Program Report

2006 PROGRAM REPORT Highlights We are pleased to present a summary overview of the Inter-American Dialogue’s work in 2006.

This year, we welcomed former president Ricardo Lagos of Chile and former U.S. trade representative Carla A. Hills as the Dialogue’s new co-chairs. Together they ably presided over the 2006 006Linowitz Forum, which brought together some 75 participants from across the hemisphere—including more than half of our membership. The discussions focused on the deepening divisions among Western Hemisphere nations, the challenges to democratic governance in Latin America, and the role of economic policy in combating poverty and inequality. Former U.S. treasury secretary Robert Rubin hosted some 20 corporate and financial leaders at Citigroup’s headquarters in New York for a dinner to honor Ricardo Lagos as the Dialogue’s new co-chair.

In 2006, Dialogue staff published some ten articles in leading policy journals. These included an analysis of Washington’s waning influence in the region by Peter Hakim in Foreign Affairs; an incisive exploration of Hugo Chávez’s domestic and foreign policies CONTENTS by Michael Shifter in Foreign Affairs and an examination of the increasing fragmentation among and within the nations of Latin America by Shifter and Vinay Jawahar in Current The Sol M. Linowitz Forum...... 3 History; a review of U.S. concerns over China’s rising influence in the hemisphere by Daniel Erikson in Military Review; and a survey of Mexico’s political landscape in Hemispheric and Global advance of elections by Erikson in World Policy Journal, among several others. Book Relations...... 3 reviews by staff also appeared in Cuban Affairs and Latin American Politics & Society. Trade and Economics...... 5 Dialogue staff also published nearly seventy articles in newspapers across the hemisphere Democracy...... 7 such as The Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Financial Times, The Miami Herald, The New York Daily News, El Mercurio, La Opinión, La Nación, and Confidencial, among others—on Social Policy...... 9 topics ranging from this year’s many electoral contests, to U.S. Cuba policy, the role of the Country and Regional OAS, and China’s looming presence in the region. Dialogue staff are regularly quoted by Programs...... 12 U.S., Latin American, and European newspapers and interviewed on television and radio.

Congressional Program...... 18 Other highlights of the year’s activities include the 10th annual Corporación Andina de Corporate Program...... 20 Fomento (CAF) conference, which offered an opportunity to review trade and investment issues across Latin America. In 2006, the Andean Working Group met twice—once in Financial Report...... 22 Washington and again in Quito, Ecuador. Our pioneering work on the Andean region has provided authoritative and extensive policy assessments of the challenges confronting Funding Sources...... 23 those countries. These include three working papers—on the political impact of energy Inter-American Dialogue policy on regional relations by Genaro Arriagada, on President Uribe’s second-term Members...... 28 challenges by Rodrigo Pardo, and on the military and politics in the Andean Region by Carlos Basombrío. Staff...... 30 In 2006, the Dialogue’s Congressional Members Working Group hosted over two dozen Board of Directors...... 31 members of Congress in nine policy sessions on Capitol Hill. Members of Congress participated as well in the range of other program events hosted by the Dialogue, such

inter-american dialogue•2006 PROGRAM REPORT as our annual CAF conference, roundtable discussions on trade, immigration and other U.S. policy issues, and a major conference on combating racial inequality in the Americas. The Dialogue’s Trade Policy Group met to consider prospects for U.S. congressional approval of U.S. strategy free trade agreements with Peru and Colombia; the status of U.S.-Ecuador negotiations; the prospects for a U.S.-Caribbean trade pact; the possibility of compromise between the United “must be built around States and Brazil on contentious trade issues; and the chances of opening talks with Bolivia or Uruguay. The Dialogue hosted a session with members to discuss a possible long-term efforts to rally the development strategy for Haiti and how the United States could play a positive role in Haiti’s future. The Dialogue periodically holds informal press roundtables on Western Hemisphere support of other relations and U.S. foreign policy in Latin America.

Latin American Also in 2006, the Dialogue task force on the Organization of American States released its governments report—Responding to the Hemisphere’s Political Challenges. The report argued that, despite the current discord in inter-American relations, the OAS could and should be playing a more to address the influential part in hemispheric affairs, with the secretary-general taking the lead. The OAS, according to the report, needs a larger budget and more reliable financial support. conditions that gave The Dialogue’s education reform program, PREAL, launched the first national report card on rise to Chávez in the education in Ecuador and a regional report card, Quantity without Quality, in Brazil, Panama, Guatemala and Honduras. At a three-day conference on the challenges facing middle school first place. education in Rio de Janeiro, the Portuguese version of PREAL’s regional report card was presented. PREAL’s several working groups sustained an active program of workshops and ” training seminars on topics ranging from education standards and assessments to teacher Michael Shifter, evaluation, national testing, decentralization, and school autonomy. Foreign Affairs The Dialogue’s forums and publications on remittances continued to break new ground, including a study by Manuel Orozco that tracks information on pricing, customer satisfaction, financial sector intermediation, and U.S. locations for over fifty money transfer companies operating in fourteen countries.

Our Corporate program launched the Dialogue's weekly Financial Services Advisor newsletter, featuring reporting and analysis on remittances flows, insurance and mortgage markets, access to credit, pension reforms, anti-money laundering regulations, and new technologies in the sector, as well as traditional banking topics.

The Dialogue’s Board of Directors elected Enrique Iglesias to serve as co-chair, Enrique García to join the Board, and Sergio Bitar to serve again on the Board, after he stepped down as minister of education of Chile. We recruited four new Dialogue members—Joe Clark of Canada, Thomas Mackell of the United States, Teodoro Petkoff of Venezuela, and João Sayad of Brazil. We anticipate with pleasure having the contributions of these outstanding leaders in the years to come.

The support of our wide circle of friends, associates, corporate partners, and public and private donors is vital to the Inter-American Dialogue’s work during a time of increasingly fractured relations within and among the nations of the hemisphere. It helps sustain our program of creative, independent, and first rate debate and publications.

We look forward to an equally vigorous and challenging program agenda in 2007.

Inter-American Dialogue  2006 Program Report The Sol M. Linowitz Forum We are grateful to the corporations who sup- ported the 2006 Sol M. Linowitz Forum: Members and guests of the Inter-American AIG, Continental Airlines, Globeleq, Boeing, Dialogue gathered in Washington, D.C. Andrews Kurth LLP, Chiquita Brands The OAS on May 12 to 14 to review the troubling International, Edison Electric Institute, circumstances of many Latin American Lockheed Martin, Mitsubishi International reflects the countries and the increasingly fractious Corporation, and Morgan & Morgan. “ relations between the United States and fundamental many nations of the region. Hemispheric and Global tensions in The 2006 Linowitz Forum (the fifteenth Relations time that Dialogue members have met in inter-American plenary session) brought together some 75 Task Force on the Organization of participants from across the hemisphere— American States relations. including more than half of our members, An Inter-American Dialogue task force along with analysts, journalists, senior staff was convened in 2005 to review the work ” of international institutions, and officials of the OAS and set forth recommendations Responding to the from the Washington policy community. for how the organization can and should Hemisphere’s Political be used to engage the varied challenges Challenges: Report of the The Sol Linowitz Forum opened with a Inter-American Dialogue confronting the hemisphere. reception hosted by Ambassador Federico Task Force on the OAS Humbert of Panama in honor of the The task force released its report— Dialogue’s founding chairman, Sol M. Responding to the Hemisphere’s Political Linowitz. The reception was an opportunity Challenges—on May 17, 2006. The report to formally welcome former president argues that the OAS could and should Ricardo Lagos of Chile and former U.S. be playing a more influential role in trade representative Carla A. Hills as the hemispheric affairs, but, in order to do so, Dialogue’s new co-chairs, and to thank it will need greater unity and cooperation outgoing co-chairs, former president among its member states. The OAS, Fernando Henrique Cardoso of Brazil and according to the report, needs a larger Peter D. Bell, former president of CARE, budget and more reliable financial support, for their years of service. but it is most constrained by the divisions and antagonisms in inter-American The following day, after an extensive relations. The secretary general can take briefing by senior Bush administration initiative independently, and should do so officials from State, Treasury, and USTR, when governments cannot reach collective the participants divided into three decisions, the report urges. discussion groups—focusing on the growing divisions and conflicts among Western The report’s central conclusion was that, Hemisphere nations, the rise of populism in more than ever before the nations of the Latin America, and using economic policy Western Hemisphere need an active and to combat poverty and inequality. effective regional organization to address a range of problems in the Americas, As we do following each Linowitz Forum, including those affecting domestic the Dialogue will issue a policy report to governance and security as well as those review the main challenges in hemispheric with international dimensions. relations, discuss alternative courses of action, and offer recommendations for policy OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza based on the consensus of our members. commented at a Dialogue roundtable discussion, where task force chair Fernando

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report  Cepeda, former minister of government at the Dialogue to assess the state of Colombia, and Hattie Babbitt, former of U.S.-Latin America relations and U.S. ambassador to the OAS, presented exchange ideas on new possibilities for Sino-Latin the report. The task force included some hemisphere-wide cooperation. 20 prominent leaders—former government “American relations officials, political figures, business leaders, • The Dialogue hosted two discussions with academics and NGO representatives— members of Congress about U.S. policy have been drawn from the United States, Canada, toward Latin America. Rep. Jim Kolbe Latin America, and the Caribbean. (R-AZ) spoke at the Dialogue on May pragmatic and non- 26, and on June 7, Rep. Xavier Becerra China and the Americas (D-CA) led a roundtable discussion. Both ideological. events focused on free trade policy and the • Wu Hongying from the China Institutes ongoing immigration debate. ” for Contemporary International Jorge Domínguez, Relations (CICIR), Stephen Johnson • On April 20, the Dialogue hosted a China Working Paper of the Heritage Foundation, and the discussion on the European Union and (Inter-American Dialogue) Dialogue’s Claudio Loser participated in regional integration in the Americas. a roundtable discussion on China-Latin America relations on October 4. • The Dialogue hosted an informal press roundtable on March 2 focusing on • The Dialogue, in cooperation with Western Hemisphere relations and U.S. Florida International University’s Cuban foreign policy in Latin America. Research Institute, hosted an April 12 discussion on the emerging relationship Published: between China and Cuba. Responding to the Hemisphere’s Political Challenges, Report of the Inter-American • On January 12, the Dialogue invited a Dialogue Task Force on the Organization small group of analysts to discuss the of American States ( June 2006). expanding ties between China and Latin America and the Caribbean, and how China’s Relations with Latin America: China’s presence in the hemisphere Shared Gains, Asymmetric Hopes, by Jorge I. is likely to affect U.S. objectives of Domínguez, et al, Inter-American Dialogue promoting democracy, stability, and Working Paper ( June 2006). economic prosperity in the region. Peter Hakim, “Is Washington Losing Latin Other Hemispheric and Global Relations America?” Foreign Affairs ( January) and in Foreign Affaires en Español ( January); • On December 14, a number of experts “Too Little Ambition: Canada in the convened at the Dialogue for a review Hemisphere,” Focalpoint (May); “Pais Sabe of Boston University professor David Como Escolher Mal um Presidente,” O Scott Palmer’s new book, U.S. Relations Estado de Sao Paulo (April 14); “El perfil with Latin America during the Clinton insatisfecho de Perú,” La Tercera (April Years: Opportunities Lost or Opportunities 13); and “EE.UU. y América Latina se Squandered? Roger Noriega of Tew divorciaron,” El Mercurio ( January 7). Cardenas, LLP and Alexander Watson of Hills and Co. provided reflections. Michael Shifter, “In Search of Hugo Chávez,” Foreign Affairs (May/June) and • On July 6, a group of U.S. analysts in Foreign Affaires en Español (July); “The met with academics from the Latin Best of Both Dictators,” The Washington American Social Science Faculty Post (December 10); “A New Politics for (FLACSO) for a day-long seminar Latin America?” America (December 18);

