Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community neighbourhood parks in ,

Lodene Willemse e ngoe e hlahelletseng, e etsang hore li CNP li se ke tsa sebelisoa haholo Peer reviewed and revised ke polokeho le tlhokomelo ( haholo- holo Portlands), le ho hlokahala ha lisebelisoa le litshobotsi tsa paka tsa Abstract tlhaho ( haholo-holo Tafelsig). Mekhoa Urban parks help enhance the value of urban settings and provide dynamic eo li CNP li ka ntlafatsoang, e hlaha recreation facilities for citizens; however, environmental injustice is still noticeable ho mabaka eo batho ba faneng ka ona throughout regarding the unequal distribution of urban parks. This ho se ee li CNP khafetsa. Ha ho le the, article provides an overview of community neighbourhood park (CNP) conditions in tsamaiso ea City Parks Department e ea five subsections of Mitchells Plain (Beacon Valley, Portlands, Rocklands, Tafelsig, rarolloa serapeng sena le eona. and Woodlands). Results indicate that 18% of the respondents in Mitchells Plain Keywords: Park use; community neigh­ have to walk further than the accepted norm of 15 minutes to reach CNPs. This bour­hood parks (CNPs); CNP satis­ negatively influences the CNP usage patterns, and the time spent in CNPs. The faction; reasons for not visiting CNPs; most important concerns influencing CNP non-use include safety and improper environmental justice; Mitchells Plain maintenance (mostly experienced in Portlands), and a lack of facilities and natural features (mostly experienced in Tafelsig). The ways in which CNPs can be improved echo the concerns for not visiting CNPs frequently. Significant policy implications for 1. INTRODUCTION the City Parks Department are also discussed. The built environment consists Keywords: Park use; community neighbourhood parks (CNPs); CNP satisfaction; of both hard (roads, pavements, reasons for not visiting CNPs; environmental justice; Mitchells Plain buildings and town squares) and soft (green spaces such as soil, ‘N PAAR PERSEPSIES EN VOORKEURE VAN INWONERS SE GEBRUIK grass, shrubs, trees, and all other VAN GEMEENSKAPSWOONBUURTPARKE IN MITCHELLS PLAIN, open spaces) surfaces. Of particular KAAPSTAD interest is the fact that these publicly Stedelike parke help om die waarde van die stedelike omgewing te verhoog en and privately owned green spaces voorsien inwoners van dinamiese ontspanningsfasiliteite; nietemin is omgewing­ offer citizens the opportunity to fulfil songeregtigheid nog steeds deur ‘n ongelyke verspreiding van stedelike parke in their outdoor recreational needs. Suid-Afrika sigbaar. Hierdie artikel verskaf ‘n oorsig oor die kondisies in gemeenskaps­ woonbuurtparke (GWPe) in vyf onderafdelings van Mitchells Plain (Beacon Valley, Perhaps the most important green Portlands, Rocklands, Tafelsig en Woodlands). Resultate toon dat 18% van open space that the majority of respondente in Mitchells Plain verder as the aanvaarbare norm van 15 minute moet citizens across the world would loop om GWPe te bereik. Dit het ‘n negatiewe invloed op GWPe gebruikspatrone, recognise is the urban park or en die tyd wat in GWPe bestee word. Die belangrikste bekommernisse wat die nie- local community neighbourhood gebruik van GWPe beïnvloed, sluit veiligheid, onbehoorlike instandhouding (word park (CNP) (Swanwick, Dunnet meestal in Portlands ervaar), en ‘n gebrek aan fasiliteite en natuurlike eienskappe & Woolley, 2003: 97-100). The (word meestal in Tafelsig ervaar), in. Die maniere hoe GWPe verbeter kan word, weerklink die bekommernisse om GWPe nie gereeld te besoek nie. Beduidende literature places less emphasis on beleidsimplikasies vir die stad se Parke Department word ook bespreek. CNP usage than urban park usage. Sleutelwoorde: Park gebruik; gemeenskapswoonbuurtparke (GWPe); GWP tevre­ Therefore, for the purpose of the den­heid; redes om nie GWPe te besoek nie; omgewingsgeregtigheid; Mitchells Plain introduction and literature review, the two terms will refer to parks, unless otherwise stated. MAIKUTLO LE LITAKATSO TSA SECHABA COMMUNITY NEIGHBOURHOOD PARK (CNP) MITCHELLS PLAIN, KAPA. Parks can be viewed as holistic Lipaka tsa teropo li nyolla boemo ba teropo hape li fan aka lintho tseo batho b entities, a balance between aka li etsang ho qhoba nako; le ha ho le joalo, bothata ba tikolloho bo ntse bo economic, environmental and social hlaella Afrika Boroa, ka ha lipaka ha lia beoa ka mokhoa o lekaneng hore bohle ba amenities. If this balance is well fihle ho tsona, naha ka bophara. Serapa sena se bontsha kakaretso ea maemo a maintained, it would improve people’s licommunity neighbourhood park (CNP) bakeng tse hlano ka hara Mitchells Plain, perceptions of the park and increase e leng (Beacon Valley, Portlands, Rocklands, Tafelsig, le Woodlands). Sephetho se bontshitse hore 18% ea batho ba botsitsoeng Mitchells Plain ba hloka ho tsamaea usage This may, in turn, improve sebaka se se telele ho feta metsotso e mashome a metso e mahlano ho fihla ho li the quality of life, a key component CNP ho bakang hore batho ba bangata ba se ke ba ea ho li CNP haholo.khathatso of sustainable development and the

