HABITAT and Canadians

THE REPORT OF THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE

SUBMITTED TO THE MINISTER OF STATE FOR URBAN AFFAIRS HABITAT AND CANADIANS

THE REPORT OF THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COMMITTEE. in preparation for HABITAT: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements

Vancouver, British Columbia

May 31 to June 11, 1976

submitted to The Hon. Barnett J. Danson Minister of State for Urban Affairs

January 1976 Table of Contents Introduction Page Part I The Role of the Canadian National Committee 1 1. Membership and Mandate 1 2. Activities 1 3. Assessment 5 Part II A. What the Canadian National Committee Heard 7 Introduction 7 1. Housing 7 2. Land: Its Use, Ownership and Planning 9 2.1 Agricultural Land 9 2.2 Land Use and the Environment 10 2.3 Recreational Land 10 2.4 Suggestions 10 2.5 Frontier/New Towns and Resource Development 11 3. Growth Management 12 3.1 Introduction 12 3.2 Population Policy 12 3.3 Regional Disparities 13 3.4 Municipal Finance and Taxation 14 3.5 An Urban Council for Canada 14 3.6 Technology 15 3.7 Conservation of Energy 15 3.8 Management, Intergovernmental Cooperation and the Private Sector 15 4. Citizen Participation 16 5. Duality of Life 16 5.1 Human Values vs. Economic Values 16 5.2 Alienation 17 5.3 Children’s Needs 17 5.4 Native People 18 6. Maintenance of Small Towns and Rural Areas 19 7. Transportation 21 8. International Cooperation 22 9. Habitat and Canadian Participation 22 9.1 The Canadian National Committee (CNC) Participation Program 22 9.2 Canadian Urban Demonstration Program 23 9.3 The Interim National Report 23 10. Summary 24 Part II B. Canadian NGO Conference on Human Settlements 29 Introduction 29 1. Recommendations/Resolutions 29 1.1 Human Settlements Policies, Strategies and Planning 29 1.2 Institutions, Management and Financing 31 1.3 Housing, Infrastructure and Services 32 1.4 Land Use and Cwnership 34 1.5 Public Participation 36 1.6 International Programme 37 Part III CNC Review and Recommendations on Major Issues Raised by Canadians Part IV Postscript; December 1975 47 Appendices: 50 1. Membership of the Canadian Non-Governmental Crganizations Participation Group 50 2. List of Crganizations and Individuals that Presented Briefs. 50 Sidney L. Buckwold Introduction

The Canadian National Committee for Habitat was the draft that we have received. The Committee appointed by the Minister of State for Urban Affairs thanks those who have commented on the draft, to help in informing Canadians about Habitat; and all the individuals and organizations that United Nations Conference on Human Settlements; assisted our work by attending the public meetings to stimulate discussion of human settlement issues; and presenting briefs. and obtain the views of Canadians on these issues. The Committee is also grateful for the work that This Report on our activities, up to the end of has been provided by the staff of the Canadian 1975, is in three parts. Part I outlines our terms Participation Program, under its Director General, of reference and the way that we have discharged Dr. C. I. Jackson. We would like to mention in them; it also includes an analysis of the effective­ particular the work of Virginia Hambly and Janet ness of our contribution. In Part II we have tried McDonald in making arrangements for the public to reflect as accurately as possible the main issues meetings. The Committee gratefully acknowledges and concerns that have emerged during our work. the help of its consultant, Mr. Richard Acquaah- Part ll-A is mainly a summary of the briefs that Harrison, who undertook the preparation of Part II were received and the statements that were made of this Report. during the sixteen public meetings that were held As is mentioned in the body of the Report, the across Canada in the fall of 1975; Part ll-B consists Canadian National Committee has worked closely of the resolutions of a National Conference of Non- with the Canadian Non-Governmental Organiza­ Governmental Organizations, that was held in Ot­ tions Participation Group for Habitat, under its tawa in December 1975. Part III contains the Cana­ Chairman, Mr. Geoffrey Grenville-Wood. The Group dian National Committee’s own assessment of the has done much to assist our activities, and we major human settlement issues facing Canada, and look forward to continued collaboration until makes some recommendations. Habitat and Habitat Forum take place. A preliminary draft of this Report was made The Committee invites readers of this Report to available to participants in the December confer­ comment on its contents, and to suggest ways in ence of non-governmental organizations; and we which members of the Committee can continue to have added a postscript to our Report, Part IV, in assist in the preparation for Habitat and Habitat the light of that conference and the comments on Forum that are under way throughout Canada.

Sidney L. Buckwold, Chairman. Part I

The Role of the Canadian National Committee

1. MEMBERSHIP AND MANDATE (2) to give advice to the Minister in the prepa­ ratory process for Canada’s contributions to The Canadian National Committee was created the 1976 Conference based on the points in May 1974 by the then Minister of State for Urban of view expressed by the Canadian public; Affairs, the Honourable Ronald Basford, and is and under the chairmanship of Senator Sidney L. (3) to bring to the attention of the Minister Buckwold (Saskatchewan). During the period from recommendations received during the pro­ June 1974 to March 1975, sixteen members were cess of preparation for the Conference that appointed to the Committee. The members are: could improve the quality of life in Canadian communities. Sen. Sidney L. Buckwold Saskatchewan (Chairman) In order to discharge the Committee’s mandate, Dr. Hugh L. Keenleyside British Columbia it was agreed that the principal functions of the (Honorary Chairman) Canadian National Committee should be the fol­ Dr. Lloyd Axworthy Manitoba lowing: Dr. Meyer Brownstone Ontario (resigned Oct. 1975) M. Claude Castonguay Quebec (a) to formulate and implement a national Mrs. Adrienne Clarkson Ontario participation program, in consultation and Prof. P. J. FitzPatrick New Brunswick cooperation with non-governmental organi­ Mr. E. Gaboury Manitoba zations and interested citizens; Mr. J. Gerald Godsoe Jr. Nova Scotia (b) to develop other strategies for stimulating Mrs. Brenda Hayes British Columbia Mrs. Cynthia Hill Northwest Territories public concern and awareness of human Ms. Frances Innes Newfoundland settlements issues in Canada; and M. Guy Legault Quebec (c) to prepare for the Minister’s attention speci­ Mr. Norman MacLeod Prince Edward Island fic recommendations that reflect the views Archbishop J. N. MacNeil Alberta Mr. Johnny YesNo Ontario of non-governmental organizations and of various sectors of Canadian society. Between June 1974 and the end of 1975, the Its work in these areas is described in the Committee has met on thirteen occasions. Many following section. of these meetings took place in Ottawa, but meet­ ings have also been held in Halifax, Inuvik, Quebec 2. ACTIVITIES City, Regina and Toronto. Conferences of Non-Governmental Organizations Terms of Reference and the Creation of the Canadian NGO The Committee was requested by the Minister of Participation Group State for Urban Affairs to undertake the following With the assistance of the Canadian Participa­ tasks in preparation for Canadian participation in tion Secretariat for Habitat (now the Canadian Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Habitat Secretariat), the CNC convened a meeting Settlements: of non-governmental organizations at the Govern­ (1) to foster public awareness and interest in ment Conference Centre in Ottawa on November 1 Habitat and to stimulate discussion of the and 2, 1974. The Conference was attended by issues and appropriate responses to these representatives from 84 national organizations and issues in Canada; 26 provincial and local groups. In addition, 28 par-

