Climate Resilient Infrastructure Design Document BIHAR July 2017 - September 2017

Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth in India (ICRG) Programme

Submitted By: IPE GLOBAL LIMITED IPE Global House, B - 84, Defence Colony, New Delhi - 110 024, India www.ipeglobal.com In association with

September, 2017 Infrastructure for Climate Resilient Growth (ICRG) in India Programme Quarterly Progress Report, July 2017 - September 2017

BIHAR

i De-silatation of pyne and plantation, Ariyawan, Nagar Nausa, Nalanda

Type of Work

Name of Category Sub Work Code Estimated Dimensions Status Work (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

Plantation A: Community DP/20308106 4Unit :( 800 Plants), Plant Ongoing and Pyne De- Work and to Plant distance: 3m X siltation DP/20308105 3m.on both side of Road. Total Length of Plantation: 1200 m

How was the work selected?

Identifying the Problem

Nalanda district of Bihar is located in Zone III-B, which is a drought prone area. Agriculture is the major source of earning for majority of the population. The average annual rainfall of the district is 974.5mm. The climate is sub-humid and is characterized by a hot summer and a pleasant cold winter; about 89% of rainfall takes place during the months of June to September.

During monsoon, surplus water is available for deep percolation to augment ground water recharge. According to ground water report, pre and post monsoon ground water availability in the district is 2.35 – 9.13 m below ground level and 0.58 – 3.02 m below ground level respectively. This indicates that there is a scarcity of ground water for irrigation. The top soil is also deprived of soil moisture because of high temperature and erratic rainfall condition. The agriculture in Nagar Nausa Block is mostly rain fed.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Nagar Nausa block for the past 30 years (1984 -2014) was 904 mm, which is lower than the district and state averages. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Nagar Nausa block estimates that there would be a 20% increase in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and there would be a 22% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure. These climatic aberrations are a prime cause of low productivity (average: 1487 kg/ha) during both Kharif and Rabi seasons. A vulnerability assessment was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Nagar Nausa is vulnerable in terms of its groundwater and forest cover. VA report of the area also indicates that ground water situation and forest cover area of the area are vulnerable section. Despite the projected increase in mean JJAS rainfall and the number of rainy days, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to low forest 100.00 cover and ground water 90.00 80.00 availability are not 70.00 60.00 % Gross cropped addressed. The current 50.00 Area(ha) 40.00 trend of MGNREGA works 30.00 % unirrigated Area (Ha) 20.00 in the block also indicates 10.00 0.00 that the major focus has % Irrigated Area(ha) been on micro irrigation % Forest Area (Ha) and drought proofing. RAMPUR… KHAJURA… ARIYAWAN… GORAYPUR… HUTHAKHAR… KACHIYAWAN…

NAGARNAUSA… The topographical study of DAMODARPUR…

KAILA PANCHAYAT the area reveals that Nagar

Figure 1: % of Bio Physical data against total Geographical Area Panchayat wise Nausa block has almost plain terrain covering all the Panchayats. The average slope of the block varies from 1 to 4%. Most of the area falls in the range of 1 to 2 % slope. 160.00 Nagar Nausa block has very 140.00 120.00 limited drainage network and 100.00 (SC+ST) Household % 80.00 few canals for conveyance or 60.00 harvesting of rainwater and 40.00 % Women headed HH 20.00 surface runoff. Very few 0.00 No. of SHG drainage structures or canals can be seen in the north-east

RAMPUR… Landless Labor In KHAJURA… ARIYAWAN… and south- west parts of the GORAYPUR… Hundred ('00) HUTHAKHAR… KACHIYAWAN… NAGARNAUSA… block. Orchards and DAMODARPUR… plantation activities in the KAILA PANCHAYAT Nagar Nausa block are found Figure 2: Socio economic data panchayat wise of Nagar Nausa Block to be negligible. Ahar pyne system of irrigation practice, which is a very old and traditional system of irrigating the fields, is prevalent in the area. However, siltation and encroachment of these traditional pynes, which causes water logging and flash floods, make the situation worse. Therefore, to address the above mentioned shortcomings of the block, it is essential to renovate existing structures and increase plant cover in the area. All these measures need to be taken up in an integrated manner in order to deliver maximum resilience benefits to the dependent communities. The ICRG team collected panchayat-wise bio-physical and socio- economic data (figures 1 & 2), which was instrumental for the team to identify key issues and major problems of the area. The team also made field visits and interacted with different stakeholders to ground truth these findings.

Selection Process To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio-physical and socio-economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options

Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Nagar Nausa Ariyawan Road side Plantation and Pyne de-siltation

Damodar waldhar Road side Plantation along with Pyne

Kaila Road side Plantation along with Canal De-siltation

ICRG team visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders. All three works shortlisted were similar in nature. Considering the long term impact of the proposed intervention, the site of Ariyawan panchayat was finalised. Apart from that, engagement of the local community was perceived to be very high in this work. The local community members have suggested growing of fruit bearing trees as avenue plantation in the selected site. Because of their location, the other two sites were not amenable to such fruit tree plantation. Based on this analysis, the Ariyawan panchayat work site was selected.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Plantation with Pyne De-siltation

Impact and Water storage capacity will increase considerably through the intervention. In Efficacy addition, other water sources like tube wells or open wells will be recharged and water availability in adjacent water bodies will increase. Around 25 ha of agricultural land will be protected from water logging and converted into irrigated area. Plantation will protect the existing structures from soil erosion. Simultaneously, it will provide a sustainable livelihood opportunity to the local community because of the additional income potential from 400 mango and 400 guava trees. Cropping pattern of the adjacent land is expected to change as part of crop diversification. Double cropping will most likely replace the current mono cropping practice. It will also improve soil moisture content of the adjacent fields. Average productivity of the land is estimated to increase by 10-20 %.

Urgency of Plantation, de-siltation of pyne and construction of earthen bund on agriculture land Action are all urgent actions. Trees take time to grow. Therefore, they should be planted immediately so that some benefits such as percolation of groundwater and arresting of soil erosion can start accruing as soon as possible. Siltation of the pyne and absence of bunds on agricultural land lead to submergence and flooding of about 25 ha of cultivable land. These works will immediately bring this area under cultivation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity One-time canal repair work will last for five years with minor maintenance. and Time Plantation will last for more than 15 to 20 years and provide additional income scale sources after 5 to 6 years.

Reach There are about 50 self-help group (SHG) families and 85 small and marginal farmers who will benefit from this intervention.

Equity The proposed interventions will benefit all small and marginal land holding families, landless casual labour (1371), and women headed families (35). There are 106 SHGs in the Panchayat and Nagwan village has 16 of them.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; therefore, social Acceptance acceptance of the intervention is considered to be very high.

Cost Plantation cost at the site is estimated to be Rs. 11, 38, 600, which includes material cost of Rs. 4,38,840 and labour cost of Rs. 6,77,400. This will be spent over a period of 5 years. Around 92 % of the material cost will be utilized in the first year of implementation. A provision of maintenance (by Van Poshak) is included in the labor cost. This maintenance cost will be about Rs. 67700 per year for a period of five years. The cost of de-siltation of pyne will be estimated separately.

Co-benefits Deepening and widening of irrigation channel will reduce water logging risk. for Biodiversity and biomass will increase, which will reduce greenhouse gases in Adaptation, the longer run. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby agriculture land; this Development will increase soil organic carbon. Plantation work will lead to carbon sequestration and and additional revenues from the sale of fruits. Mitigation

Site Location Work District Block GP Village

Plantation and Nalanda Nagar Nausa Ariyawan Nagwan Pyne De- siltation

How the Site was selected: Out of the nine panchayats of Nagar Nausa Block, ICRG team found Ariyawan Panchayat to be the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Nagar Nausa block, PRI members of Nagawan village of Ariyawan Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

Brief about the site:

While visiting the site, ICRG team found that Nagwan village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-4%. Out of 634 ha of total geographic area, about 84.30 ha is un-irrigated. There is no forest cover in the block. About 34.4 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) category. They mostly work as agricultural or wage labor. Most of the community members have small or marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. During monsoon, the agricultural farms are prone to water logging because of the defunct irrigation channels (pynes). At the proposed site, the pyne runs parallel to the road on which plantation has been proposed. De-siltation of this pyne is essential and at the same time, an earthen bund is also required to protect nearby agriculture fields from excess water logging. During the site visit, the pyne was filled with water and therefore, measurement was not possible. The estimation of the pyne de-siltation work will be done after the rainy season.

How is the Work Climate Resilient An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

Road Side Plantation: In order to enhance community engagement and link them with sustainable livelihood opportunities in the long run, it was suggested that avenue plantation be taken up with fruit trees on both sides of the road. This intervention will also enrich the soil nutrients in the adjacent arable land and protect the pyne bund and side slope from erosion.

De-Siltation of Pyne with Construction of Barrier Wall at Regular Intervals: During the ICRG team visit, the villagers informed that de-siltation of the pyne will result in more water for irrigation and also recharge the nearby water bodies such as tube wells and open wells. During high intensity rainfall, a functioning pyne will help in easy conveyance of water flow and reduction of water velocity. The ICRG team recommended the construction of barrier walls at regular intervals during de-siltation of the pyne; this will not only harvest water for life saving irrigation, but also mainatain soil moisture of nearby agricultural land. Both sides of the pyne bund need to be protected from soil erosion by planting trees and shrubs or by doing grass pitching on them.

Construction of Earthen Bund on Agricultural Land: It was also suggested that an earthen bund be constructed on the sides of the agricultural land so that excess water during peak rainy season will not damage the standing crops.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Maintenance of trees has been budgeted in the plantation work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the pyne bund. The pyne will become more durable after de-siltation, and the recommended side and bed slopes, and construction of small earthen barrier walls at regular intervals, will increase the durability even more. Construction of earthen bund around the agricultural land will reduce soil erosion, which will contribute to the durability of the structure.

Livelihood Plantation around the pyne and along the roadside will provide diversified Diversification livelihood opportunities for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended.

Integration Since de-siltation of pyne and embankment will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc.

Engineering Drawing of the Work

Plantation on earthen bund and pond, Dhanaur, Katra, Muzaffarpur

Type of Work Sl. Name of Category Sub Work Code Estimated Dimensions Status No. Work (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

1 Plantation on A: Community Drought 1Unit :( 200 Plants), Plant On-going earthen bund Work Proofing to Plant distance: 3m X and pond 3m.on both side of Road. Total Length of Plantation: 305 m

How was the work selected? 1. Topography and Climate

KATRA of the district depends mainly SONPUR CHANGEL

HATHAURI on agriculture and allied NAGWARA BANDHPUR LAKHANPUR SHIVDASPUR JAJUAR WEST BERAINORTH BANSGHATTA activities. According to ground

Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical data of Katra Block water study, pre and post monsoon ground water status of the district are 2.09 -7.63 m below ground level and 0.67 – 5.21 m below ground level respectively. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 1280 mm. About 85% of this rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September) period. Approximately, 60 to 70 % of the total precipitation received during the monsoon directly flows to the main streams as runoff, but due to persistent encroachment of traditional drainage systems the area suffers from severe water logging.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Katra block for the past 30 years (1984 - 2014) was 946 mm, which is lower than the district and state averages. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Katra block estimates that there would be 2 to 3 % increase in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and there would be a 20% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure. It has been assessed from bio- physical and socio economic data that, Dhanaur Panchayat is one of the most vulnerable panchayats in Katra block. The vast gap that exists between gross cropped area and un-irrigated area (refer fig 1) in almost all the panchayats of Katra block indicates poor management of existing water resources. Dhanaur has highest gap between the two. These climatic aberrations and poor management of water harvesting infrastructure are a prime cause of low productivity (average productivity: 1110 kg/ha) over the years. Prolonged water logging due to flood on the one hand and droughts due to erratic rainfall on the other 250.00 hand has reduced the area % NRM Works (2016- under wheat cultivation and 200.00 17) depleted the top soil 150.00 % (SC+ST) Household moisture to a large extent. A 100.00 vulnerability assessment (VA) % Women Headed HH 50.00 study was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to 0.00 Total Landless Labor in Hundred ('00) the report, Katra block is vulnerable in terms of its net

KATRA Number of SHG SONPUR

CHANGEL groundwater availability, net HATHAURI NAGWARA BANDHPUR LAKHANPUR SHIVDASPUR JAJUAR WEST BERAI NORTHBERAI BANSGHATTA irrigated area and forest Figure 2: Socio economic details of Katra block cover. It is also projected that there will be a slight increase in mean JJAS rainfall and increase in the number of rainy days; therefore, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to net irrigated area, forest cover and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing.

There is need for considerable work in improving traditional structures such as pynes, community ponds etc. During field visit by the ICRG team, it was observed that the major crops cultivated in the area are paddy, maize, pulses and wheat. Opportunity for horticultural plantation such as mango, guava, and litchi etc. in the block seems to be high.

Therefore, to address the above mentioned shortcomings of the block, it is essential to link irrigation channels to the existing water bodies, renovate defunct water conservation structures, ensure proper management and repair of drainage channels, and increase tree cover in the area. All these measures need to be taken up in an integrated manner so as to maximize the resilience benefits delivered by the infrastructure.

1. Selection Process

To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio-physical and socio-economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Katra Dhanaur Plantation on earthen bund

Barri De-siltation of channel

Pahsaul De-siltation of irrigation channel

ICRG team visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders before finalization of one of them as CRW for the year 2017-18. Considering the long term impact of the proposed CRW intervention, the site of Dhanur panchayat was finalised. Apart from that, engagement of the local community has been perceived to be very high in this work. The local community members have suggested growing of fruit bearing trees as avenue plantation in the selected site. It was also proposed to construct a community pond to ensure water for irrigation during rabi season. Based on their location as

well as legal issues concerning the sites, the other two sites were not amenable to such interventions.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Plantation on earthen bund

Impact and Water storage capacity will increase considerably because of the Efficacy intervention. Average productivity of the land will increase by 10-20 %. Other water sources like tube wells and open wells will get recharged and water availability of adjacent water bodies will increase. Around 5 ha of agriculture land will be protected from water logging and converted into irrigated area. Plantation will protect the existing structures from soil erosion and will strengthen the earthen bund which is also used as way of conveyance. At the same time, the trees (100 mangos & 100 guavas) will provide a diversified livelihood opportunity to local community and a long term income source. It will also improve soil moisture content of the adjacent fields.

Urgency of Road side plantation contribute to diversifying livelihoods of marginalized Action households. Trees take time to grow. Therefore, they should be planted immediately so that some benefits such as percolation of groundwater and arresting of soil erosion can start accruing as soon as possible. Construction of pond is essential to ensure irrigation for Rabi crops. These works will immediately bring this area under cultivation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity and Onetime pond construction work will last for seven years with minor Time scale maintenance. Plantation will last for more than 15 to 20 years and provide additional income after 5 to 6 years.

Reach There are about 30 self-help group (SHG) families and 15 small and marginal farmers who will be benefitted through this intervention.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal families, landless casual labours (2062), and women headed families (30). There are 170 SHGs in the Panchayat.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted so social Acceptance acceptance of the intervention is considered to be very high.