Ms Lodene Willemse, Centre for Regional and Urban Innovation and Statistical Exploration (CRUISE), Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa. Phone: 27(0) 21 808 9103, Email: 15 SSB/TRP/MDM 2015 (66) creation of a sustainable city and process resulted in significant not have access to similar outdoor lifestyle. The value of parks can changes to the environment – the recreational facilities. further be described by three main demand for formal housing exceeded The lack in the delivery of parks and attributes: functional, aesthetic and the supply, resulting in the expansion open spaces in Mitchells Plain is ecological. The functional attribute of the suburb in the form of backyard currently still visible, with the City of affords people the knowledge that dwellers and informal settlements. Cape Town (2011: 32-33) underlining leisure spaces are available to Likewise, the delivery of local the lack of higher order health care fulfil their recreation needs; the facilities and amenities could not and sports facilities and the general keep up with the rapid population aesthetic attribute creates settings lack of metropolitan and district growth (, where residents can relax and feel parks in Mitchells Plain. In addition, 2011: 32-33, 57-58; Putterill & Bloch, sufficiently comfortable to break with the exception of the business 1978: 19). away from hectic city living, and and commercial district surrounding the ecological attribute ensures the The post- government’s the Promenade shopping centre, sustainable use of our environmental Bill of Rights (section 24) proclaims Mitchells Plain’s many subsections resources (Shi, Zhao, Ge, Hakao & that everyone has the right to an have a high level of social need Wang, 2006: 1377). environment that is not harmful to (especially Tafelsig). The social This highlights the importance of their health or well-being. However, issues include housing development parks as an essential servic to be the post-apartheid government has, that occurs on land threatened by delivered to all citizens. However, in to a large extent, failed to achieve hazards and flooding; a lack of the case of South Africa, apartheid this goal; many traditionally poorer accessible higher order facilities planning resulted in the unequal subordinate communities remain and amenities (especially health distribution of services across the trapped in residential areas with care and sports facilities as well different group areas specifically relatively few parks – or, where parks as metropolitan and district parks); created by the government of the are provided, the appalling conditions a lack of basic service delivery time. The apartheid government of these parks do not attract residents (including water, electricity, sanitation delivered a variety of services (Magi, 1999: 294, 308; McConnachie and refuse-removal services); the (including parks) mainly to areas & Shackleton, 2010: 246-247; spread of diseases due to poor inhabited by the more affluent Ruiters, 2001: 95; Willemse & living environments as a result of White population. By contrast, in Donaldson, 2012: 223-224, 229-230; crowded informal settlements; noise areas where the poorer race groups Willemse, 2010: 94, 96; Willemse, pollution from the nearby airport resided, the apartheid government 2013: 161-162). and infrastructure developments, and an increase in the occurrence focused on the delivery of the most The literature published during the of crime (City of Cape Town, essential higher order services apartheid era focused on the lack 2011: 32-33, 57-58). including housing, electricity and of park delivery in Black townships water (Harrison, Todes & Watson, (Wilson, 1989; Wilson & De Wet, Consequently, this paper aims to 2008: 9-11). Less attention was 1992; Wilson & Hattingh, 1989; 1990; provide an overview of the CNPs’ paid to the delivery of lower priority 1991; 1992). The government’s conditions in five subsections of services such as parks, resulting failure to achieve the equitable Mitchells Plain (Beacon Valley, in an ‘inaccessible recreation delivery of environmental justice (i.e., Portlands, Rocklands, Tafelsig, delivery’ during apartheid, which park delivery) is not well documented and Woodlands). It is hoped that, manifested in the unequal distribution in the research since 1994, except in through understanding some of the in the locations, quantity, quality, the case of Willemse and Donaldson perceptions of, and preferences accessibility, capacity, function and (2012) and Willemse (2010, 2013). for CNPs by ordinary residents development of parks. This resulted However, no research was found of Mitchells Plain, the City Parks in environmental injustice, because pertaining specifically to the delivery Department will be able to implement, the environmental resources were and usage of CNPs in Coloured deliver and maintain effective CNPs distributed unequally in favour of areas, among people also considered in this area to ensure environmental White residents and unfavourably part of the racially subordinate groups justice for all the citizens of to subordinate Black and Coloured during apartheid. The deficiencies Mitchells Plain. residents (Merrett, 2009; Ruiters, in the quantity and quality of leisure 2001: 98-99; Wilson & Hattingh, facilities in South African cities during 2. URBAN PARK USAGE 1989; Wilson, 1992: 478). Mitchells the apartheid era are, however, IN CONTEXT: LESSONS Plain is one example of a suburb highlighted in the work of Putterill FOR SOUTH AFRICA for that was developed and Bloch (1978: 19, 85). Their from the 1970s onwards; it lacked research emphasised the lack in the An increasing urban population the higher order facilities during quantity and quality of playgrounds results in the increased competition apartheid. Mitchells Plain was in Hanover Park, Mitchells Plain, between demands for housing bordered by a largely undeveloped where children only had access development and open space coastline or inland open space area. to five playgrounds with limited preservation. Some of the poor urban However, the continued urbanisation equipment, and older children did population may even build their 16 Lodene Willemse • Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community own inadequate housing structures air pollution, fluctuating temperatures usage: similar ethnic groups will (informal settlements) on the urban due to the heat-island effect, generally have the same perceptions periphery without adequate open- poor physical and mental health, of parks and exercise the same park space services, emphasising the crime, and a lack of community usage patterns. importance of housing structures cohesion and interaction) (Heckert, for these individuals (Hernandez- 2013: 2; Wolch et al., 2005: 7-8). 2.1 Park usage patterns of Bonilla, 2008: 389-390; Low, Taplin Environmental injustice is even ethnically marginalised & Scheld, 2005; Wolch, Wilson more harshly apparent where some groups & Fehrenbach, 2005: 4-5, 7-8). residents do not have private gardens This section describes a selection According to Wall (1992: 313), the for their own recreation and leisure of literature pertaining to the housing development versus open- activities. In such instances, even park usage patterns of ethnically space preservation debate is highly a strictly equal distribution of parks marginalised groups. Several contentious: a “newly urbanised would not lead to equal recreational sources in the literature indicate person living in a shack in an and leisure facilities (Wolch et al., that ethnically marginalised groups informal settlement might perceive 2005: 4-5, 7-8). (in this instance, Hispanics, improvement of the environment as There are two main reasons why Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, the provision of jobs, infrastructure groups may or may not engage in Latinos, African-Americans and and housing. Meanwhile, a more certain leisure activities (e.g., visiting Black South Africans) do not use affluent person might feel that parks): the marginality and ethnicity parks as much as the ethnically infrastructure and housing is causing hypotheses. The marginality privileged groups (Low et al., 2005; a deterioration of the environment, as hypothesis states that there are Morris, 2003: 1-12; Ravenscroft & yet another open space is built upon”. fewer marginalised groups making Markwell, 2000: 137, 139, 143-144; Governments also make the mistake use of leisure facilities (e.g., park Rishbeth, 2001: 352, 355). In terms of not considering the benefits of usage) because of limited economic of gender, men from marginalised environmental justice that parks resources, due to historical patterns groups visit parks the most. When can provide to communities where of discrimination. The social majority taking children to parks, women these services have historically been discriminates against marginalised outnumber men, except in the case unequally distributed. Consequently, groups, placing them at the margins of Black townships in South Africa, they provide more of what currently of society where they have limited where women’s recreational time exists in parks and they continue to access to society’s institutions, is associated with home chores distribute parks unequally throughout thus negatively influencing