Canadian Military History

Volume 22 Issue 4 Article 2

2013

“Enshrined in Golden Memories” Eastern ’s Commemoration of the North-West Resistance, 1885-1939

Elliot Worsfold

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Recommended Citation Elliot Worsfold "“Enshrined in Golden Memories” Eastern Ontario’s Commemoration of the North-West Resistance, 1885-1939." Canadian Military History 22, 4 (2013)

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Canadian Military History by an authorized editor of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. : “Enshrined in Golden Memories” Eastern Ontario’s Commemoration of the North-West Resistance, 1885-1939 “Enshrined in Golden Memories” Eastern Ontario’s Commemoration of the North-West Resistance, 1885-1939

Elliot Worsfold

aptain Alfred Hamlyn Todd North-West Rebellion? What do returned to after Abstract: This article explores these commemorative acts reveal C how English Canadians in Eastern participating in the North-West Ontario actively participated in about English-Canadian culture 1 Rebellion on 24 July 1885. In the commemorating the North-West in 19th century Ontario and how four months prior to his return, Todd Resistance by erecting war memorials, its participants understood and had led the Ottawa Sharpshooters, stained glass windows, and by writing remembered the North-West a group of approximately 50 men commemorative poems. Using recent Rebellion? To explore these questions developments in memory studies and from Carleton County’s Governor the “new imperial history,” this study further, this study utilizes the method ’s Foot Guards, in the conflict compares the images and symbols advocated by memory studies against and his allies in presented in these commemorative scholars that view commemorative the Canadian west. Reflecting on his acts with surviving textual records acts as primary sources. Through arrival to Ottawa, Todd described the and ephemera to investigate how looking at the images and rituals English Canadians perceived and “massed crowds packing the streets” remembered the rebellion. This surrounding these commemorations as the entire city wanted a glimpse of study suggests that the colonization and comparing them with surviving the men who had fought on ’s of Aboriginals did not end on the textual records, the historian can gain prairies. The streets quickly filled 1885 battlefields, but continued insight into how English Canadians and those who wanted a better view in the commemorative practices understood the North-West Rebellion of Eastern Ontarians. English sat on the tops of houses to avoid Canadians portrayed themselves as and, more broadly, the English- the pandemonium below. Todd was inherently “good” Christians that Canadian cultural relationship with overwhelmed with the city’s response helped define Canada as a nation, war.5 By surveying monuments and and had never “witnessed anything and excluded Aboriginals from the stained glass windows related to the like it in Ottawa.”2 Enthusiasm commemorative process. In doing so, North-West Rebellion, it becomes English Canadians aimed to better towards the Ottawa Sharpshooters participate in the imperial culture of clear that English Canadians in did not wane in Ottawa in the the British Empire. Eastern Ontario portrayed themselves following years, as in 1886 Anglican as “good Christians” who sacrificed churches commissioned stained glass themselves to protect Canadian windows honouring those who died, in 1885, the commemorative acts nationhood from the “uncivilized.” and in 1888 the city erected a war and public rituals connected to the As a result, the rebellion’s Aboriginal memorial named the “Sharpshooters First and Second World Wars have participants had little authority and Monument” to honour and celebrate largely eclipsed those of the North- were excluded from contributing to its participation in the North-West West Rebellion in the Canadian the North-West Rebellion’s public Rebellion. Peterborough, roughly imagination.3 Perhaps as a result, the memory through commemorative 270 kilometers west of Ottawa, also historiography of public memory in acts. This process and understanding erected a memorial of its own in 1886. Canada focuses disproportionally shows striking similarities to the While the return of the Ottawa on these conflicts.4 Why did English- ways in which English Canadians Sharpshooters from the North-West Canadians in Eastern Ontario commemorated the First World War, Rebellion caused great celebrations celebrate and commemorate the suggesting that English Canadians

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tapped into a pre-existing discourse acknowledge these serious claims, English-Canadian commemoration already formed in part by the North- which spurred Riel and young and memory of the North-West West Rebellion to commemorate Aboriginal leaders to take military Rebellion.8 the First World War and remember action against local Indian agents Recent developments in the another generation of war dead. as an act of protest. In response, “new imperial history” allow a better Modern accounts of the the federal government sent understanding of English-Canadian North-West Rebellion follow a units and the North-West Mounted views of the North-West Rebellion remarkably similar narrative and Police to stop Riel and his “followers” in 19th century Eastern Ontario. rarely touch on issues of memory from “insurrection” against the While old imperial histories studied and commemoration. The standard Canadian federal government. The Canada’s relationship with Britain narrative begins with a description narrative of the rebellion generally in terms of government policy and of the various Aboriginal groups, ends with Riel’s execution, and the constitutional arrangements, the new primarily , Blackfoot, and Métis, imprisonment of Cree leaders imperial history explores the impact living on the Canadian prairies and (Mistahimaskwa) and of imperialism on culture, gender, emphasizes the disappearance of (Pitikwahanapiwiyin).7 Most attempts and race.9 There are substantial the Buffalo and the poor conditions to understand the rebellion’s impact studies on how imperialism shaped on treaty lands. Furthermore, the on Canada have centered on Louis Britain’s culture, but the role narrative focuses on how Métis Riel as an individual rather than “empire” played in shaping similar leader Louis Riel returned from the rebellion as a conflict. Scholars views in the colonies has received the United States in 1884 in order of various disciplines have studied less attention.10 This paper uses the to voice Métis concerns over white cultural representations of Louis new imperial history as a framework settlers infringing on Métis land.6 Riel, both in art and fiction, and as a to further explore how English The Canadian state did little to result have paid less attention to the Canadians understood their past and

The Ottawa Sharpshooters shortly after they returned from the prairies in July 1885.