Cost Plantation cost at the site is estimated to be Rs. 2,86,400. This will be for a period of five year, which include material cost of Rs. 1,09,710 and labour cost of Rs. 1,69,350. Around 92 % of the material cost will be used in the first year of implementation. A provision of maintenance (by Van Poshak) is included in the labor cost. Labour cost, in terms of maintenance and gap filling of plantation, will be about Rs. 67700 per year for a period of five years. The cost of the community pond will be estimated separately.

Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will improve because of the plantation and the Adaptation trees will also lead to carbon sequestration. De-silted fertile soil will be spread and on nearby agricultural land; this will increase carbon content of the soil and Development ultimately enhanced crop productivity. and Mitigation

Site Location: Work District Block GP Village

Plantation on Muzaffarpur Katra Dhanaur Dhanaur earthen bund

How the Site was selected:

ICRG team set some criteria for selection of panchayats and work site based on bio-physical and socio-economic parameters. Secondary data on these parameters were collected and all the gram panchayats in the block were compared based on the resultant values (figures 1 & 2). Dhanaur village site was selected for the CRW demonstration.

Brief about the site: Dhanaur village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0- 2%. Out of the total land area of 1459.9 Ha, about 859.20 Ha is un-irrigated. There is no Forest area in the block. About 14.7 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC& ST category. The livelihood of these deprived communities mostly depends on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small or marginal landholding, varies from one to two hectares. Major crop sown in the area are Paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. They also grow fruit trees such as mango and litchi. During Monsoon, most of the plots face the threat of water logging. Soil erosion at the site was observed to be high. Plantation on earthen bund has been proposed at the site. Strengthening of earthen bund is an essential work to protect it from erosion and protect nearby agriculture fields from excess siltation of soil. The estimation of pond work will be done after the rainy season.

Proposed Climate resilient works: An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

Plantation on earthen bund (Village road): In order to enhance community engagement and link them with diversified livelihood opportunities in the long run, it was suggested to go for avenue plantation with fruit trees on both sides of the road. This intervention will enhance soil nutrients in adjacent arable land.

Construction of Pond near the earthen bund: When ICRG team interacted with villagers, they informed that construction of a pond will help the villagers since it will provide irrigation water for Rabi crops and also recharge nearby water bodies like tube wells and open wells.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Maintenance of trees has been budgeted in the plantation work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the roadside bunds. Construction of pond with proper techniques will further contribute to the durability of the structure.

Livelihood Plantation along the roadside will provide diversified livelihood Diversification opportunities for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended. Integration Since construction of pond will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc. To improve livelihood diversification, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as change of cropping pattern, use of drought tolerant seed varieties etc.

Engineering Drawing of the Work

De-siltation of Ratanmania Community Pond, Pirapur, Bandra, Muzaffarpur

Type of Work: Community Pond (Under Category- A)

Name of Category Sub Category Work Dimension Status Work (MGNREGA- Code schedule)

Community A– Community Water 73/2017- Av. Length(L): 107.24 Ongoing Pond Work Harvesting 18 m Av. Width (W): Structure 76.81 m Av. Depth(D): 3.048 m

How was the Work Selected? Identifying the Problem

Muzaffarpur district exhibits a flat topography with few gentle undulations. The drainage system of the district is controlled by the river Burhi Gandak, which is perennial. Muzaffarpur district falls under the category of agriculture intensive district. Every year during rainy season, the district faces severe flood because of large volumes of water coming from Nepal. About 90% of the irrigation potential of the district is from ground water sources. According to ground water report, pre and post monsoon ground water status of the district are 2.09 -7.63 m below ground level (bgl) and 0.67 – 5.21 m bgl respectively. The district receives an average rainfall of 1280 mm. in a year. About 85% of rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September) period. Approximately, 60 to 70 % of the total precipitation received during the monsoon flows directly into the main streams as runoff because of poor runoff management practices adopted by the local community. It has been found from bio- physical and socio economic data that Badgaon panchayat under Bandra block of Muzaffarpur district is the most vulnerable among all the panchayats in the block. The vast gap that exists between gross cropped area and un-irrigated area (refer fig 1) in almost all the panchayats of Bandra block indicates poor management of existing water resources.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Bandra block for the past 30 years (1984 - 2014) was 904 mm, which is lower than the district and state averages. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Bandra block estimates that there will be a 10% decrease in mean JJAS rainfall and there will be a 29% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

These climatic aberrations 120 and poor management of 100 80 % Gross cropped water resources are a prime Area(ha) 60 cause of low productivity 40 % Unirrigated Area (average productivity: 1110 20 (Ha) kg/ha) over the years. 0 % Irrigated Area(ha) Prolonged water logging SIMRA…

MUNNI… % Forest Area (Ha) HATTHA BANDRA PIRAPUR

because of flood on the one PATSARA BARGAON TEPRIALIS… MUTLUPUR NOONFARA hand and droughts due to SUNDARPUR… erratic rainfall on the other RAMPUR DAYAL hand have reduced the Figure 1: % of Bio physical details against total geographical area panchayat wise cropped area under wheat production and depleted top soil moisture to a large extent. A vulnerability assessment (VA) was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Bandra block is vulnerable in terms of its net groundwater availability and net irrigated area. Further, it is also projected that there will be a decrease in mean JJAS rainfall and increase in the number of rainy days; therefore, the block would remain drought prone leading to low production, if issues pertaining to net irrigated area and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing.

There is need for considerable 250.00 % NRM Works work in improving traditional 200.00 (2016-17) structures such as pynes, 150.00 % (SC+ST) 100.00 community ponds etc. During Household 50.00 field visit by the ICRG team, it was % Women headed 0.00 observed that the major crops HH cultivated in the area are paddy, Total Landless Labor maize, pulses and wheat. in Hundred ('00) Opportunity for horticultural Number of SHG plantation such as mango, guava, Figure 2: Panchayat wise socio economic data of Bandra block and litchi etc. in the block seems to be high.

In order to address these problems in the block, it is essential to link irrigation channels to the existing water bodies, renovate defunct water conservation structures, ensure proper management and repair of drainage channels and increase tree cover in the area. All these measures need to be taken up in an integrated manner so as to maximize the resilience benefits delivered by the infrastructure.

Prioritization of Options

Block Gram Work Sites Visited Panchayats

Bandra Pirapur De- siltation of community pond in Ratanmania Village

Munkara De-siltation of pond

ICRG team visited the above mentioned two sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders. The parameters that were looked at include number of farmers to be benefited, irrigation potential, ground water condition, production potential, linkage possibilities with other line departments etc. It was observed that the pond in Munkara has not retained water since the last 2 to 3 years. The adjacent area of the pond has been encroached by some of the villagers because of which water flow to the pond has been reduced. In addition, there are some on-going legal issues with the site and therefore, it was not selected as a demonstration site under ICRG. De-siltation of community pond located in Ratanmania village of Pirapur panchayat was finally selected for demonstration as a climate resilient work (CRW). It will increase the water harvesting potential of the area, resulting in an overall increase in the irrigation water for the cultivation of additional crops by the farmers. There is also an opportunity for plantation along the bund of the pond Salient Features of the Site

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: De-siltation of Pond

Impact and Pond will be designed to cover a surface area of 8237.531 sq. metre and Efficacy have a storage capacity of 9771.3cubic metre. The availability harvested water of about 9771300 litres will be of immense help in recharging of open wells and bore wells of the nearby area. As a result, crop diversification will be promoted in at least 15 ha of land. Productivity of land will increase considerably (20-30 %). It is expected that about 10 ha of un-irrigated area will be converted into irrigated land. Cropping pattern will be changed from mono-cropping to double cropping.

Urgency of action De-siltation of the pond should be done immediately in order to address the current vulnerabilities of low ground water availability and less net irrigated area in the block. This work will immediately bring considerable land under irrigation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity and Longevity of the structure is estimated to be more than eight years. time scale Plantation on embankments will last for more than 15-20 years.

Reach There are about 10 families, who are part of self-help groups (SHG) and 25 small and marginal farmers who will be benefitted.

Equity The proposed interventions will benefit all small and marginal land holding families, landless casual labours (1605 numbers) and 82 women headed families. There are about 143 SHGs in Pirapur Panchayat and Pirapur village has 83 of them. 26.20 % of total population of the panchayat belongs to SC & ST community.

Social acceptance Large and diversified community members will be benefitted indicating a high social acceptance of the intervention.

Cost Total cost of the pond renovation is estimated to be Rs. 9, 82,500. Total person-days estimated for renovation of the tank is 5476. Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will increase, which will reduce greenhouse Adaptation, gases in the longer run. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby Development and agriculture land; this will increase soil organic carbon. Plantation on the Mitigation embankment will lead to carbon sequestration and additional revenues from the sale of fruits. Overall, there will be economic development for the marginalised community.

Site Location Work District Block GP Village

De-siltation of Muzaffarpur Bandra Pirapur Ratanmania Pond

How was the Site Selected? ICRG team set some criteria for selection of panchayats and work site based on bio-physical and socio-economic parameters. Secondary data on these parameters were collected and all the gram panchayats in the block were compared based on the resultant values (figures 1 & 2). Ratanmania village site was selected for the CRW demonstration. The site proposed for intervention is a community pond that has accumulated a lot of silt over the years.

The situation of the pond got deteriorated due to siltation over the years. Silt accumulated in the pond is around 4 feet deep. The pond is neither used for irrigation nor for human consumption. To strengthen the derelict embankments, trees need to be planted. Once revived, around 10 ha of agricultural land would receive assured irrigation during Rabi season and ground water situation of the adjacent area will improve. Gram- Sabha has approved this work since it would add substantial value to the community in the long run.

D. Proposed Climate Resilient Works: An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW. The derelict community pond receives surface runoff during rainy season from three different points and discharges excess water from one point. These inlets and outlets are prone to soil erosion and get damaged due to high intensity surface runoff. Three sets of works have been proposed at this demonstration site for reclamation of the pond.

• De- siltation of Pond: It is suggested that the pond be de-silted in order to increase the water storage capacity of the pond and to strengthen the embankments of the pond. The excavated silt will be spread over nearby agricultural lands. Embankments will be constructed with proper spacing of berms.

• Inlet-outlet construction: There are possibilities of soil erosion of and destruction of the embankments of the pond from inlet and outlet points. Therefore, it was suggested that proper inlet and outlet of the pond be constructed for better circulation of water.

• Plantation on Pond Embankments: In order to protect the pond embankments from soil erosion and also from illegal digging, it has been suggested that suitable trees be planted on the embankments. The proposed plantation will also contribute as a long term sustainable livelihood option for the local community.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability De-siltation of community pond and plantation with maintenance of trees have been budgeted in the proposed work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the pond bund. The pond will become more durable after de-siltation, and maintaining the recommended side and bed slopes, and strengthening of embankments of pond at regular intervals will increase the durability even more, which will contribute to the durability of the structure.

Livelihood Plantation around the pond will provide diversified livelihood opportunities Diversification for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended. Due to increased storage capacity of the pond, community will go for other livelihood opportunities like fish farming etc.

Integration Since de-siltation of pond and plantation will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture, fishery for improving fish farming, crop diversification, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants on pond embankments, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc.

G: Engineering Drawing of the Work:

Renovation of earthen bund and plantation, Malwan, Sarmera, Nalanda

Type of Work Name of Work Category Sub Work Code Estimated Dimensions Status (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

Renovation of A: Community Earthen Bund: Total On-going earthen bund and Work length: 762 m, TW: plantation 3.048m, BW: 5.79m Height: 1.37m,

Protection wall length: 42.672m, Width: 1.83 m, Height: 1.52m

How was the work selected?

120 200.00 100 % Gross cropped 150.00 % NRM 80 Area(ha) Works(2016- 100.00 17) 60 % unirrigated 40 Area (Ha) 50.00 % (SC+ST) 20 % Irrigated Household 0 Area(ha) 0.00 % Forest Area ISUA… KENAR… CHERO… (Ha) SASAUR… HUSAINA… DHANUKI… SARMERA… MALAWAN… MIRNAGAR… Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical data of Sarmera Figure 2: Panchayat wise socio economic Block aspects of Sarmera Block

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Sarmera block for the past 30 years (1984 - 2014) was 843 mm, which is lower than the district and state averages. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Sarmera block estimates that there would be a 20% decrease in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and a 22% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure. These climatic aberrations are a prime cause for low productivity (average: 1487 kg/ha) during both the seasons, Kharif and Rabi. A vulnerability assessment (VA) was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Sarmera is vulnerable in terms of its groundwater and forest cover. Since the climate projections indicate a decrease in mean JJAS rainfall, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to low forest cover and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing.

The topographical study of the area reveals that Sarmera block has almost plain terrain and the average slope of the block varies from 0 to 3%. Most of the block falls in the range of 0 to 2 % slope. Sarmera block has very few drainage networks in the north- west part of the block for conveyance or harvesting of rainwater/surface runoff. These drainage networks are tributaries of the Naunia and Dhaniya rivers. These drainage lines are the main source of irrigation for the block. Orchards and plantation activities in the Sarmera block is found to be negligible. It’s a flood affected block and every year several earthen embankments get destroyed, which affects the livelihood of the community.

Ahar pyne system of irrigation practice, which is a very old and traditional system of irrigating the fields, is prevalent in the area. However, siltation and encroachment of these traditional pynes, which causes water logging and flash floods, make the situation worse. Therefore, to address the above mentioned shortcomings of the block, it is essential to renovate existing structures and increase plant cover in the area. All these measures need to be taken up in an integrated manner in order to deliver maximum resilience benefits to the dependent communities. The ICRG team collected panchayat-wise bio-physical and socio-economic data (figures 1 & 2), which was instrumental for the team to identify key issues and major problems of the area. The team also made field visits and interacted with different stakeholders to ground truth these findings.

Selection Process

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Nagar Nausa Dosut De-siltation and connecting 4 pynes with strengthening of embankments

Patasan Desiltation of Pyne

Paishawar Check dam and outlets repair work

ICRG team visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders. Considering the long term impact of the proposed intervention, the site of Dosut panchayat was finalised. Apart from that, engagement of the local community was perceived to be very high in this work. The local community has suggested that the embankments be repaired and a permanent structure be constructed to protect the embankments from flash floods and also for storing irrigation water for the Rabi season. Because of their location, the other two sites were not amenable to such design modifications, thereby limiting their impacts.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Renovation of Earthen Bund and Plantation

Impact and Water storage capacity will increase considerably through the intervention. Efficacy Repair and strengthening of embankment will protect agricultural land from water logging. Kharif season cropping area will increase by 40 ha. Soil erosion from adjacent agricultural land will be minimized. Average productivity of the land will increase by 10-20 %. Other water sources like tube wells or open wells will be recharged and water availability of adjacent water bodies will increase. Cropping pattern of the adjacent land will change and will lead to crop diversification. Mono-cropping practice will shift to double cropping.

Urgency of Repair and strengthening of earthen bund and construction of protection wall will Action protect 25 ha of cultivable land from soil erosion and flood water. This will immediately convert this land into cultivable land, thereby improving livelihood opportunities for marginal agricultural land holders.

Longevity Combination of embankment repair work and construction of bricks and Time masonry protection wall will last for more than 8 years with minor scale maintenance.

Reach There are 100 small and marginal farmers who will benefit from this intervention.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal land holding families, landless casual labourers (787), and women headed families (75). There are 111 self-help groups (SHG) in the Panchayat. 39.63 % of the population of the Panchayat belongs to SC and ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted so social Acceptance acceptance of the intervention is considered to be very high.