their and house-related activities. areas (Ho, Sasidharan, Elemendorf, life opportunities and lifestyles, Age distinctions also indicate Willits, Graefe & Godbey, 2005: 282). and consequently reducing their that children visit parks the most Environmental justice is understood participation in certain leisure (Magi, 1999: 299; Payne, Mowen differently by different stakeholders, activities. The ethnicity hypothesis & Orsega-Smith, 2002: 195). Black but there are two broad definitions. postulates that different racial or children from in South First, environmental justice refers to ethnic groups have different value Africa visit parks on a daily or ensuring that all people, regardless systems, norms and socialisation weekly basis, but during apartheid of their socio-demographic and patterns, with different attitudes to adults were often not socialised to socio-economic characteristics, are leisure activity participation (Byrne participate in outdoor recreation, protected from the disproportionate & Wolch, 2009: 7-8; Floyd, Shinew, and consequently did not visit impacts of environmental hazards McGuire & Noe, 1994: 158-159; parks as often as in the post- and risks. Secondly, environmental Ho et al., 2005: 300-301; Zhang apartheid era (Nembudani, 1997). justice is increasingly used to & Gobster, 1998: 339). People’s Companionship is a very important explore disparities in access to perceptions of parks will ultimately factor in determining park usage. environmental amenities that are determine whether the parks According to the literature, members rooted in the historical discriminative are used, and these perceptions of marginalised groups are less service-delivery patterns of local are affected by different socio- likely to go to parks alone; they often go in larger groups. Some governments (Heckert, 2013: 1; demographic variables, including age, say that this is due to language Holifield, 2001: 80; Magi, 1999: gender, race, ethnicity, household barriers – if a problem should arise 294,308; McConnachie & composition, socio-economic factors in a park pertaining to minority Shackleton, 2010: 248; Ruiters, (such as education, income levels, abuse or a misunderstanding, there 2001: 98-99; Wall, 1992: 314). disability, and home ownership), is someone on hand who can speak Parks are well suited as an example residential locations, physical their language to help them solve of environmental justice inquiry, mobility, time resources, attitudes it (Gobster, 2002: 147; Ho et al., because they represent nature that towards nature, leisure preferences 2005: 299). can promote a better society and an and the facilities available in parks improved quality of life by reducing (Byrne & Wolch, 2009: 2-3&9). Ho The frequency of park usage and the problems associated with urban et al. (2005: 300- 301) view ethnicity the time spent in parks can be living (e.g., unequal property values, as an important predictor of park described by the distances to parks 17 SSB/TRP/MDM 2015 (66) and the mode of transport used 2.2 Reasons why marginalised influence marginalised groups’ usage to get there. Normally, walking is groups do not visit parks of parks (Morris, 2003: 1-12). the preferred way to get to parks. Various explanations have been To summarise, the literature However, not every neighbourhood offered as to why marginalised indicates that marginalised groups of marginalised groups has parks, groups do not visit parks as are indeed under-represented resulting in them having to travel often as they could. These can among park users, and the way further, usually by car, bus or be grouped into four categories: in which they use parks and the taxi, to get to parks. Distances to safety problems, maintenance reasons for not visiting parks are parks also severely affect park problems, a lack of facilities, and based on their past experiences in usage. There is a distance decay the governments’ inability to allow parks. By informed understanding function where the appeal of community participation. The of marginalised groups’ park parks dramatically declines with safety concerns are expressed as usage or non-usage patterns, the increasing distances from it, despite general feelings of being unsafe, government can re-orientate the people’s dissatisfaction with the caused especially by the presence management and maintenance of parks nearer to them. Marginalised of squatters, vagrants, strangers, parks to suit the interests of these groups who live further from parks drug users, alcoholics, gangs, crime marginalised groups. Implementing use those parks less frequently, and poorly lit areas in parks (Byrne goals to attain better management but stay for longer periods. The & Wolch, 2009: 6, 9-10; Gobster, and maintenance by integrating the frequency of park visits varies 2002: 150-151, 156; Hernandez- preferences of marginalised groups between a few times a week, or Bonilla, 2008: 394). Racially into current park programmes and a month, to infrequent visits, and motivated violence, prejudice budgets is, however, difficult in those who never visit parks at all. and general discrimination also areas where park space is limited, Children generally spend more create personal safety concerns usage is high, demand for activities time in parks than adults (Gobster, for racially marginalised groups. varies, and the clientele is diverse – 2002: 146-147; Ho et al., 2005: 295; This discrimination usually comes i.e., they cannot be stereotyped Ravenscroft & Markwell, 2000: 144; from other park users, the police, into one large marginalised Wolch et al., 2005: 8; Zhang & and park staff members and may group with one common opinion Gobster, 1998: 347). An exception include nonverbal messages (e.g., (Gobster, 2002: 153, 157; Ho to this theory is observed among offensive graffiti) causing feelings of et al., 2005: 301-302; Payne et al., Black youths in Reading, London, discomfort, unequal treatment and 2002: 195- 196). A few examples who are willing to travel more than an unequal distribution of facilities, mentioned in the literature on 30 minutes to reach a park, due to a verbal abuse, harassment, physical how to improve park usage lack of nearby alternatives and the gestures or even assault (Byrne includes increasing the number fact that the park further away had a & Wolch, 2009: 4, 9-10; Gobster, of park events and fairs, creating wider variety of facilities to choose 2002: 150-151, 156); Ravenscroft & multifunctional parks, improving from (Ravenscroft & Markwell, Markwell, 2000: 146-147; Rishbeth, landscaping and park furniture, 2000: 145). 2001: 359, 362; Zhang & Gobster but perhaps the most important is The activities in which people 1998: 348-349). keeping parks clean and safe, and create collective action groups to participate can be divided into two Maintenance complaints include allow for community participation main categories: active and passive litter and vandalism, and a general (Byrne & Wolch, 2009: 6, 9-11; recreation. In active recreation, neglect of grass, trees and plants Hernandez-Bonilla, 2008: 396; people are physically active, while in parks. Furthermore, if parks Rishbeth, 2001: 356, 362-364; passive activities are more sedentary lack the facilities, they do not Zhang & Gobster, 1998: 349). and psychosocial in nature. Ethnically provide the ideal atmosphere for marginalised groups appear to favour park users to gather in recreation; passive and social, family-oriented consequently, parks are, used less 3. DEFINING THE TERM CNP IN activities, such as picnicking, talking, often and, if they were to be used, RELATION TO DIFFERENT sightseeing, socialising, watching people would complain that the PARK STANDARDS sports, engaging in festivals, and government does not maintain them parties. Playing different types of properly (Gobster, 2002: 150-151; The City of Cape Town (2005: 3) sports and playing on the playground Nembudani, 1997; Rishbeth, 2001: defines local parks, which include (if present) are popular forms of 362-363). Marginalised groups community neighbourhood parks active recreation. Men and children also feel powerless to influence (CNPs), as “developable land with are more likely to engage in more service-delivery strategies, because recreation facilities, which serve vigorous physical activities than the government does not consider the needs of the local community women (Byrne & Wolch, 2009: 6; their concerns in the park-planning or neighbourhood and are usually Floyd et al., 1994: 165-166; process. Previous negative accessed on foot. It includes informal Gobster, 2002: 147, 154, Payne experiences in parks, a lack of recreation facilities of a small et al., 2002: 195; Zhang & Gobster, appropriate interpretive information, scale for children such as tot-lots 1998: 348). and park signage also negatively and playgrounds, seating areas, 18 Lodene Willemse • Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community open grass lawns and gardens”. open space [which is] of a smaller The CSIR also attempts to define More recently, the City of Cape scale, which serves the informal the different sizes of parks in the City Town (2015: 3) defined community recreational needs of the immediate of Cape Town (Figure 1) (Green & parks as “land zoned [as] public local community or neighbourhood”. Argue, 2007: 24-25).