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how imperialism shaped late 19th century Canada. their commemoration As a young man, Edward and understanding of the actively participated in North-West Rebellion. Peterborough’s local militia This paper does not unit and gained note as intend to describe the North- a lacrosse player. In 1879 West Rebellion as it “truly” the author by Photo he left Peterborough to was, but rather aspires to work as a land surveyor shed light on how Eastern for the Hudson’s Bay Ontario’s English-Canadian Company. Upon news participants interpreted of Riel’s “insurrection,” the conflict in the years Brown joined Boulton’s following the rebellion’s Scouts, a mounted unit. He end. To do so, this paper participated in only one will use the language of action, the , its participants in order where he was killed. His to gain an understanding comrades buried his body of their sense of the past. on the bank of the South Rather than critiquing River.15 the validity of their The first wave of interpretation, this study commemorative acts will identify why and for in Eastern Ontario what purpose they chose to coincided with the first present their actions during anniversary of the North- the North-West Rebellion West Rebellion’s end. In through various acts of The congregation at St. Bartholomew’s Anglican Church Ottawa, Anglican churches commemoration, while raised enough funds to erect a six-panel stained glass played a prominent role in still paying attention to window for William Osgood, a member of their congregation commemorating the deaths the exclusion of Aboriginal who died at the Battle of Cut Knife Hill. of Osgood and Rogers. Both perspectives from these Anglicans, Osgood and commemorative acts.11 seven hours without either force Rogers attended weekly services at being able to dislodge the other from St. Bartholomew’s Anglican Church Eastern Ontario and the its position. As both sides ran low on and Trinity Anglican Church, North-West Rebellion ammunition, the English-Canadian respectively. St. Bartholomew’s and militia units eventually withdrew to Trinity erected stained glass windows n late March 1885, Todd received . All told, approximately to honour the memory of their fallen Ia message from the Minister of five Cree and eight militiamen died congregation members once the Militia to mobilize a company of in battle, of which two were Ottawa rebellion ended.16 St. Bartholomew’s men from the Ottawa Sharpshooters Sharpshooters.13 These were Private began a fundraising campaign after to assist with the suppression of the William Osgood, an employee of news of Osgood’s death reached the “uprising of Indians and half-breeds an Ottawa law firm, and Private congregation, and raised enough in the North West territories.”12 Over John Rogers, a civil servant with the money through public subscription the next few days Todd selected the Department of the Interior. Both men to order a large stained glass window most suitable men from those who were unmarried, Anglicans of British composed of six different panels. volunteered and prepared them for heritage, and lived in Ottawa’s Sandy On 2 May 1886, the anniversary of their journey out west. During the Hill neighbourhood.14 Osgood’s death at Cut Knife Hill, the campaign, the Ottawa Sharpshooters Peterborough’s Edward congregation unveiled the finished were committed to the defence of Templeton Brown was another window to the public.

William James Topley/Library and Archives Canada/PA-027055 and Archives William James Topley/Library Battleford, located in Saskatchewan, one of Eastern Ontario’s casualties A committee in Peterborough and participated in only one battle, during the North-West Rebellion. erected a humble memorial to honour Cut Knife Hill, on 2 May 1885. The product of marriage between Brown’s sacrifice on the anniversary That engagement pitted English- two of Peterborough’s oldest loyalist of the Battle of Batoche on 12 Canadian militia units against families, Edward partook in all of the May 1886. The Brown Memorial, Poundmaker’s Cree and lasted for privileges granted to men of status in funded by donations from the

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public, resembled a Greek unveiling ceremony. North- mausoleum in gothic design West Rebellion veterans and sat prominently in the attended the ceremony, and recently established Central the Ottawa Sharpshooters Park.17 A simple plaque paraded to Parliament attached to the monument, Hill in full dress.22 More

circled by the phrase “Pro the author by Photo strikingly, approximately Patria,” stated that Brown 5,000 people attended the was “a native of this ceremony on Parliament [Peterborough] county” Hill, suggesting that many who died at Batoche.18 without a direct connection In contrast to the Brown to the North-West Rebellion Memorial, Ottawa unveiled also wanted to pay respects a large memorial titled the to their city’s fallen. Sharpshooters Monument A combination of in 1888 thanks to the military and political tireless efforts of Ottawa spectacle, the symbols Sharpshooter veteran Frank on the Sharpshooters Newby. Shortly after the Monument and the content Battle of Cut Knife Hill, of the speeches at the Newby organized a small ceremony all made it clear concert in Battleford and that the 5,000 attendees used the proceeds raised to had gathered to celebrate a start a fund for the creation victory. Although historians of a memorial to honour who have recently assessed the death of his comrades, the battle have declared Osgood and Rogers. Once the engagement one of back in Ottawa, Newby the most disastrous for spearheaded a fundraising Canada’s militia units, this campaign. It took Newby Peterborough’s Brown family erected a memorial for their was not the perception three years, but he son, Edward Brown, after he died at the Battle of Batoche. in 1888.23 The speeches eventually raised enough They were able to place the memorial in the city’s newly focused on how the Ottawa money to commission the created Central Park in 1886 with the support of the Sharpshooters’ service community. Sharpshooters Monument, embodied “the Anglo- which was erected directly Saxon love of adventure” beside Parliament Hill at and demonstrated their the entrance to Major’s Hill Park.19 Victory for the “loyal attachment to our Queen.”24 In The finished monument included Canadian Nation a “welcome home” address presented several small steps leading to a to the Ottawa Sharpshooters, the granite pedestal adorned with a he public spectacle that Warden of Carleton County also mourning soldier figurine titled the Taccompanied the unveiling of stated that the group had “upheld the “Guardsman,” sculpted in Rogers’s the Sharpshooters Monument on honour of the British Flag.”25 likeness and fastened on top of the 1 November 1888 demonstrates English Canadians interpreted pedestal.20 Three plaques decorate both the willingness of English the Battle of Cut Knife Hill as a the pedestal, two depicting Osgood Canadians to participate in the British victory in part because Britain and Rogers, and a third bearing the Empire and how closely intertwined recognized Canadian achievements following inscription: “Erected by the English-Canadian culture was with during the rebellion more generally. Citizens of Ottawa to the memory of British symbols and traditions. Both After Osgood and Rogers’s death, WM.B Osgoode,21 and John Rogers, Governor General Frederick Stanley a British officer visited the Ottawa of the Guards Company of Sharp- and General Frederick Middleton, Sharpshooters at their Battleford Shooters who fell in action at Cut the British officer who commanded camp to express “the admirable Knife Hill, on the second of May the Canadian troops during the conduct and gallant behavior of all 1885.” rebellion, gave speeches at the ranks” during the Battle of Cut Knife