Cost Cost of the intervention is Rs. 9,79,000, out which material cost is Rs. 6,66,267 and the remaining Rs. 2,93,589 is labor cost. Total person-days of 1627 will be generated.

Co-benefits Biodiversity and biomass will increase, which will reduce greenhouse gases for in the longer run. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby agriculture Adaptation land; this will increase soil organic carbon. Plantation work will lead to and carbon sequestration and additional revenues from the sale of fruits. Development and Mitigation

Site Location

Work District Block GP Village

Renovation of Nalanda Sarmera Malawan Bari earthen bund dhariyari and plantation

How the Site was selected Out of all the panchayats in the block, ICRG team found Malawan Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Sarmera block, PRI members of Bari Dhariyari village of Malawan Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

Brief about the site

While visiting the site, ICRG team found that Bari Dhariyari village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-2%. Out of the total 1119 ha of land area of the panchayat, about 245.02 ha is unirrigated (23% of total gross cropped area). There is no forest area in the block. About 39.63 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC& ST category. The livelihood of these deprived communities mostly depend on agricultural and wage labour. Most of the community members have small or marginal landholdings, which vary from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. During monsoon most of the plots face the threat of water logging because of defunct embankments and choked drainage lines. At the proposed site, there is an earthen bund that was constructed long time back. The length of the bund is around 2500 ft and average height is 2.5 ft. When the ICRG team visited, it was defunct because of regular flooding and negligence in repair and management. It was affecting almost 40 ha of arable land. De- siltation of this drainage line and strengthening of embankment were perceived to be urgent, along with a permanent brick masonry wall to protect nearby agriculture fields from excess water logging as well as to harvest surface runoff for Rabi season crops.

Repair of earthen bund: In order to protect agricultural land from flood water and to enhance community engagement and resolve unavailability of irrigation water, it is essential to strengthen the earthen bund. So, it was suggested that the bund be repaired after analysing past and future flood situations in the block. Based on the analysis and discussion, it was decided that the height of the bund be increased from 2.5 to 4.5 ft.

Construction of protection wall:

Around 140 ft along the length of the embankment is very sensitive to flood water and susceptible to damage; therefore, it was suggested that a brick masonry wall be constructed to protect the embankment from the force of excess water during peak rainy season. When the ICRG team interacted with the villagers, they informed that construction of the protection wall will reduce the risk of crop failure on their land. It was suggested that a provision of hume pipe be made for easy and proper conveyance of surface runoff.

Plantation on embankment: In order to strengthen the embankment and ensure sustainable livelihood opprtunity for the community, it was suggested that fruit trees be planted on the embakment.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Maintenance of trees has been budgeted in the plantation work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the embankments. The embankment will become more durable after construction of protection wall.

Integration Strengthening of embankment will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area; further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc.

Engineering Drawing of the Work

Construction of Check Dam, Sanga, Bausi, Banka

Type of Work Name of Work Category Sub Work Dimensions Status (MGNREGA- Category Code schedule)

Construction A– Check Dam: Cut off wall On- of Check Dam Community Length: 6.47 m, toe wall length: going Work 6.47 m, Body wall length: 6.47 m, twoside walls length: 10.97 m, height: 1.8 m.

100 180.00 90 160.00 80 % Gross 70 140.00 % NRM cropped 120.00 60 100.00 Works(2016- 50 Area(ha) 40 80.00 17) 30 60.00 20 % unirrigated 40.00 % (SC+ST) 10 Area (Ha) 20.00 Household 0 0.00

KAIRI… % Irrigated % Women KASBA… DALIYA… SARUA… DALIYA… KUDRO…

Area(ha) SAANGA… headed HH SAANGA… CHILKARA… BAGDUMBA… SIKANDARPUR… BABHANGAMA… ANGARUJABRA… ANGARUJABRA…

Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical Data of Bausi Block Figure2: Panchayat wise socio economic Data of Bausi Block How was the work selected?

Climate Change Scenario Banka district falls in agro-climatic Sub-Zone IIIA. The average annual rainfall in the district is 1200 mm. This is just sufficient for the type of agriculture traditionally practiced in this district. Because of the changing climatic conditions, the district faces erratic monsoon. Low rainfall (700-900 mm) is witnessed every alternate year. More than 90% of the total precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (June- September). Approximately 60-70 per cent of the total precipitation received during the monsoon drains to the main streams as runoff because of poor runoff management practices. According to ground water report, pre and post monsoon ground water availability of the district are 2.85 -8.76 m below ground level (bgl) and 1.62 – 5.55 m bgl respectively. Slope of Bausi block varies from 0 to 25% but most of the terrain falls under 0-3% range (see table 1.). There are some hilly areas which fall in the 3-8% (4457 ha) and 8-25% (1756 ha) slope ranges. The district is classified as a rain-fed area.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Bausi block for the past 30 years (1984 -2014) was 1110 mm, which is lower than the district average. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Bausi block estimates that there would be a 10% decrease in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and there would be a 25% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

These climatic aberrations are a prime cause of low productivity (average: 1403 kg/ha) during both Kharif and Rabi seasons. A vulnerability assessment (VA) study was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Bausi is vulnerable in terms of its net groundwater availability, net irrigated area and forest cover. Despite the projected increase in mean JJAS rainfall and the number of rainy days, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to irrigation, low forest cover and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and water conservation and harvesting.

Table 1: Slope of the Bausi block.

Name of Area (ha) Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope> Block 0-3% (ha) 3-8% (ha) 8-25% (ha) 25% (ha) Bausi 31527 25314 4457 1756 0

Therefore to address the above mentioned problems of the block, it is essential to renovate existing structures in the block. Such measures should be taken up in an integrated manner so as to maximize the resilience benefits emanating from complementary MGNREGA works.

To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training Figure 3: Proposed Site of Sanga Panchayat to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio- physical and socio-economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Bausi Sanga Construction of Check dam

During the field visit, ICRG team visited and analysed the proposed site before selecting it as a demonstration for CRW for the year 2017-18. The work was listed in the list of approved MGNREGA works for the year 2017-18. During the visit information on relevant parameters such as impact of the work in terms of reach, soil erosion control, catchment & command area treatment, scope of developing linkages with other line departments, livelihood opportunities for the community etc. was collected. It was observed at the site that the de-siltation work will benefit diversified community including Rajputs, Scheduled caste , Yadav and others and will enhance irrigation efficiency of the area. It was also found that farms in lowland areas remain fallow because of excess rain and there is loss of fertile soil from runoff during monsoon season. Production of rabi crops is low because of unavailability of water for pre- irrigation, sowing and at critical crop growth stages. In order to address these issues, there was a demand from the community to construct a check dam in the drainage line of the nearby agricultural land.

Brief about the site: Koriyavaran village topography has very gentle slope varying from 3-8%. Out of the total area of 4246 Ha, about 580 Ha is un-irrigated. Gross cropped area of the Panchayat is 3353 Ha. There is not forest cover in the panchayat. 33.86 % of the total population of the Panchayat belongs to SC& ST community. Their livelihood depends on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small and marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. During monsoon most of the plots face the problem of lack of irrigation because of non-availability of any water harvesting structures.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Construction of Check dam

Impact and Increased water storage capacity in drainage line by 40% (2000 cum approx.) Efficacy because of construction of check dam. Nearby open wells will get recharged and ground water level is expected to rise by at least by 1 or 2 feet. Protective irrigation will be provided to crops in 20 ha during kharif and 10.5 ha during Rabi seasons. As a result, productivity of land will increase by 20-30%. Cropping pattern will change from mono-cropping to double cropping. Urgency of Immediate construction of the check dam is essential to ensure protective irrigation action and increase ground water availability of the area and therefore, reduce the risk of crop failure. This work will immediately bring 20 ha of land into cultivation and improve livelihood of the community.

Longevity and Construction of bricks masonry check dam will last for more than 10 years. time scale

Reach The reach of this intervention will be very high. It will benefit more than 40 farmers.

Equity The proposed interventions will benefit all small and marginal landholding families, majority of landless casual labours (473), and women headed families (17). There are 86 self-help groups (SHGs) in Kaitha Panchayat. 33.86 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC & ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; so social acceptance acceptance of the intervention is high.

Cost Total cost of de-siltation of the tank is estimated to be Rs. 8,50,000. Material and labour costs are Rs. 6,46,627 and Rs. 2,03,373 respectively. Total man days estimated is 1149.

Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will improve leading to carbon sequestration will reduce adaptation and because of plantation (through convergence). De-silted fertile soil will be spread on development nearby agricultural land; this will increase carbon content of the soil and ultimately and mitigation productivity of crops.

Location Work District Block GP Village

De-siltation of Banka Bausi Sanga Kushvadia tank

How was the site selected Out of all the panchayats in the block, ICRG team found Sanga Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Bausi block, PRI members of Kushvadia village of Sanga Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

The village survey indicated two to three major streams surrounding the village indicating surface inflows from the upper catchment areas. Currently, there are no water harvesting structures constructed on the streams, although they have enough water harvesting potential. Every year villagers do temporary arrangements to fetch water for irrigation during Rabi season but it is not sufficient. Therefore, they wanted to construct a permanent water harvesting structure.

Climate resilient works An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

Since it is a new check dam construction which receives surface runoff during rainy season from adjacent undulating area, it was suggested that a proper survey of catchment area, drainage line, slope of the area, soil type etc. be conducted, and based on the survey the new structure be designed and estimated. The following sets of works were proposed at this demonstration site.

• Construction of check dam: It was suggested to construct a bricks masonry check dam in the drainage line with proper design.

• Plantation: It was suggested that fruit trees be planted surrounding the check dam in order to diversify livelihood opportunities of the community as well as biodiversity of the area.

• Convergence with other line departments: In order to enhance the impact and efficacy of this intervention it was suggested to PRI members, MGNREGA team and community members to link with other line departments such as horticulture and agriculture and ask them to provide good quality saplings and seeds for embankments and adjacent land.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Use of A grade standard materials (recommended in MGNREGA for construction) and following proper techniques after analysing hydrological data will improve durability of the structure.

Livelihood Plantation around the check dam and embankments of drainage channel will Diversification provide diversified livelihood opportunities for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended. Because of assured water in the check dam, community will go for other livelihood opportunities like fish farming etc.

Integration Since construction of check dam will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture, fishery for improving fish farming, crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants on embankments, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc. To improve livelihood diversification, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as change of cropping pattern, use of drought tolerant seed varieties etc.

Engineering drawing of the work: Engineering drawing of the structure with all the dimensions is given below.

Figure 1: Plan and cross section of check Dam

Figure 2: Front View of the check Dam Renovation of Community Pond and Plantation, Mirnagar, Sarmera, Nalanda

Type of Work Name of Work Category Sub Work Code Estimated Dimensions Status (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

Renovation of A: Community Drainage Line: L: 85.95 m, Ongoing Community pond Work Tw=BW= 0.61 m, H: 0.61 and plantation m

120 How was the work selected? 100 Nalanda district of Bihar is located in Zone 80 % Gross cropped Area(ha) III-B, which is a drought prone area. 60 40 Agriculture is the major source of earning % unirrigated Area 20 (Ha) for majority of the population. The average 0 annual rainfall of the district is 974.5mm. % Irrigated Area(ha) KENAR… The climate is sub-humid and is CHERO… SASAUR… HUSAINA…

DHANUKI… % Forest Area (Ha) characterized by a hot summer and a SARMERA… MALAWAN… MIRNAGAR… pleasant cold winter; about 89% of rainfall Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical data of Sarmera takes place during the months of June to Block ISUA PANCHAYAT September.

During monsoon, surplus water is 180.00 available for deep percolation to 160.00 % NRM 140.00 Works(2016-17) augment ground water recharge. 120.00 100.00 According to ground water report, pre 80.00 % (SC+ST) 60.00 and post monsoon ground water 40.00 Household 20.00 availability in the district is 2.35 – 9.13 m 0.00 below ground level and 0.58 – 3.02 m % Women Headed HH below ground level respectively. This SASAUR… HUSAINA… DHANUKI… indicates that there is a scarcity of ground SARMERA… MALAWAN… MIRNAGAR… Total Landless water for irrigation. The top soil is also Casual Labor in deprived of soil moisture because of high ISUA PANCHAYAT Hundred ('00) KENAR PANCHAYAT CHERO PANCHAYAT temperature and erratic rainfall Figure 2: Panchayat wise Socio Economic Aspects of condition. Agriculture in Sarmera block is Sarmera Block mostly rain fed.

These climatic aberrations are a prime cause for low productivity (average: 1487 kg/ha) during both the seasons, Kharif and Rabi. A vulnerability assessment (VA) was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Sarmera is vulnerable in terms of its groundwater and forest cover. Since the climate projections indicate a decrease in mean JJAS rainfall, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to low forest cover and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing.

Selection Process

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Sarmera Mirnagar Renovation of community pond and plantation

Patasan Desiltation of Pyne

Paishawar Check dam and outlets repair work

ICRG team visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders. Considering the long term impact of the proposed intervention, the site of Mirnagar panchayat was finalised. Apart from that, engagement of the local community was perceived to be very high in this work. The village faces shortage of water for irrigation and drinking because of the defunct drainage line in the catchment area of the community pond. They suggested that the drainage line be repaired and a permanent structure be constructed for proper flow of water. Based on their location, the potential for water storage in the other two sites was much lower.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Renovation of community pond and plantation

Impact and Water storage capacity will increase considerably from 20000 cum to 45000 Efficacy cum through the intervention, and the pond will be utilized to its maximum storage capacity. Repair and strengthening of the drainage channel and proper inlet and outlet construction will increase efficiency of the adjacent agriculture land. Plantation on embankments will strengthen the bunds as well as provide livelihood opportunities to the community. Other water sources like tube wells or open wells will be recharged and water availability of adjacent water bodies will increase. Higher irrigation potential will lead to crop diversification. Mono-cropping practice will shift to double cropping, and small farmers will be motivated to adopt horticulture. Community members, especially self-help group (SHG) women may adopt fish farming because of increased water availability throughout the year. This will ensure additional income to the tune of Rs. 2 – 2.5 lakh per year.

Urgency of Trees take time to grow. Therefore, they should be planted immediately so that Action some benefits such as percolation of groundwater and arresting of soil erosion can start accruing as soon as possible. Siltation of the drainage line and absence of proper outlet of pond lead to lack of irrigation for about 10 ha of cultivable land. These works will immediately bring this area under cultivation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity and Combined work of drainage line, inlet and outlet will make the pond last for Time scale more than 8 years with minor maintenance. Plantation on the embankment will last for more than 15 -20 years.

Reach There are 80 small and marginal farmers who will be benefitted through this intervention.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal land holding families, landless casual labours (995), and women headed families (125). There are 126 SHGs in the Panchayat. 38.72 % of the population belong to SC and ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted so social Acceptance acceptance of the intervention is considered to be very high. Cost Cost of the intervention is Rs. 9,22,700. Material and labour costs are Rs. 6,66,267 and Rs. 2,93,589 respectively. Total person-days generated from the work will be 1627. Major activity wise cost details are given below:

Cost of drainage line (282 ft) treatment: Rs. 2,56,662

Cost of outlet construction: Rs. 90,700

Cost of plantation (2 units: 400 plants) on pond embankments: Rs. 5,69,300 Around 92 % of the material cost of plantation will be utilized in the first year of implementation. A provision of maintenance (by Van Poshak) is included in the labor cost. This maintenance cost will be about Rs. 67700 per year for a period of five years.

Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will improve and greenhouse effect will be reduced Adaptation in the longer run. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby agriculture land, and which will increase the carbon content of the soil and ultimately enhanced crop Development productivity. and Mitigation

Site Location:

Work District Block GP Village

Renovation of Nalanda Sarmera Mirnagar Toda community pond and plantation

How the Site was selected? Out of the all the panchayats in the block, ICRG team found Mirnagar Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Sarmera block, PRI members of Toda village of Mirnagar Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW. Brief about the site: While visiting the site, ICRG team found that Toda village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-2%. Out of the total 1329 Ha of land area in the Panchayat, 569.74 ha is un-irrigated (42.86 % of total geographical area), which is 51.54% of the total gross cropped area. There is no forest area in the block. About 39.63 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC& ST category. The livelihoods of these deprived communities depend mostly on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small or marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. During monsoon, most of the plots face the threat of water logging because of defunct embankments and choked drainage lines. At the proposed site, there is a community pond that was constructed several years ago. It was a major source of irrigation for the Toda village. However, it got defunct because of siltation in the drainage line and a lack of proper inlet and outlet. This was caused by regular flooding and lack of maintenance. The current situation affects almost 40 ha of arable land in the area. The community members felt that it’s very important to de-silt the drainage line and strengthen the pond embankment. A brick masonry drainage line was also felt essential for easy conveyance of water in the pond and harvesting surface run-off for Rabi season crops.

Proposed Climate resilient works An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

Drainage line treatment: It was suggested that the drainage line of the catchment area of the pond be treated and a brick masonry drainage line be constructed for the length that is susceptible to sever soil erosion every year.

Inlet and outlet construction in the Pond: In order to harvest maximum surface runoff during monsoon season and to discharge sufficient irrigation water to the adjacent and tail end agricultural plots of the command area of the pond, it was suggested that proper inlet and outlet be constructed in the pond using hume pipes.

Plantation on the embankment: In order to strengthen pond embankments and diversify livelihood options for the community, it was suggested that fruit trees (Guava & Mango) be planted on the pond embakments.

Fish Farming contract to Self-help groups (SHGs): Since the pond will become a perenial source of water post the renovation, SHG women were interested in fish farming in the pond. It was suggested that the SHGs be linked with the fishery department so as to avail the necessary resources and training.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Maintenance of trees has been budgeted in the plantation work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the pond bund. The pond will become more durable after de-siltation, and the recommended brick masonry drainage line will increase the durability even more.

Integration Since the pond renovation will increase the irrigation potential and also ensure water availability all year round, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture, fishery for improving crop diversification, productivity, and promoting fish farming.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc.

Engineering Drawing of the Work:

Desiltation of Community Tank, Phaga, Bausi, Banka

Type of Work Name of Work Category Sub Work Dimensions Status (MGNREGA- Category Code schedule)

De-siltation of A– Tank: Length: 91.44 m, Width: On- tank Community 91.44 m, depth: 1.524 m going Work

How was the work selected?

100 180.00 % NRM 80 160.00 % Gross cropped 140.00 Works(2016- 60 Area(ha) 120.00 17) 40 100.00 % unirrigated 80.00 % (SC+ST) 20 Area (Ha) 60.00 Household 40.00 0 % Irrigated 20.00 Area(ha) 0.00 % Women

KAIRI… headed HH SARUA… DALIYA… KUDRO… % forest Area SAANGA… ANGARU…

CHILKARA… (Ha) DALIYA…

SAANGA… Total Landless BABHANGAMA…

BAGDUMBA… Casual Labor in

SIKANDARPUR… Hundred ('00) Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical Data of Bausi Block ANGARUJABRA… KASBA MANDAR…

Figure 2: Panchayat wise socio economic Data of Bausi Block

Climate Change Scenario Banka district falls in agro-climatic sub-zone IIIA. The average annual rainfall in the district is 1200 mm. This is just sufficient for the type of agriculture traditionally practiced in this district. Because of the changing climatic conditions, the district faces erratic monsoon. Low rainfall (700-900 mm) is witnessed every alternate year. More than 90% of the total precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (June-September). Approximately 60-70 per cent of the total precipitation received during the monsoon drains to the main streams as runoff because of poor runoff management practices. According to ground water report, pre and post monsoon ground water availability of the district are 2.85 -8.76 m below ground level (bgl) and 1.62 – 5.55 m bgl respectively. Slope of Bausi block varies from 0 to 25% but most of the terrain falls under 0-3% range (see table 1.). There are some hilly areas which fall in the 3-8% (4457 ha) and 8-25% (1756 ha) slope ranges. The district is classified as a rain-fed area.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Bausi block for the past 30 years (1984 - 2014) was 1110 mm, which is lower than the district average. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Bausi block estimates that there would be a 10% decrease in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and there would be a 25% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

Agricultural practices in most areas of the district are still fully dependent on rainfall. The community tanks, canal systems and other irrigation sources are dependent on rainfall. Erratic and low rainfall affects the water harvested in reservoirs and thus groundwater recharge to a great extent. Also, there is a vast gap between irrigation potential created and utilized in the district. As per the available statistics, only 20 per cent of the gross cropped area of Banka district is irrigated, whereas it is 19.46% in case of Bausi block. These climatic aberrations are a prime cause of low productivity (average: 1403 kg/ha) during both Kharif and Rabi seasons. A vulnerability assessment (VA) study was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Bausi is vulnerable in terms of its net groundwater availability, net irrigated area and forest cover. Despite the projected increase in mean JJAS rainfall and the number of rainy days, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to irrigation, low forest cover and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and water conservation and harvesting.

Table 1: Slope of the Bausi block.

Name of Area (ha) Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope> Block 0-3% (ha) 3-8% (ha) 8-25% (ha) 25% (ha) Bausi 31527 25314 4457 1756 0

To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this Figure 1: Proposed Site of Phaga Panchayat work for demonstration. Bio-physical and socio-economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Bausi Phaga De- siltation of tank

During the field visit, ICRG team visited and analysed the proposed site before selecting it as a demonstration for CRW for the year 2017-18. The work was listed in the list of approved MGNREGA works for the year 2017-18. During the visit information on relevant parameters such as impact of the work in terms of reach, soil erosion control, catchment & command area treatment, scope of developing linkages with other line departments, livelihood opportunities for the community etc. was collected. It was observed at the site that the de-siltation work will benefit diversified community including Adiwasi and Yadav, and will enhance irrigation efficiency of the area. It was also found that the tank, with substantial water storage capacity and proper outlets and waste weirs constructed long ago, has become defunct due to neglect, non-maintenance and silting up. Because of this, surplus rainfall during kharif is not stored and used propery. This has led to crop failures during prolonged dry spells at critical stages. Rainfed crops in rabi season experience soil moisture deficit resulting in low productivity. Community demand for the work was very high because low storage capacity of the structure has been adversely affecting agriculture since last five years.

Brief about the site: Koriyavaran village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-4%. Out of the total land area of 1928 Ha, about 290 Ha is un-irrigated. Gross cropped area of the Panchayat is 1480 Ha. Forest cover in the panchayat is zero. 37.17 % of the total population of the Panchayat belongs to SC& ST community. Their livelihood depends on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small and marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: De- Siltation of tank

Impact and De-siltation work will enhance the storage capacity of the tank from 12742.57 cum Efficacy to 5092 cum. This water storage potential of 12742570 litres will help recharge the open wells and bore wells of the nearby area; as a result crop diversification will happen in at least 25 Ha of land. Productivity will go up by 20-30%. Cropping pattern will change from mono-cropping to double cropping.

De- siltation of the tank will strengthen the embankment, and outlets will become functional leading to irrigation in downstream fields. Water will reach to tail end of the command area.

Urgency of De-siltation of tank with permanent outlets should be done immediately so that the action issues of low ground water availability and net irrigated area of the area can be addressed. These works will immediately bring this area under irrigation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity and After de- siltation and repair of embankment, longevity of the structure will be more time scale than ten years, with periodic maintenance.

Reach The reach of this intervention will be very high. It will benefit more than 100 farmers who belong to Adivasi (70 HHs), Yadav (20 HHs) and other backward classes (10 HHs).

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal landholding families, majority of the landless casual labours (1124), and women headed families (42). There are 163 self-help groups (SHGs) in Kaitha Panchayat. 34.17 % of the total population of the Panchayat belongs to SC & ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted, so social acceptance of acceptance the intervention is high.

Cost Total cost of de-siltation of the tank is estimated to be Rs. 9,96,800. Material and labour costs are Rs. 12,857 and Rs. 9,83,943 respectively. Total person- days estimated is 5559. Co-benefits for Encroached area will be utilized for repair and de-siltation of tank. Biodiversity and adaptation and biomass will improve; Carbon sequestration will happen from plantation (through development convergence). De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby agricultural land which and mitigation will increase carbon content of the soil and ultimately productivity of crops.

Location: Work District Block GP Village

De-siltation of Banka Bausi Phaga Koriyavaran tank

How was the site selected: Out of all the panchayats in the block, ICRG team found Phaga Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Bausi block, PRI members of Koriyavarn village of Phaga Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

The existing structure was not robust enough to withstand recurrent heavy rainfall and flash floods. The design used was probably not appropriate in the face of more frequent extreme weather events. This earthen dam was constructed several years back and was in defunct condition. Siltation has reduced its storage capacity and its other benefits. Every year villagers put in combined effort for repair work to fetch water for irrigation during Rabi season, but it was not sufficient. Therefore, de-siltation and upgrading of this structure was considered by ICRG team to enhance the resilience of the communities to current and future climate risks.

Climate resilient works: An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

• Repair of embankment: It was suggested to repair the 91.44 m long embankment in order to strengthen it for long term use of the tank. This will also help is proper utilization of outlets, which will discharge sufficient water in downstream drainage lines.

• De- siltation of Tank: In order to increase the storage capacity of the tank, de-siltation of the tank was proposed. This will increase water availability of the area for Rabi and kharif season crops. • Plantation: It was suggested to go for shrub/grass sodding on embankment, and also promote fruit plantation surrounding the tank in order to increase livelihood of the community as well as biodiversity of the area.

• Convergence with other line departments: In order to enhance the impact and efficacy of this intervention it was suggested to PRI members, MGNREGA team and community members to approach other line departments like horticulture and agriculture etc and ask them to provide good quality saplings and seeds for plantation on the embankments and adjacent land.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability The tank will become more durable after de-siltation, and the recommended side and bed slopes, and strengthening of embankments will increase the durability even more.

Livelihood Plantation around the tank will provide diversified livelihood opportunities Diversification for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended. Due to increased storage capacity of the pond, community will go for other livelihood opportunities like fish farming etc.

Integration Since de-siltation of tank and plantation will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture, fishery for improving fish farming, crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants on pond embankments, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc. To improve livelihood diversification, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as change of cropping pattern, use of drought tolerant seed varieties etc.

Engineering drawing of the work: Renovation of Earthen Embankment, Maketababura, Dhauraiya, Banka

Type of Work S. Name of Work Category Sub Work Dimensions Status no (MGNREGA- Category Code schedule)

1 Renovation of A– 34/2017- Earthen dam: Length: On- Earthen Bund Community 18 60.96 m, bottom width: going Work 15.24, top width: 3.65 m, Height: 4.5 m

How was the work selected?

Climate Change Scenario Banka district falls in agro-climatic Sub-Zone IIIA. The average annual rainfall in the district is 1200 mm. This is just sufficient for the type of agriculture traditionally practiced in this district. Because of the changing climatic conditions, the district faces erratic monsoon. Low rainfall (700-900 mm) is witnessed every alternate year. More than 90% of the total precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (June-September). Approximately 60-70 per cent of the total precipitation received during the monsoon drains to the main streams as runoff because of poor runoff management practices. 120 According to ground water report, pre and 100 80 % Gross cropped post monsoon ground water availability of 60 Area(ha) the district are 2.85 -8.76 m below ground 40 % unirrigated level (bgl) and 1.62 – 5.55 m bgl 20 Area (Ha) respectively. Slope of Bausi block varies 0 % Irrigated from 0 to 25% but most of the terrain falls Area(ha) under 0-3% range (see table 1.). There are % forest Area (Ha) some hilly areas which fall in the 3-8% (4457 ha) and 8-25% (1756 ha) slope ranges. The district is classified as a rain-

Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical Data of Dhauraiya Block fed area. As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Bausi block for the past 30 years (1984 -2014) was 1110 mm, which is lower than the district average. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Bausi block estimates that there would be a 10% decrease in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and there would be a 25% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

Table 1: Slope of the Dhauraiya block. Name of Area (ha) Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope> Block 0-3% (ha) 3-8% (ha) 8-25% (ha) 25% (ha) Dhauraiya 23410 22556 854 0 0

Selection Process:

To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to Figure 2: Proposed Site of Maketa Village technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio- physical and socio-economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Dhauraiya Maketa Babura Renovation of earthen dam

Maketa Babura Community ponds de-siltation

During the field visit, ICRG team visited and analysed the proposed sites before selecting it as a demonstration for CRW for the year 2017-18. The work was listed in the list of approved MGNREGA works for the year 2017-18. During the visit information on relevant parameters such as impact of the work in terms of reach, soil erosion control, catchment & command area treatment, scope of developing linkages with other line departments, livelihood opportunities for the community etc. was collected. It was estimated that renovation of earthen dam will have greater impact than the other options in terms of the acres of agricultural land that can be irrigated after renovation. It will also benefit diversified community and will enhance irrigation efficiency of the area. Community demand for this work was also very high since it has been adversely affecting agriculture since the last 8-10 years. Also, the work on community pond de- siltation had legal issues. Therefore, the work on renovation of earthen dam was taken up for CRW demonstration for this year.

Brief about the site: Maketa Babura topography has very gentle slope varying from 3-8%. Out of the total land area of 1492 Ha of land about 89.3 Ha is un-irrigated. Gross cropped area of the Panchayat is 1454.6 Ha. There is no forest cover in the panchayat. 18.07 % of the total population of the Panchayat belongs to SC& ST community. Their livelihood depends on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small and marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. Because most of the irrigation structures are defunct owing to improper management of drainage lines and excessive siltation, very little water gets stored for irrigation during the monsoon season. By virtue of the location of the gram panchayat, with adjoining hilly areas, the village receives copious amounts of surface runoff. This excess runoff could be harvested and used either directly for irrigation or for improving the ground water availability. The main sources of irrigation in the village are earthen dam, ponds, pynes and ground water sources such as tube wells and open wells. When ICRG team interacted with the villagers, they suggested that renovation of the dam embankment and de- siltation of the dam bed will help the villagers with more water for irrigation, protection of dam from flood due to torrential rain during rainy season, and recharge of ground water.

Salient Features of the Intervention Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Renovation of Lakhnabandh

Impact and The dam hardly stores any water currently. Post renovation, the storage Efficacy capacity of the dam is estimated to be 25240 cum. The availability of water to the tune of 2,52,40,000 litres will help recharge open wells and bore wells of the nearby areas; as a result crop diversification will happen in at least 40 Ha of land. Productivity will increase by 20-30%. Cropping pattern will change from mono-cropping to double cropping.