Play / pocket park Community park- Community park - (Also referred to Parkways multifunctional single function as play spaces or play lots)

Distance: Distance: Distance: Distance: Maximum distance 500 metres 750-1500 metres 300-750 metres 200-300 metres maximum to walk to gain access (barriers need to be considered)

Travel time: Travel time: Travel time: Travel time: 30 minutes’ walk 15 minutes’ walk 7 minutes’ walk 10 minutes’ walk

Optimum size and dimensions: Optimum size and dimensions: Optimum size and dimensions: 450 sqaure metres (maximum Optimum size and dimensions: 1-2 hectares 450-1200 square metres width is 15 metres and length of Not applicable 30 metres, which provides for better surveillance Key issues: Length depends on context. Widths for surveillance and Key issues: safety should not exceed Within easy walking distance of approximately 300 metres. Key issues: Key issues: users. A width of 25-50 metres makes it Usually accessed on foot Usually accessed on foot Easy surveillance of entire area far easier for vulnerable users to is critical spot dangers/ Location/quantity/connection/ vegetation in terms of sustaining ecological processes and accomodating user needs.

Facility definition: Facility definition: Facility definition: Small-scale maintained park Landscaped open space with Landscaped open space with dedicated for children’s play recreational facilities which recreational facilities which or for workers in commercial/ serves the needs of the serves the needs of the industrial areas. Facility definition: immediate local community or immediate local community or Located within walking distance Open spaces - natural or neighbourhood. neighbourhood. of users and ideally overlooked landscaped that follow river Can include passive and active Can include passive and active by inhabitants. courses, scenic routes and recreation areas, small-scale recreation areas, small-scale Usually provided in high-density provide green linkages within informal sports facilities, kick- informal sports facilities, kick- areas where there is limited the city. about areas, multipurpose hard about areas, multipurpose hard space and thus few opportunities Also, link open space system courts and playgrounds (perhaps courts and playgrounds (perhaps to develop community parks to surrounding rural or major with play equipment). with play equipment). where there is no safe access natural elements such as Variety of uses depends on size Variety of uses depends on size for small children to a nearby the coast. of park but usually caters for two of park but usually caters for two community park. or more age groups or more age groups Can be stand-alone or form an area within a larger park.

Within easy walking distance of users. Increase the number of play lots/ kick-about areas as densities increase and individual dwelling Location criteria: Location criteria: Location criteria: site sizes decreases. Within walking distance Within walking distance Along rivers, metropolitan open People request the sites to be space network etc. cleared, due to perceptions of lack of safety. Smaller parks often not supported by municipality because of maintenance costs and rationalisation proposed.

Figure 1: Defining different sizes of parks in the City of Cape Town Source: Green & Argue, 2007: 24-25 19 SSB/TRP/MDM 2015 (66)

It is clear from the above that no site or the number of facilities per CNPs are only one form of public proper definition exists for the term population. Use standards are spaces, which consist of multiple CNP in South Africa. Figure 2 does, based upon the type of recreation other forms (e.g., sports fields, however, indicate that the CNPs to be provided to a given number national parks, plazas and town located in the five subsections of of people”. Figure 3 demonstrates squares, civic centres, etc.). Thus, Mitchells Plain differ in terms of the application of Wilkinson’s (1985) including literature pertaining their park standards. Wilkinson three park standards in the five to the promotion, planning and (1985: 194-195) defines these park subsections in Mitchells Plain. It is development of public spaces in standards based on three criteria: clear that the CNPs located in the general falls beyond the scope of location, use and size. “Locational five subsections differ significantly this article. standards are based primarily upon in terms of their locations (how far a service [radius] concept which they are located from the homes), 4. METHODOLOGY delineates the maximum distances sizes (larger and smaller CNPs) and that people are expected to travel to use (larger CNPs tend to contain 4.1 Study area a particular facility. Size standards slightly more CNP facilities and This article forms part of a broader are based upon the area of the sports facilities than smaller CNPs). study conducted in 2009 to determine how class differentiation influences local residents’ perceptions preferences, needs and use of CNPs in the City of Cape Town. This empirical study followed a positivistic methodological approach by employing a questionnaire to determine some perceptions and preferences of residents’ CNP use in a case study of five subsections in Mitchells Plain, Cape Town.

