thru site inspections along with KMRL staff. Joint Drills Joint drills will be organized between KMRL and other agencies in order to:  Implement defined process by all parties,  Test communication channels,  Test equipment,  Further improve processes. Two of such drills will be initiated in a year, nature of the drills will be proposed by (QHSE Division) to agencies. Staff Deployment Kochi Water Metro’s proposed deployment of staff is based on our assumptions for minimum number of staff required for smooth operations. KMRL’s detailed staff deployment plans are contained in respective Operational Plans. Depending on the severity of the incident/ accident, and skills required to solve it, the following means can be called out and implemented: 7.7.4.6 Preparedness Level Of Alertness Preparedness is of prime importance in order to manage an emergency situation as it shall whether avoid an emergency situation to occur or to limit the consequences of such emergency situation by an early detection. Alertness is providing KMRL the framework of:  defined behaviors& attitudes to be followed,  defined processes to be implemented,  additional equipment installation and use,  additional staff to be deployed. 3 levels of alertness are defined for man-made disaster (terrorism) and natural disasters: low, medium and high. Natural disasters Pandemic alert The following table various prevention measures to be taken in case of pandemic alert.

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The pandemic alert level shall be initiated/driven by the local DDMA and communicated to KMRL thru OCC Chief Controller in case of status change.

Prevention Measures at Various Pandemic Alert Levels Item Low Medium High Changes in PPE Face masks issued t o

staff Vehicle Cleaning Disinfect all Practices surfaces in Boat Station Cleaning Disinfect surfaces in Practices public areas Vehicle Equipment Increase Staff taken out of Checks replacement public area and will frequency of HVAC only work in filters separate areas Staff Deployment Staff taken out of public area and will only work in separate areas Passenger Communicate to Communications passengers to travel only if its required

Storm Alert The following table provides various prevention measures to be taken for various storm alert levels. The storm alert level shall be initiated/driven by the local DDMA and communicated to KMRL through OCC Chief Controller in case of status change. Prevention Measures at Various Storm Alert Levels Item Low Medium High Vehicle Availability Normal procedures As per Law No preventive maintenance to be undertaken and all vehicles available Pump Checks Normal Schedule Additional visual Test run pumps Checks check of Pumps Drainage Checks Normal scheduled Additional visual As per Medium checks check of drainage

Terrorism Alert The terrorism alert level shall be initiated/driven by the local Police department and communicated to KMRL thru OCC Chief Controller in case of status change.

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The following table provides various prevention measures to be taken for various terrorism alert levels. Prevention Measures at Various Terrorism Alert Item Low Medium High Vigilance Ensure staff and Ensure staff and contractors contractors Ensure staff and remain vigilant for items as for aware of: contractors Medium, as well as unusual items  suspicious aware of: in air conditioning systems, fans, Items left in  suspicious and blowers. Especially in high traffic Items left in isolated areas. areas or high traffic adjacent to areas or key adjacent to facilities; key  unattended facilities;  parked  unattended vehicles parked  in secure vehicles in areas; secure  suspicious areas;  behaviour  suspicious (taking photos of behaviour infrastructure or (taking storage areas, photos of persons evading infrastructu view) re or storage areas, persons evading view) Public Normal Provide the Provide the public with regular Communications communications travelling PA’s regarding leaving items focusing on public unattended and to report prevention of additional suspicious activities or items to criminal activity message on police or facility management general alertness Staff training Provide staff Same as medium + weekly drill with specific for evacuation refreshing course on emergency situation (evacuation, crowd management. Boatyard Provide Prohibit all external access to the security additional Boatyard (no visitors). Limit if security staff possible supplier delivery. for Boatyard Systematic ID checks inside the roving / CCTV Boatyard.

WAPCOS Limited 7-52 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

monitoring. Random ID checks within the Boatyard. Infrastructure Additional Reinforced systematical infrastructure infrastructure checks for checks for lost/suspicious items. lost/suspicious items Police Police presence Daily update on the situation. interface within the Higher police presence inside the metro (roving metro. Army presence within the teams) metro Operation Unclaimed or As for Medium, and particularly unattended for Litter bin management: baggage remove all litter bins from systematically high considered as traffic/circulation/evacua suspicious items tion areas; Stabled Boat at clear plastic bags on metal night on line to or plastic hoops to be be guarded retained at low traffic density sites;