Inter-American Dialogue  2006 Program Report “Latinoamérica: más que un giro a la (R-WI), Xavier Becerra (D-CA), and izquierda,” La Opinion (Los Angeles, January Gregory Meeks (D-NY). Colombian 1) and in Perú21 (January 4); “No Crean en Ambassador Carolina Barco, who hosted Esos Rótulos,” (January 22). the dinner reception, joined Carla Hills, Clarín Unless you have former USTR and co-chair of the Dialogue, Vinay Jawahar, “Latin America: Looking CAF President Enrique García, and OAS high, quality growth, Left?” The Internationalist (February), and Secretary General José Miguel Insulza “ with Michael Shifter, “The Divided States in offering welcoming remarks. Other there will be little of the Americas,” Current History (February). speakers included Genaro Arriagada, former minister of the presidency of Chile; other advance. Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Will change Sergio Amaral, former minister of industry happen on a populist or modern platform?” and commerce of Brazil; Mercedes Aráoz, ” (May 11); and with Jaclyn Shull- minister of foreign trade and tourism of Gonzalez, “Hemisphere needs a relevant Enrique García, Peru; Sergio Bitar, former senator and Trade and Investment OAS,” (May 25), . The Miami Herald former minister of education of Chile; in the Americas, Carlos Ominami, senator and former IX Annual CAF Conference Daniel P. Erikson, “A Dragon in the minister of economy of Chile; Fernando (Inter-American Dialogue) Andes? China, Venezuela, and U.S. Energy Cepeda, now Colombian ambassador to Security,” Military Review ( July-August France; Anoop Singh of the IMF; and 2006) and in Military Review Edição Thomas Shannon, U.S. assistant secretary Brasiliera (September/October); with Adam of state, among others. Minson, “Cuba and China,” Hemisphere (Volume 17). The Corporación Andina de Fomento, the Organization of American States, and the Claudio Loser, “The Growing Economic Inter-American Dialogue sponsored the Presence of China in Latin America,” The annual CAF conference. Center for Hemispheric Policy, University of Miami (December 15). Trade Policy Group Trade and Economics • Richard Bernal, of Caribbean Regional Negotiating Machinery, and former 10th Annual Corporación Andina de assistant U.S. trade representative Regina Fomento Conference Vargo, now of Greenberg Traurig, led the Trade Policy Group in a discussion The 10th Annual Corporación Andina on October 12 that focused on U.S.- de Fomento (CAF) Conference on Trade Caribbean trade relations. The group and Investment in the Americas, held on explored the possibility of a CARICOM- September 7 and 8, addressed the many U.S. Free Trade Agreement. elections in the hemisphere, U.S. trade policy with Andean countries, energy policy, • On April 13, the Dialogue’s Trade and regional social challenges, among other Policy Group met to consider prospects topics. The meeting was timely in light for U.S. congressional approval of of upcoming votes in the U.S. Congress free trade agreements with Peru and related to the bilateral trade promotion Colombia; the status of U.S.-Ecuador agreements with Peru and Colombia and negotiations on an FTA; the possibility of the expiration of trade preferences under compromise between the United States the Andean Trade Preference and Drug and Brazil on difficult issues; and the Eradication Act in December. chances of opening talks with Bolivia or Uruguay in the coming months. Newly Participating members of Congress were appointed Assistant USTR Everett Reps. Jim Kolbe (R-AZ), Thomas Petri Eissenstat provided commentary, as did

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report  his predecessor, Regina Vargo, and key Other Trade and Economics congressional staff members, including Angela Ellard and Tim Reif of the House • Colombian president Álvaro Uribe Remittances Ways and Means Trade Subcommittee. encouraged an extension of current trade preferences to Colombia, Ecuador, are first and Remittances Peru, and Bolivia and pushed for a “ swift passage of the U.S.-Colombia foremost a private • On December 12, the Dialogue hosted free trade agreement at a Dialogue- a discussion on Capitol Hill of a new sponsored address to congressional staff family affair: no one World Bank Report on Workers’ on November 13. The bilateral free trade Remittances and Economic Progress in agreement awaits approval from the can tell other people Latin America. Commentators included Colombian and U.S. Congress. what to do with their World Bank representatives Pamela Cox, Humberto López, and Pablo • The Dialogue hosted two discussions with current members of Congress money. Fajnzylber, as well as Donald Terry, of the Multilateral Investment Fund of the about U.S. policy toward Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, and Rep. Jim Kolbe (R-AZ) spoke at the ” Dialogue on May 26, and on June 7, the Dialogue’s Manuel Orozco. Manuel Orozco, Rep. Xavier Becerra (D-CA) led a id21 Insights • At the XXIII G-24 Technical Group roundtable discussion. Both events meeting in Singapore on September focused on free trade policy and the 13 and 14, Claudio Loser presented a ongoing immigration debate. paper he prepared as Dialogue senior fellow, "The Macro-Economic Impact of • On December 15, Luis Machinea, Remittances in Latin America—Dutch secretary general of the Economic Disease or Latin Cure?" Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) presented at • On May 12, the IDB released a study by the Dialogue a preliminary overview of Manuel Orozco, "International Flows the economies in the region for the past of Remittances: Cost, competition and year. Nancy Lee of the U.S. Department financial access in Latin America and of Treasury and Anoop Singh of the the Caribbean—toward an industry International Monetary Fund offered scorecard," which includes information additional commentary. on pricing, customer satisfaction, financial sector intermediation, and U.S. locations • The Dialogue’s Congressional Members for over fifty money transfer companies Working Group hosted a dinner discussion operating in fourteen countries. on June 28 on U.S. free trade agreements with Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. • Sergio Bendixen of Bendixen and Associates, Donald Terry of the IDB’s • U.S. lawmakers from both parties joined Multilateral Investment Fund, and economist Hernando de Soto and trade Manuel Orozco analyzed the results experts from Peru and the United States of Bendixen’s recent survey on Latin to discuss the proposed U.S.-Peru Trade American immigrants’ remittance Promotion Agreement and possible tendencies at a Dialogue roundtable on domestic legal reforms in Peru at a October 5. The survey found that the CMWG dinner on September 27. De majority of immigrants want to invest in Soto met with Congressional staffers at a their home countries. lunch on September 25.

Inter-American Dialogue  2006 Program Report Published: and practice, and promoting human rights “Trade and Investment in the Americas: IX and the rule of law in the hemisphere. Annual Conference of la Corporacion Andina de Fomento (CAF)” (September 2006). The day-long authors’ meeting was followed by a public session the next day, addressing Too little Claudio Loser, “La indeleble influencia de the Mexican and Brazilian elections, the ambition may be Friedman,” La Nación (December 4). leadership and direction of Venezuelan “ president Hugo Chávez and Colombian the core of Ottawa’s Manuel Orozco edited with Anna Lindley, president Álvaro Uribe, the effects of Migrant Remittances Newsletter (volumes market reforms and globalization, and the problem in Latin 2 and 3), USAID and DFID (September consolidation of democracy in Argentina and and October); with Rachel Fedewa, Chile. Thomas Shannon, assistant secretary America and the “Leveraging Efforts on Remittances and of state for Western Hemisphere affairs, Financial Intermediation,” Institute for delivered the luncheon address. Caribbean. the Integration of Latin America and the Caribbean, Working Paper 24 (Buenos Participating authors included Fernando ” Aires, December 2006); “Remesas y política Cepeda of the Universidad de los Andes Peter Hakim, en la campaña electoral,” Confidencial (now Colombian ambassador to France); FocalPoint (Nicaragua, October 7); “Elecciones, Denise Dresser of the Instituto Tecnológico remesas y desarrollo,” Confidencial Autónoma de México; Laurence Whitehead (Nicaragua, August 12); “Migraciones y of Oxford University; Arturo Valenzuela of remesas en América Latina y el Caribe: Los Georgetown University; Steven Levitsky flujos intrarregionales y las determinantes of Harvard University; Javier Corrales of macroeconomicas,” Sistema Económico Amherst College; Peter Siavelis of Wake Latino-Americano y del Caribe, Caracas, Forest University; David Samuels of the Venezuela (May); “International Flows University of Minnesota; and David Myers of Remittances: Cost, competition and of Pennsylvania State University. financial access in Latin America and the Caribbean—toward an industry scorecard,” Race Inter-American Development Bank (May); “Sending Money Home: Can Remittances A Policy Agenda for Racial Equality in Reduce Poverty?” id21 insights ( January). the Americas

Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Only a Market On February 28, the Inter-Agency Economy Can Sustain Robust Growth,” Consultation on Race in Latin America Miami Herald (March 2). (IAC) along with the World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, Inter- Democracy American Foundation (IAF), Canadian Foundation for the Americas, and the Constructing Democratic Organization of American States sponsored Governance Seminar a landmark exchange among 75 political, business, academic and NGO leaders on On September 28 and 29, experts the social and economic gaps between Latin convened at the Dialogue to prepare for the America’s white and black populations; forthcoming third edition of Constructing the limited representation of Afro-Latin Democratic Governance, edited by Jorge Domínguez of Harvard University and the  The Dialogue serves as secretariat for the Inter-Agency Dialogue’s Michael Shifter. The conference Consultation on Race in Latin America (IAC), a group of inter- national development institutions that work to address issues addressed advancing democratic institutions of race discrimination, social exclusion, and other problems confronting Afro-descendant populations in Latin America.