1 ticipants from federal and provincial departments relevance to their organization in workshops, the attended as observers. themes of which were closely related to the U.N. The main objectives of the Conference were: Conference topics. A full day of plenary provided (a) to inform NGOs about the Habitat Confer­ an opportunity for all to discuss and vote on ence, its aims and the preparatory process recommendations arising from the workshops. A at both the international and national levels; report of the first conference was published in 1975 (b) to identify the themes and issues in human and a similar report of the second conference is settlements that NGOs believe are of most under preparation by the Canadian NGO Participa­ concern to Canadian communities; tion Group. (c) to identify means by which NGOs could assist the CNC to gather the views of as Preliminary Meetings with Provincial Government many citizens as possible on human settle­ Representatives and NGOs ments issues; and The Chairman of the CNC and the Executive (d) to recommend mechanisms for coordinating Director of the Canadian Participation Secretariat Habitat-related activities of NGOs and for made a series of visits to provincial capitals in late ensuring effective liaison with the CNC. 1974 and spring 1975: It was evident that the subject matter of human October 1974: Ontario settlements is one that is central to the concerns November 1974: Quebec of many NGOs, international, national, provincial February 1975: Alberta and local, but some scepticism was expressed February 1975: Manitoba about the sincerity of government attempts to February 1975: Saskatchewan involve NGOs in Habitat preparations, and in the May 1975: New Brunswick ability of the CNC to be an effective means to May 1975: Newfoundland achieve this. Many NGOs expressed the view that May 1975: Nova Scotia governments must not merely listen to, but also May 1975: Prince Edward Island act upon, the views expressed through such public Where possible, the members of the CNC resident participation programs; otherwise the exercise is in each province participated in these meetings. merely tokenism. In particular, NGOs expressed The objective was to describe the relevance of the need for independent financing to enable a Habitat objectives to Canadian and provincial specific NGO program to be developed as part of concerns, to encourage provincial and municipal the Habitat preparations. involvement in Habitat preparations, and to men­ From this Conference, and subsequent discus­ tion in particularthe forthcoming program of public sions, there emerged in January 1975 the Canadian meetings and symposia. Similar meetings were NGO Participation Group. This consists of 24 mem­ arranged with representatives of non-governmental bers, almost all of them identified with NGOs organizations in the different provinces and Habitat active in the field of human settlements (Appendix was also discussed in a number of radio and 1). The Group is chaired by Mr. Geoffrey Grenville- television interviews associated with these visits. Wood, Executive Director of the United Nations Association in Canada. The Group functions as a Invitation to Mayors planning and liaison body between the federal Human settlements are evidently a topic of government and the individual NGOs, each of primary concern to municipal and local govern­ which is encouraged to undertake its own Habitat- ments throughout Canada. In part, the involvement related activities. In May 1975, the Group was of this level of government must be accomplished provided with a contribution of $90,000 by the through the intermediary of individual provincial federal government which, among other things, governments. However, Senator Buckwold address­ has enabled it to employ a full-time coordinator ed individual letters to approximately four hundred for Habitat NGO preparations in Canada, Dr. Clair mayors and other principal elected officials in Woodbury. communities across Canada. The letter made par­ The CNC and the Canadian NGO Participation ticular reference to the program of public meet­ Group have maintained active cooperation and ings, indicating that the CNC welcomed municipal were the joint sponsors of a second, and much contributions at these meetings. Several munici­ larger, national conference of NGOs on Habitat, palities did respond to this invitation, including that took place in the Government Gonference Fredericton, Halifax, Prince George, Toronto and Oentre, Ottawa, from December 11 to 13, 1975. The Whitehorse. Conference brought together representatives of 117 national non-governmental organizations, 77 Public Meetings regional groups, 31 provincial and federal govern­ A major part of the Committee’s work was ment representatives and 28 from the two hosting represented by the sixteen public meetings that organizations, CNC and CNGOPG. Participants were held across Canada in September and Octo­ had the opportunity to discuss issues of particular ber, 1975. The reason for this choice of date, eight The CNC in action at the Vancouver public meeting October 6, 1975. Left to right: P. J. FitzPatrick; L. Axworthy; Mrs. C. Hill; H. L. Keenleyside; Mrs. B. Hayes; E. Gaboury. or nine months before Habitat, is that it was neces­ ings. Although many of the meetings were well sary for such input to be made before the Canadian attended, others, perhaps especially in eastern preparations for Vancouver had reached too ad­ Canada, were not. Similarly, there appear to be vanced a stage. The meetings, and the general significant omissions in the topics raised at the response at them, are outlined in the following list. public meetings and the organizations that partic­ Appendix 2 enumerates the 222 organizations and ipated. For example, although topics related to individuals that presented briefs or verbal state­ housing were raised at every meeting, housing as ments to the Committee. a major issue did not emerge as clearly as had been anticipated. Other topics were similarly less Briefs in evidence than might be expected; these include Date Location Attendance presented transportation, urban native problems, recreation, health, education, energy consumption and the September 11 Inuvik 70 6 international aspects of Habitat. September 30 Whitehorse 35 (discussion only) October 2 Prince George 45 9 October 6 Vancouver 250 33 Symposia October 7 Quebec City 47 10 Whereas the public meetings were designed to October 8 Edmonton 175 20 enable individuals and groups to offer comments October 9 Montreal 135 13 October 15 Halifax 30 8 and opinions about whatever human settlements October 16 Fredericton 30 4 issues were of particular concern to them, the October 20 Toronto 138 20 fourteen symposia that were held between Sep­ October 23 Thunder Bay 50 6 tember and November 1975 were each focussed October 24 Frobisher Bay 100 9 on a single theme. Although responsibility for the October 28 St. John's 85 6 October 28 Winnipeg 110 15 symposia had originally been that of the Canadian October 30 Charlottetown 16 1 National Committee, the very great amount of October 30 Regina 90 13 detailed work that their preparation involved caused this responsibility to be transferred to the As discussed at greater length in Part 111, the Canadian Participation Secretariat. Nevertheless, Committee is far from satisfied with the measure of they are clearly activities that contributed towards response that was presented at the public meet­ the objectives of the CNC, and are therefore appro­ priately mentioned here. So far as possible, the the Secretariat, and partly because the traditional topics discussed at the symposia were selected public relations advertising campaign failed to (with advice from the Federal-Provincial Prepara­ reach people. tory Committee for Habitat) to be of particular The subjects of the symposia are described in interest in the communities where the symposia the following list. The Canadian Habitat Secretariat were held. However, they were also designed to is at present preparing a report on their proceed­ be national in scope, e.g., the only formal discus­ ings and findings. sion of housing policy took place at the Halifax symposium. Here again, the feasibility of the objec­ Speaking Engagements tives may reasonably be questioned. In a country The Chairman and CNC members made them­ as vast as Canada, is it realistic to believe that selves available to speak on Habitat to various one symposium can deal adequately with an issue clubs and organizations. They also appeared on a that affects the whole country in a variety of ways? number of radio and television shows, and the Another characteristic of the symposia was the Committee anticipates that this will continue up to fact that they were planned to be both open and the time of Habitat. Although such efforts are time- specialized, i.e., they were open to interested consuming, they appear to have been rewarding. members of the general public, but the primary Through them, many citizens and groups have objective was to identify new needs and new become aware of Habitat, and have included a approaches. Much valuable information was gath­ discussion of human settlements issues in their ered as a result of the symposia, but again, the activities. public at large was not significantly involved. This was partly the result at a deliberate decision by Youth Dimension Program Like the symposia, the Youth Dimension Pro­ gram is an activity that contributes directly to the Location Attendance Topic Date CNC’s mandate, but that has been managed September Winnipeg 111 Factors Affecting independently by the Secretariat. In this case, the 9, 10 Rural/Urban Migration program has been undertaken by a non-profit September Whitehorse 75 Planning for Small organization, All About Us/Nous Autres, with funds 10, 11 Communities provided by the federal government and with the September 12, Yellow/knife 68 Resource-Based One- cooperation of provincial and territorial Depart­ 13 Industry Towns ments of Education. The aim of the program is to September 19 Ottawa 168 International interest, inform and involve Canadian children, Cooperation for youth and teachers in Habitat and human settle­ Human Settlements ments issues. It provides a resource and commu­ September St. John’s 63 Provision of Community 26, 27 Services and their nications support system for a sharing of ideas Financing and experiences developed in schools. During the October 3, 4 Halifax 85 Housing Types and fall of 1975, 150,000 educators, school trustees Life Styles and provincial education authorities have been October 17, 18 Saskatoon 50 National impact of informed of the project. The future scope of the Growth Management program will be decided on the basis of the Policies response to the initial mailing, which unfortunately October 24, 25 Moncton 65 Employment was interrupted due to the postal strike. Opportunities and Development of Communities Catalogue of Achievements October 31 Quebec 58 National Impact of The members of the Canadian National Com­ November 1 Growth Management mittee are well aware of the existence of many Policies exciting and useful innovations in Canada that November 6, 7 Red Deer 86 Planning for Small have led to significant improvements in the quality Communities of life in the communities where they have been November 13, Toronto* 350 Public Land Ownership introduced. The Committee also recognizes that 14, 15 very many of these innovations go unnoticed and November Charlottetowr1 60 Conservation of Land unknown by other communities, nearby or distant, 14, 15 and Energy that face similar problems but do not realize that November Vancouver 125 Environmentally solutions to these problems have been found. This 21, 22 Appropriate Technology and Life Styles in Human is a worldwide problem, and it is scarcely surpris­ Settlements ing that it should be evident in a country the size November Victoria 212 Appropriate Use of Land of Canada. As noted elsewhere in our Report, one 28, 29 of the objectives of the Canadian Urban Demon­ stration Program was to make such innovations ihis symposium was ore ation of the Secretariat. more widely known and we refer elsewhere to the widespread concern that has been expressed to innovative than the fairly well-established techni­ us about the suspension of this Program. ques of public meetings, NGO conferences, etc., The Canadian Urban Demonstration Program, that have been employed for Habitat. One might, however, was primarily addressed to new projects. for example, envisage hiring local people in indi­ We believe that at the very least, there should be vidual communities who in turn would inform and a wider knowledge of many existing innovations, involve the local media, groups and individuals. and the Committee has therefore initiated the In fact, we experimented ourselves by arranging preparation of a “catalogue of achievements” for individuals to spend several days in four com­ that will be a specific contribution to Canadian munities (Prince George, Halifax, Frobisher and preparations for Habitat. We anticipate that this Thunder Bay) immediately prior to the public Catalogue, describing and illustrating perhaps one meetings in these centres. The main objective hundred different projects, will be published in the was to contact existing non-governmental organ­ spring of 1976, before Habitat. We suggest that izations in the area and to encourage them to the Canadian Government might consider distri­ participate in the public meetings. The results of buting copies of the Catalogue to delegations to these experiments are not conclusive, but in any Habitat from other countries. From the response case what we envisage as necessary to reach the to the project that has come during its preparation, true grass-roots would go beyond this. we are confident that the Catalogue will meet a In offering these suggestions, we recognize that real need within Canada. In particular, the Com­ they in turn raise a number of questions. A funda­ munity Planning Association of Canada and other mental one might be phrased in the following way. groups have indicated interest in maintaining the Is it possible to reach beyond the network of Catalogue as a continuous publication after Habitat. established NGOs? Can national governments do this? In other words, what is the grass-roots? A 3. ASSESSMENT second question might concern the extent to which grass-roots involvement is appropriate in prepara­ We believe that the activities of the CMC tions for an international conference on such an described above go a long way to discharging the all-embracing topic as human settlements. mandate set out in our terms of reference. We There is a need for organizational innovations hope to continue to discharge our obligations that may be additional to traditional approaches. until the United Nations Conference is over. For example, although we believe that public Nevertheless, our experience in the last twelve meetings are inadequate as a means of reaching to eighteen months has left us with a number of the grass-roots, we recognize that there are many questions, especially those concerned with the who would be upset if they were denied the implied obligations of the CNC to ensure individual, opportunity to make their contributions through a grass-roots involvement in Habitat preparations. public meeting. Similarly, we have strong doubts We have had, we believe, some measure of suc­ about the value of press advertising as a means cess in this regard, but we also believe that our of encouraging attendance at public meetings, but activities have failed to attract many of the people we recognize also that such advertising may be that we had hoped to hear from. The opportunity a necessary means of informing Canadians about presented by Habitat to stimulate widespread Habitat preparations in general. public discussion of human settlements in Canada On the broader question of media support, the was not fully realized. Committee was disappointed that more coverage One of the basic questions that must be asked, was not received from the mass media. It was very for instance, is whether an appointed advisory difficult to stimulate interest in this program. In committee like our own is the most appropriate part, this was because of the time lag. June 1976 means of securing such grass-roots involvement seemed a long way off in September 1975 when which, almost by definition, requires great efforts we were looking for coverage. In part also, the to reach and to maintain. We believe that, if gov­ Committee feels that a media campaign organized ernment is serious about public participation, and and directed from Ottawa through public relations in particular about participation that goes well firms was not in the best interest of public partici­ beyond the activity of established non-govern­ pation, nor was it the kind of activity which was mental organizations, then a committee such as likely to stimulate media interest at the local level, our own must be provided with the necessary although in some areas it was modestly successful. staff, funds and time to undertake this task with a The advisory, part-time role of the Committee reasonable prospect of success. In the light of our members was a major problem, as was the delay experience, we hope at a later stage to provide in completing the membership of the Committee; the Minister with an estimate of what a successful although originally constituted in June 1974, full program might have required. membership was only reached in March 1975. Further, we believe that the methods of securing The federal government’s action in cancelling this grass-roots involvement must be much more the Canadian Urban Demonstration Program acted unfavourably on the Committee’s efforts. The and more from political decisions taken by mem­ public saw this project as a major means of public ber states in the United Nations. Deeply-felt beliefs participation in Habitat. When it was cancelled, were affronted by these decisions, raising ques­ the reaction was that, once again, government was tions of whether Canada should host a UN con­ not taking public participation seriously. ference. The contradiction between the stated There is also some disenchantment with the U.N. goals, as reflected in such decisions, seriously itself, and with the value of such conferences, diminishes the respect with which the UN is viewed especially so far as their potential as agents of in Canada. It is difficult to convince people that change is concerned. The scope of Habitat is so a United Nations conference can credibly pursue immense and complex it is difficult for people to international understanding and promote a sense identify with it. Again, we saw this in the very of international morality when the UN General limited reference to international aspects of human Assembly itself displays contrary tendencies. This settlements in the briefs presented to the CNC. poses fundamental Issues of policy and position It there was any strong expression of concern for Canadians and their government that go well among the Canadian public, it arose less from an beyond the holding of a single conference. interest in issues dealing with human settlements Part II A