4.2 Data sampling The questionnaires were distributed to schools, because children are the main park users, according to international literature (Willemse, 2010: 109). Using schools to distribute questionnaires to the learners’ parents creates a situation where the responses with regard to park usage are limited in scope. The opinions of the respondents about park usage were only tested for themselves and their children. For example, no examination was done of people who do not have any children, the elderly or homeless people who use parks for different reasons. Despite the aforementioned, schools were chosen as places to distribute and collect questionnaires, because, according to international literature, children are the main park users. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) shapefiles, Excel and SPSS were used in order to perform the sampling and data-analysis steps. Shapefiles is a standard non-topological data format used Figure 2: The study area (five sub-sections in Mitchells Plain) in the City of in GIS, which stores geometric and Cape Town spatial index information of spatial Source: Own compilation features (Chang, 2006: 50). A 20 Lodene Willemse • Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community

Example of a larger CNP: Beacon Valley Example of a smaller CNP: Beacon Valley (Figure 2). One school per subsection was selected, giving five schools in total. Twenty-five questionnaires were distributed to each of the five schools (thus, 125 in total). A total of 114 questionnaires were returned, giving a 91% return rate. The Example of a larger CNP: Portlands Example of a smaller CNP: Portlands implication of the aforementioned sampling technique used for this article implies that the study results relating to the perceptions and preferences of respondents are not representative of the perceptions and preferences of all the residents in Mitchells Plain with regard to CNP usage (Stoker, 1984: 1-2). Example of a larger CNP: Rocklands Example of a smaller CNP: Rocklands This study can, however, provide some indication of the perceptions and preferences of some of the citizens residing in Mitchells Plain with regard to their CNP usage, which may be of value for planners.

4.3 The data-collection process Example of a larger CNP: Tafelsig Example of a smaller CNP: Tafelsig Principals and teachers facilitated the distribution of the questionnaires to the parents for self-completion in or English, after which the completed questionnaires were collected from the schools. Distributing and collecting questionnaires from a few Example of a larger CNP: Woodlands Example of a smaller CNP: Woodlands central places, such as schools, that have a slight advantage in authority over children, was deemed to be a more viable option in terms of administration, finances and the time it would take to administer such a process.

4.4 The questionnaire Figure 3: Applying Wilkinson’s (1985) three park standards (location, size and structure and data-analysis use) to the CNPs located in the five subsections of Mitchells Plain techniques used to process Source: Google Maps, 2015 the data Questionnaires consisted of four shapefile containing the schools in 60 schools in total). In order to sections. The household demographic the City of Cape Town was joined to counteract the low response rate section consisted of open-ended associated with questionnaires, a shapefile containing a calculation questions pertaining to the household 25 questionnaires were distributed of suburbs divided into three composition and a closed-ended per school, amounting to 500 household income groups (high, question about which outdoor questionnaires per income group middle and low income). A minimum recreational areas the children and and 1 500 in total. Overall, 1 288 of 385 questionnaires had to be adults in the household use. The questionnaires were returned, returned per income group (a total section about how frequently children giving a 86% return rate. of 1 155 questionnaires) in order to and adults use CNPs consisted of obtain a 95% representative sample For the purpose of this paper, closed-ended questions pertaining accuracy rate. The first 20 schools, five subsections of Mitchells to the distances travelled to CNPs, consisting of primary and secondary Plain (Beacon Valley, Portlands, the frequency of use, time spent in schools, were randomly selected Rocklands, Tafelsig, and CNPs, the modes of transport used from each income category (giving Woodlands) were selected to reach CNPs, and the reasons for 21 SSB/TRP/MDM 2015 (66) not visiting CNPs. The third section considered the ideal rating scale, average of 13 years. The average contained closed-ended questions because it provides respondents with household in Mitchells Plain consists about the activities in which children a series of attitude dimensions to of six people, while this number and adults participate in CNPs. choose from; it is easy to incorporate increases to seven in Rocklands, and Respondents were also given the into self-completion questionnaires; it is slightly lower in Beacon Valley opportunity to indicate ‘other’ options scores can be calculated for each (five household members). Overall, for the reasons for not visiting CNPs statement and comparisons can be 73% of the respondents do not have and the activities in which children and made between areas, and the scores a private garden. This percentage adults participate in CNPs, in case can be summed to obtain an overall varies between 74% and 75% for the existing possibilities did not match attitudinal score (Brace, 2008: 73-74). the respondents residing in Beacon their opinions. Valley, Portlands and Tafelsig. Of Lastly, the questionnaire contained the respondents in Rocklands, 87% In the final section, a CNP three open-ended questions do not have a private garden; with a satisfaction index of mean scores pertaining to suggestions on how corresponding 52% in Woodlands. on CNP facility management to improve the CNPs so that they Overall, 42% of the respondents do and maintenance was calculated can become the ideal locations for not own a car. Car ownership is the from the Likert-scale satisfaction outdoor recreational use. biggest problem in Tafelsig (60% rating to indicate whether CNP do not own a car). It is generally management and facilities are 5. CNP USAGE IN expected that middle- and low-income ‘excellent’ (81%- 100%), ‘good’ MITCHELLS PLAIN households compensate for this lack (61%-80%), ‘average’ (41%-60%), of private garden space by going ‘poor’ (21%- 40%) or ‘very bad’ A very brief demographic profile of to their local CNPs; however, not (0%-20%). Respondents also had the respondents is followed by an owning a car significantly hampers to provide open-ended motivations indication of the relative importance a respondent’s ability to visit a CNP for these ratings. A nuisance index of CNPs in relation to other outdoor not located within walking distance of of mean scores was also calculated recreational places, and by an the home. from the Likert-scale ratings to exposition of CNP usage in Mitchells indicate whether four main issues Plain. Respondents have resided The children residing in Mitchells are ‘always’ (0%-33.33%), ‘seldom’ in Mitchells Plain for an average of Plain, and in all the five subsections, (33.34%- 66.66%), or ‘never’ 16 years. Respondents in Portlands spend most of their outdoor (66.67- 99.99%) a problem in have resided there the longest recreational time at home, school, CNPs. Again, respondents had to (an average of 20 years), while or in the streets around their motivate their ratings in an open- respondents in Rocklands have home (Figure 4). Of the children ended question. A Likert-scale was resided in their neighbourhood for an in Woodlands, 57% also visit