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report  Americans in positions of political power Jiménez, an Afro-Dominican community and economic leadership; and the unequal activist; and Silvio Torres-Saillant of treatment of black Latin Americans by the Syracuse University. The challenge police and courts. Opening remarks at the conference were given by OAS Secretary • Afro-Latin American women leaders “is not merely to General José Miguel Insulza, World Bank addressed a March 21 discussion at the Vice President Pamela Cox, IAF President Dialogue, co-sponsored by the Global achieve the MDGs; Larry Palmer, and Peter Hakim. Afro Latino and Caribbean Initiative, featuring Dialogue member Epsy it is to reach them Over 200 guests attended a reception Campbell, former candidate for vice- on Capital Hill with U.S. Congressional president of Costa Rica, and Colombian for all racial and Representatives Charles Rangel (D-NY), congresswoman Zulia Mena. Mena ethnic groups. Gregory Meeks (D-NY), Donald Payne also spoke at a roundtable discussion on (D-NJ), Gwen Moore (D-WI), Elijah October 18, with former governor of the Cummings (D-MD), Eddie Bernice Chocó state, Luis Murillo. ” Johnson (D-TX) and William Delahunt Incorporating Race and (D-MA). The event was also supported by • José de Paula “Netinho” Neto, founder Ethnicity into the the offices of Senator Barack Obama (D- of the Afro-Brazilian television station UN Millennium IL), Rep. Barbara Lee (D-CA), and the TV da Gente, and Hamilton S. Cloud Development Goals Congressional Black Caucus. II, former vice-president of NBC, led (Inter-American Dialogue) a discussion on March 3rd about the U.S. Rep. Gregory Meeks (D-NY) addressed challenges facing African descendents in a press briefing the following morning, with the media, co-sponsored by the Phelps- other prominent conference participants. Stokes Fund.

Other Sessions on Race • The IAC and Global Rights: Partners for Justice sponsored a January 11 • The Dialogue’s Caribbean program and discussion with Martha Pro Santana, race program jointly sponsored a June 20 executive director of Centro para el meeting on the role of the Diaspora in the Desarrollo Urbano y Rural of Peru, Caribbean financial market. The panel who spoke on the effects of racial included Earl Jarrett of the Jamaican discrimination on women’s access to National Building Society; James Hansley health, education and employment in from the Overseas Private Investment Afro-Peruvian Communities. Corporation (OPIC); Thomson Fontaine of the International Monetary Fund • PREAL and the Inter-American (IMF); Leo Williams of the Jamaica Development Bank organized a Money Market Brokers; the Dialogue’s seminar entitled “Race, Education, and Manuel Orozco; and Claire Nelson from the MDGs in Brazil: An Economic the Institute of Caribbean Studies (ICS). Perspective” on December 7. (See page 10 for article). • On May 11, the Dialogue co-hosted a panel discussion with the National • The IAC hosted a delegation of Council of La Raza on historic and Colombian civil society and government contemporary perspectives on the role representatives, sponsored by the Inter- of race in the formation of Dominican American Foundation, for a one-day identity. The discussion featured Cid forum, on January 18, about the dire Wilson, president of the Dominican situation facing the native population of American Roundtable; Celsa Albert the Colombian island of San Andres. Batista from the Dominican Institute for African and Asian Studies; Eulalia

Inter-American Dialogue  2006 Program Report Other Democracy Social Policy

• Eduardo Gamarra of Florida • On October 30, the Dialogue hosted International University and Carlos a seminar to analyze the outcomes of Recent Lemoine of Newlink Research released Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) the results of their Iberobarómetro programs. The discussion featured elections in Bolivia, Survey at the Dialogue on September panelists Francisco Ferreira, lead economist “ 22. The survey polled residents of select of World Bank Research Group, and Brazil, Costa Rica, Latin American nations, Portugal, and Eduardo Lora, of the Inter-American Spain, as well as Latinos in the United Development Bank. Both have published Ecuador, Mexico, States on their views of democracy, on Latin America’s CCT programs, such governance, and political leaders. as Mexico’s Progresa/Oportunidades, and Nicaragua and Peru Jaime Aparicio of Newlink Political, Brazil’s . Bolsa Escola/Familia have highlighted the Julia Sweig of the Council on Foreign Relations, and Arturo Valenzuela of • Ernesto Stein of the Inter-American renewed importance Georgetown University commented. Development Bank introduced the Bank’s new report, The Politics of Policies and urgency of the • Dialogue founding director Abraham at a Dialogue meeting on April 6. Colin Lowenthal shared impressions from Bradford of the Brookings Institution social agenda. his recent travels through Brazil, Chile, offered comments. Peru, and Argentina, and the changes ” that have occurred over the past fifteen Partnership for Educational Revitalization Michael Shifter, years. The September 18 session at in the Americas (PREAL) The Washington Post the Dialogue included commentary by Sidney Weintraub from the Center Child Labor Eradication Program Launched for Strategic and International Studies and Cynthia Arnson of the Woodrow In November, PREAL launched Primero Wilson Center for Scholars. Aprendo, an initiative funded by the U.S. Department of Labor in collaboration with Published: DevTech Systems, CARE International, Judith Morrison, “The Changing Shape and Catholic Relief Services. The program of Race and Race Relations” in Advancing is designed to promote awareness and Equity: Putting Policy into Practice, Inter- encourage relevant policies regarding American Development Bank (2006). child labor and related school drop-outs in Nicaragua, the Dominican Republic, El Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “New Leaders’ Salvador and Guatemala. Challenges: Institutions, Social Fabric” (December 7), “Drop Populism, Embrace OAS Showcases PREAL Findings at Forum Markets” (October 12), “Multiple Elections in Peru Changing Region’s Leadership This Year” (February 17), and “Democracy + Market On August 29, PREAL co-director Jeffrey Economy = Progress” ( January 5), The Puryear presented findings from PREAL’s Miami Herald; “Populist Delusions Block 2006 Report Card on Education in Latin Latin America’s Progress,” Financial Times, America—Quantity without Quality—at the ( January 16). OAS XV Americas Speakers Series, held at the San Martin de Porres University in “Incorporating Race and Ethnicity into the Lima, Peru. Millennium Development Goals.” Race Report. Edward E. Telles ( January 2007).

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report  PREAL Promotes Socially Responsible Regional Report Card Launched in Brazil Investments in Education In August PREAL’s liaison in Brazil Latin America The first Latin American Conference presented the Portuguese version of on Socially Responsible Investments in PREAL’s regional report card on education, scores at the bottom Education took place in Bahia, Brazil on June Quantidade sem Qualidade, at a three-day “ 22 to 24 with substantial participation by conference on the challenges facing middle on every global PREAL and the Inter-American Dialogue. school education. The event, held in Rio Hosted by the Lemann Foundation (Brazil), de Janeiro and sponsored by the Getulio test of student the Jacobs Foundation (Switzerland), and the Vargas Foundation, was attended by school Gerdau Group (Brazil), the conference sought directors, teachers, business leaders, and achievement. to promote public-private partnerships in members of Brazilian and international civil education in Latin America. PREAL’s report society organizations. ” card on education in Latin America, Quantity PREAL, without Quality was presented by Advisory First National Education Report Card Quantity without Quality Board member Paulo Renato de Souza, Launched in Dominican Republic former education minister of Brazil; Dialogue president Peter Hakim commented. On December 14th, PREAL’s national partner EDUCA launched the Dominican Racial Inequalities Hinder Education Republic’s first national report card on in Brazil education, Pasando Balance. Noted speakers included Juan Tomás Tavares Kelner, PREAL and the Inter-American president of EDUCA; Edward Abbey, Development Bank organized a seminar country director of Plan International- entitled “Race, Education, and the MDGs Dominican Republic; and Miguel Escala, in Brazil: An Economic Perspective” rector of INTEC University in Santo on December 7. Dr. Marcelo Paixão of Domingo. The audience included officials the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro from the Secretary of Education, members presented a draft of his paper A Dialética of the EDUCA board of directors, business do Bom Aluno: relações raciais e o sistema leaders, and numerous civil society leaders. educacional brasileiro to some fifty policy analysts, economists, and academics. Second National Education Report Card Judith Morrison of the Inter-American Launched in Colombia Foundation; PREAL co-director Jeffrey Puryear; Mia Harbitz, social development On December 5 at the Universidad Jorge specialist of the IDB; and Jacqueline Tadeo Lozano in Bogotá, Colombian Vice- Mazza, senior social development specialist Minister of Education Juana Diaz gave the of the IDB, also spoke. closing remarks at the launch of Colombia’s 2006 national education report card—Hay PREAL Report Cards avances pero quedan desafíos. The report is a joint effort of PREAL and its Colombian In January and February, Quantity partners Fundación Empresarios por la without Quality was launched in Panama, Educación, Corpoeducación and Fundación Guatemala, and Honduras. Quantity Corona. It is the second national education without Quality is PREAL’s regional report card for Colombia. analysis of Latin American education systems, published in December 2005. First National Education Report Card Launched in Ecuador

On September 8, PREAL, along with Fundación Ecuador, Grupo FARO, and

Inter-American Dialogue 10 2006 Program Report Contrato Social por la Educación en 31 on “Teacher Evaluation in Latin Ecuador, launched Ecuador’s first national America: A Tool for Professional and report card on education in Guayaquil. The Institutional Learning.” general coordinator for Fundación Ecuador, Indigenous and Miguel Angel Valdivieso, presented the • In December, the Working Group on report to an audience of 250 participants, Teacher Professionalization convened Afro-Latin children including Raul Vallejo, minister of fourteen experts, including ministry “ education, and Roberto Passailague, former officials and PREAL associates, to are much less minister of education. analyze the draft of What do we know about teacher remuneration?, by Claudio likely to complete PREAL Working Groups de Moura Castro and Gustavo Ioschpe. Both authors presented the findings of primary school or to • In August and early September, the paper, which address whether teacher Guillermo Ferrer, a member of PREAL’s salaries are low relative to a number of key enroll in secondary Working Group on Standards and comparisons, and whether they have an Assessment’s executive committee, impact on education quality outcomes. school. made a series of presentations in Guatemala on his new PREAL- • On February 23 and 24, the Working ” published book Sistemas de Evaluación Group on Decentralization and PREAL, de Aprendizajes en América Latina: School Autonomy hosted the seminar Quantity without Quality Balance y Desafíos. The events—which “Strengthening School Management were sponsored by PREAL, Center for for the Promotion of Successful National Economic Research (CIEN), Decentralized Education Systems” in and USAID—targeted members of Guatemala. The minister of education civil society, politicians, academics, and provided opening remarks. On January directors of private high schools. On July 26 and 27, this working group organized, 26 to 29, PREAL’s Working Group on in collaboration with the Private Sector Standards and Assessment, in association Council for Educational Assistance, the with UNCEP and Círculo Empresarial, seminar “Strengthening Educational and the collaboration of the Panamanian Quality through School Management Ministry of Education, held a pilot in Latin America: Promoting Schools course in Panama for 35 participants on of Excellence in Panama” in Panama “Purposes, uses and dissemination of City. Specialists from Chile, Brazil, and results of national tests.” The discussion Colombia participated. and training activities were based on the working group’s publications and studies. PREAL Published: Pasando Balance: Informe de progreso • PREAL’s Working Group on Teacher educativo de República Dominicana (2006). Professionalization initiated a seven-country series of workshops to Opciones educativas para la niñez trabajadora strengthen key aspects of the teaching en Guatemala (2006). profession, including recruitment, training quality, compensation, and Opciones educativas para la niñez trabajadora performance evaluations. To date, well en Costa Rica (2006). over 500 participants have attended workshops in Nicaragua, Colombia, Opciones educativas para la niñez trabajadora Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. en República Dominicana (2006). The working group, in conjunction with FEPADE, Centro Alfa, and the ministry Opciones educativas para la niñez trabajadora of education of El Salvador, also held a en Nicaragua (2006). workshop in San Salvador on August