What the Canadian National Committee Heard

Introduction **** • Building regulations and zoning bylaws In the Introduction and Part I of this Report ref­ are too rigid. They impose undesir­ erences were made to public meetings held across able restrictions and discourage in­ Canada and also to a National NGO Conference novations both in design and use of on Human Settlements. The following pages reflect shelter, and in cost-reduction methods the issues and concerns identified during the pub­ of building construction. Central Mort­ lic meetings and the suggestions offered. These do gage and Housing Corporation stand­ not include the views of the Committee, as men­ ards are also considered too rigid. tioned earlier. 216 • For example. Central Mortgage and Subsequent to the public meetings and the Housing Corporation does not recog­ preparation of the draft of this Report, a number nize mortgage loans for a well-built of additional briefs were received and account was log house on a concrete foundation. taken of them by the Committee prior to the sub­ Consequently, local opportunities to mission of this Report to the Minister. solve economic needs are lost because The marginal references in this part of the Report the uniform standards of the nation relate to the concerns and viewpoints expressed are employed without consideration in the various briefs listed in Appendix 2. Four of local needs. The local community asterisks indicate that the issue was mentioned in therefore suffers from a housing short­ at least four briefs. age and carpenters are unemployed while the community is surrounded by 1. HOUSING lots of wood. *•** • Among native people housing is a **** The concern of Canadians about hous­ major concern. Some of them would ing was expressed frequently during the rather live in their own houses instead public meetings held across the country. of rental housing units, which are not Most Canadian urban areas are experi­ even suitable for native life styles. encing serious housing problems. There Native people and others living in the is a shortage of housing, particularly north consider domestic utilities too rental accommodation, and rapidly esca- expensive. 83* lating housing costs are forcing a change 4 • Most existing pre-fabs in the North are in the expectation of many Canadians generally ill-suited to the climate. to own a home. Most families cannot 107 • The demolition of existing housing afford to buy a house. Vancouver, for stock does not only reduce the hous­ 46 example, faces one of the most critical ing stock but also creates hardships problems. Between 1966 and 1974 prices for many families. have increased by 280.7 per cent. The 97 • Rehabilitation programs are inade­ 168 housing situation in northern regions, quate considering the need for the such as Frobisher Bay, is described as improvement of a large number of “complete chaos and totally unsatis­ housing units in the core area of cities. factory.” The following are some of the In Montreal, for example, about100,000 major problems identified: units need to be rehabilitated, but only 200 will be rehabilitated next year. the reasons for the delay in the approval With such a slow rate of rehabilitation of projects — delays due to the munic­ a good number of the buildings are ipal development approvals process; likely to be demolished before the delays which occur between the sub­ long-range program is implemented. mission of proposals and the receipt of 223, 96 • Central Mortgage and Housing Corpo­ approval from CMHC; and delays caused ration has brochures which outline fi­ by the objections of resident groups to nancial assistance programs but many the development of multiple family dwel­ citizens are not aware of them. lings on adjacent land, even though the 109 • In urban areas there is too much em­ land may be zoned for multiple family phasis on “home ownership.” Federal, dwellings. It is argued that the delays provincial and local governments en­ due to the latter indicate an unwilling­ courage this at the expense of rental ness on the part of local governments accommodation. to take a firm stand. In effect, a state 105,126 • There is a lack of proper government of anarchy exists and governments have planning and control that would ensure to recognize that the needs of several the provision of a suitable mix of thousand families must transcend the housing types. self-centred desires of a few dozen home 75 • CMHC officers do not know how to owners. relate to poor people and this short­ Suggestions offered include the fol­ coming affects the effectiveness of lowing: some of their programs. 47,92 • The government should become more 126.130 • There are objections to the develop­ involved in the housing industry by ment of new housing for low income building, renting and maintaining the families, including CMHC sponsored majority of new housing stock. housing, on the outskirts of cities. 47 • In urban areas experiencing a short­ Such housing results in increased age of land, there should be a shift of transportation costs and limits access emphasis from single family units to to public services available in the city. multiple family units. 176 • The Newfoundland Resettlement Pro­ 52 • A variety of homes in a wide range of gram has been criticized as a govern­ architectural concepts are needed. ment-initiated program which made 61 • A permanent reinstatement of the no provision for the views of the capital cost allowance would serve as people involved. Some residents are an incentive for the supply of rental surprised that CMHC was involved in housing. the Program, which leaves much to 38 • While dealing with the bottlenecks be desired in terms of planning, design, now impeding housing development, and construction of the houses. measures should be taken to stop 193 • Insulation standards prescribed in redevelopment which affects the exist­ present building codes are said to be ing housing stock. inadequate for Canadian winters. A 155 • Day-care facilities should be incor­ recent study by the National Research porated into the planning of apart­ Council of Canada showed that it ments, housing complexes and com­ would be economical to double the munity centres. insulation required under the Canadian 155,127 • Children’s play areas should be pro­ code for residential building con­ vided in all housing schemes, and struction. financial subsidies should be denied 187,61 • Delays in the approval of residential to new housing which does not provide development proposals can be disas­ adequate play areas for children. trous in the face of rising interest 130 • Old houses in downtown areas should rates and construction-cost increases not be redeveloped for non-residen- 187 of about 2 per cent per month. The tial uses but rehabilitated to enable building industry and the general people, especially the elderly, to re­ public complain about the delays. main close to the centre of town. 61 Sometimes the delay can cause the 10 • In urban areas, more emphasis should cancellation of a project, and each be placed on rental programs with time a project is aborted, hundreds or option to buy and with rents applied thousands of families are denied bad­ to the purchase price. ly needed shelter. ibid • The government should subsidize to 187 The following are seen as some of a base rate the cost of domestic util-