Note: Do not add to 100 due to multiple responses. Figure 4: Outdoor recreation of children and adults in Mitchells Plain 22 Lodene Willemse • Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community

local CNPs, despite the fact that fact that some respondents (especially (30%), and Beacon Valley and Woodlands has the lowest percentage children) may classify existing Tafelsig (both 24%) take more of respondents who do not have a registered CNPs as vacant pieces than 15 minutes to reach a CNP, private garden. Adults show a similar of unattended land near the home, which is not considered satisfactory outdoor recreational pattern, with the due to the lack of (or limited) facilities according to the literature. Walking exception of time spent at school. provided in these CNPs. is by far the most popular form of Adults also frequent other CNPs and/ access to CNPs for children and or conservation/biodiversity areas 5.1 Patterns of CNP usage in adults in Mitchells Plain and in all five located in other suburbs. Fifty per cent Mitchells Plain subsections. Driving a car to CNPs of children and 45% of adults residing Just over 75% of the respondents is the second most preferred mode in Beacon Valley prefer to visit CNPs in Mitchells Plain can reach CNPs of transportation, especially in the and/or conservation/biodiversity areas within a 0-10 minutes’ walk from case of Beacon Valley, and to some located in other suburbs rather than their home (Figure 5). Respondents extent in Rocklands and to a lesser their local CNPs. When totalling the residing in Woodlands (91%) and extent in Tafelsig. Taxis are the most scores for CNP usage and the usage Portlands (81%) have the best popular form of public transportation, of open pieces of land around the access to CNPs within a 0-10 especially for children residing home, the results indicate that children minutes’ walk from the home. A in Tafelsig. and adults spend significantly more significant group of respondents in The vast majority of children and time in CNPs or open pieces of land Mitchells Plain (18%), Rocklands in Mitchells Plain. This is due to the adults in Mitchells Plain, and in all five subsections, never visit CNPs, or only visit them very infrequently throughout the year (Figure 6). Those who do visit CNPs in Mitchells Plain, and in most of the subsections, do so for at most 1-3 days in a week. By contrast, children (32%) and adults (29%) in Rocklands, and 32% of children in Woodlands visit CNPs 4-7 days in a week. Children and adults in Mitchells Plain, and in all five subsections, spend either shorter periods of time (0-15 minutes) or longer periods of time (more than one hour) in a CNP, with adults most likely visiting CNPs for shorter periods of time than children (Figure 7). The respondents who spend mostly 0-15 minutes in a CNP include the children and adults in Portlands and Woodlands and the adults in Rocklands and Tafelsig. Figure 5: Distances to CNPs in minutes Thus, despite the fact that children in Woodlands visit CNPs often throughout the week, the visits are of short duration. By contrast, the children and adults in Beacon Valley and Rocklands and the children in Tafelsig mostly visit CNPs more than one hour. Thus, not only do the respondents in Rocklands visit CNPs very frequently throughout the week (4-7 days), they also spend longer periods of time in the CNPs. This indicates that CNPs fulfil an important need for outdoor recreation, especially in the case of Rocklands, where 87% of the respondents do not have a private garden. Respondents were given a list of Figure 6: Frequency of CNP use CNP activities and asked to choose 23 SSB/TRP/MDM 2015 (66) which ones they pursued in their it and in other cases the equipment was provided to respondents from local CNPs. Respondents could also is rusted”. which they could choose multiple provide alternative activities pursued options. They could also indicate With regard to passive activities, in their local CNPs.1 These activities other reasons that were not on the slightly more than a third of were then split according to the two list. With a few exceptions, nearly children in Mitchells Plain, and in main groups in the literature: active all of the reasons provided for all five subsections, visit CNPs to and passive recreational activities. It respondents received very high accompany their friends, while an is not surprising that 50% of children scores, indicating that there are approximately similar percentage in Mitchells Plain prefer to participate many negative elements associated visit CNPs to relax. By contrast, more in more active recreational activities with CNPs in Mitchells Plain, and than a third of adults in Mitchells such as playing sports in CNPs. A in the five subsections (Figure 8). Plain, and in all five subsections, similar pattern is observed in the five These negative elements can be predominantly partake in passive subsections, where between 40% grouped into four main interrelated recreation. Of the adults in Portlands and 59% of children play sports. categories. First, Mitchells Plain and Tafelsig, 36% mostly accompany Children in Mitchells Plain, and in all is a notorious gangland hub in the children to CNPs, while the preferred five subsections, also play on the play City of Cape Town, which is closely form of passive recreation for adults equipment provided or play games associated with drug and alcohol in Rocklands (42%), Tafelsig (36%) or play with other toys in CNPs. abuse (City of Cape Town, 2011: 28, and Woodlands (35%) is to relax in Of the children in Portlands, 64% 56-57). This well-known pattern is CNPs. Having a braai and picnicking indicated that playing on the play the main reason why 55% of the is also popular in Mitchells Plain, equipment provided is their preferred respondents in Mitchells Plain do especially in Beacon Valley, and to a form of active recreation. Children not visit their CNPs. A similar pattern lesser extent in Tafelsig. Roughly a may choose to play games or to play is observed in the five subsections, third of adults run/walk to stay active, with other toys, due to the overall where between 46% and 60% of while 30% of adults in Woodlands lack of facilities in CNPs in Mitchells the respondents do not visit CNPs also walk their dogs in CNPs. Plain. This is reflected in quotes by for this reason. This suggests that respondents: “[the CNP] facilities are criminals loiter in the local CNPs. 5.2 Reasons for CNP non-use non-existent and I would not [allow] This is also reflected in quotes by my children to use the equipment The conditions in these CNPs the respondents: “There are a lot of due to concerns for their safety”, and (summarised in the main reasons youngsters that are using [a drug “some of the equipment has graffiti on for CNP non-usage) influence the locally referred to as] tik”, and “drugs irregularity of CNP use. A list of are freely available at [CNPs]”. 1 Note that the responses do not add to 100, reasons for not visiting the CNPs due to multiple responses.