7.7.4.7 Response Communication Flow Good communication is vital for the success of the DMO and key to a satisfactory outcome to the incident. It is very important for all members of the DMC to feel they have been heard, and that the OCC Chief Controller resists the temptation to hoard information and utilises broadcast opportunities appropriately, providing up to date summaries on what is happening for everyone in the room. The warning can come from different sources, such as:  Passenger or front line staff reporting to the OCC  CCTV detection from OCC or SCR  Fire detection system  Civil Authorities Contact Details Communication flow management between agencies following a warning is presented in the below diagram:

WAPCOS Limited 7-53 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Communication protocol (OCC CC to Police or Fire Brigade) Mobile phone communications, other than those for the purpose of managing the incident, are to be kept to a minimum. Note that mobile phones are likely to be unreliable during a crisis due to overloading of the network. It is important to note that all information collected and recorded may need to be scrutinized later. All logs and notes taken by KMRL staff in the ERU/FLRRU must not be disposed of. SMOC Communication Protocol (OCC CC to SMOC) For communication initiation, the following information shall be transmitted by the Chief Controller to the SMOC:  Date and time of incident  Description of nature and extent of the incident (including location/affected area)  Description of impact of incident (including how many customers have been or may be affected)  Details of the threat or potential threat to transport or public safety  Reason(s) for the incident occurring / possible cause(s) of the incident  Actions taken or proposed to be taken to rectify the incident and its impacts

WAPCOS Limited 7-54 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

7.7.4.8 Reflex Action Alert and containment is done at this very first stage. The actions are taken in the first 3 minutes of an incident, on receipt of an incident report. The OCC determine the applicable Disaster Management SOPS, and alert the Senior Manager On-Call (SMOC). The OCC also warn the different emergency services as required per the situation, and mobilise the right response team (First line response, second line response). Emergency service information is priority on SMOC information. 7.7.4.9 Degraded Operation Within the next 5 minutes, the OCC Chief Controller make an analysis and introduces the best possible service (dependent upon the incident severity) to enable passenger to reach their destinations with minimum disruption. If the service cannot be maintained, the OCC Chief Controller stops all the boats on stations, with doors open, as far as possible. At this time the OCC Chief Controller designate a Local Incident Officer (LIO) to handle the interface locally with the authorities while he keeps the centralized coordination and to ensure safety precautions are established and procedures followed. 7.7.4.10 Mobilisation Based upon inputs from the Chief Controller and in consultation with the Managing Director, the SMOC decides the mobilisation of internal resources in case of an event of level 2 or 3. Following his decision, he will request all other members to join the premises. DMC is located in the OCC building, next to the OCC and is fitted with monitoring and communication equipment. The purpose of the DMC is to monitor closely the rescue / relief operation, control and minimise loss (human, financial, resource, reputation) related to an escalating critical incident or crisis, and to protect the interests of all those with a vested interest with Kochi Metro Rail Limited. The DMC focuses on the longer term response and recovery arrangements and looks into business continuity. The DMC provides a high level oversight role, and key strategic decision making and planning for longer term business continuity, including looking into reputation risk that the FLRRU/SLRRU do not involve itself with. The DMC will be responsible for the external liaison with other non-emergency services bodies and media response. All communications and decision within OCC should go through the OCC Chief Controller who remains the operation in charge, implementing decision taken by DMC. The DMC representatives can use checklists assigned to them presented in Appendix to assist & guide them with carrying out their actions in response to the incident. Below is a summary of the roles and responsibilities of the various roles within the DMO:

WAPCOS Limited 7-55 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 OCC Chief Controller: This person is the key decision maker for determining the immediate and short term response and recovery arrangements resulting from a disaster or an incident that could lead to a disaster. The OCC Chief Controller shall be part of deliberation/ decisions taken by DMC. OCC Chief Controller may be supported by OCC, Station and Operations manager to provide their advice and manage rosters if required (part of the SLRRU),also provide support on operational procedures, take key decision in consultation with MD, liaise with head of civil authorities for better coordination, make efforts for speedy recovery and introduction of normal services.  Chief QHSE Officer: Provide safety advice to DMC and maintain contact with the Chief Surveyor, Port of Registry during the incident.  CFO – Provide financial support as and when required.  CHR – Provide support to other divisions, liaison with civil defence for additional manpower,  Help admin to provide drinking water, refreshment for working team  Admin Support: Provide administrative support to the DMC, including its setup, updating the  DMC whiteboards, plotting & logging events, updating status of events, send and retrieve faxes & emails, organise vehicles for movement of men/material, arrange petty cash for emergency purchases, organise catering, if required.  LIO – Coordinate rescue and relief activities, single point of contact between OCC and site, liaise with external agencies; LIO shall wear specially designed jacket so that he can be easily identified by external agencies.  Representative of external agencies (police, fire brigade, Cost Guard, Navy, Port Trust) 7.7.4.11 Disaster Management Room The Disaster Management Room is fitted with the below equipment:  Fax / printer  Network connection  Landline connection  Radio communication equipment  CCTV monitoring equipment  Signalling monitoring equipment  Building Management System monitoring equipment