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Hill. He further emphasized that their performance was “such as to fully convince an outsider that Canadians were quite capable of repeating the many heroic deeds of the British soldier.”26 At the unveiling ceremony, General Middleton thanked Ottawa’s people for doing “their duty to their Queen” and it was further remarked that the British press commented positively on Canada’s handling of the North-West Rebellion.27 British approval of Canadian action translated into a distinct sense of Canadian pride. English Canadians in Ottawa saw their victory as upholding Canadian law Canada / PA-027139 / Library and Archives William James Topley and tradition on their own, without Britain’s help. Charles Winter, an Ottawa Sharpshooters veteran, wrote a memoir shortly after the Several prominent political figures attended the unveiling ceremony of the Second World War in which he Sharpshooters Monument in November 1888. Great applause and cheer reportedly stated the North-West Rebellion was followed after Governor General Frederick Stanley officially unveiled the monument. a founding moment for Canada; he believed the federal government had On the field of Battle,” Charlotte’s describes her “undying praise” for all “insisted that the trouble in the West poem gives voice to both her grief the “Canadian hearts” who sacrificed was a purely Canadian affair and and her attempts to find meaning their lives for their “country’s sake.”30 they felt they should and could put in Edward’s death. Echoing the Although struck by grief over the loss their own house in order.”28 Similar theme of victory so pronounced of Edward, Charlotte found meaning sentiments are found in a May 1885 in the speeches about the Ottawa in his death by framing his sacrifice letter in the Peterborough Review, Sharpshooters, Charlotte’s poem in terms of building a better Canada. which argued that Edward Brown deserved his own war memorial since his death “brought honour upon Approximately 5,000 people attended the unveiling of the Sharpshooters Monument. Crowds gathered along Rideau Street and Parliament Hill to watch the unveiling. his birthplace.”29 Eastern Ontario’s participation in the North-West Rebellion represented a break with its British past and a shift towards the idea of a Canada worth recognizing independently from Britain. While the North-West Rebellion as a “victory” for Canadian nationhood quickly became incorporated into the political discourse in the years following the rebellion, there is evidence to suggest that some English Canadians outside the political elite supported this view as well. Shortly after Edward’s death, his sister Charlotte Brown penned a commemorative poem for her deceased brother. Titled “Tell

My Mother That I died Like A Man Canada/PA-012416 and Archives William James Topley/Library

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Above left: The Sharpshooters Monument also emphasized victory by containing a small portrait of Osgood circled by laurel leaves at the base of the moment. Above right: The sword and laurel leaves on St. Bartholomew’s commemorative window suggests the congregation wanted Osgood to be remembered as a victorious warrior.

An address presented to the country had upheld British values ultimately victorious. There is a Ottawa Sharpshooters in Carleton and proved their British heritage similar message in St. Bartholomew’s County suggested that Ottawa’s by extending and upholding its stained glass window for Osgood. participation in the North-West laws. By doing so without Britain’s On the far left panel there is a sword Rebellion “justly increases the self- direct assistance, English Canadians circled by laurel leaves, much like respect and self-confidence of the felt justified in putting forward his portrait on the Sharpshooters Canadian people, and showed the the notion of independent status; Monument. English Canadians also world that whenever Canada has to this was a distinctly “Canadian” used Canadian maple leaves to defend her honour or her flag, her accomplishment. The imperialist further emphasize the rebellion as sons will not prove unworthy of their and nationalist discourse embodied a Canadian affair. The front panel lineage.”31 This sentiment captures in commemoration of the North- on the Sharpshooters Monument is the duality that characterized West Rebellion ably demonstrates encircled with maple leaves, one of English-Canada’s understanding of the efforts by English Canadians Canada’s few distinct symbols in its victory during the North-West to participate and contribute to the the 19th century that businesses and Rebellion. Stressing both British idea of Empire, both Britain’s and cultural groups commonly used to and Canadian qualities was not a their own. denote their Canadian identity. contradiction in the late 19th century, The location where Newby and his but was typical of English-Canadian Symbols, Space, and Story associates placed the Sharpshooters nationalist rhetoric. Many English- Monument, adjacent to Parliament Canadian leaders hoped to promote ymbols and images used in Hill, further reflected the English- Canada as a type of “auxiliary Scommemoration of the rebellion Canadian view that the rebellion was kingdom” within the British Empire, in Eastern Ontario largely confirm fought to uphold law and contributed and did so by expressing Canadian the nation building discourse. to the growth of the nation. During pride in an imperial context.32 The English Canadians in Ottawa often the unveiling ceremony, the minister commemoration of the North-West incorporated laurel leaves, a Greek of militia, Sir Adolphe-Philippe Rebellion in Eastern Ontario largely symbol traditionally used to denote Caron, noted that the monument was confirms the notion in the “new victory, in their memorials. The close to a statue of Sir George- Étienne imperial history” that imperialism two plaques located on the base Cartier, and described how these two held considerable sway over culture of the Sharpshooters Monument monuments celebrated Canada’s in Britain’s . English each contain portraits of Osgood national independence.33 Canadians in Eastern Ontario and Rogers circled with laurel English-Canadian nationalism framed their experiences through leaves, suggesting that even though easily transformed the rebellion into the lens of “empire”: the young these men died in battle, they were a narrative of “good” versus “evil.” https://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol22/iss4/28 6 : “Enshrined in Golden Memories” Eastern Ontario’s Commemoration of the North-West Resistance, 1885-1939