Figure 7: Time spent in CNPs 24 Lodene Willemse • Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community

The second most popular reason and drug users”; “some people leave maintenance was then calculated to why 40% of the respondents in beer bottles and used condoms in the indicate mean scores. A score closer Mitchells Plain, and between 32% and [CNP]”, and “residents use the [CNPs] to 100% indicates ‘excellent’ CNP 50% of the respondents in the five as one big refuse bin”. In terms of the management and maintenance; closer subsections, do not visit CNPs or only five subsections, poor maintenance to 60% shows ‘average’, and below visit them infrequently throughout the is the most problematic to 36% 20% indicates that CNP management year is an intense fear for their safety of the respondents in Portlands, and maintenance requires major and security due to criminal activities. while slightly more than a third of improvement. The general trend Respondents’ fears for their safety the respondents in Beacon Valley, for Mitchells Plain indicates that and security is aggravated by the Portlands, Rocklands and Woodlands respondents are not very satisfied with presence of vagrants in CNPs2 and a experience problems associated with the management and maintenance of fear of sexual assault which appears litter and vandalism in CNPs. their CNPs, with the majoity of scores to be more problematic to 45% of the falling far below 60% and some The fourth reason why respondents respondents in Portlands. nearing 20% (Figure 9). The location in Mitchells Plain, and in the five of CNPs received the best score Poor maintenance and contaminated subsections, do not visit CNPs relates (68%). Maintenance, cleanliness and CNPs caused by litter and vandalism to the lack of sufficient CNP facilities the condition of the grass all scored is the third reason why respondents and natural features (i.e., grass and approximately 50%. The overall in Mitchells Plain, and in the five trees) in CNPs. The provision of natural lack of facilities (including seats, subsections, do not visit CNPs. Of features is an important component toilets, play equipment and natural the respondents in Mitchells Plain, of delivering adequate CNP facilities. vegetation) and the general feeling 22% complained of poor CNP Tafelsig appears to be struggling of being unsafe in CNPs are clearly maintenance, while 33% indicated significantly in this regard, due to 32% reflected in the satisfaction index, that CNPs are filled with litter and of the respondents indicating that there with the majority of the respondents vandalism. When adding these are not enough trees and nature in rating these elements as relatively two scores, it is obvious that CNP the CNPs, and a further 24% of the poor. In a comparison between the maintenance is as important as the respondents complaining of the lack of five subsections of Mitchells Plain, the location of CNPs received the issues associated with gangsterism CNP facilities. and drug and alcohol abuse. This highest satisfaction rating (Figure 9). It is interesting to note that most is also reflected in the quotes 5.3 CNP satisfaction and of the scores for Woodlands and by respondents: “[the grass is] nuisance index overgrown, [the CNP is] poorly Beacon Valley are around the average maintained, and it is used by vagrants Respondents were asked to rate mark (60%), with some of the CNP their overall satisfaction with CNPs management and maintenance issues 2 Thirty-six per cent of the respondents in based on a predetermined list of even reaching a 73% satisfaction Portlands and 26% of the respondents in Woodlands find the vagrants especially CNP elements. A satisfaction index level. However, most of the scores for problematic. on CNP facility management and Rocklands, and especially for Tafelsig

Note: Do not add to 100, due to multiple responses. Figure 8: Reasons for CNP non-use in Mitchells Plain 25 SSB/TRP/MDM 2015 (66) and Portlands, vary between 27% and and related social problems (City of of mean scores was calculated, with 40%, which constitutes a ‘poor’ rating, Cape Town, 2011: 28, 56-57). a score closer to 100% indicating that while only a few scores manage to there is ‘always’ a nuisance, closer to Based on international literature make an average rating between 50% indicating that there is ‘seldom’ a (Hansen, 2006; Payne et al., 2002; 40% and 53%. This clearly indicates nuisance, and closer to 0% indicating 3 that respondents in Rocklands, and Swanwick et al., 2003) , respondents that there is ‘never’ a nuisance. especially in Tafelsig and Portlands, were also asked to indicate whether Vandalism and vagrancy are almost are more dissatisfied with the four main issues created a nuisance always a nuisance in CNPs, whereas management and maintenance of or irritated them when they visited dogs and problem youths are their CNPs. A possible explanation CNPs (Figure 10). A nuisance index seldom a problem. A similar pattern for these findings could be the fact can be observed between the five 3 The author used the international literature in that Woodlands and Beacon Valley order to identify four main issues that create different subsections of Mitchells are considered the wealthier regions a nuisance/irritation to people when visiting Plain. Interesting observations do, of Mitchells Plain, while the other CNPs. These four issues include dogs, however, stand out. Problem youths vagrants and drunks and drug users, vandalism three sections are notorious for their and problematic youth (Hansen, 2006; Payne are less of a problem in Woodlands economic stagnation, ganglands et al., 2002; Swanwick et al., 2003). and Beacon Valley than in the other

Note: Do not add to 100, due to multiple responses Figure 9: Satisfaction index about CNP facility management and maintenance in Mitchells Plain

Note: Do not add to 100, due to multiple responses Figure 10: Nuisance index of CNPs in Mitchells Plain 26 Lodene Willemse • Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community three subsections, most probably what is their ideal CNP, and general CNPs, because 59% require safer because these areas are more suggestions or comments they and more play equipment; a further developed and affluent. Vandalism have for the local government that 36% feel that CNP furniture should is less of a nuisance in Woodlands, may increase their usage of CNPs be improved, and 41% require safety whereas vagrancy is not such a (Figure 11). Improving the CNPs’ play and security upgrades in CNPs. One frequent problem in Beacon Valley. By equipment and furniture (39% and respondent indicated that “safety in contrast, dogs seem to be a nuisance, 16%, respectively) and safety and off-peak periods should be provided especially in the Tafelsig area. security by adding security guards and to mothers with young children so that safety cameras (27%) are the main you do not constantly have to look 5.4 What does it take to create facilities that require development over your shoulde”, while another ideal CNPs? in CNPs in Mitchells Plain. In terms respondent indicated that “better Respondents were asked to answer of the five subsections, respondents [CNP] security is required to prevent three open-ended questions, namely in Portlands appear to require the the violence associated with vagrants the facilities to be developed in CNPs; most facilities to be developed in their and drug users”.

Facilities to be developed in CNPs Beacon Valley Portlands Rocklands Tafelsig Woodlands Total

• Safer and more play equipment 45% 59% 17% 40% 39% 39% • Security guards and safety cameras 30% 41% 13% 24% 30% 27% • More CNP furniture 5% 36% 13% 8% 17% 16% • Plant grass and trees 0% 14% 13% 12% 0% 8% • Restrooms with cleaning staff everyday 15% 0% 0% 8% 17% 8% • Rubbish bins 5% 0% 0% 0% 17% 4% • Sufficient lighting to use CNPs in day an at night 0% 9% 0% 4% 0% 3% • Secure/safe parking facilities 5% 0% 0% 0% 4% 2% • Drinking water 0% 0% 0% 0% 9% 2%

What are the respondents’ ideal CNPs?