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 11 Hay Avances pero Quedan Desafíos: Un and Robert W. McMeekin, eds. Santiago: Informe de Progreso Educativo de Colombia PREAL-CIDE (2006). 2006 (2006). Ecuador’s Educational Assessment Systems in Latin Maestros de Escuelas Básicas en América America: Current Practice and Future chronic instability Latina: Hacia una Radiografía de la profesión Challenges. Guillermo Ferrer. Santiago: “ (August 2006). PREAL (2006). [Also available in Spanish.] has buttressed Herramientas para la Prevención de la Sistemas de Evaluación de Aprendizajes the role of the Violencia en las Escuelas: Conversando en la en América Latina Balance y Desafíos. Escuela (2006). Guillermo Ferrer. Santiago: PREAL military as the (2006). Más educación y menos trabajo infantil: dos arbiters of national metas que convergen, PREAL Policy Series: Una Revisión a la participación escolar en No 25 (November 2006). politics. América Latina. PREAL Working Paper Nº 35 (April 2006). Preparar y retener buenos docentes: La ” experiencia de Suecia, Noruega, Finlandia e Programa de Becas Estudiantiles PREAL. Best Carlos Basombrío, Inglaterra, PREAL Best Practices Series: Practices Series: Nº 22 (February 2006). Andean Working Paper Nº 24 (October 2006). (Inter-American Dialogue) Country and Regional Programs Dos clases de políticas educativas. La política de las políticas públicas, PREAL Working Andean Region paper: Nº 36 (August 2006). • The 10th Annual Corporación Andina La asignación de recursos en sistemas de Fomento (CAF) Conference on Trade educativos descentralizados, PREAL Policy and Investment in the Americas, co- Series: Nº 24 ( July 2006). sponosred by the Corporación Andina de Fomento, Organization of American Buscando una gestión escolar de calidad: la States, and Inter-American Dialogue, experiencia chilena, PREAL Best Practices was held on September 7 and 8 in Series: Nº 23 ( June 2006). Washington. (See page 5 for article).

Cecilia Rossel and Denisse Vaillant, • The CMWG hosted a dinner discussion editors. Maestros de Escuelas Básicas en on June 28 on U.S. free trade agreements América Latina: Hacia una Radiografía de with Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. (See la Profesión. Santiago, Chile: Editorial San page 19 for article). Marino (2006). • Please see the race section (on page 8) Calidad con Equidad: El desafío de la for other Dialogue events related to educación ecuatoriana. Quito: PREAL the Andean Region that focused on (2006). education and the exclusion of Afro- descendant populations. Quantity without Quality: A Report Card on Education in Latin America. PREAL Advisory Board, Washington, DC: PREAL Andean Working Group (2006). [Also available in Spanish and The Dialogue’s Andean Working Group Portuguese.] held their eleventh meeting on November 27 and 28 in Quito at FLACSO Ecuador. Accountability educacional: posibilidades y The conference began with a dinner hosted desafíos para América Latina a partir de la by Yolanda Kakabadse, former minister of experiencia internacional. Javier Corvalán

Inter-American Dialogue 12 2006 Program Report the environment of Ecuador and Dialogue the country’s main newsweekly, Semana; board member. Marta Lucía Ramírez, senator-elect and former defense minister; and, Fernando Discussions focused on the results of Cepeda, former government minister A second-term Ecuador’s November 26 election; Alan and current Colombian ambassador to García’s first months as president of Peru; France, spoke at an April 26th Dialogue Uribe will be neither the impact of the U.S. midterm elections discussion on the current security “ on U.S. policy towards Latin America; situation in Colombia, government a Fujimori nor a the challenges facing Álvaro Uribe in his efforts to demobilize paramilitary forces, second term as Colombia’s president; the U.S.-funded anti-narcotics policies, and messiah. obstacles the Morales administration has prospects for the upcoming May 28 encountered in Bolivia; the future and presidential election. ” influence of Venezuela’s Hugo Chávez; Rodrigo Pardo, and the dynamics of the Andean region as • On December 5, Cesar Rodríguez Andean Working Paper a whole. A public session was also held at Garavito of Dejusticia and Eduardo (Inter-American Dialogue) the Universidad Andina in Quito. Gustavo Bertoni of the Due Process of Law Larrea, Rafael Correa’s campaign manager Foundation led a discussion at the and Ecuador’s new minister of government, Dialogue on judicial reform in Colombia. and former Chilean senator José Viera- Gallo addressed the group. • On February 28, the Dialogue held a discussion featuring Luis Évelis The Dialogue’s Andean Working Group Andrade, president of the National held their tenth meeting on April 24 Indigenous Organization of Colombia, and 25 in Washington, DC. Daniel Fisk, with representatives of the Colombian special assistant to the president and senior indigenous population, on prospects for director for Western Hemisphere affairs peace in Colombia. at the National Security Council joined the discussions. Participants in the group Peru represent a range of perspectives from the Andean region, Europe, the United States • Former president of Peru Alejandro and Latin America. Toledo spoke at the Dialogue on August 15. Toledo was in Washington Members of the Andean Working Group to talk about his administration’s represent a range of perspectives as public accomplishments and to promote the and academic leaders from the Andean free trade agreement he negotiated with region, Europe, Canada, the United States, the United States. and Latin America. • Peruvian trade negotiator Hernando Colombia de Soto discussed the proposed U.S.- Peru Trade Promotion Agreement with • Colombian president Álvaro Uribe members and staff of the U.S. Congress encouraged an extension of current on September 25 and 27. trade preferences to Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia and pushed for a swift • Pedro-Pablo Kuczynski, prime minister passage of the U.S.-Colombia free trade of Peru, spoke at the Inter-American agreement at a Dialogue-sponsored Dialogue on April 19 about recent political address to congressional staff on and economic developments in his country. November 13. • On April 12, Álvaro Vargas Llosa of the • Rafael Pardo, senator and former Institute for Global Prosperity spoke at defense minister; Rodrigo Pardo, former the Dialogue about the second round foreign minister and current editor of of Peru’s recent presidential elections,

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 13 which he predicted would likely be a race attempts to strengthen security along between APRA candidate Alan García Ecuador’s border with Colombia. and nationalist Ollanta Humala. Though • Ecuadorean presidential candidate León Bolivia Roldós and his running mate Ramiro “petroleum has González presented their platform and • The Dialogue hosted a private dinner electoral strategy at the Inter-American long played a role with the new ambassador of Bolivia, Dialogue on July 14. Gustavo Guzmán, and leading members in Venezuelan of the Washington policy community to • Roberto Baquerizo of Proventures, discuss Bolivian politics and U.S.-Bolivia Inc., and Michael Shifter spoke at foreign policy, the relations on October 30. the Dialogue on November 30 on the significance of Rafael Correa’s victory in Chávez government • Former president of Bolivia Eduardo Ecuador’s recent presidential elections. has wielded its Rodríguez met with Dialogue staff and select others on October 18 for an Venezuela resource wealth to off-the-record conversation about the current situation in Bolivia. Tibisay Lucena, president of Venezuela’s an unprecedented National Electoral Council, discussed • On July 18, Minister of Planning and Venezuela’s upcoming December elections degree. Development Carlos Villegas presented at a July 13 meeting at the Dialogue. Bolivia’s recently approved National ” Development Plan. The Plan has identi- Published: Petropolitics in Latin America: A Review of Genaro Arriagada, fied 150 impoverished municipalities in Andean Working Paper Bolivia that will qualify for government Energy Policy and Regional Relations, Inter- (Inter-American Dialogue) development assistance financed by sav- American Dialogue Andean Working Paper ings from cancelled debt payments. by Genaro Arriagada (December 2006).