The St. Bartholomew’s stained glass drew inspiration from First Timothy certificate presented to a surviving window features Osgood in the main in the New Testament and used member of the Ottawa Sharpshooters, panel as Saint Michael, a warrior and passages from this text to highlight the text praises the soldier for his guardian archangel. Saint Michael is Saint Michael’s dual nature as a excellent conduct while serving in generally described as wearing red, warrior as well as guardian. Excerpts the prairies, but mentions that he military dress, and most commonly from First Timothy such as “fight the must not forget that “two of Ottawa’s seen in a triumphant pose with a good fight” appear on the window. brave Sons nobly met their death.”39 demonic dragon or snake lying He is described as a “soldier of the Grief features strongly in defeated beneath his feet.34 Though cross” who, as a soldier of Christ, the Sharpshooters Monument, the dragon motif is absent in St. must “endure hardness as a good”. particularly in the pose and dress Bartholomew’s window, Osgood This latter quotation is part of a of the Guardsman. The Guardsman is shown in full military dress, larger passage that describes that is depicted with his head bowed complete with boots, cap, and sword, there is no greater deed than to down in “mournful repose” with as well as a red halo encircling his become a soldier fighting for Christ his hands clasped over the bottom head.35 Surviving textual documents and Christianity. In the main panel, of his rifle in “arms reversed,” suggests that those involved with Osgood as Saint Michael stands the traditional military stance the North-West Rebellion similarly before the Kingdom of Heaven with for grieving.40 The Guardsman is saw the conflict as a triumph of good his sword drawn. Osgood’s image shown in the ceremonial dress of a over evil. An address presented was therefore tailored to fit into the rifleman, including a double-breasted from the Soldiers Aid Society, a larger narrative of “good” English- jacket and bearskin hat. The Ottawa local Ottawa organization that Canadian Christians protecting Sharpshooters did not wear this sent supplies to the Sharpshooters, Canadian nationhood. uniform during the rebellion; it was told the surviving soldiers that reserved for important public events, they were “a noble body of men Christian Grieving including funeral services. It is the in suppressing wrong and being latter the Guardsman is dressed for, brave for right.”36 St. Bartholomew’s nglish-Canadian patriotic a lasting symbol of a city’s respect utilized the mythology surrounding Esentiments were always and mourning for the two lives lost Saint Michael to express their view of accompanied by expressions of during the North-West Rebellion. Osgood as a warrior who ultimately grief. The death of Osgood and Osgood and Rogers’s sacrifice achieved victory over the evils of Rogers could not be overlooked was often interpreted in a Christian the West. when celebrating the ideals for context to echo the suffering Stained glass windows are which they had died. When the and martyrdom of Christ. This traditionally designed around a Sharpshooters returned from the theme is perhaps most present in particular religious text and often prairies, the welcoming address by St. Bartholomew’s stained glass include quotations from scripture.37 Francis McDougal, Ottawa’s mayor, window for Osgood, which features The congregation at St. Bartholomew’s lamented that “all who left our City a fleur-de-lis as the background in your ranks cannot hear our words of welcome.” Although “Death has stopped the ears of Osgood and Rogers,” their sacrifice was “worthy of eternal remembrance.”38 In a

Left: The Sharpshooters Monument’s Photo by the author by Photo the author by Photo figurine, the Guardsman, was sculpted in the likeness of John Rogers. He is shown wearing the formal attire the Ottawa Sharpshooters would have worn at funeral services. Right: The main panel of St. Bartholomew’s stained glass window depicts Osgood as Saint Michael, a Christian warrior ready to defend the Kingdom of Heaven with his sword.

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the North-West Rebellion from Above left: The Brown Memorial in previous conflicts. Symbols of the Peterborough combined the styles of prairies feature prominently in the both a Greek mausoleum as well as a gothic church. St. Bartholomew’s stained glass window, particularly in the image of Below left: One of the top panels of St. Bartholomew’s stained glass an angel holding a bushel of wheat

Photos by the author by Photos window portrays an angel surrounded by in one hand and a sickle in the other. symbols of the prairies. These symbols Floating directly above the angel’s distinguished the North-West Rebellion head is a symbol of the “north star”, from other imperial conflicts. similar to the symbol used to denote the direction “North” on compasses that this fact “must be a terrible blow and maps. to [Edward’s family] that they cannot The landscape of the prairies even see his grave.”42 The theme looms large in both Todd and of distance from Edward’s body is Winter’s recollections of their time featured prominently in Charlotte’s out west. Prairie wildlife impressed commemorative poem. Her poem Todd, a self-proclaimed “city man,” laments that Brown is buried “Not as he hunted the “startled goose [and] in the quiet churchyard/Near those wild fowl” during his time off-duty. who loved them best/But by the wild He recalled bathing in alkali ponds, Saskatchewan.”43 The Brown family’s which offered a cool break after a desire to give Edward a traditional day’s marching.45 Throughout the funeral and burial explains why the entire march across the prairies the final memorial looks similar to a Ottawa Sharpshooters “marveled” Greek mausoleum and incorporates at signs of the buffalo, and found elements of gothic design contained traces of their “skulls and bones [that] in many 19th century churches. The whitened the landscape in every mausoleum design is a fitting style of direction.”46 Charlotte’s poem also tomb given his family’s elite status in described “wild Saskatchewan” with Peterborough as one of the county’s “the music of the/Rivers swaying founding families. Furthermore, the tide” and “the wild flowers that grow gothic design denotes the religious on every side” of Edward’s prairie significance the family placed on his grave.47 Images of the untamed death. In her commemorative poem, prairie wilderness shaped English- Charlotte describes the North-West Canada’s understanding of the Rebellion as a holy cause.44 The “never-to-be-forgotten and much religious and elite background of prized adventure,” which Todd the Brown family coupled with the viewed as awakening in him a “call overwhelming desire to visit his of the wild” previously unfelt.48 for most of the six panels. The grave helps explain why the Brown Yet the emphasis on the west fleur-de-lis is traditionally used in Memorial was designed to represent as an “untamed” area led English Anglican iconography to represent a tombstone in contrast to the Canadians in Eastern Ontario Christ’s sacrifice on the crucifix. An military motifs of the Sharpshooters to create unflattering and often address presented to the returning Monument and the mythologizing racist descriptions of “uncivilized” Sharpshooters in Carleton County of Osgood in St. Bartholomew’s Aboriginals. Encounters with describes Osgood and Rogers as commemorative window. the Cree feature prominently in “martyred heroes” who “died a Winter’s recollection and seem to glorious death, defending the honour Images of the West have captured the imaginations of of their country.”41 the Ottawa Sharpshooters more Whereas Osgood and Rogers’s nglish Canadians frequently generally. After meeting a Cree scout bodies were returned to Ottawa, Eincorporated symbols of for the first time, Winter notes that Edward Brown’s body was never the Canadian prairies into their “the men were intensely interested – recovered. An editorial published commemorative acts in order to it seemed all in keeping up with in the Peterborough Review explained distinguish their participation in their boyish readings of Fenimore https://scholars.wlu.ca/cmh/vol22/iss4/210 8 : “Enshrined in Golden Memories” Eastern Ontario’s Commemoration of the North-West Resistance, 1885-1939