8 ities in northern territories. buildings constructed in the shape of 187 • It is argued that rent controls are a dome or igloo have less heat loss counter-productive and militate against than the rectangular-shaped, box-like the very people who need to be as­ structures. The newly formed Solar sisted. Energy Society of Canada is currently 100 • Zoning and planning in urban areas disseminating useful information about should provide for a greater choice the subject; and William Loosely of in the selection of residential location. Burlington, Ontario, is said to be heat­ 187,61 • A review of present municipal and ing his home by using heat from the CAMAC development approval proces­ earth by means of a heat pump or ses is required in order to minimize reverse air conditioner. the time involved in approving pro­ jects. 2. LAND: ITS USE, OWNERSHIP, 130 • Homes for the elderly should be AND PLANNING situated at the centre of town or in other areas where the elderly can 2.1 Agricultural Land conveniently take part in social and 46, 205 Canada is often thought of as a country cultural activities and have access to with vast land resources. A study of services. 82,209 these resources shows that the present 162,52 • Federal, provincial, regional and mu­ agricultural area represents only about nicipal governments should come to 4 per cent of the total land area of Can­ grips with the shortage and high cost ada. It is obvious that the agricultural of housing. land base is small compared with the 187 • Substantial cost reduction in land, physical size of the county. In fact, the engineering and related services is area suitable for growing corn and fruits possible through the adoption of the is less than one per cent of the total comprehensive planned development land area, and only 10 per cent of the concept pioneered by Paul Heil and total agricultural land in Canada is in the Dick Stoltz, with ‘zero lot lines.’ highest class I category. The concept makes it possible to 130 Many Canadian cities are surrounded reduce (by more than 40 per cent) by prime agricultural land. Naturally, the cost of engineering and services; that is where the pioneers settled — and to obtain a more efficient use of their main livelihood being farming. As land by increasing the density of a result of the rapid growth which has single family dwellings from the tradi­ occurred, particularly since 1945, and as tional four per acre to as high as a result of the lack of proper planning eleven per acre. By providing for this **** controls, there has been a loss of agri­ efficient use of land, the total cost of cultural land to non-agricultural uses. shelter can be reduced considerably. 82 For example, (a) in British Columbia, It will, however, require the review of 100,000 acres of farm land were lost to existing zoning by-laws. urban development which occurred be­ ibid • Solutions to core area housing prob­ tween 1962 and 1972; and (b) the lems cannot be sought in isolation. 165,137 Toronto-Niagara region, which is famous The cost, quality and availability of as a fruit belt, has been affected by the such housing is inextricably related impact of urbanization and the develop­ to broader issues of land banking, ment of highways. land servicing, zoning and building In many parts of Canada, there is now codes. A more appropriate direction a growing concern not only about the would be to utilize a combination of loss of prime agricultural land, but also infill, rehabilitation, incentives for 164,200 about the impact of urbanization on home ownership, and high density farming activities and on the natural low-rise construction — all in conjunc­ environment. The former is of particular tion with a provincial and local land 130 concern in New Brunswick where class I assembly program in the core area agricultural land does not exist; and to ensure the most effective use of there are very limited amounts of land existing space and facilities. classified under classes II, III, and IV. 160 • It is suggested that much more imagi­ It is argued that, while the loss of farm native methods can be employed in land is not yet substantial, except near the design and construction of build­ metropolitan areas, it is significant and ings to reduce heat loss. Apparently 213 will become more so. There is therefore a need and a conviction that the time recreational lands. In the Maritimes, for has come for senior governments to 125 example, the non-resident (foreign) own­ initiate and implement a much more ership of recreational land is a serious direct and comprehensive policy to issue, but the observation has been govern the use of land in accordance made that the main problem is one of with its capability and resource devel­ land use, and not particularly of non­ opment. resident land ownership. (See Report of the Select Committee on Non-Resident 2.2 Land Use and the Environment Land Ownership, Nova Scotia.) However, Since the 1960’s there has been con­ in various parts of the country, citizens siderable discussion and debate on 130,105 are suggesting that governments should ecology and the general environment. control the private ownership of recrea­ After Hurricane Hazel in the mid-fifties tional lands to permit access by the the Metropolitan Toronto Conservation public. Authority was established to protect sensitive environmental areas and to 2.4 Suggestions Offered initiate nature conservation programs. **** • That all development proposals should With the exception of the work carried be accompanied by Environmental out by the Authority, there is a need for Impact Reports relating to the impact an ecological approach to land use in of the proposed project on (a) adjoin­ many parts of the country. People are ing land uses and activities; (b) exist­ **** concerned about this and also about ing resources including agricultural the pollution of streams, rivers and lakes lands; (c) urban and rural services due to the discharge of raw sewage and life styles; (d) the rural economy — and other effluents containing phenol, in particular, farming activities which mercury and other pollutants. should be protected from conflicting The discovery of oil, gas and other urban uses of land; and (e) generally, minerals in native territories, for exam­ the impact of development on the ple, brings in its wake large scale min­ physical environment. ing, engineering, and building opera­ **** • As much as possible, land which is tions. There is considerable concern least suitable for agriculture should among native peoples, environmenta- be designated for industrial, residen­ 147,9 lists, and other citizens about the eco- tial, commercial and other non-agri- 108 logical consequences of such operations cultural uses. and their impact on native people who **** • Federal and provincial governments traditionally have moved freely across should initiate Land Use Policies the land as trappers, hunters, and fisher­ directed towards the preservation of men. Land, with the geese and the cari­ good agricultural land which is re­ bou, is the basis not only of livelihood, quired for food production to meet but also of the culture and way of life not only present or future demands of native people, who are now seeking a in Canada, but also Canada’s obliga­ settlement of land claims with respect tion to export food to other countries. to the use, ownership and control of 193,51 Reference has been made to British native lands. In the Northwest Territories Columbia’s Land Act under which the the issue has placed a restriction on Land Commission has established land sales and land use planning. These agriculture land reserves, and pro­ restrictions and the uncertainties of hibits the non-agricultural use of land aboriginal claims make it risky for pro­ now under cultivation. Such land use spective developers to conclude agree­ policies should also take into consi­ ments on land deals. The uncertainties deration nature conservation and the and risks involved will not be resolved 85,88 preservation of areas of scenic and until the native land claims are settled. 193 scientific significance. The Metropo­ litan Toronto Conservation Authority 2.3 Recreational Land and the Metropolitan Toronto Parks 105 With increasing leisure time people Department have done some excellent are becoming more interested in land work in this area, which should have for recreation. There is concern about meaning for other parts of Canada the fact that land is falling into the hands and the world. of private owners to the extent that the 40 • An Environmental Council of Canada public has lost its access to some of the should be established to deal with (a) issues related to the natural environ­ ments. However, justice to the urban ment; and (b) issues related to the community must not be at the expense man-made or built environment. of injustice to land owners. Some Cana­ • Federal, provincial, regional and mu­ dians maintain that socially inspired nicipal governments should embark legislation cannot be a simple substitute upon a program directed towards for legislation inspired by the economic more public acquisition of land and or political conditions of a particular land banking. This is based on the situation. proposition that with such a program some of the crucial development prob­ 2.5 Frontier New Towns and Resource lems facing Canadian cities and farm­ Development ing areas can be solved. For example, 26,91,218 Attention is drawn to so called “new land banking in Saskatchewan is per­ towns” which have been developed in mitting young people to farm. There frontier regions in connection with min­ is concern however about the extent ing, engineering and large-scale, build­ to which governments can go to ing operations such as the construction acquire and hold land. of dams and power generation stations. One of the briefs argues that Cana­ In most cases it was not feasible to dians have relied on private enterprise, transport the labour force from existing the laws of supply and demand, the communities to the work site because of profit motive, and traditional economics distances involved. Thus the new towns for most of the development of the were built close to the location of the country. It is thought that this system projects which were often isolated and has been successful, to a large extent, barren. and governments have legislated against 91 Many millions of dollars have been its weaknesses and hedged it against invested in the development of the new abuse. Nevertheless, it is suggested that towns; and in several cases hindsight the time has come to call into question has shown that the end result did not even these fundamentals, especially with justify the financial investments involved. reference to the needs of existing human The failure cannot be measured in public settlements. The following arguments are or corporate dollar terms alone how­ presented. If the supply of vacant land ever, since many individuals also sacri­ cannot ever meet the demand for hous­ ficed their money and time, and suffered ing, then the supply-demand forces will hardships and disappointment. never, by themselves, restore balance. 91 It is suggested that instead of building In that case a new method is required. a new town the work force should live Similarly, if vacant land zoned for hous­ in camp-style accommodation at the ing is under monopoly or near-monopoly work site while their families stay behind control, legislation will be required to in existing communities. Owing to dis­ promote equilibrium and stability to this tances involved this would require flying market. In many countries of the world, the work-force in for several days. It is however, there remains in force the argued that although this could mean a social evil of leasing by restrictive separation from normal family life for a covenant. while, the problems involved would not ibid To illustrate the point further: When differfrom the working conditions of many scarce or unique agricultural land around travelling salesmen and others whose Canadian cities is worth more as devel­ type of work requires an absence from opment real estate than as food produc­ home. The transportation cost involved tion units, legislation to preserve an could be substantial, but that cost, to­ agricultural support for the urban com­ gether with the capital and operating munity will inevitably alter the traditional expense for the camp accommodation, patterns of land ownership. It is pointed should be less than the cost involved in out that there is a precedent for this building a new town with infrastructure kind of thinking. When the B.C. Govern­ and social services. The approach sug­ ment realized that public access to the gested above has been tried as an Province’s lakes was being threatened experiment, with some success, but in- by the continuing increase in the private depth studies should be undertaken to ownership of waterfront property, it determine the strengths and weaknesses banned all further sales of such Crown of this alternative approach to frontier property and adopted leasing arrange­ towns or new resources towns. 