Urgency of Repair and strengthening of earthen bund, construction of protection wall and action de-siltation of the earthen bund bed will protect 40 ha of cultivable land from soil erosion and flood water. This will immediately convert this land into cultivable land, thereby improving the livelihoods of the community.

Longevity and Longevity of the structure will be more than ten years. time scale

Reach The reach of this intervention will be very high. It will benefit more than 100 farmers. All are small and marginal farmers with diversified community. 10 self- help group (SHG) members will be benefitted.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal families, majority of the landless casual labours (602), and women headed families (26). There are 87 SHGs in KaithaPanchayat. 18.07 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC & ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; so social acceptance acceptance of the intervention is high.

Cost Total cost of this intervention is estimated to be Rs. 9,98,700. Total material cost is Rs. 6,33,195 and labour cost is Rs. 3,65,505. Renovation of earthen embankment will cost Rs. 2,00,541 and brick masonry protection wall will cost Rs. 7,85,740. Total man days estimated is 2065.

Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will improve because of plantation and it will also adaptation and result in carbon sequestration. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby development agriculture land; this will increase carbon content of the soil and ultimately and mitigation productivity of crops.

Location Work District Block GP Village

Repair earthen Banka Dhauraiya Maketa Babura Makaita embankement

How was the site selected Out of all the panchayats in the block, ICRG team found Maketa Babura Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters. The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Dhauraiya block, PRI members of Makaita village of Maketa Baura Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

• Repair Dam embankment: It was suggested that the 61 m long dam embankment be repaired by increasing its top width (3.65 m), bottom width (15.24 m) and height (4.5 m). Proper slope of downstream and upstream should be maintained. • Protection wall construction: It was proposed that a bricks masonry protection wall (length: 103.6 m, width: 0.4 m and height: 1.5 m) be constructed in order to protect it from excess water force and flash floods.

• Plantation: It was suggested to go for shrub/grass sodding on embankment and also promote fruit plantation surrounding the earthen dam in order to diversify livelihood options of the community as well as biodiversity of the area.

• Convergence with other line departments: In order to enhance the impact and efficacy of this intervention it was suggested to PRI members, MGNREGA team and community members to approach other line departments like horticulture, agriculture etc and ask them to provide good quality saplings and seeds for plantation on the embankments and adjacent land

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Strengthening of embankment, construction of protection wall and plantation on embankment has been budgeted in order to increase the durability of the structure. They will also prevent erosion of the embankments. Construction of protection wall will increase the durability even more.

Livelihood Plantation on embankment will provide diversified livelihood opportunities Diversification for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended. Strengthening of embankment will help community to harvest maximum surface runoff during peak summer season; this will bring change in cropping pattern and then diversify livelihood.

Integration Strengthening of embankment will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants on dam embankments, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc. To improve livelihood diversification, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as change of cropping pattern, use of drought tolerant seed varieties etc.

Engineering drawing of the work

Figure 3: Engg Drawing of Protection wall Renovation of Community Pond and Irrigation Channel distribution, Kaitha, Phullidumar, Banka

Type of Work S. Name of Category Sub Work Code Dimensions Status no Work (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

1 Community A– 14/2017-18 Pond: Length: 106.68, Width: On- pond and Community 99.06 m, depth: 3.048 m going 16/2017-18 irrigation Work channel Irrigation Chennel: Length: 69/2017-18 354.48 m, Width: 3.65 m, Distribution Depth: 1.82m

Earthen Bund De-siltation: Length: 198.12 m, Width: 30.48 m, Depth : 0.914 m

120.00 100.00 % Gross 100.00 % NRM Works 80.00 cropped 80.00 (2016-17) 60.00 Area(ha) 60.00 40.00 40.00 % unirrigated % (SC+ST) 20.00 20.00 Area (Ha) Household 0.00 0.00

% Irrigated % Women kaitha… Khesar… Bhitiya… Sadpur… Area(ha) Headed HH (No) Pathadda… Teliya pahar…

Figure 1 : Panchayat wise Bio-physical data of Phulidumar Block Figure 1: Panchayat wise socio economic data of Phulidumar Block How was the work selected?

Climate Change Scenario Banka district falls in agro-climatic Sub-Zone IIIA. The average annual rainfall in the district is 1200 mm. This is just sufficient for the type of agriculture traditionally practiced in this district. Because of the changing climatic conditions, the district faces erratic monsoon. Low rainfall (700-900 mm) is witnessed every alternate year. More than 90% of the total precipitation occurs during the monsoon season (June-September). Approximately 60-70 per cent of the total precipitation received during the monsoon drains to the main streams as runoff because of poor runoff management practices. According to ground water report, pre and post monsoon ground water availability of the district are 2.85 -8.76 m below ground level (bgl) and 1.62 – 5.55 m bgl respectively. Slope of Bausi block varies from 0 to 25% but most of the terrain falls under 0-3% range (see table 1.). There are some hilly areas which fall in the 3-8% (4457 ha) and 8-25% (1756 ha) slope ranges. The district is classified as a rain-fed area.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Bausi block for the past 30 years (1984 - 2014) was 1110 mm, which is lower than the district average. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Bausi block estimates that there would be a 10% decrease in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and there would be a 25% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

Table 1: Slope of the Phulidumar block

Name of Area (ha) Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope Land Slope> Block 0-3% (ha) 3-8% (ha) 8-25% (ha) 25% (ha) Phulidumar 20850 13658 4787 2405 0 Therefore to address the above mentioned shortcomings of the block, it is essential to renovate existing structures in the block. All these measures should be integrated with MGNREGA.

Selection Process To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio-physical and socio- economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Phulidumar Kaitha Community ponds de-siltation

Kaitha De- siltation of irrigation channel

Kaitha Repair of Earthen bund

Selection Process To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio-physical and socio- economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Brief about the site: Kaitha village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-4%. Out of the total land area of 1030 Ha, about 281.89 Ha is un-irrigated. Gross cropped area of the Panchayat is 865.33 Ha. There is no forest cover in the panchayat. 25.31 % of the total population of the Panchayat belongs to SC& ST community. Their livelihood depends on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small and marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. Most of the existing water harvesting structures are unable to store water during monsoon because of siltation and lack of maintenance and repair of drainage channels. Further, the irrigation channels are defunct because of which irrigation water does not reach the tail end lands. The main sources of irrigation for the village are ponds, pynes and ground water sources such as tube wells and open wells. During the field visit the villagers suggested that de-siltation of the two existing ponds Figure 2: Proposed Site of Kaitha Village and repair of distribution channels will help the villagers with more water for irrigation and also recharge other water bodies such as wells.

Salient Features of the Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: De-siltation of Pond with inlet outlet and silt tank

Impact and The Pond will cover a surface area of 10567.72 sq m and the storage capacity will Efficacy increase from 12429.5 cum to 29425.7 cum. The availability of stored water to the tune of 2,94,25,776 litres will help recharge open wells and bore wells of the nearby area; this will result in crop diversification in at least 12 Ha of land. Productivity will increase by 20-30%. Around 92 ha of un-irrigated land will be converted to irrigate land. Cropping pattern will change from mono-cropping to double cropping.

De- siltation of irrigation channel, repair of damaged earthen bund, construction of proper inlet, outlet and silt tank will enhance inflow and outflow of water, which will result in more water storage in the pond. Irrigation water will reach the tail end of the area properly. Encroached area will be utilized for repairing of irrigation channel.

Urgency of Integration of all these three works will benefit the larger community. The site has action issues of siltation, damage of embankments, choked drainage line etc. De-siltation of the pond should be done immediately so that the issues of low ground water availability and less net irrigated area of the area can be addressed. These works will immediately bring this area under irrigation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity and Longevity of the structure would be more than ten years. Drainage channel repair time scale will be required after five years.

Reach The reach of this intervention will be very high. It will benefit more than 400 farmers of five villages namely Motia, Takhatipur, Bela, Raichak and ManikPathada.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal families, majority of landless casual labours (656), and women headed families (176). There are 61 self- help groups (SHGs) in Kaitha Panchayat. 25.31 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC & ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; so social acceptance of acceptance the intervention is high.

Cost Total cost of the pond renovation is estimated to be Rs. 24,99,700 with one inlet. Total person days estimated is 13353.

Total cost of Irrigation Channel repair is Rs. 2,55,800 and person-days generated would be 790.

Cost of earthen bund repair is Rs. 9,86,300 and person-days 4485.

Construction of bricks masonry guide wall to protect the pond from peak surface runoff during rainy season is Rs. 2,81,000.

Overall cost of the intervention is Rs. 40,22, 800. This will include construction of two inlets and one outlet, one guide wall and one silt tank.

Co-benefits Biodiversity and biomass will improve because of plantation and this will also result for in carbon sequestration. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby agricultural adaptation land which will increase carbon content of the soil and ultimately productivity of the and crops. development and mitigation

Location

Work District Block GP Village

Community Banka Phullidumar Kaitha Kaitha pond and irrigation channel Distribution

How was the site selected Out of all the panchayats in the block, ICRG team found Kaitha Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Phullidumar block, PRI members of Kaitha village of Phullidumar Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

The pond has deteriorated because of siltation. About 6 feet deep silt has accumulated in the pond and it can’t be used for water conservation. The pond is connected with an irrigation channel which is used to irrigate land of adjacent five villages. Water comes to the pond with the help of an earthen bund and its associated pyne. It was observed that all these structures (pond, earthen bund, irrigation channel, inlet outlets etc) were in defunct condition and the irrigation channel was chocked because of siltation. If these structures get renovated, about 92 ha of agricultural land would receive assured irrigation during Rabi season. The ground water situation of the adjacent area will also improve. After analyzing these aspects of the site, the Gram Sabha has approved these works. ICRG team has recommended that all these works be taken up together since they are linked to each other and will deliver greater resilience benefits.

• De- siltation of Pond: It was suggested that the pond be de-silted in order to increase its water storage capacity. The excavated silt will be spread over nearby agricultural plots. Embankments will also be constructed with proper berming.

• Inlets and outlet construction: To protect pond embankments from soil erosion and also for proper inflow and outflow of water it was suggested that two brick masonry inlets and one outlet be constructed in the pond. • Silt Tank construction: There is a possibility of deposition of silt from the irrigation channel at inlet of the pond. Therefore, it was suggested that a brick masonry silt tank be constructed near the inlet of the pond. In general, MGNREGA structures don’t have any silt tank attached.

• Repair of earthen bund: In order to accumulate more water in the irrigation channels, it was proposed that the defunct earthen bund be repaired in order to ensure proper inflow and outflow of water from the pond to the distribution channels.

• Convergence with other line departments: In order to enhance the impact and efficacy of this intervention it was suggested to PRI members, MGNREGA team and community members to link with other line departments like horticulture, agriculture and ask them to provide good quality saplings and seeds for plantation on the embankments and adjacent land.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability De-siltation of community pond with construction of other permanent components like inlets, outlet, silt tank and strengthening of embankment will make the pond more durable. The recommended side and bed slopes will further contribute to the durability of the structure.

Livelihood Because of the increased storage capacity of the pond, community will be Diversification motivated to go for other livelihood opportunities such as fish farming, development of individual nano orchards etc.

Integration Since de-siltation of pond and drainage line and strengthening of embankment will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content and net irrigation potential of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture, fishery for improving fish farming, crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve livelihood diversification, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as change of cropping pattern, use of drought tolerant seed varieties etc.

Engineering drawing of the work

Plantation on earthen bund and pond, Sonpur, Katra, Muzaffarpur

Type of Work Name of Category Sub Work Code Estimated Dimensions Status Work (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

Plantation on A: Community Drought DP/20245182 1Unit :( 200 Plants), Plant On-going earthen bund Work Proofing to Plant distance: 3m X and pond 3m.on both side of Road. Total Length of Plantation: 305 m

How was the work selected? 1. Topography and Climate

KATAI economy of the district depends SONPUR PAHSAUL CHANGEL mainly on agriculture and allied LAKHANPUR JAJUAR EAST BELPAKAUNA BANSGHATTA activities. According to ground water Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical data of Katra Block study, pre and post monsoon ground water status of the district are 2.09 - 7.63 m below ground level and 0.67 – 5.21 m below ground level respectively. The district receives an average annual rainfall of 1280 mm. About 85% of this rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September) period. Approximately, 60 to 70 % of the total precipitation received during the monsoon directly flows to the main streams as runoff, but due to persistent encroachment of traditional drainage systems the area suffers from severe water logging.

It has been assessed from bio- physical and socio economic data that, sonepur Panchayat is one of the most vulnerable panchayats in Katra block. The vast gap that exists between gross cropped area and un-irrigated area (refer fig 1) in almost all the panchayats of Katra block indicates poor management of existing water resources. These climatic aberrations and poor management of water harvesting infrastructure are a prime cause of low productivity (average productivity: 1110 kg/ha) over the years. Prolonged water logging due to flood on the one hand and droughts due to erratic rainfall on the other hand has reduced the area 250.00 under wheat cultivation and 200.00 % NRM Works depleted the top soil moisture to (2016-17) a large extent. A vulnerability 150.00 % (SC+ST) Household assessment (VA) study was 100.00 % Women Headed conducted for all ICRG blocks 50.00 HH and according to the report, Total Landless Labor Katra block is vulnerable in 0.00 in Hundred ('00) terms of its net groundwater Number of SHG availability, net irrigated area KATRA SONPUR

CHANGEL and forest cover. It is also HATHAURI NAGWARA BANDHPUR LAKHANPUR SHIVDASPUR JAJUAR WEST BERAINORTH BANSGHATTA projected that there will be a slight increase in mean JJAS Figure 2: Socio economic details of Katra block rainfall and increase in the number of rainy days; therefore, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to net irrigated area, forest cover and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing.

1. Selection Process

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Katra Sonepur Plantation on both side of road

Barri De-siltation of channel

Pahsaul De-siltation of irrigation channel

ICRG team visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders before finalizing one of them as CRW for the year 2017- 18. Considering the long term impact of the proposed CRW intervention, the site of Sonepur Panchayat was finalised. Apart from that, engagement of the local community has been perceived to be very high in this work. The local community members have suggested growing of fruit bearing trees as avenue plantation in the selected site. Currently, the road is susceptible

to damage from water logging and flood situations. Based on their location as well as legal issues concerning the sites, the other two sites were not amenable to such interventions.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Plantation on earthen bund

Impact and Plantation will protect the road sides from soil erosion and will strengthen the Efficacy bund. At the same time, the fruit trees (100 mangos & 100 guavas) will provide a diversified livelihood opportunity to local community and a long term income source. Vermicomposting initiative will also add value to the intervention since it will improve soil moisture content of the nearby agricultural land.

Urgency of Road side plantation will diversify livelihood options of marginalized Action households. Trees take time to grow. Therefore, they should be planted immediately so that some benefits such as percolation of groundwater and arresting of soil erosion can start accruing as soon as possible.

Longevity and Plantation will last for more than 15 to 20 years and provide additional Time scale income sources after 5 to 6 years.