WAPCOS Limited 7-56 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Power Supply monitoring equipment

Below is the Disaster Management Room layout showing the position of equipment:

7.7.4.12 Disaster Response Kit The Disaster Response Kit is kept in Disaster Management Room and should include following items:  updated KMRL Disaster Response Plan and SOPs  updated KMRL manuals, policies and procedures  maps & site plans  pre – printed forms for log entry as in Appendix  dedicated laptop with appropriate network access  marker pens;  pens  updated call out list  catering company contact details

WAPCOS Limited 7-57 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

7.7.4.13 Coordination With Emergency Services While handling incidents which require involvement of emergency services, proper coordination and task distribution between metro personnel and emergency services personnel is imperative. The main principle is that command of rescue work will be with the emergency services. They will carry out actual work while water metro personnel will support them by providing necessary information on incident, guidance on safety aspects from OHE and providing available resources as requested for handling the situation. Following tasks are performed by metro personnel during crisis management:  Inform the incident details and access points for incident site on call.  Depute one metro employee in uniform at designated access point for guidance to all external  agencies summoned for rescue and relief work.  Liaise with external emergency agencies through LIO.  Brief In-charge of external agency on safety aspects like Boat movement.  Guide Emergency Services to the field.  Provide safe access into metro premises and hand over the incident site.  Gathering of incident information.  Assist in/provide rescue and relief work.  Stay at disposal if required.  Make necessary arrangement for required action.  Provide resources if required.  Take clearance for service resumption. Following tasks are performed by emergency services personnel while dealing with incidents in metro premises:  In case of Fire, Fire Service Officer will be overall in-charge of incident management.  In case of Collision, Law & Order situations Police Officer will be in-charge of the incident management.  Liaise with metro personnel on site (LIO) for necessary information and required arrangements.  Provide rescue and relief in coordination with LIO.  Be responsible for safety of their staff and act in liaison with Water metro personnel in charge to ensure safe working condition on incident site.  Give clearance to Water metro personnel for resumption of services.

WAPCOS Limited 7-58 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 During the intervention of emergency services, OCC remains in charge of coordinating metro activities. Thus he shall be informed of emergency services requests.  Information and support to families of victims is done by the concerned emergency authorities. Handling of Different Types of Disasters in Kochi Water Metro The main objectives of disaster management are to: o Arrange rescue and relief work to save life and alleviate sufferings o Minimize the damage o Restoration of normal working as soon as practicable. In order to achieve these objectives KMRL has laid down following guidelines for handling different disaster scenario in Kochi Water Metro. In addition to the basics of disaster handling following actions shall be taken by OCC and LIO during the course of rescue and relief work. S. No. Type of Disaster Actions by Staff 1 Fire  Use available fire extinguishing material  Regulate Traffic  Barricade area  Evacuate the passengers, if required.  Remove inflammable material from site. 2 Collision  Regulate Traffic  Evacuate Passengers; seek assistance (Medical, Police, Fire etc.), Barricade area  Save life & administer first aid  Assess damage  Mobilize required assistance  Monitor Rescue & relief work  Collect live information and disseminate to all concerned  Take fitness after rescue operation is over  Restore normal work 3 Capsizing  Regulate Traffic  Collect vital information  Evacuate passengers, if any  Save life and administer first aid, if required  Mobilize required assistance  Collect information and disseminate  Take clearance and fitness of all vital systems  Restore normal work 4 Passenger in Water,  Inform all concerned authorities water on board ( Suicide)  Take action as per SOP 5 Bomb Threat (detection)  Collect as much information as available

WAPCOS Limited 7-59 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. No. Type of Disaster Actions by Staff  Inform security, Call Police  Evacuate passengers, if requested by Security  Make relevant announcement  Coordinate with security  Take clearance 6 Terrorist Attack  Stop Boat movement  Evacuate all passengers from all corridors  Inform Police  Coordinate with Police  Take clearance and restore normal operation 7 Stampede (overcrowding)  Reduce passenger intake in station  Inform Police  Coordinate with Police  Take clearance from Police 8 Law & Order  Stop Boat or close Jetties  Manage service in other part of the line  Inform Police  Coordinate with police  Take clearance 9 Natural Calamities  Stop Boat movement  Evacuate passengers  Inform DDMA  Coordinate with DDMA  Take clearance and restore operation 10 Alcohol Consumptionby  Offload from operations of boat Crew  Inform OCC Chief Controller  Mobilize new crew for substitution