• A March 31 dinner discussion focused A New Uribe? Álvaro Uribe’s Second-Term on recent developments in Bolivia Challenges, Inter-American Dialogue since the inauguration of its new Andean Working Paper by Rodrigo Pardo president, Evo Morales, and challenges (November 2006). for U.S. policy. Eduardo Gamarra of Florida International University, Jorge The Military and Politics in the Andean Region, Crespo Velasco of the Inter-American Inter-American Dialogue Working Paper by Development Bank, Victor Rico of Carlos Basombrío Iglesias (April 2006). the OAS, and Janice O’Connell of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Michael Shifter, Un Brindis por América also participated. Latina, a book published by Instituto de Defensa Legal (December 2006); Ecuador “In Search of Hugo Chávez,” Foreign Affairs (May/June); “En Busca de Hugo • Foreign Minister Francisco Carrión Chávez,” Foreign Affaires en Español spoke about U.S.-Ecuador free trade (July 2006); “A Conversation with Alan talks on March 23, soon after major Garcia,” The Washington Post (June 4); “El protests against the proposed free trade Proceso Colombiano desde un Contexto agreement flared in mid-March. Regional,” Perspectiva (November 2006); “El ‘paraescándalo’ y E.U.,” eltiempo.com • Retired general Oswaldo Jarrín, (December 6); “La Continuidad Es la Ecuador’s minister of defense, spoke at Regla,” elespectador.com (November 4); “A la the Dialogue on June 14 about recent Segunda Va la Vencida,” (interview of Alán

Inter-American Dialogue 14 2006 Program Report Garcia), ideele (July 2006); “The Andes in policies, and its relations with the United Focus: Security, Democracy, and Economic States. The series was jointly sponsored Reform,” (book review), Latin American by the Dialogue with the Mexican Politics & Society (Spring 2006); “Don’t Council on Foreign Relations and the Mexico’s Count Chávez Out,” New York Daily News Center for Studies on Globalization and (July 13); “Venezuela colabora la actual Development at the Tec de Monterrey democracy has fragmentación de América Latina,” interview of Mexico. “ with Michael Shifter, El Comercio (Peru, freed itself from its June 1); “Múltiples Caras de la Izquierda en Published: América Latina,” (interview) El Nacional Daniel Erikson, “Mexico’s Uneasy Choice: authoritarian past, (Venezuela, January 22). The 2006 Presidential Election,” World Policy Journal (Winter 2005-2006). yet it is faltering Michael Shifter and Vinay Jawahar, “Some see ‘outsider’ as only hope,” The Miami Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Calderón must stand in its quest to Herald (April 9). above the partisan fray,” (September 14), “López Obrador has a weak case,” (July 20), become a modern Mexico “Where parties stand after the balloting,” nation. (July 6), and “Three-way Race: Contest • On September 18, Rafael Fernández for Mexico’s presidency,” (February 2), The de Castro of the Autonomous Miami Herald; “The Mexican Elections,” ” Technological Institute of Mexico Real Instituto Elcano (August 4); “Calderón, al Daniel Erikson, (ITAM) and Andrés Rozental of the centro,” El País (September 21). World Policy Journal Mexican Council on Foreign Relations led a discussion at the Dialogue on Michael Shifter, “Seven Questions: the future of Mexico after the recent Mexico’s Presidential Race,” interview for presidential election controversy. foreignpolicy.com ( June 23). • Manuel Camacho Solís, a top adviser to Brazil and the Southern Cone Mexican presidential candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador, addressed an Brazil audience at the Dialogue on July 26. • The Dialogue hosted two discussions • On July 11, the Dialogue hosted a on Brazil’s recent presidential elections. discussion on the results of the Mexican On August 16, David Fleischer of election featuring George Grayson the University of Brasilia and editor of the College of William and Mary; of Brazil Focus, Lisa Schineller of Andrew Selee of the Woodrow Wilson Standard and Poor’s, Paulo Sotero of the Center for International Scholars, Woodrow Wilson International Center Francisco Gonzalez of the Nitze School for Scholars, and James Ferrer of George of Advanced International Studies, and Washington University reflected on Pamela Starr of the Eurasia Group. possible outcomes of the first round. On November 8—after Lula’s re-election— • Luis Rubio, director of the Center of Stan Gacek of the AFL-CIO, Riorden Research for Development and former Roett from Johns Hopkins’ School of advisor to the secretary of the treasury of Advanced International Studies, and Mexico, spoke at the Dialogue on May Paulo Sotero spoke on the political and 3 for an update on Mexico’s presidential economic implications of the results. elections. This was part of a series on the 2006 Mexican presidential elections • On the occasion of his recently released and their significance for that nation’s memoir, The Accidental President of domestic politics, its economic and social Brazil, former president Fernando

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 15 Henrique Cardoso (then co-chair of the the Caribbean and what Canada can do Dialogue) spoke on March 30 about to become a more constructive partner his two terms as president and Brazil’s for the region. The meeting, which Fledgling financial and political situation. was hosted by the Embassy of Canada in Washington, featured high-level “democracies could • Please see the race section (on page 8) for participation by leaders such as former other Dialogue events related to Brazil that Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark, be the most onerous focused on Afro-descendant populations. Barbados’ foreign minister Billie Miller, chairman of the Gleaner Company casualty of violent Argentina Oliver Clarke, and director general of the Caribbean Regional Negotiating crime. On February 22, the Dialogue hosted Machinery Richard Bernal. an off-the-record conversation on ” Argentina’s economic prospects without • In Port-of-Spain, Trinidad on May Marifeli Pérez-Stable, the International Monetary Fund, led via 31, the Dialogue organized a half-day The Miami Herald conference call by Martin Redrado, Central meeting on “Economic Challenges Bank governor of Argentina. Dialogue in the Caribbean.” This was a private senior fellow Claudio Loser, former discussion for a small group of head of the IMF’s Western Hemisphere economists from the English-speaking Department, offered commentary. Caribbean, Cuba, and the World Bank to exchange ideas on economic Chile developments in the region and avenues for future research and collaboration. On October 18, former senator José Antonio Viera-Gallo led a discussion • The Caribbean program and the race at the Dialogue on Chile’s role in Latin program at the Inter-American Dialogue America. Viera-Gallo, the president of jointly sponsored a June 20 meeting on Chile’s Proyectamérica Corporation—a new the role of the Diaspora in the Caribbean think tank focusing on issues of governance, financial market. (See page 8). economic development, and international policies in Chile and Latin America— Haiti discussed the possibility of Chile serving as a model for other countries in the region. • Peter D. Bell, former president of CARE and co-vice chair of the Dialogue, led Published: a discussion on July 19 about a possible Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “On the threshold long-term development strategy for of a developed country,” ( June 22) and Haiti. Members of Congress met with “Michelle Bachelet: Chile’s new president representatives from the diplomatic, has the common touch,” ( January 19), The academic and development community Miami Herald. days before Haiti’s International Donor’s Conference in Port-au-Prince. “La Mirada del mundo a la gestión económica de Pinochet,” an interview with • On April 28, The Dialogue hosted a Claudio Loser, El Mercurio (December 12). discussion on the challenges facing Haiti’s president-elect, René Préval, The Caribbean featuring Luigi Einaudi, former acting secretary general of the OAS; Robert • On May 23, the Dialogue hosted a Maguire of Trinity University; and discussion on Canada’s relations with Jocelyn McCalla of the National the Caribbean, which examined the Coalition for Haitian Rights. political and economic challenges facing

Inter-American Dialogue 16 2006 Program Report Cuba Research Institute, the Dialogue hosted a discussion on the emerging relationship • On December 7 with Florida between China and Cuba featuring International University, the Dialogue William Ratliff of the Hoover Institution There are organized a panel discussion on Cuba’s at Stanford University; Frank Mora of search for oil and its broader energy the National Defense University; and R. no straight lines strategy, including its collaboration with Evan Ellis from Booz, Allen & Hamilton. “ foreign investors from countries like to a democratic Spain, Norway, India and China. The • On February 17, the Dialogue and meeting was led by Jorge Piñon, research Florida International University held a Cuba. associate at the University of Miami’s forum on Cuban baseball and the current Institute of Cuban and Cuban-American state of sports diplomacy between the ” Studies, Jonathan Benjamin-Alvarado, United States and Cuba led by: Kevin Marifeli Pérez-Stable, associate professor at the University of Baxter of The Miami Herald; Stephen The Miami Herald Nebraska at Omaha, and Roger Stark, Johnson of the Heritage Foundation; and partner at Kirkpatrick & Lockhart Tim Wendel, author of The New Face of Nicholson Graham. Baseball: The 100-Year Rise and Triumph of Latinos in America’s Favorite Sport. • The Dialogue invited a small group of political and economic analysts for a The Dominican Republic special seminar on November 16 and 17 in Madrid, Spain, on Cuba and the The Dialogue and the Center for Strategic international community. Co-sponsored and International Studies co-hosted an with La Fundación para las Relaciones October 26 presentation by President Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior Leonel Fernández. Fernández announced (FRIDE), this workshop brought that he would introduce new tax reform together experts and policy officials from legislation in the country’s Congress the Europe, Latin America, and Canada to following week. His remarks came amid review recent developments in Cuba, pressure from the International Monetary discuss how Cuba is likely to evolve Fund to implement deeper fiscal reforms. in the coming period, and whether and how the international community, Guyana particularly the nations of Europe and Latin America, can be most helpful in On October 4, Bayney Karran, ambassador the coming period. The meeting featured of Guyana, and Ivelaw Lloyd Griffith, high-level participation from more than provost of Radford University, discussed 12 countries, including England, Spain, the newly re-elected Bharrat Jagdeo France, Germany, Sweden, Mexico, government in Guyana. Chile, Ecuador, Canada, and Brazil. Jamaica • Caleb McCarry, the State Department’s Cuba transition coordinator, Julia Sweig Basil Wilson of the John Jay College of of the Council on Foreign Relations, Criminal Justice in New York, Richard and Anthony Maingot of Florida Fletcher, formerly of the Inter-American International University, spoke at an Development Bank, and Jamaican October 19 joint Dialogue-FIU meeting ambassador Gordon Shirley spoke at the on future U.S.-Cuba relations. Dialogue on June 7. The discussion focused on the challenges facing Prime Minister • On April 12, in cooperation with Portia Simpson-Miller in her first term. Florida International University’s Cuban

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 17 Published: Nicaragua Daniel Erikson, “Is Hugo Chávez Cuba’s Kingmaker?” The Los Angeles Times (August • Antonio Lacayo, who served as chief U.S. 13, 2006); “Mano a Mano,” The Washington of staff for former president Violeta Post (August 6, 2006); “The Commission Chamorro, spoke at the Dialogue on intervention for Assistance to a Free Cuba: Oops, They February 15 about his new book, La “ Difícil Transición Nicaraguense: En el Did It Again,” FOCAL POINT: Spotlight in Nicaragua’s on the Americas (Vol. 5, No. 6, July/August Gobierno con Doña Violeta. 2006); “Review of ‘After Fidel: The Inside internal affairs is Story of Castro’s Regime and Cuba’s Next • Please see the social policy section (on Leader,’” Cuban Affairs (Volume 1, Issue pg. 9) for other Dialogue events related unwarranted. 3, July); with Jaclyn Shull-Gonzalez, to Central America that focused on “Troubled nation stands at a precipice,” The education reform. ” Miami Herald (August 28). Michael Shifter, Published: The Washington Post Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Never Lose Sight Michael Shifter, “Why Meddle in of a Cuba That Has Room for All of Us,” Nicaragua?” The Washington Post (December 21), “Summit ‘A Confluence of (November 2). Bravado,’” (September 28), “How would Raul and Hugo get along?” (August 17), Marifeli Pérez-Stable, “Has Ortega Really, “A critical moment for the future of Cuba,” Truly Changed?” (November 9), “Will (August 3), “Leave the extremes, focus Democracy Be Strengthened?” (October on the center,” ( June 6), “Unjust Means 26), “Nicaragua: Guard against foul play Debase Our Cherished Ends,” (April 27), in presidential elections,” (March 16), and and “Focus on Cuba’s Dictatorship,” (April “Gangs undermine security, democracy,” 13), The Miami Herald; “Cuba en compás (March 30), The Miami Herald; and “Por de espera,” Infolatam (December 27); el sendero de Doña Violeta,” in El Nuevo and “Reconciliación en libertad,” El País Herald (February 25). (August 7). Congressional Program Central America Congressional Members Working Group