Reach There are about 30 self-help group (SHG) families that will be benefitted.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal families, landless casual labours (1990), and women headed families (57). 47.87 % of the population belongs to SC& ST community. There are 178 SHGs in the Panchayat.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; so social Acceptance acceptance of the intervention is considered to be very high.

Cost Plantation cost at the site is estimated to be Rs. 2,86,400. This will be for a period of five years, which include material cost of Rs. 1,09,710 and labour cost of Rs. 1,69,350. Around 92 % of the material cost will be used in the first year of implementation. A provision of maintenance (by Van Poshak) is included in the labor cost. Labour cost in terms of maintenance and gap filling of plantation would be about Rs. 67700 per year for a period of five years. Total person-days generated from this intervention will 3827 (including care and maintenance for five years).

Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will improve because of the plantation and the Adaptation trees will also lead to carbon sequestration. De-silted fertile soil will be and spread on nearby agricultural land; this will increase carbon content of the Development soil and ultimately enhanced crop productivity. and Mitigation

Site Location: Work District Block GP Village

Plantation Muzaffarpur Katra Sonpur Deogan on earthen bund

How the Site was Selected

ICRG team set some criteria for selection of panchayats and work site based on bio-physical and socio-economic parameters. Secondary data on these parameters were collected and all the gram panchayats in the block were compared based on the resultant values (figures 1 & 2). Sonepur is one of the most vulnerable panchayats of Katra block. Therefore, Dhanaur village site was selected for the CRW demonstration.

Brief about the site: Dhanaur village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-2%. Out of the total land area of 1569.9 Ha, about 683.40 Ha is unirrigated. There is no Forest area in the block. About 47.87 % (highest among all panchayats) of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC& ST category. The livelihood of these deprived communities mostly depend on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small or marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. They also grow fruit trees such as mango and litchi. During monsoon, most of the plots face the threat of water logging, and floods damage the sides of the road as well as the crops on the agricultural land. Soil erosion at the site was observed to be high. After analysing the situation, plantation on road side was proposed.

Road side Plantation: In order to enhance community engagement and link them with diversified livelihood opportunities in the long run and to reduce soil erosion in the area, it was suggested to go for avenue plantation with fruit trees (recommended guava & mango) on both sides of the road. This intervention will also enhance soil nutrients in the adjacent arable land.

Vermicomposting with SHGs: It was suggested that vermicomposting be taken up with each SHG of Deogan village. Around 10 vermicompost production units will be established, which will provide organic manure to the plantations as well as the cultivable land.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Livelihood Plantation along the roadside will provide diversified livelihood opportunities Diversification for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended. Promotion of vermicomposting with SHGs will also contribute to the diversified livelihood of the community.

Integration Road side plantation and vermicomposting will be promoted by involving SHGs and farming communites, and further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Engineering Drawing of the Work

De-siltation and renovation of pynes, Dosut, Rahui, Nalanda

Type of Work Sl. Name of Work Category Sub Work Code Estimated Dimensions Status No. (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

1 De-siltation and A: Community Total length: 22 ft, Height: Ongoing connect of 4 pynes Work 5 ft, No of Hume pipe: 6, with strengthening dia of HP: 1’6” embankments

100.00 160.00 140.00 % NRM % Gross 80.00 120.00 Works(2016-17) cropped 60.00 100.00 Area(ha) 80.00 % (SC+ST) 40.00 % unirrigated 60.00 Household Area (Ha) 40.00 20.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 % Women % Irrigated headed HH Area(ha) AMBA… SONSA… DOSUT… PESHAUR… PESHAUR… PAITHANA… SUPASANG… PAITHANA…

IMAMGANJ… Total Landless SUPASANG… MAI FARIDA… IMAMGANJ… MAI FARIDA…MAI Casual Labor in hundred ('00)

Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical data of Rahui AMBA PANCHAYAT SONSA PANCHAYAT Block DOSUT PANCHAYAT Nalanda district of Bihar is located in Zone III-B, which is a drought prone area. Agriculture is the Figure 2: Panchayat wise Socio Economic Aspects of Rahui Block major source of earning for majority of the population. The average annual rainfall of the district is 974.5mm. The climate is sub-humid and is characterized by a hot summer and a pleasant cold winter; about 89% of rainfall takes place during the months of June to September.

How was the work selected? During monsoon, surplus water is available for deep percolation to augment ground water recharge. According to ground water report, pre and post monsoon ground water availability in the district is 2.35 – 9.13 m below ground level and 0.58 – 3.02 m below ground level respectively. This indicates that there is a scarcity of ground water for irrigation. The top soil is also deprived of soil moisture because of high temperature and erratic rainfall condition. The agriculture in Rahui block is mostly rain fed.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Rahui block for the past 30 years (1984 - 2014) was 837 mm, which is lower than the district and state averages. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Rahui block estimates that there would be a 10% increase in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and there would be a 22% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

These climatic aberrations are a prime cause for low productivity (average: 1487 kg/ha) during both Kharif and Rabi seasons. A vulnerability assessment (VA) study was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Rahui block is vulnerable in terms of its groundwater and forest cover. Despite the projected increase in mean JJAS rainfall and the number of rainy days, the block would remain drought prone if issues pertaining to low forest cover, net irrigated area and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing.

Topographical study of the area reveals that, Rahui block has almost plain terrain covering all the Panchayats. The average slope of the block varies from 0 to 4%. Most of the area falls in the range of 0 to 2 % slope. Rahui block has some drainage network and few canals for conveyance or harvesting of rainwater and surface runoff. These drainage networks are tributaries of the Panchana River, which flows over almost the entire length of the block. These drainage lines are the main sources of irrigation for the block. Orchards and plantation activities in Rahui block are found to be negligible.

Selection Process

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Nagar Nausa Dosut De-siltation and connect of 4 pynes with strengthening embankments

Patasan Desiltation of Pyne

Paishawar Check dam and outlets repair work

ICRG team had visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders before finalization of one of them as CRW for the year 2017-18. Considering the long term impact of the proposed CRW intervention, the site of Dosut panchayat was finalised. Apart from that, engagement of the local community has been perceived to be very high in this work. The local community members have suggested that the pyne network be connected and the embankment be strengthened in order to harvest more water for irrigation and increase irrigation efficiency. The two other sites did not offer such potential because of their location.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: De-siltation and connect of 4 pynes with strengthening embankments

Impact and Water storage capacity will increase considerably because of the Efficacy intervention. Connecting the pynes will improve availability of water for irrigation purposes. Average productivity of the land will increase by 10-20 %. Other water sources like tube wells or open wells will be recharged and water availability of adjacent water bodies will increase. Around 50 ha of agricultural land will be protected from water logging and converted into irrigated area. This will lead to crop diversification and a shift from mono-cropping to double cropping practices.

Urgency of Connecting all 4 pynes of the area and strengthening of embankments will Action immediately convert around 50 ha of land into cultivable land. This will improve livelihood opportunities of the marginalized households.

Longevity and Onetime canal repair work will last for five years with minor maintenance. Time scale Culvert and embankment will last for more than ten years.

Reach There are 225 small and marginal farmers who will be benefitted through this intervention.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal families, landless casual labours (1196), and women headed families (37). There are 66 self-help groups (SHGs) in the Panchayat. 44.57 % of the population belong to SC and ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; so social Acceptance acceptance of the intervention is considered to be very high.

Cost Culvert and water cutter cost at the site is estimated to be Rs. 3,20,078. De- siltation of pyne cost will be estimated separately.

Co-benefits for De-silted fertile soil will be spread over nearby agriculture land; this will increase Adaptation and carbon content of the soil and ultimately enhance crop productivity. Development and Mitigation Site Location Work District Block GP Village

De-siltation Nalanda Rahui Dosut Garaibigha and connect of 4 pynes with strengthening embankments

How the Site was selected Out of all the panchayats of Rahui Block, ICRG team found Dosut Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio- economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Rahui block, PRI members of Garaibigha village of Dosut Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

Brief about the site: Garaibigha village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-2%. Out of the total 796 Ha of land, about 5.70 Ha is un-irrigated. There is no forest area in the block. About 44.57 % of the total population of the Panchayat belongs to SC& ST category. The livelihoods of these deprived communities mostly depend on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small or marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. During Monsoon, most of the plots face the threat of water logging because of the defunct irrigation channels (pynes). At the proposed site, pynes run in four different directions with insufficient water flow. De-silting and connecting these pynes, along with constructing an earthen bund is essential in order to protect nearby agricultural fields from excess water logging as well as to harvest surface runoff for irrigating rabi season crops. The estimation of the pyne de-siltation work will be done after the rainy season. Proposed Climate resilient works An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

Connect all pynes, along with construction of culvert: In order increase the irrigation potential of the area, it is essential to connect all pynes with the help of culverts. This intervention will also allow easy flow of water during excess rainfall with high intensity.

De- Siltation of Pyne with construction of barrier wall: When ICRG team interacted with villagers, they informed that the pynes require de-siltation. This will help in easy conveyance of water during high intensity rainfall. It was suggested by ICRG team that a barrier wall be constructed to reduce the velocity of water flowing through the pyne.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Construction of culvert and provision of hume pipes to connect all four pynes will improve the durability of the pynes. De-siltation of pynes with proper side and bed slopes, and construction of small earthen barrier walls at regular intervals will increase the durability even further.

Livelihood Because of increase in the water table, ground water in tube wells and wells Diversification will motivate community to go for other diversified livelihood opportunities such as promotion of nano orchards and vegetable cultivation.

Integration Since de-siltation of pyne and connecting all pynes will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area which will contribute to increase cultivable land, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture and horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility To improve livelihood diversification, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as change of cropping pattern, use of drought tolerant seed varieties etc.

Engineering Drawing of the Work

Ahar-pyne renovation with plantation, Gajadharpur, Tankuppa, Gaya

Type of Work S. no Name of Category Sub Work Code Dimension Status Work (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

1 Ahar-Pyne A– Community TS no: Ahar: Length: 579.12 On- going work with Work 74154 m, TW: 2.43 m, BW: plantation 7.62m, H: 1.82 m

Pyne:L:579.12m, TW:3.048m, BW:2.43m, Depth: 0.61m

Plantation: 3 units(600 plants) spacing: 3m X 3m

How was the work selected?

Climate Change Scenario The climate of Gaya district is extreme, with three distinct seasons - summer, monsoon and

80.00 160.00 70.00 % Gross cropped 140.00 60.00 Area(ha) 120.00 50.00 % NRM 100.00 40.00 % unirrigated Works(2016- 30.00 80.00 Area (Ha) 17) 20.00 60.00 10.00 % Irrigated 0.00 Area(ha) 40.00 % Forest Area 20.00 % (SC+ST) (Ha) 0.00 Household Aropur Chaubar Tankuppa Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical data of Tankuppa Block of Basa Pipra Gaya District Gajadharpur Figure 2: Panchayat wise Socio economic data of Tan winter. The summer months from the middle of Kuppa block of Gaya district March to May are characterized by hot blasts of westerly winds commonly known as ‘loo.’ The peak of summer is in May when maximum temperature is 46°C and winter starts from December and continues till end of February with minimum temperatures around 4°C. Monsoon sets in at the end of June. The months of July and August receive the maximum rainfall when average maximum rainfall of 338.4 mm and 231.3 mm respectively has been recorded. The annual average rainfall of the district (1901- 1970) is 1086 mm. As per the Central Ground Water Board report, pre and post monsoon ground water availability of the district are 6.0 – 15.0 m below ground level and 1.55 – 5.78 m below ground level respectively. This indicates that there is an acute shortage of ground water for irrigation for farmers with irrigation sources such as tube wells, tanks, ponds, dug wells; The Ahar-pyne network also faces shortage of water during the Rabi season.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Tankuppa block for the past 30 years (1984 -2014) was 995 mm, which is lower than the district and state averages. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Tankuppa block estimates that there would be a 12% increase in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and a 14% increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

Because of these climatic aberrations, average productivity of the area (1657 Kg/Ha) falls in the low – medium category. A vulnerability assessment (VA) study was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Tankuppa block is vulnerable in terms of its groundwater availability, net irrigated area and forest cover. Despite the projected increase in mean JJAS rainfall and the number of rainy days, the block will remain drought prone if issues pertaining to low forest cover and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on water harvesting and drought proofing.

Topographical study of the area suggests that the block has almost plain terrain in all the Panchayats, except near Aropur Panchayat where the slope is more than 10%. The slope in other parts of the block varies from 1 to 4%. Most of the area falls in the range of 3 to 4 % slope. Tankuppa block has limited drainage and canal system for conveyance or harvesting of rainwater and surface runoff. Three major drainage channels can be seen flowing in the north to south direction; these contribute to the irrigation of the area. Based on these findings, ICRG team conducted a SWOT analysis of the district and the findings are presented in Table 1.

Agricultural activity in the area is by and large confined to the traditional kharif cultivation, which depends primarily on monsoon rainfall whereas rabi cultivation takes place in localized patches where irrigation facilities are available. The major kharif crops grown are paddy and maize while among the rabi crops wheat, pulses and mustard are the dominant ones.

Selection Process

Strength: Weakness: 1. Traditional irrigation system- Aahar, Pyne. 1. Most of the traditional Ahar & Pyne 2. Substantial forest cover. system are not being used because of heavy siltation 2. Barren & uncultivable land (5.60%) and current fallow land (28.53%) have not been brought under use. 3. The pyne network is not inter- connected. Opportunities: Threats: 1. Revival of traditional water storage/harvesting 1. High concentration of poor & landless structure 'Ahars and Pynes' families and lack of sustained livelihood 2. Development of irrigation potential and opportunities livelihood opportunities for small farming 2. Marginalization of land and its community can be created through work such as delineation water harvesting structures, soil conservation, 3. High degree of migration to various land leveling. parts of the country. 3. Through Tabledevelopment 1: SWOT of Analysis irrigation of potent Gaya districtial, more area can be brought under cultivation; this will increase the productivity of the area.

The ICRG team conducted a one-day training of MGNREGA technical and administrative officials – programme officers, assistant engineers (AE), junior engineers (JE) and technical assistants (TA) of Gaya district. After the training, ICRG team, along with MGNREGA officials, Panchayati raj institution (PRI) members and community members, conducted a field visit to review and assess all the work options that were suggested by MGNREGA officials to be taken up as a climate resilient work (CRW) demonstration. The team also collected Panchayat-wise bio physical and socio economic data of the block and based on these analysis, ICRG team selected rejuvenation of ahar and pyne as the CRW demonstration work for this year. The work will create an irrigation opportunity for large number of areas for the Rabi season crops and will help in addressing the other livelihood issues of the community.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Tan Kuppa Tankuppa Community Pond work Gajhadharpur De-siltation of Pyne with Plantation on bunds

Aropur De-siltation of pynes

ICRG team visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders before finalization of one of them as CRW for the year 2017-18. Considering the long term impact of the proposed CRW intervention, the site of Gajhadharpur panchayat was finalised. In Tankuppa panchayat, most of the beneficiaries from the community pond renovation work were large farmers whereas the command area for the work in Aropur panchayat was very small. The work in the Gajadharpur panchayat was was chosen because it offered greater impact, reach, equity and also potential for linkages with other departments for convergence.