7.7.4.14 Evidence Preservation All evidence potential for investigation shall be protected unless required to be removed:

1) to save lives;

2) to eliminate exposure to hazards;

3) to minimize damage to properties;

4) to comply with existing incident handling procedures. Staff involved in the incident should seek authorization from LIO before removing or disturbing the evidence at the scene, unless it is necessary to do so expeditiously for any of the following reasons: Local incident Officer will authorize incident recovery, area cleaning or repair at the scene (thus removal or disturbance of evidence) after consulting the Chief Controller and the local Authority representative (Police usually). This shall be strictly followed in particular in case of fatalities or severe injuries. Additional manpower for industrial accident fatality may also be called in by the Police through concerned ministry.

WAPCOS Limited 7-60 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Chief controller will check if evidence shall be preserved in coordination with the in-house technical department prior to his approval. This shall allow on-site investigation if required and also quick service recovery when possible. Local Incident Officer shall capture incidents details in photographs, where possible, or sketches swiftly to capture available information. Representatives of parties involved in the on-site investigation shall minimise disruption to passenger service, if it is so affected. 7.7.4.15 Recovery The aim of the recovery phase is to restore operation to a normal level of service. It differs from the response phase in its focus, as recovery efforts are concerned with issues and decisions that must be made after immediate needs are addressed. The recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. At the onset of a disaster scenario, actions are to be taken to enhance the effectiveness of recovery operations. Recovery is both a short–term activity intended to make the affected areas safe, in addition to returning some level of boat service to operation, and a long– term activity designed to return infrastructure and boat operations systems to pre– incident conditions. The welfare of the affected people is addressed in the recovery phase and will be carried out by the lead Emergency Services agency For KMRL, the main focus of the recovery phase is to return the site to its previous state. This can only occur after the lead Emergency Services agency or the Kochi City Police has declared the site safe, and no longer a crime scene or disaster scene. Once deemed safe to do so, the priority of the DMC in the recovery phase is to resume services as quickly as possible. In a terrorism or major crime scenario, there are likely to be longer term business continuity issues for Kochi Metro Rail Limited. These issues are to be discussed Chief Controller in coordination with the SLRRU, who will communicate to the DMC if they require any assistance. Service Recovery The specifics of each service recovery will depend on the nature of the incident and may involve the progressive introduction of services until a full level of service can be reached. KMRL has a number of SOP’s that detail operational methods in different degraded modes. Various combinations of these can be used. 7.7.4.16 Operations There are a number of alternatives that can be used individually or in combination to commence a service recovery of services after a disaster these include:  Recovery of disabled Boat as per the General Rules and SOP Boat Rescue

WAPCOS Limited 7-61 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

 Operating short loop services on either side of a contained disaster site as per SOP on Provisional Services and the SOP on Short Loop Services  Operating on a single line around the contained disaster site as per SOP on Single Line  Working  Management of the operation through a degraded mode as detailed in the General Rules Recovery of operations may also include re-instating certain equipment that had been shut down as a result of a disaster scenario, an example could be the shutting down of OHE. In this case, the reinstatement of equipment would be done in accordance with the General Rules and the procedures for the reinstatement of equipment such as the SOP Powering Up a Section Post Maintenance. 7.7.4.17 Maintenance The role of maintenance in the recovery revolves around the inspection and repair of assets after a disaster. Maintenance SOPs detail inspection requirements and repair activities for each category of assets. These will be applied as appropriate during the recovery to return the asset to an operable state as quickly as possible. Systems and Data Recovery KMRL will maintain backups of all data and will secured it off-site in a protected location. Operation control systems are designed with redundancy with a secondary system which is in a position to relieve a primary system in the event of primary system failure. This reduces the probability of data loss. In the event of a loss of data from both the primary and secondary system, KMRL will use the backups to recover the data with minimal loss. During the response phase, it will be the responsibility of the SLRRU to plan for data recovery. Staff Recovery Due to the high intensity nature of disasters during the preparation and response phases, it is often easy to overlook the stresses that these incidents place on staff. The actions of staff are often enhanced by a combination and a sense of duty and adrenaline creating a situation where exhaustion and stress can be managed by the individual in the short term. However, this can create issues during the recovery phase as staff exhaustion can restrict the recovery of operations. Shift Management Disaster situations often require staff to work for extended periods particularly during the preparation and response phase. Despite the workload during the phases, it is essential

WAPCOS Limited 7-62 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

that there are sufficient rested staffs to recover the service once the situation is contained. During the response phase, when the SLRRU is focused on the incident, it will be the responsibility of the DMC to conduct staff planning for the recovery and to ensure there are sufficient rested staffs available to operate the recovery services. Counseling Staffs are often required to deal with extremely stressful situations during a disaster situation and the inability to manage these stressors can lead to post-traumatic stress both in the short and the long term. During the disaster scenario, KMRL will engage with the provider of employee counseling services to provide counseling to staff during the response, recovery and post-incident. This will be managed by the DMC.