Cooper and other Indian writers from to the “upstanding citizens” of unwilling to, recognize Aboriginal former days.”49 Drawing on their Ottawa.53 perspectives on their forcible romanticized notions of Aboriginals, The depiction of Aboriginals displacement by encroaching white English Canadians continued to as “different” and “uncivilized” settlers. The absence of Aboriginal incorporate Cree imagery into their assisted in the formation of the voices in English-Canadian memories commemorative acts. The best broader narrative of the North-West mirrors their lack of legal or even illustration of this fascination with Rebellion as a story of good English- social authority within the Canadian Cree culture is a certificate presented Canadian Christians versus bad, state.54 As Aboriginals were unable to one of the Ottawa Sharpshooters, unlawful Aboriginals. The racist to shape the public memory of Hamilton Gray, in August 1885 for depictions of Aboriginals in English the North-West Rebellion, their his excellent conduct during the Canadian ephemera and recollections memories of the conflict were instead rebellion. The certificate features five demonstrate the extremely limited discussed privately.55 The process small illustrations that surround the opportunity Aboriginals had to voice of subjugation and colonization text; four of them depict Cree life on their own memories of the conflict. therefore did not stop on the 1885 the prairies, and the fifth is a view of English Canadians did not, and were battlefields, but continued in the Parliament Hill. Of particular note are the two illustrations portraying a teepee with a small campfire burning outside and another showing a frowning Cree brave with poor skin covered only by a blanket.50 The half-naked Cree contrasts with illustrations of English-Canadian militiamen. The latter are standing straight at attention, weapons drawn and in perfect military uniform, the embodiment of “proper civilization.”51 R.S. Cassels, a member of the Queen’s Own Rifles who fought alongside the Ottawa Sharpshooters, describes how after the Battle of Cut Knife Hill he approached the bodies of two dead Cree. They “had nothing on but a shirt and leggings and a blanket Canada / PA-027147 / Library and Archives William James Topley over the shoulder. The hair long and plaited and the faces and bodies painted – most ferocious looking wretches.”52 Cassels’s description matches the illustration on Gray’s certificate, suggesting that dress was one way that English-Canadians saw Aboriginals as “different” and, by consequence, less civilized. This contrast was furthermore emphasized in speeches at the Sharpshooters Monument’s unveiling, which portrayed Aboriginals as “different” while at the same time paid tribute

The Ottawa Sharpshooters Monument, photographed shortly after the unveiling ceremony.

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exclusionary English-Canadian for Osgood and Rogers that was not to ensure that Osgood, Rogers, and memory of the North-West Rebellion. possible due to the circumstances of Brown would all be, in Charlotte their deaths. Similarly, the Brown Brown’s words, “enshrined in golden An Idealized Understanding Memorial in Peterborough, with its memories.”60 Greek mausoleum design, provided y defining themselves as “good” Edward’s family with a gravestone Impact of the Bin opposition to the “bad” his actual burial place would never First World War Aboriginals, English Canadians have. presented an idealized version The celebration of sacrifice in ommemorative activity of the North-West Rebellion that the cause of nationhood and empire surrounding the North-West C courtesy Dolak of Monique Photo did not always accurately reflect in Eastern Ontario glossed over not Rebellion largely prefigured English- the experiences of the Ottawa only the brutality of the battlefield, Canadian commemoration of the Sharpshooters. While the Guardsman but also widening divisions Boer War and First World War. on the Sharpshooters’ Monument is within the country. The execution Montreal’s Boer War Memorial was meant to convey Rogers’s likeness, and imprisonment of Métis and completed in 1907 and, much like there is a stark disconnect between Aboriginal leaders further alienated the Sharpshooters Monument, was how the Guardsman is portrayed these groups, and French-Canadians unveiled by the governor general. and the reality of Rogers’s death tended to sympathize with Louis Riel, The spectacle emphasized English and funeral. Todd recorded in his as they were also Catholic and spoke Canada’s pride in being part of both diary that he attended Rogers’s French. For many French-Canadians, the British Empire as well as a young funeral in Battleford and noticed his Riel’s execution in November 1885 but maturing nation. Tellingly, the glengarry, a Scottish styled military provided yet another example of monument was titled “Anglo-Saxon” cap, on top of his coffin. Upon further English-Canadian animosity against and won over the rival design, named examination, Todd found that the French culture.58 “Peace with Honour.”61 “cap was saturated with blood” from Only the militia minister, Sir Patriotic discourse permeated “where the bullet came through at the Adolphe-Philippe Caron, mentioned in other Boer War memorials, top.” Due to the bloody, disfiguring the ethnic tensions heightened as a particularly in London, Ontario. nature of Rogers’s fatal wound, Todd result of the North-West Rebellion Memorial organization had the ultimately chose to bury the cap with at the Sharpshooters Monument’s phrase “Pro Patria” inscribed on Rogers rather “than return[ing] it to unveiling. A bilingual conservative the top of their Boer War memorial. his relations” in Ottawa.56 Osgood’s from Quebec, Caron urged that the The monument depicts the figure death was just as gruesome. In the memory of Osgood and Rogers’s of Britannia presenting a Canadian hasty retreat from Cut Knife Hill, the sacrifice should bring French and soldier with the laurel leaves of Ottawa Sharpshooters did not have English together. He described how victory. The Boer War Memorial time to locate and retrieve Osgood’s French-Canadians had “contributed in Ottawa likewise contains laurel body. A month later, a search party their share to the building up of this leaves, in this case encircling the went looking for his corpse and monument” through fundraising honour roll of those who gave their found it mutilated and desecrated.57 alongside their English-Canadian lives. English Canadians took a While the Guardsman accurately neighbours in Ottawa. To Caron, the leading role in initiating and funding depicts the balance of nationalism and joint efforts of English and French- these commemorative projects. mourning felt by English Canadians Canadians showed that “these two French-Canadians had a very small after the North-West Rebellion, people, no longer fighting against role in these public commemorations, it is nonetheless an idealized each other” would work “together similar to the exclusion of Aboriginal portrayal of events. The brutalities under the Union Jack in unanimity… participants in North-West Rebellion of Rogers’s and Osgood’s deaths are in efforts to make this a happy, commemorative acts. By excluding not reflected by the Sharpshooters contented, rich and prosperous Monument. The Guardsman wears country.” Though it is impossible a formal bearskin cap instead of to tell if the 5,000 attendees believed The Brooding Soldier, erected in 1923 at St. Julien, commemorates Canadian Rogers’s blood-soaked glengarry. Caron, cheering and applause participation at the 2nd Battle of Ypres. Osgood’s mutilated remains are reportedly followed his statements.59 It depicts a Canadian soldier in the same reconfigured as Saint Michael. The The contentious issues created by mournful pose as the Sharpshooters Guardsman, forever grieving in his the North-West Rebellion were Monument from 1888. ceremonial dress, evokes a funeral conveniently erased and downplayed