Brief about the site: Jabra village of Gajhadharpur Panchayat has very gentle slope varying from 3-4%. Out of the total land area of 1478 Ha, about 312.00 Ha area of the Panchayat is un-irrigated. The proposed site is adjoining the main road of the village. Most of the community belongs to scheduled caste (SC). Their livelihood depends on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small and marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, Figure 1: Site of Tankuppa block of Gaya District pulses etc. During monsoon most of the plots face problems of water logging.

Salient features of the Intervention  Impact and Efficacy –Water storage capacity will increase by 18185.07 cum, which equates to around 18185070 litres of harvested water. Average productivity of the land will increase by 10-20 %. Other water bodies such as tube wells or open wells will be recharged and water availability in adjacent water resource will increase. Around 30 ha of agriculture land will be irrigated. Protection of structure from soil erosion will ensure long term benefits. Therefore, there will be a shift from mono-cropping to double cropping.  Urgency of action– Plantation, de-siltation of pyne and construction of earthen bund are all urgent actions. Trees take time to grow. Therefore, they should be planted immediately so that some benefits such as percolation of groundwater and arresting of soil erosion can start accruing as soon as possible. Siltation of the pyne and absence of bunds on agricultural land lead to submergence and flooding of about 20 ha of cultivable land. These works will immediately bring this area under cultivation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.  Longevity and timescale–De-siltation work will increase the longevity of the structure to about 10 years, with maintenance work every five years.  Social acceptance– this is a traditional irrigation system of the area and large sections of the farming community benefits from it; so acceptance of this work is high.  Equity– All small and marginal families, landless casual labours (852), and women headed families (50) will be benefitted. There are 123 self-help groups (SHGs) in the Panchayat and Jabra village has 5 SHGs.  Reach-. This intervention will benefit more than 65 small and marginal farmers who have land near this irrigation channel. At least 50 women and landless families will be benefitted through this intervention.  Technology– Increasing water volume in irrigation channel and enhancing the durability of the structure through widening and deepening of channel bed and sides are simple practices that the MGNREGA technical persons are well aware of.  Costs– There are three major activities proposed in this intervention. These are de- siltation of pyne, renovation of Ahar and plantation on Ahar bunds. The cost for these works are estimated separately: Cost of de-siltation of pyne: Rs. 74,154 and person-days generated will be 402 Cost of Renovation of Ahar: Rs. 3,62,680 and person-days generated will be 2078 Cost of Plantation: 3 units: Rs. 9,13,457 and person-days generated will be 2930. This will be spent over a period of 5 years. Around 92 % of the material cost will be utilized in the first year of implementation. A provision of maintenance (by Van Poshak) is included in the labor cost. This maintenance cost will be about Rs. 67700 per year for a period of five years.  Co-benefits for adaptation, development and mitigation – biodiversity and biomass of the area will increase from plantation and the trees will also sequester greenhouse gases. De-siltation will lead to increase in soil organic carbon and also lead to increase in productivity. Distress migration will most likely go down because of diversified livelihood opportunities.

Location

Work District Block GP Village

Desiltation of Gaya Tan Kuppa Gajadharpur Jabra Pyne with Plantation

How was the site selected Out of all the panchayats of Tankuppa Block, ICRG team found Gajadharpur Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Tankuppa block, PRI members of Jabra village and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW

During the site visit it was observed by the ICRG team that although there is cultivable land in the village, crops were not grown during Rabi season because of lack of irrigation and the fields were flooded during the Kharif season. The existing Ahar- Pyne structure was not functional because of siltation and damage of embankments. This Ahar- pyne was also connected with two other pynes that are located a few kilometers away from the site. Existing ahar bund height was about 3ft and top and bottom width of the bund were 3 ft and 13 ft respectively. Because of siltation, the ahar was affecting standing crops in the nearby field. Considering these factors, it was suggested that this site be chosen so that farmers will be able to grow their kharif and rabi season crops once the irrigation structures become functional.

Climate resilient Works An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW. These are the activities ICRG team had suggested to do at the site.

De-siltation of the pyne: In order to ensure proper conveyance of excess surface runoff water during peak rainy season and to accumulate maximum water in Ahar, it was suggested that the pyne be d-silted. The total length of the pyne is 1900 ft. The following design has been recommended: depth- 2ft; top width- 10 ft; and bottom width- 8 ft. It was also suggested to construct earthen barrier wall of ½ ft height on the pyne bed at regular intervals in order to conserve water, improve top soil moisture content and reduce siltation rate of the pyne. Construction of Ahar: In order to ensure availability of irrigation water during critical stages of kharif crops and during Rabi season, and to improve top soil moisture content, it was essential to repair the Ahar embankment. After observing existing parameters such as topography, slope of the land etc., it was suggested to increase the height of the Ahar from 3 ft to 6 ft. This will ensure maximum water harvesting potential. Proposed top and bottom width of the Ahar are 8 and 25 ft respectively.

Plantation on Ahar bund: In order to strengthen Ahar embankment and to sustain it for longer period it was suggested to do plantation on the Ahar bund. 3 units of plantation has been suggested. Plants should be protected with gabion. The ownership of plants should be given to SHG women on rotational basis.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Construction of Ahar and de-siltation of pynes with proper bed and side slopes will be durable because of the plantation work. Maintenance of trees has been budgeted in the plantation work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the pyne bund. The pyne will become more durable after de-siltation, and the recommended side and bed slopes, and construction of small earthen barrier walls at regular intervals will increase the durability even more. Construction of earthen bund around the agricultural land will reduce soil erosion, which will contribute to the durability of the structure.

Livelihood 3 units of Plantation (600 plants) around the pyne and along the Ahar bund Diversification will provide diversified livelihood opportunities for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended.

Integration Since de-siltation of pyne and strengthening of Ahar embankment will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture and horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Engineering drawing of the work

Major Highlights: Total length of the Ahar embankment is 1900 foot. Total length of pyne: 1900 foot. And number of plantation unit: 3.

Figure 2: Existing and proposed dimensions of Figure 3: Plan of De-siltation of pyne Renovation of Ahar Embankment

Figure 4: Plan of embankment repair and plantation Plantation on canal bunds & repair of distribution channels, Jhajhpatti, Laukaha, Madhubani

Type of Work:

Plantation on Community 14/2017-18 One Unit: 200 plants on Ongoing canal bunds and Work canal bunds. Plant distribution Spacing: 3m X 3m. Total channel repair length of Plantation: 300 m

How was the Work Selected?

Climate Change Scenario The average annual rainfall of Madhubani district is about 1185 mm. Maximum rainfall occurs during the months of June to September when the district receives almost 80 percent of its 120.00 250.00 % NRM 100.00 200.00 % Gross Works(2016-17) 80.00 cropped 150.00 60.00 Area(ha) 40.00 100.00 % (SC+ST) % unirrigated Household 20.00 Area (Ha) 50.00 0.00 0.00 % Women % Irrigated Headed HH Area(ha) BAGHHA… KARMEGH…

KHUTAUNA Total Landless DURGIPATTI MAGHAURA KHUTAUNA DURGIPATTI MAGHAURA

PARSAHIWEST Casual Labor in PARSAHIWEST Hundred ('00) KARMEGH NORTH

Figure 1: Panchayat Wise Bio-Physical BAGHHA KUSHMAR details of Laukaha Block Figure 2: Panchayat wise socio economic average total rainfall. Weather conditions details of Laukaha block become hot and humid during the rainy season. The average number of rainy days in the district is 36.5. Rainfall is more irregular in September than in other monsoon months.

The entire Madhubani district has a plain terrain and is situated just to the south of Nepal. The area in Madhubani district can be sub-divided into three major geo-morphological units namely (i) Newer flood plain, (ii) Older flood plain and (iii) Older alluvial plain. The newer flood plains are mainly found all along the river courses and consist of sand, silt and clay consisting of largely low-lying water logged areas. The old flood plains consist of sand, silt and clay and are mostly under paddy cultivation. The older alluvial plains are generally uplands and consist of clayey silt, clay etc.

Madhubani district's economy is primarily based on agricultural production. There are mainly two agricultural seasons in the district viz., Rabi, Kharif. The important rabi crops are wheat, barley, gram, peas, mustard, linseed, potato etc. Millets, maize, arhar, rice and sugarcane etc. are the main crops of Kharif season. It is also observed that the block has no area covered under horticulture and plantation.

According to ground water report, pre and post monsoon ground water availability of the district are 1.16 – 6.0 m below ground level (bgl) and 1.4 – 3.75 m bgl respectively. This indicates that there is scarcity of ground water for irrigation. Soil moisture stress of top soil also increases due to high temperature and erratic rainfall situation.

As per the climate projection study conducted by IISC, Bangalore under the ICRG program, the mean June-July-August-September (JJAS) rainfall of Laukaha block for the past 30 years (1984 - 2014) was 1136 mm, which is lower than the district and state averages. Future rainfall projection (2021 to 2050) for Laukaha block estimates that there would be a 14 % increase in mean JJAS rainfall (mm) and a 18 % increase in the number of rainy days during this period as compared to the historical figure.

These unfavorable situation and climate aberrations lead to low productivity (average: 1104 kg/ha) in the area during both Kharif and Rabi seasons. The current trends of MGNREGA works undertaken in the district indicates that the major focus of works have been on land development and drought proofing. Madhubani district has a total of 11,010 water distributions/ extraction sources comprising of government canal, community ponds, individual ponds, government reservoirs and tube wells covering a command area of more than 2 lakh hectares. Most of them are in defunct condition or not being used properly.

A vulnerability assessment (VA) study was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Laukaha block is vulnerable in terms of its net groundwater availability and net irrigated area. Despite the projected increase in mean JJAS rainfall and the number of rainy days, the block would continue to face flood during monsoon and drought situation during rest of the seasons if issues pertaining to ground water availability and low irrigated area are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing. Present situation says that drought and uncertain and irregular rain cause uncertainty in agriculture and livelihood opportunities of the block. Even during monsoon, the rainfall is scanty and unreliable in many parts of the block and panchayats. Large areas of the panchayats experience drought conditions. With the help of plantation, irrigation and surface water harvesting etc, droughts can be effectively controlled. Based on the above assumptions, the team selected this plantation work and drainage line repair work as climate resilient demonstration work for the year 2017-18.

Selection process To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio-physical and socio-economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Work Sites Visited Panchayat

Laukaha Jhajhpatti Plantation with canal repair

Parsahi Plantation on Canal Bunds

Piprahi Individual pond

ICRG team visited and analysed the above three sites before selecting one of them as the demonstration site for CRW. There were two canal bund plantation sites in Jhajhpatti and Parsahi gram panchayats and one individual pond in piprahi panchayat. The engagement of the local community was perceived to be very high in Jhajhpatti site work. The local community members suggested growing of fruit bearing trees as avenue plantation in the selected site and repair of drainage line that will improve the irrigation efficiency and will also recharge existing water resources such as tube-wells and open wells. Parsahi panchayat site was not amenable to such fruit tree plantation and in Piprahi it was an individual pond for which the impact would be confined to a single family. Considering the long term impact of the proposed intervention, the site of Jhajhpatti panchayat was finalised.

Salient Features of the Proposed Site

Name of the Climate Resilient Work: Plantation with Canal Repair

Impact and Efficacy Benefits include a wider range of food products for subsistence and commercial use, improved nutrition for 200 vulnerable households and the ability to cope with climate risks such as floods and droughts that affect food production. Irrigation will improve for 20 ha of land. 200 fruit plants (Mango, guava and jackfruits) will provide an opportunity for diversified livelihood to at least 10 families.

Urgency of action Plantation, repair of drainage channel are all urgent actions. Trees take time to grow. Therefore, they should be planted immediately so that some benefits such as percolation of groundwater and arresting of soil erosion can start accruing as soon as possible. Defunct drainage channel lead to submergence and flooding during monsoon and lack of irrigation during other seasons for about 20 ha of cultivable land. These works will immediately bring this area under cultivation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity and time scale Canal repair work will last for five years with minor maintenance. Plantation will last for more than 15-20 years.

Technology Simple technology for conservation of water and soil. Easily practiced by MGNREGA and community.

Reach There are 20 SHGs (200 families approx)) who will be benefitted.

Equity The work will benefit women headed HHs (54), casual labours (16) and SC & ST families that comprise 6.88% of the total population.

Social acceptance Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; so social acceptance of the intervention is high.

Cost Total cost of the plantation is Rs. 2,86, 400. This will be for a period of five years which include material cost of Rs. 1,09,710 and labour cost of Rs. 1,69,350. 92 % of the material cost will be used in the first year. A provision of maintenance (by Van Poshak) is included in the labor cost. Labour cost in terms of maintenance and care of plantation would be Rs. 33600 per year for five years. De-siltation and repair of distribution channel cost will be included separately.

Co-benefits for adaptation Biodiversity and biomass will improve and trees will sequester and development and carbon. mitigation

Location: Work District Block GP Village

Plantation Madhubani Laukaha Jhajhpatti Jhajhpatti and Canal Repair Work

How was the Site Selected? The slope of Jhajpatti village varies from 0 to 2%. Out of the total land area of 526.64 Ha, about 123.63 Ha is un-irrigated. The proposed site is one of the most important sources of irrigation for the area. The local community derives their livelihood from agriculture and as agricultural and wage labour. Most of the community members have small and marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Flood during rainy season is a common problem; it affects productivity and Figure 2: Proposed site in Jhajhpatti livelihood of the area. There is plenty of Panchayat agricultural land available but lack of irrigation because of the defunct water harvesting structures has restricted farm incomes. In order to address these issues, the community decided to take up plantation and repair of canal. This intervention will ensure more water availability in nearby agricultural land and increase in ground water recharge. Farmers will be able to grow both Kharif and Rabi season crops and will receive good production due to water availability. Measurement of the work will be done after the monsoon season. Climate Resilient works: An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

Plantation on Canal bunds: In order to enhance community engagement and link them with sustainable livelihood opportunities in the long run, it was suggested that avenue plantation be taken up with fruit trees on both sides of the canal. This intervention will also enrich the soil nutrients in the adjacent arable land and protect the canal bund and side slope from erosion.

Repair of canal distribution channel: To resolve the problem of flooding during peak rainy season and droughts during other seasons at the proposed site, it was suggested to repair existing defunct canal. De-siltation and maintenance of bed and side slopes have been proposed. This will increase irrigation efficiency and agricultural productivity of the area. Distribution channel will be de-silted and connected with the other sub distributaries.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Maintenance of trees has been budgeted in the plantation work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the canal bund. The canal will become more durable after de-siltation, and the recommended side and bed slopes, will increase the durability even more. Connecting distribution channels around the agricultural land will enhance water conveyance efficiency and reduce soil erosion, which will contribute to the durability of the structure.

Livelihood Plantation along the canal sides will provide diversified livelihood Diversification opportunities for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended.

Integration Since de-siltation of canal and sub distribution channel will improve water conveyance, irrigation efficiency and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture and horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Engineering drawing of the work The present drawing shows only plantation work on canal bunds. The drawing and dimensions of the other proposed work will be done after the measurement of canal and distribution channels post the rainy season.

Renovation of community pond and plantation, Mirnagar, Sarmera, Nalanda

Type of Work Sl. Name of Work Category Sub Work Code Estimated Dimensions Status No. (MGNREGA- Category schedule)

1 Renovation of A: Community Drainage Line: L: 77.41 m, Ongoing Community pond Work Tw=BW= 0.61 m, H: 0.61 and plantation m

How was the work selected?