• Sports facilities 40% 14% 8% 12% 35% 21% • Clean, spacious, green and flat 20% 27% 4% 8% 13% 14% • Pretty gardens/pleasant scenery/shade 15% 14% 4% 8% 4% 9% • Safe, fenced CNPs with controlled free access 10% 5% 4% 8% 9% 7% • Sections in the CNPs 5% 14% 0% 4% 13% 7% • Wildlife and river/dam/pond/lake/swimming pool 10% 5% 0% 0% 0% 3% • Paved walkways 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Comments and suggestions about CNP use

• Maintain CNPs regularly 15% 23% 13% 8% 26% 17% • Remove vagrants, drunks, drug users, gangs, alcoholics and thieves from CNP daily 10% 18% 8% 16% 9% 12% • Clean CNP areas daily 5% 5% 0% 8% 22% 8% • Want larger CNP areas for more communal use 0% 0% 0% 8% 4% 3% • Community education on CNP maintenace 0% 0% 4% 0% 0% 1% • Mulitipurpose use of CNPs 0% 0% 0% 4% 0% 1% • Grass must be planted in the vicinity of the CNP equipment 0% 5% 0% 0% 0% 1%

Note: Do not add to 100, due to multiple responses. Figure 11: Ways to improve CNPs in Mitchells Plain

27 SSB/TRP/MDM 2015 (66)

To 40% and 35% of the respondents want CNPs to contain sections that will CNPs in five subsections of Mitchells in Beacon Valley and Woodlands, allow different people to participate in Plain (Beacon Valley, Portlands, respectively, and to 21% of the different CNP activities simultaneously. Rocklands, Tafelsig and Woodlands). Mitchells Plain respondents, creating Comments and suggestions to Results indicate that respondents CNPs that allow for an integration of ensure increased CNP usage in do not spend most of their outdoor regular outdoor recreational activities Mitchells Plain mostly relate to regular recreational time in the CNPs, but that the children in Woodlands are and sports facilities is necessary and maintenance. Cleaning the CNPs on a more likely to visit the CNPs of all the important. One respondent noted that daily basis is also important to 22% of five subsections. Children and adults CNP equipment should be provided to the respondents in Woodlands, while in Beacon Valley are the most likely “encourage exercise and stimulation expelling vagrants, gangsters, drug to visit CNPs and/or conservation/ for young and old”. A further 14% users, alcoholics and thieves from biodiversity areas located in other of the Mitchells Plain respondents CNPs is important to 18% and 16% suburbs, despite the fact that they require clean, spacious, green and flat of the respondents in Portlands and appear to have CNPs of varying CNPs. CNPs in Portlands appear to be Tafelsig, respectively. One respondent sizes and in different locations in their barren, dull and unattractive, because suggested that the local government own neighbourhood (see Figure 2). 41% of the respondents indicated that should make [CNP] maintenance a Confusion between CNPs and mere having CNPs that are clean, spacious, “community project, which passes the open pieces of land near homes is green and flat and contains pretty responsibility to maintain [the CNP] evident, as some respondents may gardens and trees for shade would from one resident to the next”. create the perfect ambience. One have thought that empty, scrubby and respondent indicated that “[CNPs] vacant lots were CNPs when in fact 6. CONCLUSIONS AND they were not, or vice versa. should be neat, safe, well-maintained, POLICY IMPLICATIONS [with] an entertainment area that is Various factors influence the maintained regularly”. An additional The aim of this paper was to provide frequency of CNP use and the time 14% and 13% of the respondents in an overview of some of the perceptions spent in CNPs. First, the overall lack Portlands and Woodlands, respectively, and preferences of residents’ use of of private garden space may increase

Inputs Actions Outputs (What government should do before (What government (What is produced after considering the inputs CNP planning commences): should do with the and the actions): inputs): 1. Identify the resources (labour, money, 1. Construct CNPs in 1. CNPs in all five sub-sections of Mitchells Plain are accessible materials) needed to provide CNP facilities in locations so that the within at most a 15 minutes’ walk from the home. Mitchells Plain maximum number of citizens in Mitchells Plain 2. CNPs in Mitchells Plain are safe (improvements to safety 2. Identify the locations where the CNPs should would be able to access could include employing security guards, installing CCTV be located in Mitchells Plain. it in the shortest possible cameras, regular patrols by the police, community patrols of time. the CNPs, removing the unwanted elements and people from 3. Identify citizens’ perceptions and the CNPs on a regular basis including gangsters, drug users, preferences with regards to CNPs in 2. Provide CNP facilities alcoholics, vagrants and vandals, placing a fence around the Mitchells Plain to ensure that their needs and furniture that will CNP which will control the access). and aspirations are met in the design and suite the preferences development of CNPs. + of citizens with varying = 3. CNPs in Mitchells Plain are properly maintained and cleaned socio-demographic daily (by retaining the otherwise unemployed youths of 4. Identify and promulgate the laws and and socio-economic Mitchells Plain for this task, the local government would regulations required to implement and characteristics in not only ensure that CNPs are maintained and cleaned on manage CNPs effectively in Mitchells Plain by Mitchells Plain. a regular basis to attract more users, but also alleviate the involving multiple spheres of government. unemployment situation faced by many youths in this area).

5. Identify the constraints associated with the 4. CNPs in Mitchells Plain contain a variety of facilities and aforementioned process to ensure that CNP furniture, including play equipment, picnic tables, seats/ planning can adapt to changing community benches, dustbins and sports facilities, which can be used by needs in Mitchells Plain. citizens with varying socio-demographic characteristics.

5. CNPs in Mitchells Plain contain natural features to create a pleasant scenery (improvements to natural features could include planting grass, trees for shade, planting gardens, adding wildlife and water facilities).

Outcomes (The benefits expected after the inputs, actions and outputs have been considered): Improved perceptions of CNPs, which will increase CNP usage.

Figure 12: A benefits-based management strategy for the government to manage CNPs more effectively in Mitchells Plain Adapted from: Hansen, 2006: 12 28 Lodene Willemse • Some perceptions and preferences of residents’ use of community the frequency of CNP usage and the CNPs are never visited or are only REFERENCES LIST time spent in CNPs. This is observed visited very infrequently throughout Brace, I. 2008. Questionnaire design: especially in Rocklands, where 87% the year are echoed in the CNP How to plan, structure and write survey of the respondents do not have private satisfaction index. There are notable material for effective market research. gardens and nearly a third of children differences in CNPs between areas 2nd edition. London: Kogan Page and adults visit CNPs 4-7 days in a such as Rocklands, and especially Publishers. week for more than one hour at a Tafelsig and Portlands, which are far Byrne, J. & Wolch, J. 2009. time. 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