An amount of Rs. 20 lakh can be earmarked for Disaster Management purpose.

WAPCOS Limited 7-63 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER-8 PROJECT BENEFITS Kochi Water Metro Project is an integral link in the perceived Urban Metropolitan Transportation Model for Kochi, wherein the Metro rail, land feeder services, earmarked pavements for cycle and pedestrian movement and water metro would be integrated to ease the traffic congestion and reduce the pollution in the city. KMRL has established the Kochi Water Metro Project for development of a modern water transport system for the Greater Cochin region under the UMTA. This shall bring substantial and dynamic improvement in the water transport scenario of Kochi. The main focus of the project is developing a sustainable Integrated Water Transportation System for Kochi city, meeting people’s expectations as per international standards and aims to integrate the system with other modes of transport including the metro system over a period of time with an integrated fare and integrated timetable. In the present state, with the ferries having the average trip length of 8.9 km as compared to the average trip length of 11.3 km for public transport in general, the significance of the system for people’s commute between the islands and the mainland is only further justified. Currently the State Water Transport Department is the main operator in the water transport system in Kochi besides the various private operators and localised jangar services. Ferry services are operational between Ernakulam mainland, Fort Kochi, Vypeen, Mattancherry, Embarkation, Bolghatty, Mulavukadu, High Court, Vytilla, Eroor and Kakkanad jetties. Other jetties such as Nettoor, Edakochi, Kumbhalam, Pizhala, Moolampilly, Thanthonithuruth etc are served by private ferry services and jangars. However, the system has been declining over the last few decades owing to depleting boat numbers, low quality of boats, lack of safety measures, lack of reliability and poor access infrastructure to the jetties. The system has seen minimal investment in the system and technology upgrade. On successful implementation of the proposed project the following are the immediate benefits:  Better connectivity of islands around Kochi with mainland is a long-standing requirement  Easy access to scenic islands around mainland will lead to socio-economic development of islands connected by KWMP  Project implementation will enhance overall employment opportunities  Continuous need based training programmes proposed will increase the skill and capacity of the involved stakeholders  Substantial reduction of the vehicular traffic and pollution  Safer passenger movement

WAPCOS Limited 8-1

EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER-9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME 9.1 THE NEED Monitoring is an essential component for sustainability of any developmental project. It is an integral part of any environmental assessment process. Any development project introduces complex inter-relationships in the project area between people, various natural resources, biota and the many developing forces. Thus, a new environment is created. It is very difficult to predict with complete certainty the environmental scenario during project construction and operation phases. Hence, monitoring of critical parameters is essential during project construction and operation phases. Monitoring of environmental indicators signal potential problems and facilitate timely prompt implementation of effective remedial measures. It will also allow for validation of the assumptions and assessments made in the present study. Monitoring becomes essential to ensure that the mitigation measures planned for environmental protection function effectively during the entire period of project operation. The data so generated also serves as a data bank for prediction of scenarios during construction and operation phases in similar projects. 9.2 AREAS OF CONCERN From the monitoring point of view, the important parameters are resettlement and rehabilitation of project-affected persons, marine water quality, ambient air quality, noise, etc. An attempt is made to establish early warning system which indicate the stress on the environment. Suggested monitoring parameters and programmes are described in the subsequent sections. 9.3 MARINE WATER & SEDIMENT QUALITY Construction phase The chemical characteristics of marine water quality shall be monitored once in three months during project construction phase, close to the major construction sites. Both surface and bottom waters shall be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows: Marine Water

Physico-chemical parameters

- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD WAPCOS Limited 9-1 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

- Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides Biological parameters

- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density) Sediments

Physio-chemical parameters

- Texture - pH - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD - Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates Biological Parameters

- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external agency. A provision of Rs.18 lakh/year has been earmarked for this purpose. Assuming construction phase is to last for 2 years and considering as escalation of 10%, an amount of Rs. 37.8 lakh can be earmarked. Operation Phase The chemical characteristics of marine water quality should be monitored once in three months and biological parameters once a year during project operation phase. Both surface and bottom waters should be sampled and analysed. The parameters to be monitored are as follows: Marine Water

Physico-chemical parameters

- pH - Salinity - Conductivity - TDS - Turbidity - D.O. - BOD WAPCOS Limited 9-2 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

- Phosphates - Nitrates - Sulphates - Chlorides Biological parameters

- Light penetration - Chlorophyll - Primary Productivity - Phytoplanktons (No. of species and their density) - Zooplanktons (No. of species and their density) Sediments

Physio-chemical parameters

- Texture - pH - Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen - COD - Sodium - Potassium - Phosphates - Chlorides - Sulphates Biological Parameters

- Benthic Meio-fauna - Benthic Macro-fauna The marine water and sediment sampling and analysis be conducted by an external agency. A provision of Rs.18 lakh/year has been earmarked for this purpose. 9.4 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY Construction Phase Ambient air quality monitoring is recommended to be monitored at close to the major construction sites. The monitoring can be conducted for three seasons. For each season monitoring can be conducted twice a week for 4 consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2. An amount of Rs. 15 lakh/year would be required. Considering, construction phase of two years and escalation of 10%, an amount of Rs. 31.5 lakh can be earmarked for this purpose. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase can be conducted by an agency approved by Kerala Pollution Control Board. Operation phase The ambient air quality monitoring will have to be conducted at six locations. Air quality could be monitored for three seasons in a year. High volume samplers can be used for this purpose. The frequency of monitoring shall be twice a week for 24 hours for four

WAPCOS Limited 9-3 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

consecutive weeks. The parameters to be monitored are PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NO2. The ambient air quality monitoring during project operation phase can be conducted by an agency approved by Kerala Pollution Control Board. An amount of Rs. 15 lakh/year can be earmarked for this purpose. 9.5 NOISE Personnel involved in work areas, where high noise levels are likely to be observed during project construction and operation phases. For such in-plant personnel, audiometric examination shall be arranged at least once a year. The noise level monitoring during construction phase will be carried out by the project staff and a noise meter can be purchased. An amount of Rs.5 lakh has been earmarked for this purpose. 9.6 SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project construction and operation phases is given in Tables-9.1 and 9.2 respectively. Table-9.1: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme implementation during project construction phase S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Sodium, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio-fauna, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters Benthic Macro-fauna

3. Ambient air quality PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and - Summer, Post- Sites Close to NO2 monsoon and construction Winter site(s) seasons.

- Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season. 4. Noise Equivalent Noise During peak Construction Level construction activities Site(s) WAPCOS Limited 9-4 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

Table-9.2: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Programme for implementation during project operation phase S. Aspects Parameters to be Frequency of Location No. monitored monitoring 1. Marine water Physico-chemical pH, Salinity, EC, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters TDS, Turbidity, Phosphates, Nitrates, Sulphates, Chlorides. Biological Light penetration, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters Chlorophyll, Primary Productivity, Phytoplanktons, Zooplanktons 2. Sediments Physico-chemical Texture, pH, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters Sodium, Potassium, Phosphate, Chlorides, Sulphates Biological Benthic Meio-fauna, Once in three months 6-8 sites parameters Benthic Macro-fauna

3. Ambient air quality PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and - Summer, Post- 4 sites near NO2 monsoon & project Winter works seasons. - Twice a week for four consecutive weeks per season.

WAPCOS Limited 9-5 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER-10 COST ESTIMATES 10.1 BUDGET FOR EMP The cost estimates for implementing EMP shall be Rs.3.8 Crore. The details are given in Table-10.1. Table-10.1: Summary of cost estimate for implementing Environmental Management Plan (EMP) S. Parameter Cost No. (Rs. Lakh) 1. Sanitary facilities in labour camps 60.5 2. Measures for Air pollution control 25.00 3. Measures for Noise pollution control 10.00 4. Provision of cost for Fuel 75.60 5. Solid Waste Management 58.34 6. Measures for firefighting system 20.00 7. Measures of public health facilities. 20.00 8. Green Belt Development plan 20.00 9. Disaster Management Plan 20.00 10. Implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme 74.30 during construction phase (Refer Table-10.2) Total 383.74 (Say 3.8 crore)