Nalanda district of Bihar is located in Zone III-B, which is a drought prone area. Agriculture is the

120 180.00 160.00 100 140.00 80 % Gross cropped 120.00 100.00 % NRM 60 Area(ha) 80.00 Works(2016- 40 60.00 % unirrigated 40.00 17) 20 Area (Ha) 20.00 0 0.00 % Irrigated % (SC+ST) Area(ha) Household KENAR… CHERO…

SASAUR… % Forest Area HUSAINA… DHANUKI… SARMERA… MALAWAN… MIRNAGAR… (Ha) ISUA PANCHAYAT

Figure 1: Panchayat wise Bio Physical data of Figure 2: Panchayat wise Socio Economic Sarmera Block Aspects of Sarmera Block

major source of earning for majority of the population. The average annual rainfall of the district is 974.5mm. The climate is sub-humid and is characterized by a hot summer and a pleasant cold winter; about 89% of rainfall takes place during the months of June to September.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Panchayat Work Sites visited

Sarmera Mirnagar Renovation of community pond and plantation in Mirnagar village

Sarmera Community pond in Sarmera village

Mirnagar Individual Pond for fish farming

ICRG team visited the above mentioned three sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders. Considering the long term impact of the proposed intervention, the site of Mirnagar panchayat was finalised. Apart from that, engagement of the local community was perceived to be very high in this work. The village faces shortage of water for irrigation and drinking because of the defunct drainage line in the catchment area of the community pond. They suggested that the drainage line be repaired and a permanent structure be constructed for proper flow of water. Based on their location, the potential for water storage in the other two sites was much lower.

Salient Features of the Proposed Intervention

Renovation of community pond and plantation

Impact and Water storage capacity will increase considerably from 12000 cum to 25000 Efficacy cum through the intervention, and the pond will be utilized to its maximum storage capacity. Repair and strengthening of the drainage channel and proper inlet and outlet construction will increase efficiency of the adjacent agriculture land. Plantation on embankments will strengthen the bunds as well as provide livelihood opportunities to the community. Other water sources like tube wells or open wells will be recharged and water availability of adjacent water bodies will increase. Higher irrigation potential will lead to crop diversification. Mono-cropping practice will shift to double cropping, and small farmers will be motivated to adopt horticulture. Community members, especially self-help group (SHG) women may adopt fish farming because of increased water availability throughout the year. This will ensure additional income to the tune of Rs. 2 – 2.5 lakh per year.

Urgency of Trees take time to grow. Therefore, they should be planted immediately so Action that some benefits such as percolation of groundwater and arresting of soil erosion can start accruing as soon as possible. Siltation of the drainage line and absence of proper outlet of pond lead to lack of irrigation for about 10 ha of cultivable land. These works will immediately bring this area under cultivation and therefore, improve the livelihoods of the people.

Longevity and Combined work of drainage line, inlet and outlet will sustain for more than 8 Time scale years with minor maintenance. Plantation on embankment will last for more than 15 -20 years.

Reach There are 50 small and marginal farmers who will be benefitted through this intervention.

Equity The proposed interventions will include all small and marginal families, landless casual labours (995), and women headed families (125). There are 126 self-help groups (SHGs) in the Panchayat. 38.72 % of the population belongs to SC and ST community.

Social Large and diversified community members will be benefitted; so social Acceptance acceptance of the intervention is considered to be very high. Cost Cost of the intervention is Rs. 8,97,200. Material and labour cost are Rs. 4,61,192 and Rs. 4,36,008. A total of 2398 person-days will be generated. Major activity wise cost details are as below: Mason, semi-skilled and unskilled labour who will be engaged in this work are 80, 120 and 284 respectively.

Cost of drainage line (254ft) treatment: Rs. 2,31,178.

Cost of outlet construction: Rs. 90,700

Cost of plantation (2 units: 400 plants) on pond embankments: Rs. 5,69,300/-. Around 92 % of the material cost of plantation will be utilized in the first year of implementation. A provision of maintenance (by Van Poshak) is included in the labor cost. This maintenance cost will be about Rs. 67700 per year for a period of five years.

Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will improve and greenhouse effect will be reduced Adaptation in the longer run. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby agriculture and land, which will increase the carbon content of the soil and ultimately Development enhanced crop productivity. and Mitigation

Site Location Work District Block GP Village

Renovation of Nalanda Sarmera Mirnagar Mirnagar community pond and plantation

How the Site was selected Out of the all the panchayats in the block, ICRG team found Mirnagar Panchayat to be one of the most vulnerable based on analysis of bio-physical and socio-economic parameters (presented in Section 1). The analysis on current vulnerabilities was also discussed with MGNREGA officials of Sarmera block, PRI members of Mirnagar village of Mirnagar Panchayat and local community, before the site was finally selected for implementation of CRW.

Brief about the site While visiting the site, ICRG team found that Toda village topography has very gentle slope varying from 0-2%. Out of the total 1329 Ha of land area in the Panchayat, 569.74 ha is un- irrigated (42.86 % of total geographical area), which is 51.54% of the total gross cropped area. There is no forest area in the block. About 39.63 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC& ST category. The livelihoods of these deprived communities depend mostly on agricultural and wage labor. Most of the community members have small or marginal landholding, which varies from one to two hectares. Major crops sown in the area are paddy, wheat, gram, pulses etc. During monsoon, most of the plots face the threat of water logging because of defunct embankments and choked drainage lines. At the proposed site, there is a community pond that was constructed several years ago. It was a major source of irrigation for the Mirnagar village. However, it got defunct because of siltation in the drainage line and a lack of proper inlet and outlet. This was caused by regular flooding and lack of maintenance. The current situation affects almost 30 ha of arable land in the area. The community members felt that it’s very important to de-silt the drainage line and strengthen the pond embankment. A brick masonry drainage line was also felt essential for easy conveyance of water in the pond and harvesting surface run-off for Rabi season crops.

Inlet construction of Pond: In order to harvest maximum surface runoff during monsoon season and to discharge sufficient irrigation water to the adjacent and tail end agricultural plots of the command area of the pond, it was suggested that proper inlet and outlet be constructed in the pond using hume pipes. Plantation on the embankment: In order to strengthen pond embankments and diversify livelihood options for the community, it was suggested that fruit trees (Guava & Mango) be planted on the pond embakments.

Fish Farming contract to self-help groups (SHGs): Since the pond will become a perenial source of water post the renovation, SHG women were interested in fish farming in the pond. It was suggested that the SHGs be linked with the fishery department so as to avail the necessary resources and training.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Durability Maintenance of trees has been budgeted in the plantation work. Therefore, trees are expected to survive for the long term. They will also prevent erosion of the drainage line bund. The drainage line will become more durable after plantation. Inlet and outlet construction will increase the durability of the pond.

Livelihood Plantation around the pond embankment will provide diversified livelihood Diversification opportunities for the community in the long run since fruit bearing trees (mangoes and guavas) with good market value have been recommended. It has been suggested to community to take up fish cultivation since there will be increased water availability.

Integration Since de-siltation of pond and strengthening of embankment will improve ground water availability and soil moisture content of the area, further linkages will be developed with other line departments such as agriculture, horticulture for improving crop diversification, productivity, and introducing water saving techniques such as drip and sprinkler irrigation. This will improve productivity and ensure water security of the region, leading to greater resilience in the long run.

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc.

Engineering Drawing of the Work

De-siltation of Vishnupur Mahesi community pond, Pirapur,Bandra, Muzaffarpur

Type of Work: Community Pond (Under Category- A) Name of Category Sub Category Work Dimension Status Work (MGNREGA- Code schedule)

Community A: Water 50/2017- Av Length(L): 91.417 On-going Pond Community Harvesting 18 m, Av Width (W): Work Structure 88.392 m, Av Depth(D): 3.048 m

How was the Work Selected?

Identifying the Problem: Muzaffarpur district exhibits a flat topography with few gentle undulations. The drainage system of the district is controlled by the river Burhi Gandak, which is perennial. Muzaffarpur district falls under the category of agriculture intensive district. Every

120 % Gross 250.00 100 cropped 200.00 80 % NRM Works Area(ha) 150.00 60 (2016-17) % Unirrigated 100.00 40 Area (Ha) 20 50.00 % (SC+ST) 0 Household % Irrigated 0.00 Area(ha) % Women BANDRA

PIRAPUR headed HH

% Forest Area BARGAON NOONFARA (Ha) SUNDARPUR… MUNNI BAINGARI

Figure 1: % of Bio physical details against total geographical area Figure 2: Panchayat wise socio economic details panchayat wise year during rainy season, the district faces severe flood due to large volumes of water coming from Nepal. About 90% of the irrigation potential of the district depends upon ground water resources. According to ground water report, pre and post ground water status of the district are 2.09 -7.63 m below ground level and 0.67 – 5.21 m below ground level respectively. The district receives an average rainfall of 1280 mm in a year. About 85% of this rainfall occurs during monsoon (June to September) period. Approximately, 60 to 70 % of the total precipitation received during the monsoon flows directly to the main streams as runoff because of poor runoff management practices adopted by the local community.

Analysis of bio- physical and socio economic data reveals that Badgaon panchayat is the most vulnerable among all panchayats in the Bandra block. The vast gap that exists between gross cropped area and un-irrigated area (refer figure 1) in almost all the panchayats of Bandra block indicates poor management of existing water resources.

These climatic aberrations and poor management of water resources are a prime cause of low productivity (average productivity: 1110 kg/ha) over the years. Prolonged water logging because of flood on the one hand and droughts due to erratic rainfall on the other hand have reduced the cropped area under wheat production and depleted top soil moisture to a large extent. A vulnerability assessment (VA) was conducted for all ICRG blocks and according to the report Bandra block is vulnerable in terms of its net groundwater availability and net irrigated area. Further, it is also projected that there will be a decrease in mean JJAS rainfall and increase in the number of rainy days; therefore, the block would remain drought prone leading to low production, if issues pertaining to net irrigated area and ground water availability are not addressed. The current trend of MGNREGA works in the block also indicates that the major focus has been on micro irrigation and drought proofing.

Selection Process: To select an appropriate intervention, the ICRG team collected relevant information on MGNREGA and went through the proposed work list of MGNREGA for the year 2017-18. Before that, the team imparted training to technical staff of MGNREGA on climate resilient works (CRW) and guided them on the nature of works that need to be selected for demonstration of CRW. During the training, a group exercise session was conducted with MGNREGA staff where they came up with a few natural resource management (NRM) works per block from the work list of 2017-18. The ICRG team visited those shortlisted works along with MGNREGA staff, Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI) members and local community in order to prioritize the works. Based on the field visit and analysis of various aspects of each of the proposed sites, the team selected this work for demonstration. Bio-physical and socio-economic information of each panchayat helped the team in final selection of the gram panchayat where actual demonstration will be done.

Prioritization of Options Block Gram Work Sites Visited Panchayats

Bandra Badgaon De- siltation of community pond in VishnupurMahesi village

Munkara De-siltation of pond

ICRG team visited the above mentioned two sites and analysed various aspects of these sites in consultation with the stakeholders. The parameters that were looked at include number of farmers to be benefited, irrigation potential, ground water condition, production potential, linkage possibilities with other line departments etc. It was observed that the pond in Munkara has not retained water since the last 2 to 3 years. The adjacent area of the pond has been encroached by some of the villagers because of which water flow to the pond has been reduced. In addition, there are some on-going legal issues with the site and therefore, it was not selected as a demonstration site under ICRG. De-siltation of the community pond located in Vishnupur Mahesi village of Badgaon panchayat was finally selected for demonstration as climate resilient work (CRW). It will increase the water harvesting potential of the area, resulting in an overall increase in the irrigation water for the cultivation of additional crops by the farmers. There is also an opportunity for plantation along the bund of the pond.

Salient Features of the site Name of the Climate Resilient Work: De-siltation of Pond Impact and Efficacy Pond will be designed to cover a surface area of 8080.531 sq. metre and have a storage capacity of 9326.7 cubic metre. The availability of harvested water of about 9326700 litres will be of immense help for recharging of open wells and bore wells in the nearby area. As a result, crop diversification will be promoted in at least 12 ha of land. Productivity of land will increase considerably (20-30 %). It is also expected that about 10 ha of un-irrigated area will be converted into irrigated land. Cropping pattern will change from mono cropping to double cropping.

Longevity and time Longevity of the structure is estimated to be more than eight years. scale Plantation on embankments will last for more than 15-20 years.

Reach 15 families that are part of self-help groups (SHG) and 30 small and marginal farmers will be benefitted.

Equity The proposed interventions will benefit all small and marginal land holding families, landless casual labourers (2297 numbers) and 40 women headed families. There are about 114 SHGs in Badgaon Panchayat and Vishnupur mahesi village has 22 of them. 37.70 % of the total population of the panchayat belongs to SC & ST community, which is highest among all panchayats.

Social acceptance Large and diversified community members will be benefitted indicating a high social acceptance of the intervention.

Cost The total cost of the pond renovation is estimated to be Rs. 9, 31,500. Total person-days estimated for renovation of the pond is 5691.

Co-benefits for Biodiversity and biomass will increase, which will reduce greenhouse Adaptation, gases in the longer run. De-silted fertile soil will be spread on nearby Development and agriculture land; this will increase soil organic carbon. Plantation on the Mitigation embankment will lead to carbon sequestration and additional revenues from the sale of fruits. Overall, there will be economic development for the marginalised community.

How was the Site Selected?

ICRG team set some criteria for selection of panchayats and work site based on bio-physical and socio-economic parameters. Secondary data on these parameters were collected and all the gram panchayats in the block were compared based on the resultant values (figures 1 & 2). Vishnupur Mahesi village site was selected for the CRW demonstration. The site proposed for intervention is a community pond that has accumulated a lot of silt over the years.

The silt accumulated in the pond is around 4 feet deep. The water from the pond is neither used for irrigation nor for human consumption. To strengthen the derelict embankments, trees need to be planted. Once revived, around 10 ha of agricultural land would receive assured irrigation during Rabi season and ground water situation of the adjacent area will improve. Gram-Sabha has approved this work since it would add substantial value to the community in the long run.

Proposed Climate Resilient Work An integrated approach has been adopted and a set of complementary works have been chosen in order to maximize the impacts and enhance resilience of the structures and the communities that depend on them. The following works have been taken up together as part of the CRW.

The derelict community pond receives surface runoff during rainy season from three different points and discharges excess water from a single point. These inlets and outlets are prone to soil erosion and get damaged due to high intensity surface runoff. Two sets of works have been proposed at this demonstration site for reclamation of the pond. • De- siltation of Pond: It is suggested that the pond be de-silted in order to increase the water storage capacity of the pond and to strengthen the embankments of the pond. The excavated silt will be spread on nearby agricultural lands. Embankments will be constructed with proper spacing of berms.

• Plantation on Pond Embankments: in order to protect the pond embankments from soil erosion and also from illegal digging, it has been suggested that plantation be done on the embankments with selection of suitable trees. The proposed plantation will also contribute as a long term sustainable livelihood option for the local community.

The proposed works and their design contribute to resilience in the following ways:

Flexibility In order to improve survival of plants on pond embankments, ICRG team has recommended indigenous techniques such as mulching, wooden gabion etc.

Engineering Drawing of the Work