3. GROWTH MANAGEMENT Residents are therefore concerned about any rapid growth that would place a 3.1 Introduction heavy financial burden on the city and 80 It is pointed out that human settlement thus prevent the provision of adequate problems are seldom static. Changes in housing and community services. population and labour force continually 187 Some municipalities are opposed to modify both the scenario and the severity growth because of the cost involved in of the difficulties. Nowhere is this more providing new services and maintaining true than in Canada, where natural and 182 those existing. On limits to growth one immigrant population growth is coupled individual questioned “Oh man, do we with population shifts from region to ever need to recognize this fact! Of region and from rural to urban centres. course, we are smarter than the dino­ The labour force is growing rapidly with saur aren’t we? And growing bigger too.’’ an increasing percentage of women and While some citizens and elected officials young people entering the labour market. are arguing in favour of a “no growth’’ ibid Such growth and shifts in Canada policy, others have warned that growth, reflect changing life styles, and our ex­ which is very complex, cannot be stopped pectations for economic, social, and completely, and that “no growth’’ or cultural opportunities. For example, a “slow growth’’ policies can affect both the gradual increase in leisure time means national economy and economic activi- an increased demand for recreational 216 ties in the cities. It is suggested that what opportunities and travel. Opportunities is required is a knowledge of the relative for the latter have never been greater advantages and disadvantages of alter­ for Canadians than they are now. nate growth strategies, ibid Settlement problems are a combina­ *’•* Quite a number of Canadian citizens tion of the past, present and future are beginning to realize that problems activities and aspirations of our society. of the cities, small towns and rural areas Consequently, any possible solutions are related to the broader aspects of the must not only recognize the current national population; settlement pattern: situation but also anticipate future devel­ migration and immigration: as well as opments. Canadians are fortunate in regional and national land use. having a high standard of living, one of 202 The problems which stem out of popu­ the highest in the world. The quality of lation distribution have recently received life in our human settlements is also considerable attention in a number of among the highest in the world, but there provinces. In Saskatchewan, for exam­ is no room here for complacency. ple, several studies have been con­ 80 There is concern about the fact that ducted, and the resulting statistics indi­ nine-tenths of all Canadians are con­ cate the seriousness of the situation. The centrated on 7 per cent of the land and implications of declining rural popula­ that the population is unevenly distrib- tion and increasing urbanization are 147 uted; the rural population is declining now being realized, at least by some while the population of large cities is residents of Saskatchewan and other increasing at a fast rate of 3 per cent to Canadians. In fact of all Canadian prov­ 4 per cent per year — a rate much higher inces, Saskatchewan had the largest than the national increase, which in 1972 percentage of population shift in 1974. was 1.1 per cent overall. Because of the 52 The effects of migration and immigra­ growth pressures there are exacting de­ tion are also of great concern, particu­ mands in many cities for the delivery of larly in Vancouver where 50 per cent of public services, including housing and the population growth comes from net 29 investments in infrastructure. For ex­ immigration. (The city’s growth rate is ample, in 1963, Prince George had a about 30,000 people per year.) There is population of about 25,000 people. The a feeling in Vancouver that rapid popu­ existing population is now 65,000 and a lation growth would affect the social proposed steel mill would result in an structure and what is perceived as influx of some 10,000 people. This makes “a liveable region.” Prince George one of the rapid growth areas in Canada. When the pulp mills 3.2 Population Policy were established in Prince George, it 147 There is a need for a Canadian popu­ took some time before houses were lation policy relating to (1) population provided for the additional labour force. stabilization with respect to (a) fertility and (b) family planning services; and facilities and services could be offered (2) immigration. Rather than accept the at standards similar to those in major 149 Malthusian theory that war, famine, and cities. disease are the inevitable solutions to ibid There remain, however, major inequi­ over-population, planned parenthood has ties in Northern Canada that impede the been recommended as the rational alter­ realization of this goal. The inequities native. In this respect it is suggested are partly a result of the high freight that a comprehensive planned parent­ rates imposed on northern areas. Why, hood service should be established and on the one hand, does one policy sup­ that the service and information about port northern development while, on the planned parenthood should be accessible other hand, the transportation system, to all Canadians. With respect to immi- which could have a balancing effect on 147 gration it is suggested that a maximum remote areas, serves to increase the quota for Canada should be established, disparities? Since prices of oil and gas with provision for humanitarian consid­ have been equalized for the benefit of erations. But a sound immigration policy Easterners, it is unjust to label as a cannot be formulated without a popula­ subsidy a transportation policy which tion policy. equalizes freight rates for the benefit of A Canadian population policy should Westerners. also be related to a strategy for the 28 Northern residents pay more for house­ distribution of population as mentioned hold goods and food than residents 211 above, including, (a) shifting people into living in Vancouver, Ottawa or Toronto, the vast areas of the north in order to and transportation accounts for a con­ develop the natural resources; and (b) siderable portion of the excessive cost. establishing new towns with ultimate It is suggested that the federal govern­ populations of 500,000 to one million, ment should consider an entirely new and/or the expansion of existing com- transportation policy that would support 210 munities. But putting houses on the land northern and decentralized communities. to accommodate thousands of people is 80 There is a call for a national strategy not new town development. In this re­ that would consider a wide range of spect, it is suggested that Canada can incentives and other measures to sup­ learn a lot from the strengths and weak­ port deciining regions and centres. For nesses of new town development experi­ example, grants, subsidies, and plans ences in Scandinavia and England. such as those initiated by the Depart­ ment of Regional Economic Expansion, 3.3 Regional Disparities must continue to help minimize regional 28,216, Regional disparities, whether due to disparities. 218 climate, market forces, political pres­ ibid Other devices are already available sures, natural resources, transportation both in Canada and in other parts of the costs, or human resources, are a fact of world. They include policies/programs Canadian life and a problem for provin­ directed towards the decentralization cial and federal governments. The dis­ of government activities, and industrial parities reflect the natural flow of all location and re-location, with industrial resources toward the most favourable tax and re-location incentives. In British political and economic climate. For most 52 Columbia, for example, there is an individuals, a satisfactory living environ­ attempt to encourage new jobs to locate ment requires adequate income. Con­ outside the downtown areas. The Greater sequently people move from rural to Vancouver Regional District, for exam­ urban areas, from region to region and ple, proposes the development of stra­ from one country to another as they tegically located Regional Town Centres perceive greener pastures, (RTC’s) which would combine office em­ ibid In the future there is likely to be a ployment, commercial activities, cultural divergence from the trend of concen­ facilities and good public transport with trating all developments in a few major 80 nearby housing. It is suggested that the cities hugging the U.S. border. People cooperation of business and senior living north of the fifty-second parallel governments is necessary for the suc­ see opportunities for socially healthy cess of this idea and that senior govern­ communities. With more support from ments can set an example for others by the provincial or territorial government, locating in the RTC’s and by providing educational, cultural and recreational tax and other incentives. 3.4 Municipal Finance and Taxation titled, PERSPECTIVE, 1975, the Council 194 Some municipalities are experiencing stated: ‘‘In the future, we need greater 10 serious financial problems. There is a attention focussed on the adaptability of feeling that Inuvik perhaps faces the cities to people and not the other way worst problems. Of the existing popula­ round.” tion of 4,000 only 130 people, represent­ 39 It is doubtful, says one of the briefs, ing 3.2 per cent of the population, are if in 1969, the writers of the Annual tax payers, and yet the cost of paving Report of the Economic Council could the streets in the community would be have foreseen that in 1975 Canada would $75 million, according to the Mayor. It be preparing to participate in, and host, 1 has even been recommended that the the most significant urban conference federal government should assume full ever held — Habitat. But, it is argued, responsibility for the management of the the preparations for, and the delibera­ town — a town which was established tions at Habitat 1976 will lose impact and as an experiment in self-government in effectiveness for Canadians if the gov­ the Northwest Territories. ernment does not take advantage of this 152 It is said that the present system of impetus. It must seize the opportunity assessing property tax has many dis­ to establish continuing mechanisms advantages. Two of these are that it designed to focus attention on the adap­ discourages the conservation and main- tation of cities to people. The public tainance of buildings of architectural meetings and symposia, the Non-govern­ and historic significance and that it dis­ mental Organizations Conference and courages landlords from improving old the Youth Dimension Program represent buildings in need of renovations. Argu­ a useful start in the right direction, but ments have been made in favour of that is what they are — a beginning of changing the major thrust of Canadian what must become a greater commit­ municipal tax policies from property ment; a larger task. taxation to a taxation based on land ibid It is suggested that the time has come value. This, it is argued, has more eco­ for Parliament to create, ‘‘The Urban nomic, social and physical planning Council of Canada.” The role of the benefits than those derived from the Council should be advisory, there should property tax. be no government representation on its 83 It is pointed out that there are severe membership, it should have no opera­ tional duties or authority (other than the problems that have multiplied with and authority of wisdom), and it should be been intensified by the continued growth charged with the following functions: of our major urban centres. These prob­ (a) To ascertain the aspirations and lems are not all associated with munic­ concerns of the people of Canada ipal finance but in large measure they in regard to the development and could be dealt with more effectively if management of Canadian com­ there were a more equitable distribution munities and in regard to national of Canadian public revenues among the and regional policies concerned three levels of government. Some munic- with human settlements in **** ipalities and concerned citizens would Canada; also like to see new cost-sharing arran­ (b) To act as a ‘‘think-tank” on human gements with senior governments and settlements in Canada; intergovernmental cooperation in other areas of urban planning and urban man­ (c) As an outcome of (a) and (b), to agement. make recommendations to fed­ eral, provincial and municipal governments and to the private 3.5 An Urban Council for Canada sector for ‘‘forward planning”; and 39 The Economic Council, an indepen­ (d) To maintain contact with other dent advisory body, has been described national agencies and interna­ as a council ‘‘designed to assist forward tional bodies working in the same planning in all parts of the economy.” general area. In that task it has inevitably had to con­ 39 The Council should be multi-disci­ cern itself with the phenomenon and plinary in nature and should be com­ implications of urbanization, and its prised of individuals who have demon­ annual reports have contained valuable strated their concern for the urban future commentaries. In the 1969 report, en­ of Canada. 3.6 Technology technology can be profitably exchanged. 80 It is suggested that Canadian tech­ Technology of the Canadian North, for nology has a lot to offer for the solution example, would be of great interest to of housing, transportation and communi­ the Scandinavian and Russian commu­ cations problems. The work of the Divi­ nities, just as theirs would be to Canada. sion of Building Research at the National Research Council is outstanding, and, 3.7 Conservation of Energy along with the activities of development 125,193 There is concern about the lack of groups within the Central Mortgage and government policy on oonservation of Housing Corporation, this work shows energy. It is pointed out that current that knowledge, talent and enthusiasm conservation efforts are directed towards are available. It remains to be seen finding alternative forms of energy but whether or not these efforts can be that very little has been done to ensure effectively utilized by industry. the proper conservation of energy. It is Government initiatives in research therefore suggested that conservation and development are considered praise­ considered as the wise management of worthy, and in fact they create techno­ resources should be one of the major logical improvements which would not thrusts of a Canadian energy policy. The otherwise be available to many small following are some of the methods sug­ and medium-sized companies. Fresh gested for the encouragement and pro­ 219 initiatives are still required but the motion of the conservation and efficient greatest need is for innovation and ap­ use of energy: plication, especially in frontier regions. • public education and more informa­ For example, the “cryopile” is a build­ tion on the use of energy; ing pile which takes unique advantage • tax incentives and deterrents; pricing of prevailing cold winds to maintain controls; etc., in the following sectors: permafrost in its intact frozen condition. transportation, residential and com­ This is a natural application of Canadian mercial development, industry, and technology which has not been exploited electrical utilities. (See also “Technol­ simply because the innovative link is ogy” above.) missing. 