10.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase has been estimated as Rs.74.30 lakh. The details are given in Table- 10.2. Table-10.2: Summary of cost estimates required for implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during construction phase S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. lakh) 1. Marine Ecology 37.8 2. Ambient air quality 31.5 3. Purchase of noise meter 5.0 Total 74.30 The cost required for implementation of Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase is Rs.33 lakh/year. The details are given in Table-10.3. Table-10.3: Summary of cost estimate required for implementing Environmental Monitoring Programme during operation phase S. No. Parameter Cost (Rs. lakh/year) 1. Marine water quality 18.0 2. Ambient air quality monitoring 15.0 Total 33.0 lakh/year

WAPCOS Limited 10-1 EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER-11 PUBLIC HEARING PROCEEDINGS 11.1 GENERAL The Notice for the public hearing was issued in English (Time of India) and () newspapers on 23.06.2018. A copy of the notice for Public Hearing are enclosed as Appendix-6, Public Hearing for Kochi water metro project was conducted by Regional office of Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB), Ernakulam on 23.07.2018 at 11.30 AM at the Collect orate conference hall, Kakkanad, Dist. Ernakulum. The public hearing was presided over by Shri. K. Mohammed. Y. Safirulla, I.A.S, District Collector, Ernakulum. Shri. M.A Baiju, Chief Environmental Engineer, Kerala State Pollution Control Board, Regional Office, Ernakulum welcomed the gathering. The District Collector explained the purpose of the hearing and requested Shri. Nishanth N., Manager (civil), Kochi Metro Rail Limited to make a brief description of the project. Shri. Nishant N. made a detailed presentation of the proposed project and the representative of the WAPCOS Limited, the consultant assigned by the Kochi Metro Rail Limited explained the details of the Environmental Impact Assessment Study conducted. The representatives of the public attending the hearing were requested to express their suggestions, opinions and objections in respect of the project after the presentation. They were also requested to furnish their objections and suggestions through a written petition either to the District Collector or to the Regional Officer, KSPCB, Ernakulam. 11.2 ISSUES RAISED BY THE PARTICIPANTS DURING PUBLIC HEARING The District Collector invited the public to express their views, suggestion and objections if any after the presentation. The key issues raised during public hearing and response by project proponent are given in Table 11.1. Table 11.1: Points raised by the participants orally, during Public Hearing S. Name and Address Details of representation Answer given by No. of participants Project Proponent 1 Shri. K.J. Maxi, MLA Project helps the public in There will be no finding a solution to the serious changes bring to the traffic issues and also existing fishing nets contributes much in the field of and all efforts will be tourism in Kochi. It is not taken to retain the causing or creating any serious same without fail. issues to the environment as IIT Madras has well as fishing nets located conducted a detailed near the Fort Kochi jetty. He study and have opted has raised his concern about the best location giving the protection of fishing nets. preference to the

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. Name and Address Details of representation Answer given by No. of participants Project Proponent He raised his apprehension Integrated Transport about the work of proposed Facility. Fort Kochi jetty which is located between the two fishing nets. 2 Smt. Shiny Mathew, She welcomed the project As Archeological Town Planning since this is an integrated Department has Standing Committee transport system. She added rejected the proposal Chairman, Cochin that as detailed study has been of Mattanchery jetty, Corporation conducted about fishing nets, the same will be there will not be any chances reassigned and the for serious problems in this necessary clearances matter. She has informed that shall be obtained. permission from Archeological Department shall be obtained at the earliest for Mattanchery jetty. The project shall be commenced soon. 3 Shri. Benedict There were altogether 27 There will be no Fernandez, fishing nets out of which, only changes bring to the Councilor, Cochin 10 nos are existing. At present existing fishing nets Corporation there are 3 fishing nets in fort and all efforts will be Kochi area. The Ministry has taken to retain the already assured that proper same without fail. protection shall be made available for these fishing nets in the meetings held in this regard. Considering the development of West Kochi, this project shall be implemented at the earliest. By the intension of this project much relief for serious traffic issues. 4 Shri. Benny E.X, The implementation of this Regarding providing Chairman project will be a great blessing lighting facility in jetty (Development to the people of the locality as at Kadamakudy, they standing committee, far as Kadamakudy Grama assured that the same Kadamakudy) Panchayath is concerned. shall be done only after Proper care shall be taken for considering the retaining the biodiversity of biodiversity matters that area and adequate care such as issues relating shall be given to the lighting to migratory birds. arrangement in the jetty as it They shall conduct the shall not affect the arrival of detailed discussion with migratory birds. Jetties are not local residents of proposed at locations such as Kadamakudy area in Kothad, Chariyam thururthu, this regard. Pizhala north, hence steps shall Inorder to mitigate be taken to include these tidal fluctuations, places also. He has also added floating type jetty will that there are chances of soil be provided. Fixed type