El Salvador Throughout 2006, the Dialogue’s Ambassador René León led a discussion Congressional Members Working Group on March 30 at the Dialogue on hosted a number of meetings on Capitol economic developments in El Salvador Hill. These discussions focused on the most with Margarita Escobar, vice minister of pressing issues pertaining to Latin America foreign relations for Salvadorans abroad, in the U.S. Congress, particularly upcoming and Roberto Simán, of the office of the votes on bilateral trade agreements and the president of El Salvador. ongoing immigration debate. Participating members of Congress included Senators Norm Coleman (R-MN) and Christopher Guatemala Dodd (D-CT) and Representatives Xavier On September 15, Guatemalan First Lady Becerra (D-CA), Mary Bono (R-CA), Dan Wendy Widmann de Berger discussed Burton (R-IN), Donna Christensen (Virgin the success of her program Creciendo Islands), Susan Davis (D-CA), William Bien, which works to reduce poverty in Delahunt (D-MA), Eliot Engel (D-NY), Guatemala by empowering women. Eni Faleomavaega (D-AS), Sam Farr (D-CA), Mark Foley (R-FL), Jim Kolbe (R-AZ), Jim Leach (R-IA), Sheila Jackson

Inter-American Dialogue 18 2006 Program Report Lee (D-TX), Sander Levin (D-MI), Nita • Rep. Xavier Becerra (D-CA) led a Lowey (D-NY), Connie Mack (R-FL), June 7 roundtable at the Dialogue on Jim McDermott (D-WA), Gregory Meeks the U.S. policy agenda in the region. (D-NY), James Moran (D-VA), Thomas The discussion centered on the recent Relations Petri (R-WI), Charles Rangel (D-NY), immigration debate and the upcoming Jan Schakowksy (D-IL), and Jerry Weller congressional votes on free trade between the United (R-IL). agreements with Peru and Colombia. “ States and Latin • Colombian president Álvaro Uribe • Six Latin American foreign ministers— encouraged an extension of current Carolina Barco of Colombia, Luis America today are trade preferences to Colombia, Ecuador, Ernesto Derbez of Mexico, Jorge Peru, and Bolivia and pushed for a Briz of Guatemala, Norman Caldera at their lowest point swift passage of the U.S.-Colombia of Nicaragua, Francisco Laínez of El free trade agreement at a Dialogue- Salvador, and Samuel Lewis Navarro since the end of the sponsored address to congressional staff of Panama (who is also vice president on November 13. The bilateral free trade of Panama)—met with members of Cold War. agreement awaits approval from the Congress on May 2 to discuss how Colombian and U.S. Congress. their governments might collaborate ” with the United States to help facilitate Peter Hakim, • U.S. lawmakers from both parties joined immigration reform legislation. The Foreign Affairs economist Hernando de Soto and ministers were part of a delegation of trade experts from Peru and the United nine foreign ministers in Washington States to discuss the proposed U.S.- for a policy dialogue on immigration Peru Trade Promotion Agreement and reform co-sponsored by the Dialogue possible domestic legal reforms in Peru with Foreign Affaires En Español and the at a CMWG dinner on September 27. Migration Policy Institute. De Soto also met with Congressional staffers at a lunch on September 25. • Rep. Jim Kolbe (R-AZ) spoke at the Dialogue on May 26 about U.S. policy • On July 19, Peter Bell, former president toward Latin America, focusing on free of CARE and co-vice chair of the trade and immigration. Kolbe served as Dialogue, led a discussion on a possible chairman of the Subcommittee on Foreign long-term development strategy for Operations and Export Financing. Haiti. Members of Congress met with representatives from the diplomatic, • On March 1, OAS Secretary General academic and development community José Miguel Insulza led a discussion on days before Haiti’s International Donor’s the quality of democratic governance in Conference in Port-au-Prince to discuss the hemisphere, with a focus on OAS how the United States could play a activities in five countries—Bolivia, positive role in Haiti’s future. Nicaragua, Ecuador, Haiti, and Colombia. Two assistant secretaries • The CMWG hosted a dinner discussion of state, Thomas Shannon and Anne on June 28 on U.S. free trade agreements Patterson, also participated, along with with Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador. U.S. ambassador to the OAS, John Guests included the ambassadors of Maisto, and other senior officials from Peru, Eduardo Ferrero, and Ecuador, the OAS. Luis Gallegos; Deputy Assistant USTR Bennett Harman; former • A March 31 dinner discussion focused USTR negotiator Regina Vargo; and on recent developments in Bolivia representatives from the private sector since the inauguration of its new and international institutions. president, Evo Morales, and challenges

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 19 for U.S. policy. Eduardo Gamarra of International Minerals, the AFL-CIO, Florida International University, Jorge Aperture SC, Optima Compliance and Crespo Velasco of the Inter-American Consulting, Moneygram, Western Union, Next year is Development Bank, Victor Rico of and others. Hewlett Packard enrolled for the OAS, and Janice O’Connell of the the first time, and HP’s general manager “poised to be good Senate Committee on Foreign Relations for Latin America, Rui da Costa, joined also participated. the board of advisors for the Dialogue’s for foreign direct daily Latin America Advisor newsletter. • Peter Hakim and Michael Shifter José Otero, the president of Signals investment in Latin engaged congressional staff in a Capitol Consulting, joined the Dialogue’s weekly Hill luncheon discussion on December Telecom Advisor newsletter board. Jonathan America. 13 on the policy implications of the Hamilton, an attorney at White & Case, elections in Latin America and the joined our Energy Advisor board. ” United States during the previous General Motors senior twelve months. This was the group’s The Latin America Advisor Expands economist Jonathan first meeting since the Democrats won Flott, The Dialogue’s control of the Congress in the 2006 The Dialogue launched its Financial Latin America Advisor midterm elections. Services Advisor newsletter, an addition to its Latin America Advisor family of Corporate Program publications, in September. It features reporting and analysis on remittances Robert Rubin Honors Ricardo Lagos flows, insurance and mortgage markets, access to credit, pension reforms, anti- Former U.S. treasury secretary Robert money laundering regulations, and new Rubin hosted some 20 corporate and technologies in the sector, as well as financial leaders at Citigroup’s headquarters traditional banking topics. in New York for a dinner in honor of new Dialogue co-chair and former president The board of advisors for the new Financial of Chile, Ricardo Lagos. The December Services Advisor includes three Dialogue 4 event aimed to establish a substantial, members—Ernesto Fernandez Holmann, continuing partnership between the Tom Mackell and Roberto Teixeira da Dialogue and leaders of corporations and Costa—along with a distinguished group of financial institutions that are committed industry experts: Luis Anavitarte (Gartner to Latin America. The guests, who Inc.), Ernesto Armenteros (Remesas included CEOs and senior executives at Quisqueyana), Jorge Guerrero (Optima companies like AIG, BSCH, Colgate- Compliance & Consulting), Tom Haider Palmolive, MetLife, and Warner Music, (Moneygram International), Earl Jarrett engaged in an informal and wide-ranging ( Jamaica National Building Society), Ted discussion of recent developments in Latin Monahan (PricewaterhouseCoopers), Tom America and U.S. policy in the region Morante ( Jones Walker LLP), Manuel at a particularly challenging time for Orozco (Inter-American Dialogue), hemispheric relations. Adalberto Palma Gomez (Aperture) and Jan Smith (InfoAmericas). The Corporate Circle Corporate Supporters of the Linowitz Forum New companies joined the Inter-American Dialogue’s Corporate Circle in 2006, We are grateful to the corporations who including Scotiabank, BG Group (British supported the 2006 Sol M. Linowitz Gas), PPL Global, JLG Industries, Forum: AIG, Continental Airlines, Jones Walker LLP, InfoAmericas, Globeleq, Boeing, Andrews Kurth LLP, Harris Wiltshire LLP, Arias & Muñoz, Chiquita Brands International, Edison

Inter-American Dialogue 20 2006 Program Report Electric Institute, Lockheed Martin, a number of key leaders in Washington, Mitsubishi International Corporation, and including IMF Managing Director Rodrigo Morgan & Morgan. de Rato, IDB President Luis Alberto Moreno, and U.S. Director of National The Group of Fifty (G-50) Intelligence John Negroponte. Michael Shifter spoke on political trends in Latin The thirteenth annual G-50 meeting took America, and Peter Hakim chaired the place on October 11 to 15 in Washington. opening event with OAS Secretary General The theme of this year’s conference was José Miguel Insulza. “Washington Unveiled: Behind the Scenes with the World’s Decision Makers.” G-50 The Group of Fifty is co-sponsored by the members, composed of select executives Carnegie Endowment for International from a sampling of the most important Peace and the Inter-American Dialogue; corporations in Latin America, met with Hakim serves on the board.

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 21 Inter-American Dialogue

Statement of Financial Position Statement of Activities 2006*

Assets: 2006* 2005 Revenue Cash and cash equivalents 831,285 915,678 Foundations 883,144 Accounts receivable 174,260 17,078 Corporations 283,417 Grants receivable 740,264 849,550 Governments 1,508,642 Investments 6,432,837 6,058,656 International organizations 712,873 Prepaid expenses 30,522 33,414 Collaborating institutions 43,475 Property and equipment 32,299 50,614 Individual contributions 164,091 Deposits 19,605 15,668 Miscellaneous program revenue 18,383

TOTAL ASSETS 8,261,071 7,940,658 Interest/dividends 276,987 Gain (loss) on investments 482,640 Liabilities: TOTAL REVENUE 4,373,650 Accounts payable 43,492 14,819 Accrued expenses 72,826 71,938 Refundable advances — 217 Grants payable 107,337 330,509 Expenses Other liabilities — 1,190 Program Services: U.S. Policy 1,190,823 Total Liabilities 223,655 418,673 Social Policy 1,230,577 Democratic governance 332,095 Net Assets: Sol M. Linowitz Forum 91,711 Unrestricted 325,331 324,818 Other outreach and communications 31,646 Temporarily restricted 1,632,861 1,601,119 Corporate programs 213,482 Endowment funds: Board-designated funds 1,734,840 1,251,664 Permanently restricted 4,344,384 4,344,384 Support Services: Administration 629,102 Total Net Assets 8,037,416 7,521,985 Fundraising 118,572 Governance 20,211

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND NET ASSETS 8,261,071 7,940,658 TOTAL EXPENSES 3,858,218

*2006 figures are preliminary and unaudited

Inter-American Dialogue 22 2006 Program Report FUNDING SOURCES

Foundations and Corporations

Annie E. Casey Foundation Christopher Reynolds Foundations Ford Foundation GE Foundation John S. and James L. Knight Foundation Open Society Institute (OSI) Robert R. McCormick Tribune Foundation United States Institute of Peace (USIP) William and Flora Hewlett Foundation Organizations

Asian Development Bank Canadian Foundation for the Americas (FOCAL) Corporation Andina de Fomento (CAF) Inter-American Development Bank International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Organization of Americas States World Bank Governments

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Embassy of Chile Embassy of Mexico Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID)

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 23 Funding Sources (continued) Corporate Circle Members

Companies interested in enrolling in the Corporate Circle are invited to send an email to Erik Brand [email protected].