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any opposing opinions, English using the image of the warrior Saint defining the public memory of these Canadians were able to present an Michael.65 Many memorial windows conflicts. In each instance, Aboriginal idealized past.62 after the First World War depict perspectives and memories were Commemoration of the First Christ alongside their fallen soldiers not embraced in Canada’s dominant World War similarly idealized the or portray their soldiers as having public memory. When referenced past.63 Historian Jonathan Vance Christ-like attributes.66 While St. at all, English Canadians portrayed demonstrates how, through acts of Bartholomew’s window is subtler, Aboriginal soldiers in the First commemoration, Canadians in the the accompanying text and fleur-de- World War as strong, silent, and interwar years spread the notion lis reinforce the link between Osgood tough, though uneducated.69 These that the First World War was a war and Christ, and therefore bears strong English-Canadian stereotypes did “worth fighting,” and a “good” similarities to the memorial windows little to capture the actual experience war that saved civilization from of the First World War. of Aboriginal soldiers and their German barbarism.64 As this study In 1911, the city of Ottawa relocated memories of divided communities, has suggested, English Canadians the Sharpshooters Monument to struggles for enfranchisement, and similarly used commemorative acts to Ottawa’s city hall in order to make attempts to negotiate assimilationist portray their sacrifices in the North- space for the construction of the policy.70 Much like Aboriginal West Rebellion as “good,” Christian, Chateau Laurier.67 Even with its participants in the North-West in contrast to the “uncivilized” relocation, the placement of the Rebellion, their experiences did not Aboriginal groups that rebelled. memorial suggests the ideas of civic form part of the dominant public A commonality exists not duty and nationhood remained over memory in Canada. only between English-Canada’s two decades after its initial erection. The First World War remains understanding and interpretation However, when Canada’s national unique in that it ushered in a period of the North-West Rebellion and memorial for the First World War was of unprecedented commemoration the First World War, but also in the erected and unveiled in 1939, it was in terms of size, scope, and sheer symbols and methods it used to placed right across the street from the numbers. Yet, a comparison between commemorate these events. In 1923, place the Sharpshooters Monument Eastern Ontario’s commemoration Frederick Chapman Clemesha’s once occupied. While Ottawa of the North-West Rebellion and memorial “The Brooding Soldier” Sharpshooters veterans used to lay English-Canada’s commemoration was unveiled at St. Julien, Belgium, to wreaths at the base of the monument of the First World War suggests that commemorate Canada’s contribution every 2 May in remembrance of the symbols and messages conveyed to the 2nd Battle of Ypres. The the Battle of Cut Knife Hill, in 1939 with these war memorials were not memorial depicts a soldier with his Canadians started the tradition of unique to either conflict. English head bowed and “arms reversed,” laying wreaths at the base of the Canadians tapped into a pre-existing much like the grieving pose of the national war memorial every 11 discourse already formed in part Guardsman in Ottawa. The same November.68 The Brown Memorial by the North-West Rebellion to figure of a mourning soldier can be in Peterborough underwent a similar commemorate the First World War found on war memorials in other transformation. In 1929, it was moved and remember another generation Canadian communities, such as those from its original position in Central of war dead. in Mount Brydges and Burlington, Park in order to make room for Ontario. With their heads bowed Peterborough’s new First World Conclusion down and hands clasped over their War memorial. Though the Brown grounded rifles, the only distinction Memorial remained in Central Park, a istorian Carl Berger wrote between the three figures are the type war memorial for another generation Hthat English-Canadian elites of military uniforms worn, reflecting of Peterborough’s war dead now in the late 19th century did not their associations with different stood at the focal point of the park. view Confederation as a final or conflicts and different time periods. These instances suggest once again conclusive act, but rather saw it as Stained glass windows remained that English Canadians understood a framework for the construction a popular form of commemoration the conflicts in a similar light. of a new nation within the British after the First World War. Much Common elements in Empire.71 Commemorative acts like St. Bartholomew’s depiction of commemorations of the North- by English Canadians in Eastern Osgood, First World War stained glass West Rebellion and the First World Ontario showed their conviction windows most often portrayed their War can be attributed to the large that the country’s achievements fallen soldiers as knights, frequently role English Canadians played in in the North-West Rebellion gave