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. Name and Address Details of representation Answer given by No. of participants Project Proponent erosion due to the waves jetties will be provided hitting the banks and hence the only in places where Metro Authorities shall protect there are constraints the entire banks of the routes. such as where there are narrow roads. Since twin hull type boats are proposed, chances for the formation of waves will be less and hence the destruction of banks due to the boat service will be minimum. They have also informed that the terminals shall be designed considering the flood occurred this year. 5 Shri. M. F. Prasad, Since this project is offering Member ward.7, greater opportunity in the field Kadamakudy Grama of tourism, the residents of Panchayath Kadamakudy are happy to welcome this project. He has also added that arrangement may be made in service routes for making the daily transportation easy. 6 Shri. K.J Sohan, Ex- Kalvathy jetty, seeking priority Kalvathy jetty is not Mayor, Kochi is not added in the project considered in the Corporation report. It will be better to present project as integrate the current Row-Row there is an existing service with the proposed boat jetty and due to Water Metro Project and there the practical difficulty is no necessity of the jetty in to access the bus the proposed area near to the stand. There will be no Chinese fishing net at Fort changes bring to the Kochi area. He said that he existing fishing nets could not understand what the and all efforts will be Metro authorities has meant by taken to retain the the term ‘Integrated Transport’ same without fail. in case of the proposed jetty at Fort Kochi as the people using the water transport has to walk about 250m for reaching the bus stop. He has also stated that the same situation is with jetty also. Eventhough integration was done for all other aspects in the project report, no such integrations were made for the sake of the sake of people using the

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

S. Name and Address Details of representation Answer given by No. of participants Project Proponent transport system. He also added that public hearing should have done at the planning stage of the project. He enquired whether German assistance is utilized in the implementation stage as the same was sought in the initial stage. 7 Shri. V.D. He has pointed out that the There will be no Majeendran, KSMJ hearing should have been changes bring to the conducted during planning existing fishing nets stage of the project. Also it is and all efforts will be important to safe guard of the taken to retain the Chinese fishing nets. same without fail.

8 Shri. Santhosh Tom, He has stated that the Chinese Metro authorities Kerala Home stay nets shall be protected. He informed that Cochin and Tourism society, suggested that the jetty in port trust have agreed EKM district connection with proposed to transfer the land for President water metro project has to be construction of jetty at relocated at Fort Kochi so as to Fort Kochi and the ensure the safety of Chinese same has been nets, if necessary. recorded in the MoM and decision in the matter is before the Govt. of Kerala. The letter is attached in Appendix-6. Regarding the protection of Chinese nets, only design tenders are called for, and tenders for construction works are not initiated yet. There is no plan to replace the Chinese nets. The project will be proceeded without disturbing these Chinese nets. 9 Shri. M.X. Cletus He has raised the apprehension The travelling expenses whether the travelling will be affordable to expenses is affordable to the the public and decision public regarding the fare will be taken by the Govt. of Kerala

The meeting was declared concluded by Chief Environmental Engineer, Regional Office, KSPCB conveyed thanks to the Chairman and all participants.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

The copy of public hearing proceedings along with the attendance sheet is enclosed as Appendix-7. The written representations given by various stakeholders and their replies is enclosed as Appendix-8.

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EIA Study for Kochi Water Metro Project

CHAPTER – 12 DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS INVOLVED IN THE EIA STUDY

The EIA study has been conducted by WAPCOS Ltd., a Government of India Undertaking under the Ministry of Water Resources. WAPCOS Ltd. has the NABET accreditation from Quality Council of India (QCI), for conducting the EIA studies for Ports, Harbour, Breakwater and Dredging Projects and has a full-fledged team of Functional Area Experts and EIA coordinator through which this study has been executed. The list of Experts involved in the EIA study is given in Table-12.1. Table-12.1: List of Experts involved in the EIA study S. No. Name Expertise Signature 1. Dr.Aman Sharma EIA Coordinator FAE

 Air Pollution Expert  Water Pollution Expert  Solid Waste Management Expert  Hydrologist & Ground Water Expert 2. Mr. A. S. Leo EIA Coordinator Air Pollution Expert

3. Dr. S.K. Tyagi Ecology and Bio-diversity Expert

4. Mr. R.V. Ramana Noise Expert

5. Mr. S.M. Dixit Air Quality Expert

6. Dr. K.K. Gaur Social Expert

7. Mrs. Moumita Landuse Expert Mondal Ghosh

8. Swapan Kumar Risk and DMP Expert Bandopadhyay

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