80 Innovation in conserving energy within 3.8 Management, Intergovernmental our buildings is another example. No Cooperation and the Private technological breakthrough is necessary Sector to reduce energy losses from buildings. 105 It was argued that too often we con­ But new configurations, new designs and fine our thinking and discussion to the new specifications are required. It is problems of the big cities: crowds, noise, pointed out that the engineering socie­ dirt; rising land values at the core and, ties are co-sponsoring at least two con­ therefore, crowding and slums for those ferences in 1976 devoted to the reduc­ who cannot afford to escape to the tion of energy requirements in buildings. suburbs; expressways with more noise, (See also Conservation of Energy below.) pollution and traffic congestion; rapid In fact, the many technical and pro­ transit which does not pay unless over­ fessional engineering associations in crowded; riders going back to one per Canada do a great deal to develop and automobile; escalating costs; problems exploit our technological advances. They in municipal finance and demands for regret that they are not consulted more the review of federal, provincial, mu­ regularly or commissioned to prepare nicipal tax sharing; more demands for reports for government agencies. The services while somebody strikes for a Government of Canada must begin to 90 per cent increase! use such learned societies for the public It is suggested that finally after we good. have established our broad policies, It is argued that the general level of done our feasibility and environmental available technology in Canada is more studies, consulted the public, prepared than adequate to the tasks at hand. our designs and put the work in place, What is very often lacking is the ability we still must govern and manage human to marshal the technology. It must be settlements with skill. There is a need mobilized with vigor and directed with 187,143 for the development of a National Urban care and wisdom. In this regard, perhaps 157 Policy. The development of such a na­ it is worth mentioning that conventional tional strategy must involve all three levels of government, and will require planning/decision-making process, they both cooperation and effective coordi­ often end up throwing their hands in nation. It will require the reconciliation the air. There is a growing feeling that of a host of federal and provincial pol­ citizen participation efforts are meaning­ icies such as those on the distribution less and citizens are questioning why of population, immigration, environment planners and decision-makers do not and municipal financing. Hopefully, we consult with them before policies, plans will continue to explore and develop and programmes are formulated. The bi-level and tri-level conferences as following are the suggestions offered: vehicles for consultation and debate, 106 • It is suggested that there should be but there is always a need for new and prior consultation with people who improved mechanisms for intergovern­ know and live with problems which mental cooperation. The same is true 221 are to be solved. Communication and for the mechanisms and tools used by credibility gaps should be improved any level of government in implementing to make it possible for people to get its own policy decisions. involved, knowing what the issues are 80 The principal responsibility for the and believing their opinions will be development of national policies on taken into consideration. human settlement lies with the various 75.159 • As boroughs, cities or towns of 100,000 levels of governments, but theirs is not to more than one million population the sole responsibility. The business and are too big for meaningful participa­ industrial sectors, for example, have a tion, it has been suggested that deci­ role to play. Through their economic, sion-making powers should be decen­ social and cultural objectives they have tralized to the neighbourhood level a great influence on the world in which as in Winnipeg, where citizens and we live. Their attitude towards commu­ elected representatives are involved, nity involvement, and their commitment on an equal basis, in the formulation to it, does much to shape the relation­ of policies directed towards commu­ ship between work and leisure hours, nity development. and thus affects both the supply and 126 • Governments should provide financial demand for recreational facilities. Over assistance to citizen groups in order and above the election of representa­ for them to be able to engage profes­ tives to all levels of government we sionals and improve their capacity to must be prepared to discuss the issues participate in the decision-making with friends, with our elected represen­ process. tatives, with the interest groups and 147 • Participation which leads to confron­ associations to which we belong, and in tation is undesirable in society but public meetings. The brief in which the to avoid such confrontation and the preceding views were expressed, con­ creation of distrust or credibility gaps cludes that it is unreasonable for citizens the public should be provided with to blame government for errors which 107 full and honest information. It is un- stem from their own indifference. 80 reasonable, however, for citizens to blame the government for errors which 4. CITIZEN PARTICIPATION stem from their own indifference or apathy. It was said many times during the public meetings that citizens must be 5. THE QUALITY OF LIFE involved in decision-making that directly 126 affects their lives. To illustrate the point 5.1 Human Values vs. Economic it was suggested that bus drivers, bus Values riders, and taxi drivers would make **** Human settlements are not developing excellent members on transportation in ways that serve the real needs of boards. Citizens are saying that govern­ humanity, but rather they are being ments have shown very little commit­ developed in ways that advance the ment to citizen participation, and that a interests of large-scale, corporate insti­ large number of participation programs tutions whose common measure of value are initiated only as a result of pressure is economic. The preceding statement from citizens and/or reaction to some represents the views expressed at some decision. Citizens are saying that even of the public meetings. Quite a number when they become involved in the 181 of Canadians are sensitive to the fact that the environment has an effect on ation. There is concern about the fact the social life of people; that tight rows that neighbourhoods exist, yet many of little box houses, with no vistas to the people have no feeling of neighbour­ mountains, sea or sky, have a dehuman­ liness; and also there is segregation by izing effect; that money and efforts are 68 age, groups, etc. The situation is said wasted in developing new consumer 123,216 to be different in most small communi­ goods such as electric tooth brushes ties where the residents know their and other goods people can easily do neighbours. without instead of directing those efforts 60 Some students feel that the present into building decent houses and devel­ educational system does not teach them oping innovative concepts in the hous­ to be community-minded. They feel that ing industry. the school should have a more direct 182 They are concerned about traffic con­ and meaningful relationship with the gestion, pollution and the effects of community. They would like to be en­ uncontrolled development on people. couraged to provide specific services for 26 For example, a group of students sug­ their community, and they think that an gested in their brief that large-scale important function of their schooling economic developments, such as the should be to train students to take re­ proposed steel mill in Prince George, sponsibility for the future development should be permitted only when basic of their community. public services (including housing, trans­ ibid It is suggested that governments and portation, schools and recreational facil­ citizens should search for new ap­ ities) are or can be made available; and proaches in community planning and 126 that governments and the private sector development, and maximize the oppor­ be required to consider both economic tunities for individuals for personal and social aspects of development. development through meaningful em­ 64,216 There is a plea for more creative and ployment, recreation, arts and cultural radical solutions to human settlement participation in group and community problems — solutions which make eco­ activities, and social justice. nomic considerations “a servant and not 126, 202 Education, using the term in its broad­ the master of the human spirit.” Growth est sense, should present a wider range management strategies, it is suggested, of options available in “successful” should encourage Canadian residents to living. At the present time, school texts choose freely the community and life present the image of the “successful” style suitable to their abilities, aspira­ person as a city dweller with a large car, tions and pursuit of satisfaction, security etc., and the country “cousin” as a and happiness. less successful person. This stereotype 23 One of the briefs suggested that there should be changed, so that educational is also a need for innovative approaches literature portrays “successful” people which would expand the options for both on equal terms in all walks of life, and 90 urban and rural residents — for exam­ shows that there are many options ple, people in the cities should be able available to individuals. This matter was to grow their own vegetables and raise raised at two public meetings — one animals if they wish to do so. Further­ held in a small rural town and the other more, our government must continue to in a large city. initiate programs which would keep im­ proving the quality of life in both rural 5.3 Children’s Needs 126 and urban areas. In this connection it is Day-Care suggested further that current bureau­ 181 The observation has been made that no cratic structures must be flexible and discussion of “a better world to live in” responsive to newly emerging social can be complete without a lengthy dis­ needs, and that a fair proportion of the course on the early childhood years total budgets of the various levels of from birth through to eight or nine, but governments should be earmarked for especially up to the pre-school years interagency and intergovernmental ac­ which most federal, provincial and mu­ tivities. nicipal programs/plans tend to ignore. Research has shown that the first few 5.2 Alienation years of life are the most formative. By **** One of the current problems in our the time the child reaches five, learning major cities today is the feeling of alien­ patterns are said to have been com- pletely established. But many homes programs, this can cause children cannot give a child \what it needs before be become hardened to conflict.” it can even enter into the formal educa­ The above viewpoint presented in that tional system. The answer, of course, is program is supported by some con­ found in programs aimed at the pre­ cerned Canadians who have suggested school child — community day-care that media violence to which children are programs. exposed is harmful to human settlement. ibid In Canada at least 41.8 per cent of the labour force is made up of women, Other Children’s Needs at least 37 per cent of whom are mar­ There is little doubt, says one of the ried and 30 per cent divorced or wid­ briefs, that inadequate planning for owed. In view of this, it was argued children's needs aggravates the prob­ that proper day-care facilities for the care lems that are at the heart of some of the of young children must be of concern to human settlement problems. The right to any group interested in the development play has been said to be a child's first of a better human community. claim on the community, and it was All children of both working argued that no community can deny that parents and of full-time homemakers right without causing great harm to the can benefit from quality day-care, which bodies and minds of future citizens; for can offer an opportunity to interact with play is essential to the child's health and peer groups, and also educational and development. The outcome of such ne­ health benefits necessary for each child glect is successive generations of adults to reach his full potential. suffering from boredom and frustration, 181 In view of the statistics and needs unable to use leisure time meaningfully discussed above, it was suggested that and unable to live in harmony with co­ industrial and commercial firms should workers and neighbours. be interested in the provision of day­ ibid It is suggested that in planning and care facilities for the children of their urban design provision should be made employees, either in-plant, or in some for the preservation of natural open other place in the community. Since the spaces where children have traditionally provincial governments have so far failed been able to have freedom and find to take responsibility in this area, it was adventure: that children's needs should suggested further that the federal gov­ also be taken into consideration, in the ernment should cooperate in the con­ design of drinking fountains, public tele­ struction and/or management of day­ phones, washrooms and other facilities, care facilities. The incorporation of day­ and that play care centres should be care facilities into apartments, housing provided in shopping malls, train and 155 complexes and community centres was bus stations, and other public places also suggested. where children visit.