Acon Investments, LLC Ford Motor Company Manchester Trade Inc. ACPZ Venture Capital Frito Lay MasterCard International AFL-CIO Fujisawa Healthcare, Inc. McGraw Hill Companies AIG Fundación Chile McKenna Long & Aldridge Alston & Bird Gartner, Inc. Merck & Co. AMLA Consulting Government Accountability Office Miller & Chevalier Chartered Andrews Kurth LLP (GAO) Mitsubishi International Corp. Anheuser Busch General Electric Moneygram Aperture SA General Motors Corporation NAI Global Arias & Muñoz Global Crossing International Ltd. NERA Bausch & Lomb Globeleq New York Life International BB&T Goldwyn International Strategies LLC NII Holdings (Nextel International) BG Group Greenberg Traurig LLP Norfolk Southern Corporation BrightStar Corporation Grupo Domos Optima Compliance & Consulting Caterpillar Inc. Grupo Financiero Uno Oracle Corporation CEMEX Grupo Marhnos Pearson Education Latin America Chemonics International H2O Plus, L.P. PFC Energy Chevron Corporation Harris Wiltshire & Grannis Pfizer, Inc. Chubb & Son Hemispheric Partners, Inc. Planty & Associates LLC Cisco Systems, Inc. Hewlett Packard PPL Cisneros Group of Companies Holland & Knight PriceWaterhouseCoopers LLP Citigroup HSBC Quisqueyana Cleary, Gottlieb, Steen & Hamilton Hunt Oil Ryder Systems Coca Cola Company InfoAmericas Saul Ewing LLP Colegio Bandeirantes Institute of the Americas Scotiabank College of William and Mary Institute of International Finance Scowcroft Group Comexi Inter-American Defense College Sidley, Austin, Brown & Wood Continental Airlines International Energy Agency (OECD) Signals Telecom Consulting Darby Overseas Investments, Ltd. International Minerals Standard & Poor’s Dartmouth College International Trade and Squire Sanders & Dempsey Deutsche Bank Communications Corporation Sullivan & Cromwell DevTech Jamaica National Building Society Syracuse University Diageo PLC Japan Bank for International Telecommunications Management Diaz Reus Rolff & Targ LLP Cooperation Group, Inc. E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., Inc. Japan Center for International Finance The Boeing Company Electronic Data Systems Corporation Johnson & Johnson The Yankee Group (EDS) JLG Industries UBS Emerging Markets Partnership Jones Walker LLP University of Florida EnCana Corporation JP Morgan Chase & Co. University of Minnesota Eton Park Capital Management Kirkpatrick & Lockhart Nicholson University of New Mexico Experian Graham U.S. Army South Federal Express Corp. Kissinger McLarty Associates United States Southern Command Federal Mogul Corporation Knight Foundation Western Union Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta Latin Trade Solutions, Inc. White & Case Fitch, Inc. Lockheed Martin Corporation Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering Fleishman-Hillard Government Manatt Jones Global Strategies LLC Relations Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP

Inter-American Dialogue 24 2006 Program Report Funding Sources (continued) Associates

Associates are regular participants in the Dialogue’s public forums, conferences, and other policy exchanges. Dialogue Associates are assured an invitation to nearly all Dialogue activities and they receive all Dialogue reports and other publications (usually in advance of their formal release). For information on how to join our Associates program, please contact Paola Amador, development and program assistant (202-463-2930 or [email protected]).

Victor Abramovich Christina M. Cerna Tom Haider Hiroshi Matsushita Domingo E. Acevedo Stephen M. Chaplin Tetsuya Harada Jacqueline Mazza Helen Aguirre Ferré Jack Child Anthony S. Harrington Marilyn McAfee Rafael Aguirre-Sacasa A.W. Clausen Theodore M. Hesburgh Kelly McBride Francisco Alba John H. Coatsworth Gary C. Hufbauer Cynthia McClintock Jon Allen Charles E. Cobb Shane Hunt Alan McPherson George Alleyne Guadalupe Contreras Jedidah Hussey Kellie A. Meiman Frank Almaguer Nelson Cunningham Frederick Z. Jaspersen Bertus J. Meins Roberto T. Alvarez Stephen F. Dachi Paul L. Joffe Alex Mejia Jon Amastae Margaret Daly Hayes James R. Jones Johanna Mendelson Forman Eduardo Aninat Richard Dawson William S. Justus Felipe Mendoza Walter Arensberg Ciro de Falco Robert N. Kaplan Julie Mendoza, Jr. Zaida Arguedas Ruth de Krivoy Taro Kato Ernest S. Micek Cynthia J. Arnson Augusto P. de la Torre James Kenworthy James H. Michel Diego Arria Siro del Castillo Eileen Kessler Francesca Miller George Arzeno Brugal David W. Dent Jamal Khokhar Christopher Mitchell Jose F. Avila Jack Detzner Michael King Michael Mitchell Harriet C. Babbitt Kathleen M. de Walt Robin King Antonio Monroig Norman A. Bailey Nishi Dholakia Israel Klabin Ricardo J. Morán Michele Balfour Stephen C. Donehoo Harvey F. Kline Stephen F. Moseley Fernando Bambaren Richard D. Downie Peter Knight Caroline Moser Joseph Baptiste Paul Durand Susan Kohler Reed Ambler H. Moss, Jr. Ronald Barahona Luigi Einaudi Linda Kolko Katy Mudge Claudia Barrientos Flavio D. Espinal Yu Komatsu Arnaldo T. Musich Ernest Bartell PatriciaWeiss Fagen Daniel Korn Ethan Nadelmann Jose S. Barzelatto Mark Feierstein Miriam Kornblith Joan Nelson James Bass Meredith Fensom Toshiyuki Kosugi Lionel Y. Nicol Ernest A. Bates Leonel Fernandez Teruaki Kotaka Barbara Nunberg Richard Bauer Juan Enrique Fischer Barbara Kotschwar Antonio Octavio Cintra Dan Beeton Samuel Fitch Peter F. Kranstover Anthony J. Ody Flori Berrocal McClung Alan H. Fleischmann Charles Krause Richard Ogden Nurith Berstein Richard D. Fletcher Viviana Krsticevic Brian D. O’Neill Mauro Bertero Sylvia Fletcher Sabine Kurtenbach William T. Ortman, III Gene E. Bigler Ana Florez Diane E. La Voy María Otero Jeremy Bigwood Jean-François Fogel Dal Lawrence David Scott Palmer Richard Bloomfield Barbara Friday Robert M. Levinson Jimmy Papadimitriu Shelley Blumberg-Lorenzana Eduardo Gamarra Bruce Levy Anne W. Patterson Klaus Bodemer Rodrigo Garcia-Verdu Antonio Linos Susana S. Penley Peter M. Boehm César Gaviria Andrew L. Lluberes Felipe Peres Miguel Bonangelino Jaime Gazmuri Mujíca Marc Lortie Donald J. Planty Claudia Botty Robert S. Gelbard Thomas E. Lovejoy Angel T. Ponce Elizabeth V. Brannan Charles A. Gillespie James Mack Jean Luc Poncelet Yvonne Brathwaite Burke Lincoln Gordon Kenneth H. MacKay, Jr. Ernest H. Preeg Paul D. Brink Daniel Greenberg Yael Marciano Clyde V. Prestowitz Duncan H. Cameron Steve H. Griner David R. Mares Anthony C.E. Quainton Nora Campos de Lankes Marc Grossman Betty Marroquin Thomas E. Quigley

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 25 Funding Sources (continued)

Associates (continued)

Peter Quilter Christopher C. Schons John D. Sullivan Jose Valera Michael Reid Edward Seaton Roberto Suro Georges Vaugier Maryse Robert Terri Shaw José L. Sutera Bernardo Vega Fernando Robles Bonnie Shepard Margaret Symington Joel Velasco Markus Rodlauer Harry Shlaudeman Deborah Szekely Francisco Villagrán de León Rita M. Rodríguez Dina Siegel Vann Curtis S. Tamkin, Jr. Terrence Wadsworth Jesus Rodríguez Carlos Silva Hildy Teegen Alexander F. Watson Jacques Rogozinski José Jorge Simán Anne Ternes Marvin F. Weissberg Juan Romero de Terreros Adele Simmons Jane Thery Robert White Carlos A. Rosales Anoop Singh Franklin A. Thomas Laurence Whitehead Mirta Roses Periago Carmen Siri Joanne Thornton James M. Wile Christopher A. Sabatini Michael Skol Terence Todman John Williamson Rebeca Sanchez de Tagle Peter H. Smith Esteban Tomic Deborah Wince-Smith Benno Sander Juan Manuel Sotelo Maria Celia Toro Fred F. Woerner Aracelly Santana Pablo Spiller Timothy Towell Laurence Wolff Margaret Sarles Pamela K. Starr Irving Tragen George Wright Thomas Scanlon William P. Stedman, Jr. Edwin M. Truman John A. Zemko Darren Schemmer Daniel Stein Matthew Turner Clarence Zuvekas, Jr. Mark L. Schneider Sherry Stephenson Charles D. Uthus

Inter-American Dialogue 26 2006 Program Report Funding Sources (continued) Other Individual Contributors