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substance to Confederation, both argued, commemoration of the (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1994), p.14. For an Aboriginal perspective of in building the new nation and rebellion articulated strong threads the rebellion see Blair Stonechild and strengthening the empire. Memory in English Canadian culture that Bill Waiser, Loyal till Death: Indians of the rebellion and those who would shape responses to war in the and the North-West Rebellion (Calgary: Fifth House Publishers, 1997), p.21. died were used to enhance a sense twentieth century. Sarah Carter offers a useful overview of a “Canadian” identity that was of the historiography of the North-West expressed through the lens of Eastern Rebellion in Sarah Carter, Aboriginal People and Colonizers in Western Canada Ontario’s British and Christian Notes to 1900 (Toronto: University of Toronto culture. The original location of Press, 1999), ch.8. 7. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal till Death, the Sharpshooters Monument on . 1 The term “North-West Resistance” pp.234-237; Beal and Macleod, Prairie Fire, is currently preferred by Aboriginal Parliament Hill clearly signaled the pp.334-343. groups and has received support from 8. Chris Johnson, “Riel in Canadian Drama, conviction that English Canadian and Saskatchewan’s 1885-1985,” in Ramon Hathorn and sacrifice in the rebellion helped build provincial government. However, the Patrick Holland, eds., Images of Louis Riel term “rebellion” will be used hereafter in and protect the Canadian state. in Canadian Culture (Lewiston, NY: Edwin this paper as it was the name most often Mellen Press, 1992); Monique Dumontet, The subsequent re-location of used by the conflict’s English-Canadian “Controversy in the Commemoration the Sharpshooters Monument and participants in the commemorative acts of Louis Riel,” in D.M.R. Bentley, ed., discussed in this paper. the Brown Memorial reflects the Mnemographia Canadensis (London, ON: 2. Library and Archives Canada [LAC], Canadian Poetry Press, 1999); Albert Braz, ways in which Canada’s memory Alfred Hamlyn Todd fonds [ATF], The False Traitor: Louis Riel in Canadian MG29 E41, North West Rebellion 1885: of the two world wars eclipsed Culture (Toronto: University of Toronto Recollections and Reflections, p.23. that of the North-West Rebellion. Press, 2003). 3. Ottawa Sharpshooters veteran Charles 9. Phillip Buckner provides a useful Nevertheless, English-Canadians Winter expresses these thoughts in his introduction to the new imperial history memoirs. See LAC, Charles Winter fonds commemorated and understood and its significance to Canada in Phillip [CWF]. MG30 E364, file 3, North West the North-West Rebellion and the Buckner ed., Canada and the British Empire Rebellion Memoirs, p.12. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), First World War in similar terms 4. See for example Jonathan F. Vance, Death pp.vii-viii. So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First and relied upon an established set 10. Buckner, ed., Canada and the British Empire, World War (Vancouver: University of of symbols to describe and interpret 14. For an introduction on how the new British Columbia Press, 1997); Jonathan imperial history has shaped British their wartime experiences. Further F. Vance, “An Open Door to a Better historiography see Kathleen Wilson, Future: The Memory of Canada’s Second still, the exclusion of Aboriginal “Introduction: Histories, Empires, World War,” in Geoffrey Hayes, Mike Modernities,” in Kathleen Wilson, ed., A participation and perspective in the Bechthold, and Matt Symes, eds., Canada New Imperial History: Culture, Identity, and commemoration of the rebellion and the Second World War: Essays in Honour Modernity in Britain and the Empire, 1660- of Terry Copp (Waterloo, ON: Wilfrid foreshadowed their exclusion from 1840 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Laurier University Press, 2012); Alan Press, 2004). In the Canadian context, the dominant collective memory of Young, “‘We throw the torch’: Canadian both Sarah Carter and Adele Perry make Canada’s First World War. Memorials of the Great War and the Myth significant contributions to the new of Heroic Sacrifice,” Journal of Canadian Studying Eastern Ontario’s imperial history in Canada in their essays Studies 24 (1989-90); Robert Shipley, To on race and gender in Buckner’s edited commemoration of the North-West Mark Our Place: A History of Canadian War collection. In retrospect, Carl Berger’s Memorials (Toronto: NC Press, 1987). For Rebellion suggests there was an scholarship can also be interpreted as local and regional studies see Marilyn English-Canadian cultural response exploring the new imperial history. See Baker, “To Honor and Remember: Carl Berger, The Sense of Power: Studies in to war that viewed participation as Remembrances of the Great War: The the Ideas of Canadian Imperialism, 1867-1914 Next-of-Kin Monument in Winnipeg,” inherently “good,” Christian, and (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, Manitoba History 2 (1981); P. Whitney as a force that defined Canada as 1970). Lackenbauer, “War, Memory, and the 11. Jonathan Vance used a similar method to a nation. Writing after the Second Newfoundland Regiment at Gallipoli,” evaluate Canada’s memory of the First Newfoundland Studies 15 (Fall 1999). World War, Winter noted that World War and has proved useful in 5. Jonathan F. Vance, “Documents in Bronze the North-West Rebellion and its framing this study. See Vance, Death So and Stone: Memorials and Monuments as Noble, pp.4-5. participants no longer occupied Historical Sources,” in Jeff Keshen and 12. Todd’s diary is published in a collection of Sylvie Perrier, eds., Building New Bridges a place of prominence within the biographical information on the Ottawa Sources, Methods, and Interdisciplinarity Sharpshooters compiled by John Reid. public imagination. He believed (Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press, See Alfred Hamlyn Todd, “Diary,” in that in contrast to the two world 2005), p.185; Pierre Nora, “Between John D. Reid, ed., The Ottawa Sharpshooters History and Memory: Les lieux de wars, the Ottawa Sharpshooters (Ottawa: British Isles Family Historical memoire,” Representations 26 (1989). Society of Greater Ottawa, 2005), 29 “will appear small and of only local 6. Although the narrative of the North- March 1885. West Rebellion is similar, the conclusions significance, but at the time, they 13. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal till Death, historians draw from these events vary. were of tremendous importance to pp.143. For a modern political and military 72 14. For biographical information on Osgood our Canadian .” More history of the North-West Rebellion see and Rogers see Reid, The Ottawa Bob Beal and Rod Macleod, Prairie Fire: than that, as the present article has Sharpshooters, pp.90-91, 94-96. The 1885 North-West Rebellion, 2nd ed.