Roberto Abdenur Myles R. Frechette Morris Offit Mariclaire Acosta William L. Friend Eileen O’Sullivan Wanda E. Aduan Jack W. Fuller Scott Otteman Nicolás Ardito Barletta Diego García-Sayán Robert A. Pastor Roberto Baquerizo Carlos Ginelli Laurie Paul Michael D. Barnes Merilee Grindle Marifeli Pérez-Stable Alan Batkin Fernando Henrique Cardoso John R. Petty Peter D. Bell Carla A. Hills Sonia Picado Sotela Carl Braun Henry Allen Holmes Jacqueline Pitanguy Frank Carlucci Donna J. Hrinak John Edward Porter Edwin W. Carrington Osvaldo Hurtado Jorge Quiroga Ramírez Margaret Catley-Carlson William J. Hybl Marta Lucía Ramírez de Rincón Fernando Cepeda Ulloa Alberto Ibarguén Aristides Royo Joyce Chang David Jones João Sayad Osmar Chohfi Yolanda Kakabadse Brent Scowcroft Phil Church David Kearns Timothy R. Scully Oliver F. Clarke Charles Kelly Gordon Shirley Edward Cloonan Akira Kudo Jesús Silva-Herzog Lee Cullum Cliff La Plante Thomas A. Skilton José María Dagnino Pastore Jose I. Larios Anne-Marie Slaughter Drew S. Days, III June Linowitz Kati Souminen Whitney Debevoise Claudio M. Loser Paula Stern David de Ferranti Abraham F. Lowenthal Kazuhito Takenaka Eduardo de Ibarrola Thomas Mackell Roberto Teixeira da Costa George de la Roche Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrick James Trowbridge Natasha Despotovich John McCarter Rodrigo Valderrama Philip de St. Aubin Barbara J. McDougall Arturo Valenzuela Jorge I. Domínguez Thomas F. McLarty, III Geroge Vickers F. Tomás Dueñas Robert S. McNamara Joaquín Villalobos Huezo Peggy Dulany Peter McPherson Sidney Weintraub Maurice A. Ferré Doris Meissner John Whitehead Albert Fishlow Jorge Montoya Lourdes Flores Nano Roberto H. Murray-Meza Armínio Fraga Charles E. Nelson Richard H. Frank Laura Novoa Vasquez

Corporate Donors

AIG Chiquita Brands International Merck Andrews Kurth LLP Continental Airlines Mitsubishi International Corporation Beacon Hotel Edison Electric Institute Morgan & Morgan Abogado Bloomberg Globeleq Boeing Lockheed Martin

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 27 Inter-American Dialogue Members

The Dialogue’s most important asset is its membership of 100 outstanding public and private leaders from the United States, Canada, and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean—including political, business, academic, media, church, and other non-governmental leaders. The Dialogue’s members are an intellectually and politically diverse group that includes Republicans and Democrats from the United States, and views from across the political spectrum in Canada, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Dialogue members enjoy a high level of visibility and credibility on public policy issues, within their own country and internation- ally. Members are united by their commitment to democracy, social equity, economic progress, and regional cooperation.

Members From the United States

Bernard Aronson Lee Hamilton John Porter Washington, DC Nashville, IN Washington, DC Michael Barnes Carla A. Hills William Reilly Washington, DC Washington, DC San Francisco, CA Alan Batkin Donna J. Hrinak Bill Richardson New York, NY Miami, FL Santa Fe, NM Peter D. Bell William Hybl Anthony Romero Atlanta, GA Colorado Springs, CO New York, NY Joyce Chang Alberto Ibarguen Brent Scowcroft New York, NY Miami, FL Washington, DC Lee Cullum Jim Kolbe Timothy R. Scully Dallas, TX Tucson, AZ Notre Dame, IN Drew S. Days III Abraham F. Lowenthal Donna Shalala New Haven, CT Los Angeles, CA Miami, FL David de Ferranti Mónica Lozano Anne-Marie Slaughter Washington, DC Los Angeles, CA Princeton, NJ Karen DeYoung Thomas J. Mackell, Jr. Paula Stern Washington, DC Warrenton, VA Washington, DC Jorge I. Domínguez Theodore McCarrick Robert Taft Cambridge, MA Washington, DC Columbus, OH Maria Echaveste John McCarter Viron Peter Vaky Washington, DC Key Biscayne, FL Potomac, MD Maurice A. Ferré Thomas F. McLarty III Emeritus Member: Miami, FL Little Rock, AR Jimmy Carter Albert Fishlow Peter McPherson Atlanta, GA New York, NY Arlington, VA On Leave: William L. Friend Doris Meissner Cresencio Arcos Washington, DC Washington, DC Stanley Fischer Jack Fuller Martha T. Muse Richard W. Fisher Chicago, IL New York, NY Robert Zoellick Bob Graham Luis Nogales Miami Lakes, FL Los Angeles, CA Richard Haass John R. Petty New York, NY Washington, DC

Inter-American Dialogue 28 2006 Program Report Members From Latin America, the Caribbean, and Canada

Chile Ecuador Guatemala Andrés Allamand Roberto Baquerizo On Leave: Sergio Bitar Osvaldo Hurtado Larrea Eduardo Stein Ricardo Lagos Yolanda Kakabadse Nina Pacari On Leave: Mexico Eugenio Clariond Reyes-Retana Alejandro Foxley Colombia José Ángel Gurría Enrique Peñalosa Argentina Nora Lustig José María Dagnino Pastore Marta Lucía Ramírez Andrés Rozental Jesús Silva-Herzog On Leave: On Leave: Ernesto Zedillo José Octavio Bordón Fernando Cepeda Ulloa Beatríz Nofal Noemí Sanín Juan Manuel Santos Dominican Republic Emeritus: Elena Viyella de Paliza Raúl R. Alfonsín Venezuela On Leave: Jonathan Coles Leonel Fernández Uruguay Moisés Naím Enrique Iglesias Teodoro Petkoff Haiti Emeritus: Carl Braun Panama Julio María Sanguinetti Emeritus: Barbados Brazil Nicolás Ardito-Barletta On Leave: Fernando Henrique Cardoso Billie Miller Armínio Fraga Costa Rica Bolívar Lamounier Epsy Campbell Jamaica Luiz Felipe Lampreia Sonia Picado Oliver F. Clarke Jacqueline Pitanguy Emeritus: Douglas Orane João Sayad Oscar Arias Roberto Teixeira da Costa Trinidad and Tobago On Leave: Nicaragua Edwin Carrington Henrique Campos Meirelles Ernesto Fernández-Holmann Canada Emeritus: Bolivia Joe Clark Violeta Chamorro L. Enrique García Barbara J. McDougall Sylvia Ostry Jorge Quiroga Honduras Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada On Leave: Peru Gabriela Nuñez de Reyes Lourdes Flores Nano Diego García-Sayán El Salvador Jorge Montoya Roberto H. Murray Meza Mario Vargas Llosa Joaquin Villalobos Emeritus: Javier Pérez de Cuéllar

Inter-American Dialogue 2006 Program Report 29 Staff

Peter Hakim Claudio Loser The Dialogue acknowledges the President Visiting Senior Fellow following staff who also served during 2006: Paola Amador Manuel Orozco Development Assistant Senior Associate Devin Finn Reporter/Assistant Editor Katherine Anderson Tamara Ortega-Goodspeed Vice President, Associate Eric Jacobstein Finance and Administration Manager, Legislative Affairs Marifeli Pérez-Stable Daniel Balke Vice President, Vinay Jawahar Program Assistant Democratic Governance Program Associate

Jillian Blake Jeffrey Puryear Raquel Leonard Program Associate Vice President, Program Assistant Social Policy Erik Brand Caitlin Lockwood General Manager, Publishing Jill Reifsteck Development and Program Program Associate Assistant Elisabeth Burgess Yesenia Rivas Rachel Menezes Reporter/Assistant Editor Office and Events Manager Associate Joan Caivano Rebecca Rouse Adam Minson Deputy to the President and Program Assistant Program Assistant Director of Special Projects Kristin Saucier Judith Morrison Daniel Erikson Program Assistant Executive Director, IAC Senior Associate Michael Shifter Donald Nadalin Megan Fletcher Vice President, Policy Program Assistant Program Associate Robert Simpson Rebeca Sanchez de Tagle Christian Gomez Editor Associate Program Assistant Crisbellt Slone Jaclyn Shull-Gonzales Thayer Hardwick Accounting Assistant Program Assistant Program Assistant Nicole Spencer Danielle Jetton Associate Coordinator, Computer Services Rebecca Trumble Daniel Joyce Program Assistant Director of Administration

Karla Lara Viron Peter Vaky Grants and Finance Manager Senior Fellow

Michael Lisman Associate

Inter-American Dialogue 30 2006 Program Report BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Carla A. Hills, Co-Chair, United States Ricardo Lagos, Co-Chair, Chile Pullquote. Peter D. Bell, Co-Vice Chair, United States “ ” Enrique Iglesias, Co-Vice Chair, Uruguay Peter Hakim, Foreign Affairs

Sergio Bitar, Chile Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Brazil David de Ferranti, United States Lourdes Flores Nano, Peru William L. Friend, United States Enrique García, Bolivia Donna J. Hrinak, United States Yolanda Kakabadse, Ecuador Barbara J. McDougall, Canada Thomas F. McLarty III, United States Peter McPherson, United States Roberto H. Murray Meza, El Salvador Sonia Picado, Costa Rica Jorge Quiroga, Bolivia Jesús Silva-Herzog, Mexico Roberto Teixeira da Costa, Brazil Elena Viyella de Paliza, Dominican Republic



Peter Hakim President Inter-American Dialogue

The Inter-American Dialogue is the leading U.S. center for policy analysis, exchange, and communication on issues in Western Hemisphere affairs. The Dialogue brings together public and private leaders from across the Americas to address hemispheric problems and opportunities. Together they seek to build cooperation among Western Hemisphere nations and advance a regional agenda of democratic governance, social equity, and economic growth.

The Dialogue’s select membership of 100 distinguished citizens from throughout the Americas includes political, business, academic, media, and other nongovernmental leaders. Twelve Dialogue members served as presidents of their countries and more than two dozen have served at the cabinet level.

Dialogue activities are directed to generating new policy ideas and practical proposals for action, and getting these ideas and proposals to government and private decision makers. The Dialogue also offers diverse Latin American and Caribbean voices access to U.S. policy debates and discussions. Based in Washington, the Dialogue conducts its work throughout the hemisphere. A majority of our Board of Directors are from Latin American and Caribbean nations, as are more than half of the Dialogue’s members and participants in our other leadership networks and task forces.

Since 1982—through successive Republican and Democratic administrations and many changes of leadership elsewhere in the hemisphere—the Dialogue has helped shape the agenda of issues and choices in inter-American relations.

1211 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Suite 510 Washington, DC 20036

PHONE: 202-822-9002 n FAX: 202-822-9553 EMAIL: [email protected] n WEB SITE: www.thedialogue.org