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15. Biographical information on Edward 39. COA, HSO MG110, AMIL 013, “Military 57. Reid, p.90. Brown has been compiled from the Testimonial to H. Hamilton D. Gray.” 58. A.I. Silver, The French-Canadian Idea Peterborough and Archives 40. LAC, Unveiling Brochure, p.5. of Confederation, 1864-1900 (Toronto: [PMA], The Brown Memorial Rededication 41. COA, HSO MG110, “Certification of University of Toronto Press, 1982), p.156, Ceremony brochure, p.5. Appreciation…from Carleton County.” chapter 8 more generally. 16. Trinity’s stained glass window was 42. “Our Peterborough Hero,” Peterborough 59. LAC, Unveiling Brochure, pp.24, 29. destroyed in a fire in 1947. Trinity’s Review, 19 May 1885. 60. PMA, Charlotte Brown, “Tell My Mother window will therefore not be featured 43. PMA, Charlotte Brown, “Tell My Mother That I died Like A Man On the field of as prominently in this paper as St. That I died Like A Man On the field of Battle,” 15 July 1885. Bartholomew’s, as only a small black Battle,” 15 July 1885. 61. Alan Gordon, Making Public Pasts: The and white photograph of poor quality 44. PMA, Charlotte Brown, “Tell My Mother Contested Terrain of Montreal’s Public survives. See Reid, p.96. That I died Like A Man On the field of Memories, 1891-1930 (Montreal: McGill- 17. In 1927 the name of the park changed to Battle,” 15 July 1885. Queen’s University Press, 2002), pp.75-80. its current name, Confederation Park. 45. LAC, ATF, MG29 E41, Recollections and 62. Gordon, Making Public Pasts, pp.80, 170. 18. PMA, The Brown Memorial Rededication Reflections, p.8. 63. Vance, Death So Noble, pp.109, 135. Ceremony brochure, p.7. 46. LAC, CWF, MG30 E364, file 3, North West 64. Vance, Death So Noble, pp.12-13. 19. The entrance to Major Hill’s Park in 1888 Rebellion Memoirs, p.5. 65. Vance, “Sacrifice in Stained Glass,” p.20. is now where the Chateau Laurier is 47. PMA, Charlotte Brown, “Tell My Mother 66. Vance, “Sacrifice in Stained Glass,” pp.20- located, on the corner of Rideau Street That I died Like A Man On the field of 21; Vance, Death So Noble, p.36. and Sussex Drive. Reid, p.29. Battle,” 15 July 1885. 67. Reid, pp.29-30. 20. Reid, p.29. 48. LAC, CWF, MG30 E364, file 3 North West 68. LAC, ATF, MG29 E41, Recollections and 21. The spelling of Osgood’s name is Rebellion Memoirs, p.12; LAC, ATF, Reflections, p.21. inconsistent, though it appears most MG29 E41, Recollections and Reflections, 69. Vance, Death So Noble, pp.245-250. often without the “e”. p.8. 70. For Aboriginal experiences during the 22. LAC, Ceremony of Unveiling A Bronze 49. LAC, CWF, MG30 E364, file 3, North West First World War see for example P. Statue Erected on Major’s Hill Park, Ottawa Rebellion Memoirs, p.7. Whitney Lackenbauer and Katharine To the Memory Ptes. Osgood and Rogers, 50. The image of a “satanic” or “savage McGowan, “Indigenous Nationalisms of the Guards Company of Sharpshooters, Indian” was a common theme in many and the Great War: Enlisting the Six who were killed in the North-West Rebellion depictions of Aboriginals in English- Nations in the Canadian Expeditionary of 1885 (hereafter Unveiling Brochure) Canadian literature in the late 19th and Force (CEF), 1914-17,” in P. Whitney (Ottawa: W.T, Mason, 1889), pp.2-3. early 20th centuries. See Daniel Francis, Lackenbauer and Craig Mantle, eds., 23. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal till Death, The Imaginary Indian: The Image of the Indian Aboriginal Peoples and the Canadian pp.143-144. in Canadian Culture (Vancouver: Arsenal Military: Historical Perspectives (Kingston: 24. LAC, Unveiling Brochure, pp.20, 10. Pulp Press, 1993), p.76; Sarah Carter, “The CDA Press, 2007); Katherine McGowan, 25. City of Ottawa Archives [COA], Historical Exploitation and Narration of Captivity of “‘In the Interest of the Indians’: The Society of Ottawa fonds [HSO], MG110, Theresa Delaney and Theresa Gowanlock, Department of Indian Affairs, Charles AMIL 166, “Certification of Appreciation 1885,” in Catherine Cavanaugh and Cooke, and the Recruitment of Native to Captain Todd, Officers and Men of Jeremy Mouat, ed. Making Western Men in Southern Ontario for the Canadian the Ottawa Sharpshooters from Carleton Canada: Essays on European Colonization Expeditionary Force, 1916,” Ontario County.” and Settlement (Toronto: Garamond Press, History 102 (2010); Timothy C. Winegard, 26. Todd Diary, 3 May 1885. 1996), p.32. For King and Kanata: Canadian Indians and 27. LAC, Unveiling Brochure, pp.35, 26. 51. COA, HSO MG110, AMIL 013, “Military the First World War (Winnipeg: University 28. LAC, CWF, MG30 E364, file 3, North West Testimonial to H. Hamilton D. Gray.” of Manitoba Press, 2012). Rebellion Memoirs, pp.13. 52. LAC, Richard Scougall Cassels fonds 71. Berger, p.4. 29. “Our Peterborough Hero,” Peterborough [RCF], MG29-E43, Diary of Lieut. R.S. 72. LAC, CWF, MG30 E364, file 3, North West Review, 19 May 1885. Cassels: North-West Field Force 1885, Rebellion Memoirs, p.12. 30. PMA, Charlotte Brown, “Tell My Mother p.34. That I died Like A Man On the field of 53. See Caron’s speech in particular. LAC, Battle,” 15 July 1885. Unveiling Brochure, 24-30. 31. COA, HSO MG110, “Certification of 54. Stonechild and Waiser, Loyal till Death; Appreciation…from Carleton County.” Sarah Carter, “Aboriginal People of 32. Carl Berger, The Sense of Power, p.4. Canada and the British Empire,” in 33. LAC, Unveiling Brochure, pp.30-32. Phillip Buckner, ed., Canada the British 34. Richard F. Johnson, Saint Michael the Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Elliot Worsfold is a PhD student in Archangel in Medieval English Legend (New 2008), 216-217. the Department of History at Western York: The Boydell Press, 2005), pp.9, 21. 55. Maria Campbell’s 1973 memoir University in London, Ontario. He 35. Johnson, Saint Michael the Archangel in provides powerful examples of how received his BA in history from the Medieval English Legend, p.140. Métis memories of the North-West University of Ottawa and completed 36. COA, HSO MG110, AMIL 170, “Certificate Resistance diverged from the more his MA at the University of Waterloo. of Appreciation to Captain Todd, Officers, popular English Canadian memory of the His dissertation explores how German- Non-Commissioned Officers and Men conflict. Her memoir also demonstrates Canadians commemorated the Second of the Ottawa Sharpshooters from the that this memory was discussed privately World War and created unique sites Soldiers Aid Society.” well into the 20th century. See Maria of memory. A preliminary draft of this 37. Vance, “Sacrifice in Stained Glass,” p.18. Campbell, Halfbreed (Toronto: McClelland paper was presented at the 23rd Military 38. COA, HSO MG110, AMIL 006, “Address and Stewart Limited, 1973), pp.8-11, 15, History Colloquium in London, Ontario of Ottawa City Council to the Ottawa 24. in 2012. Sharpshooters.” 56. Todd Diary, 4 May 1885.

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