5.4 Native People •*** There is considerable concern about the disruptive impact of large-scale en­ gineering and building operations on native people who traditionally move freely across the land as trappers, hunt­ ers and fishermen — a people for whom Children and Media Violence 6.108 land, with the geese, the caribou, etc., Attention was drawn to a CBC tele­ is not only the basis of livelihood, but vision program entitled ‘‘Children and also the basis of culture and way of life. the Media” presented on September 9. The problem faced by Indians and 1975, in which the following statement Metis is seen by some concerned citi­ was made by a sociologist: zens as the ‘number one' problem in 6, 108 Canada. With the impact of large scale “Watching television influences 86, 9 developments, native people (and other children to violence, aggression, in­ humanity and coarseness. Many concerned Canadians) complain that programs available to children fig­ they are forced to give up their inde­ ure heroes getting awards for cruel­ pendent means of livelihood as hunters, ty and since children cannot make trappers and fishermen and yet because critical judgement watching such they do not have the skills required in mining, engineering and building opera­ 204 The trends toward decreasing farm tions, they derive very few or no benefits numbers and farm population and the from the new jobs created in their ter­ related increase in average farm size ritory. They are forced into a new urban are said to have exerted much pressure way of life usually as a minority group, on the traditional community structure 4 and with the deplorable attitude of some and life style of rural Saskatchewan. southerners, they become strangers in ibid In 1941, there were 138,700 farms in their own territory and lose self-respect. Saskatchewan with an average size of They also face other new social and 432 acres. By 1971, average farm size economic problems they cannot cope had increased to 845 acres while farm with. numbers had declined to 76,000. Over 223 Canada’s native peoples must find this same 30 year period, the province’s 169 their directions between their historical farm population fell from 514,700 to values and life styles and the pressures 233,800. for their integration into the patterns of ibid Taking the above factors into consid­ the ‘major society.’ It will never be pos­ eration, it is inconceivable that within sible or appropriate for anyone to pre­ one generation, all of the provincial scribe any single course for them among agricultural output could be produced these different destinies. They must be on 20,000 large farms with 50,000 farm offered viable options, and helped to workers. It is felt that such a sparse equip themselves to make these choices. farm population would have a disastrous 169 It was pointed out at Frobisher Bay effect on the rural way of life; that little and at other places that school curricula interaction in rural communities would do not provide for the teaching of native be possible, and that many of the pres­ language, and that it is shattering for a ent rural services could not be supported little Indian, Metis or Eskimo child to by such a limited farm population. The discover that his/her teacher cannot per capita costs of providing essential even pronounce his/her name. The chil­ services such as roads, electricity, tele­ dren become alienated from their culture. phones, hospitals and schools would 105 It is suggested that no community become prohibitive. should be created or operated without: 202 The provincial and federal govern­ (a) providing a real life for those who ments have enacted several programs choose to live and work with na­ in an attempt to increase the income of ture; and farmers and to encourage young men (b) providing a choice between edu­ to enter into farming, but some people cation in the traditional cultures feel that these programs have met with and skills and education in mod­ mixed reactions. ern industry commerce and cul­ ibid Statistics provided by the Farm Credit ture. Corporation indicate there is no shortage of people willing to enter agriculture. 6. MAINTENANCE OF SMALL TOWNS There is, however, a lack of individuals AND RURAL AREAS with sufficient capital to begin an oper­ ation. In fact in 1973 only 2.2 per cent 202 In recent years agriculture in various of F.C.C. loans went to individuals with provinces of Canada has become more less than $25,000 in equity and 17.5 per and more capital intensive, displacing cent went to those with over $200,000 in the labour force. Technology has led to equity. This situation then perpetuates increased mechanization of the farm a current trend of older, established operation and this in turn has led to a farmers expanding their present opera­ comparable increase in the size of an tions. economically viable farming operation. ibid The younger generation of the rural To illustrate: statistics indicate that in Saskatchewan population, for example, 1951 the number of farming operations cannot afford to enter farming indepen­ in the province of Saskatchewan was dently (two families cannot be supported 112,000 and by 1971 this figure had drop­ in many cases by one farm) and they are ped to 76,000 with the average farm size unwilling to wait until middle-age to take being 845 acres. The following account over the family farm. (contained in a brief presented on agri­ 204 It is suggested that to counteract these culture in Saskatchewan) reflects the trends two things must be done. First, situation in other parts of Canada. governments must ensure that those farmers already in production are able being seen in terms of being profes­ to continue producing while receiving a sionals and needing a university educa­ satisfactory economic return for their tion. All this has enticed the young to efforts. the bright city lights. ibid Secondly, they must ensure that new 216 In the Maritimes and other provinces farmers are able to begin farming with there is a debate about the viability and a minimum of difficulty, and that the decline of small towns and villages. number of new farmers approximately Should they be closed down? It is equals the number of retiring farmers. argued that viability is not solely (or ibid Reference was made to two major strictly) a question of economics but programs of the government of Sas­ more importantly a quality-of-life issue, katchewan which have been introduced and as such the communities should not recently to achieve both of the above- necessarily be destroyed and the people noted objectives. The Land Bank Pro­ displaced. gram has been directed to purchasing There is also growing concern in rural land from farmers who are leaving pro­ areas regarding the migration of city duction and turning it over to beginning 223 residents to rural settings. The increas­ or developing farmers. Also, the Farm ing acreage of hobby farms creates Start Program has been making grants problems for rural municipalities and in and low interest loans available to be­ many instances takes valuable agricul­ ginning farmers and those developing tural land out of production. With the their farms to allow them to become in­ increasing need for efficient food pro­ volved in an intensive farming operation. duction, this deliberate waste and non­ ibid If there is to be any success in slowing productivity of a resource merits the down the trend in the reduction of farms, consideration of all concerned. through programs such as crop insur­ 202 Distribution and grain handling oper­ ance, price stabilization, or subsidized ations have been the subject of much credit for land purchase, then govern­ debate during recent years. Vital to the ments may have to ensure that the ben­ agricultural sector is an efficient trans­ efits of such programs are not capitalized portation system; yet such a system can into higher land prices and that the ben­ create and has created problems. During efits do actually flow to those that they the fifties and sixties priority was placed are designed to serve. To achieve this, on providing rural residents with good it may be necessary to prevent non­ all-weather roads to facilitate access to farmers from owning or controlling land. 202,217 services located in urban centres. How­ It may also be necessary to place re­ ever, this magnificent system probably strictions on the amount of land that any was one of the major factors in the de­ one farmer can own or control. cline of villages, hamlets and small 205,213 As mentioned in Section 2.4, a na­ towns. It allowed too easy an access to tional policy on land use should be the larger centres in the province, draw­ implemented to restrict the use of high ing valuable trade from smaller centres quality agricultural land for non-revers- which were dependent upon a captive ible uses. It is recognized that the juris­ market. Today, it is a relatively simple dictional frame-work presents problems thing to drive to a shopping centre or for a national policy. There are, how­ department store, forsaking the local ever, many facets of fiscal policy, general store. This has led to a decline taxation, transportation, as well as ra­ in the number of businesses in rural tionalization of food production at the areas. For example, there was a loss of international level which can be applied 1000 businesses in rural Saskatchewan satisfactorily only at the national level. (a total change of 14 per cent) between 202 The work ethic of the early home­ 1961 and 1973, while the province’s cities steaders is no longer apparent in the increased their number of businesses rurale areas. And in the majority of cases by 37 per cent. farm youth have been encouraged to 202 Some attempts by governments to make a better life for themselves in the reverse this trend have met with varying city, through education and training. The degrees of success. Through such pro­ type of education has perhaps per­ grams as DREE, Industrial Development petuated the exodus of youth from the Bank, SEDCO, CASE, and Business As­ rural areas. The philosophy taught is sistance, vast sums of money and ex­ one of the good life in the city, success pertise have been made available to aid the expansion of businesses and to en­ The following solutions have been tice the establishment of new operations. offered: These range from cottage industries, .... , Private automobile access to city secondary and primary small businesses, centres should be limited. With re­ to large intensive operations. spect to this, Canada can learn from It is the view of many that the estab­ the methods which have been em­ lishment of a iabour intensive industry ployed in some European cities, in­ can be the saviour of small communities cluding Gateborg, Essen, Munich, and that it will bolster the local economy Vienna and Manchester. and keep the young in the small urban 147,160 • More emphasis should be placed on centres. public transportation and the service should be fast, reliable, comfortable, 7. TRANSPORTATION and cheap. Ontario’s GO commuter trains and suburban Dial-A-Bus Ser­ Of the many transportation problems vice have been referred to as offering and needs which are known to be of good approaches to coordinated public interest to citizens, the following were transportation. mentioned at the recent public meetings; 147 • Subways should be planned and main­ 202,217 • Many communities are concerned tained as a major component of urban about the rail-line abandonment pro­ transportation systems. gramme although many lines have not ibid • With respect to rail, efforts should be been utilized in seven years. made to make more viable the rail 202 • Vast improvements to the transporta­ system, notwithstanding recent re­ tion system in the prairies are re­ duction in passenger services and the quired. unfortunate experience with the Turbo 147,215, • Vehicular traffic is said to be one of train. Rail service to rural areas should 212 the most disturbing phenomena of also be improved. large cities. It creates intolerable con­ 147 • There should be a shift from the pri­ gestion, noise, fumes which pollute vate automobile to higher efficiency the air and other safety hazards and modes of mass transit in large cities it has a disruptive impact on the such as Montreal and Toronto, and a quality of life. shift from lower to higher energy ef­ 147 • Although land use and transportation ficiency in the movement of goods. In are inter-related there is very little this connection, it is suggested fur­ integration between land use planning ther that the federal Ministries of and transportation planning. There is Urban Affairs and Transport should also very little integration between work together. modes of transport. 28 • There Is a call for a new federal 124 • At the present time major decisions transportation policy for northerners, which have a significant impact on which would be directed towards the traffic in large cities are made by all elimination of freight rate disparities. three levels of government with no 76 • The national census should include single coordinating body. information which would be of use to 80 • The federal government is soon to transportation planners; for example, unveil the details of its long-awaited information about work place in rela­ and much-needed transportation pol­ tion to home, travel time (to work), and icy. This will undoubtedly become a mode of transportation. major factor in the resolution or ag­ 124 • Reference has been made to Halifax’s gravation of human settlement prob­ Traffic Management Centre — an in­ lems In Canada. Throughout our his­ tergovernmental approach to problem tory, transportation has been one of solving which seeks to try innovative the principal levers controlling our techniques for traffic management economy and a visible commitment with emphasis on public transporta­ to national unity. The efficiency of tion. modern passenger transportation sys­ ibid • In Halifax and other metropolitan tems has created an increasingly areas such as Toronto, transportation mobile population. Efficient transpor­ planners are involved in the develop­ tation thus contributes as much to the ment and promotion of a variable cause as it does to the solution of work hour system which would stag­ the problem of population shift. ger departures to and from work places in order to even out peak human settlement problems may well be traffic periods. questioned. Canada has much to give **** • Socio-economic activities should be and much to gain at such a conference. decentralized both within the cities 83 There is no doubt that as a nation and in the metropolitan regions. favoured with natural and human re­ 107 • The provision of fine public transpor­ sources Canada has a responsibility for tation service will help to reduce traf­ 83, 223 people whose lives are one long human fic congestion and air pollution. It misery. Our responsibility, however, will would also make more land available not be exercised by admitting to Canada in the city centres for more intensive highly qualified and experienced immi­ uses than parking lots. grants from Third or Fourth World coun­ 80 Hopefully, a national transportation tries. In fact, it is a disservice to those policy will reflect the need to solve countries because it creates a brain human settlement problems. Over long drain in areas of the world where those distances this could be done by em­ skills and intellect are most needed for phasizing and encouraging information their future development. transfer or communication and freight 83 Canada’s interest need not be sub­ transfer but not passenger transfer. Over verted by accepting unqualified immi­ short distances the emphasis could be grants. However, we might be more reversed to encourage passenger trans­ effective as global citizens if we would fer but not freight transfer. Information improve our productivity to assist the transfer should receive high priority. In underdeveloped parts of the world in short, the inherent characteristics of meeting basic nutritional standards. This transportation systems should be recog­ would allow those areas to concentrate nized to avoid wasteful duplication and less on food production and more on make the best choice more widely avail­ the development and education of their able. This is to recognize that groups own citizens. of people must be able to meet easily 80 international cooperation in technol­ for social and cultural interchange, ogy transfer is another effective weapon which takes place most often in and in the attack on worldwide starvation around a single locality. Here the mo­ and in the maintenance of worldwide bility of the populace is paramount. For peace. The provision of sufficient food, business and professional interchange, clothes and housing are theoretically the movement of people is less impor­ possible on a global scale provided that tant if they are merely carrying infor­ appropriate technology is used efficient­ mation; it is much more efficient to use ly and effectively. This requires not only a communications medium, such as the international cooperation but also a mail or the telephone, leaving people clearer recognition of the limits and po­ to work productively. tential which characterize technology. If used for purely economic ends, tech­ 8. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION nology can be inhuman. On the other hand, if it is required by a needy people 80 This year has witnessed several con­ and is not allowed to dominate or dic­ ferences devoted to the plight of the tate every aspect of life, it will be a most Third World. Those held to discuss pop­ precious tool in the buiiding and re­ ulation and food were dramatic re­ shaping of human habitation. minders of the desperate conditions facing the vast majority of dwellers on 9. HABITAT AND CANADIAN PARTICIPATION our planet. The gap between the Cana­ dian standard of living and that of the 9.1 The Canadian National Committee Third World countries is enormous, and (CNC) Participation Program it is widening. In contributing to an in­ Opinions are divided as to the suc- ternational conference on habitation 57,75 cess of the public meetings which were Canada should be mindful of the sever­ held across the country. Two briefs ity of the problems which face the stated that the information program con­ 80, 223 developing countries. Unless Canadians fused the public and also failed to mar­ are prepared to discuss trade arrange­ shall interest in our support for the ments in their favour, and to help stimu­ Habitat Oonference. But other briefs late economic opportunity for them, our 181,149 contained statements — contrary to the credibility in a common discussion of 16 preceding — that “the local newspaper ads announcing the meetings are very makes some people skeptical about the clear and attract public attention” and Habitat Conference. that “the CNC public meetings are ade­ The Canadian Urban Demonstration quate and a good means of getting Program gave citizens, non-government­ views.” al organizations, and local governments There is doubt as to whether the Ca­ and opportunity to participate in a mean­ nadian National Committee Report will ingful way, and it is regretted that the reflect most of the concerns of the peo­ program has been cancelled. In fact ple. Contrary to this opinion some of the there have been strong objections to the citizens who attended the public meet­ withdrawal of the program budget. ings or submitted briefs have congra­ tulated the Ministry of State for Urban 9.3 The Interim National Report Affairs and the Canadian National Com­ Attention is drawn to “the following ... mittee for holding public meetings across important issues and concerns which Canada. It is felt that the public parti­ have been omitted” in the Interim Na­ cipation program “can and will prove tional Report, including specific Cana­ 40,80 to be a worthwhile step in the develop­ dian issues, (listed 9-17): ment of a national position paper for 1. Conservation, distribution and de­ Canada at Habitat.” velopment of national resources 49 It is suggested further that the process 2. Preservation of natural areas of participation should go beyond the 3. Development of alternative pat­ Habitat Conference and that as the CNC terns of natural settlements and has explored the concerns of Canadians, alternative life styles the government should establish an on­ 4. Indian land claims going participation program to involve 5. Input of natural resource devel­ Canadians in a dialogue leading to the opment on aboriginal cultures formulation of Goals for Canada — sim­ 6. Industrial pollution and workers’ ilar to Goals for Halifax, Goals for Oregon health and safety and Goals for Dallas. Such a program 7. Population growth and popula­ should take into consideration the ex­ tion dynamics perience of Man and Resources and all 8. Energy conservation and inter­ other commissions and hearings, along mediate technology with the experiences of community or­ 9. Northwest B.C. regional develop­ ganizations, politicians, professionals, ment the man in the street and anyone in­ 10. James Bay Hydro Electric Project terested in participating. 11. Mackenzie Valley pipelines and northern oil and natural gas de­ 9.2 Canadian Urban Demonstration velopment Program 12. Control zone management 46 The U.N. Conference on Human Set­ 13. Oil tanker traffic on all three tlements is billed as “solution-oriented,” oceans but others feel that this phrase is mainly 14. Off-shore oil drilling an exercise in public relations in view 15. Churchill-Nelson Hydro Electric 129,207 of the sudden cancellation of the Cana­ Development dian Urban Demonstration Program. In 16. Athabasca the spring of this year in Vancouver, the 17. Large scale development of coal Hon. Barney Danson, Minister of State for in B.C. and Alberta. 177 Urban Affairs, told an international meet­ 80 It is also pointed out in another brief ing of the Community Planning Associa­ that the Interim National Report appears tion of Canada and the American Society to contain a contradiction in its sugges­ of Planning Officials in a speech titled tion regarding community re-develop- “The Way to Habitat” that a measure of ment. The Report stresses the need for the federal government’s commitment management strategies which will: to Habitat was the $100,000,000 Cana­ dian Urban Demonstration Program. “. . . blend policies to divert new population growth to slow growth Subsequently, the federal government areas or to other areas within the announced that it was cutting the pro­ metropolitan region, with others gram from its budget. The feeling is that that lead to better accommodation the federal government’s commitment of the remaining growth within the to Habitat is less than serious and this cities...” ibid This is lacking in clarity but it does ap­ plexes, other housing projects, and community pear to suggest that conditions and op­ centres. portunities should be improved not only —A wide range of architectural concepts are in the urban centres but in the areas required. with declining population too. Admirable —Review of present municipal and CMHC develop­ though this strategy may be, it is not ment approval processes is required to drasti­ likely to produce any net change in pop­ cally minimize the time involved in approving ulation growth and shift. Since the man­ projects. agement of population growth and shift —An alternative to the redevelopment of existing is one of the principal problems in residential areas in city centres is required to Canada, the above statement might be enable people to remain close to the centre of changed so as to reveal how the relative town, and, as much as possible to save existing emphasis could produce the desired residential units. effect. —Federal, provincial, regional and municipal gov­ ibid The brief concludes that the Interim ernments should come to grips with the shortage National Report is a valuable document and high cost of housing. They should become in itself and forms a sound basis for the more involved in the housing industry by build­ Final Report. ing, renting and maintaining more of the housing stock. 10. SUMMARY OF MAJOR CONCERNS, ISSUES, —In urban areas experiencing a shortage of land AND PROBLEMS IDENTIFIED AND there should be a shift of emphasis from single SOLUTIONS SUGGESTED family units to multiple family units. —In large urban areas emphasis should be placed Housing on rental programs with option to buy and with rents applied to the purchase price. Concerns —Review of building codes and zoning bylaws to —High Cost and Shortage of Housing, particularly permit: rental accommodation. (a) flexibility in administration and the proces­ —Building Codes and Zoning Bylaws: Too rigid. sing of projects; Place undesirable restrictions and discourage (b) innovations in design and in cost-reduction innovations in design and building methods. methods of building construction; —Approvals Process: Delays in the approval of (c) more variety in housing types; subdivisions, rezoning and other development (d) mixed residential development and other proposals subsequently affect the supply of uses; and shelter; increase the ultimate cost to buyers and (e) different life styles particularly of native tenants. people and others living in the north. —Demolition of Existing Housing Stock: Redevel­ opment of existing residential properties for non- Land; Its Ownership, Use and Planning residential uses does not only aggravate the housing shortage but also creates hardships for Concerns many low income families. —Agricultural Land: Concern about the disruptive —Shortage of Serviced Land impact of growth pressures on good agricultural —Location of Low-Income Housing: Development land and on farming activities; and the depletion on the outskirts of cities results in increased of existing agricultural lands. transportation costs and limits access to social —Land Speculation: Concern about the effect of services and facilities available in the city. land speculation on the cost of land, and its —Senior Citizens’ Homes: Isolation of senior citi­ tendency to drive farmers off the land. zens’ homes and unsuitable high-rise accom­ —Native Lands: Land is considered the biggest modation for some senior citizens. issue in Northern and Indian Affairs. Native —Rehabilitation: Programs are inadequate people are seeking a settlement of land claims —Home Ownership/Rental Accommodation: Gov­ with regard to the use, ownership and control of ernments initiate home ownership programs at land which forms not only the basis of livelihood the expense of rental accommodation. but also their culture and way of life. —Land Use Policies: Concern about the lack of Suggestions national land use policies and provincial land use —Government should subsidize to a base rate the policies to guide local and regional land use cost of domestic utilities in northern communi­ planning. ties. —Recreational Land: Need for public access to —Day care facilities and children’s play areas recreational lands. Governments requested to ac­ should be incorporated in all apartment com­ quire more recreational lands and open spaces. and control private ownership of recreational —Migration and Immigration: The effect of migra­ lands. tion and immigration on local communities is of great concern particularly in Vancouver where Suggestions 50% of the population growth comes from net —The establishment of a land use policy which, immigration, and the city’s growth rate is about among other interventions, would designate prime 30,000 people per year. agricultural land and ensure its preservation. —Public Interest in Land: There is a call for fed­ Suggestions eral, provincial, regional and municipal govern­ —Population Policy: There is a call for a Canadian ments to embark upon a program directed to­ Population Policy relating to: wards more public acquisition of land and land 1. Population Stabilization — with respect to banking. This is based on the proposition that (a) fertility and the establishment of com­ with such a program some of the crucial devel­ prehensive family planning services opment problems facing Canadian cities can be which should be accessible to all Ca­ solved. Also some of the major rural problems nadians; and can be solved; for example, land banking in (b) immigration — the establishment of a Saskatchewan, which is permitting young people total maximum quota for Canada, with to farm. provision for humanitarium consider­ —Environmental Impact Statements: Suggested — ations. all development proposals to be accompanied 2. A strategy for the distribution of population by statements about the impact of proposed including consideration of the desirability of: projects on other land uses, existing resources, (a) shifting people into the vast areas of the social and economic activities and the general north in order to develop the natural re­ physical environment. sources; (b) establishing new cities with ul­ —All levels of governments are called upon to timate populations of 500,000 to one million, formulate land policies which would take into and/or the expansion of existing communi­ consideration the needs for development and ties. also nature conservation and the preservation There is a lot that Canada can learn from of areas of scenic beauty. The Metropolitan experience in Scandinavia and England. Gov­ Toronto Conservation Authority and the Parks ernments possess “carrots and sticks’’ which Department have done some excellent work in can be used to influence population distribu­ this area which should have meaning for other tion. parts of Canada. However, a broader ecological While some citizens are arguing in favour approach to land use planning is lacking in the of a “no growth’’ policy, others have warned regions of Canada. that growth which is very complex cannot be Growth Management stopped completely, and that a “no growth” policy can affect not only the national econ­ Concerns omy activities in the cities but also socio­ —Resources/Environment: Lack of proper protec­ economic. It is suggested that what is tion of the natural environment and renewable required is a knowledge of the relative resources; lack of an ecological approach to advantages and disadvantages of alternate land use planning. growth strategies. —Population Distribution: Concern about popu­ —Conservation: Conservation considered as the lation concentration in a few major cities and wise management of resources should be one about the growth pressures which make exacting of the major thrusts of Canadian energy policy. demands for the delivery of services and invest­ The following are some of the methods sug­ ments in infrastructure. gested for the encouragement and promotion of —The Disruptive Impact of Growth on Communities the conservation and efficient use of energy: —Municipal Finance: Property taxation as a major public education and more information on the source of municipal finance is considered un­ use of energy; tax incentives and deterents; desirable. pricing controls, etc., in the following sectors: —Intergovernmental Relations: Intergovernmental transportation, residential and commercial de­ cooperation among federal, provincial, regional/ velopment, industry, and electrical utilities. local governments leaves much to be desired. —National Urban Policy and Comprehensive Plan­ —Regional Disparities: Disparities in the distribu­ ning: There is a call for a national urban policy; tion of social and economic opportunities and regional, provincial and national land use pol­ generally in the standard of living — between icies and greater intergovernmental cooperation. urban and rural areas; between regions; be­ —There is a call for a national strategy that would tween provinces; and between northern and consider a wider range of incentives and other southern communities. measures to support declining regions and cen­ tres. Grants, subsidies and programs such as dren’s needs aggravates the problems that are those initiated by the Department of Regional at the heart of some of the human settlement Economic Expansion, must continue to help min­ problems. imize regional disparities. —Economic Values vs. Human Values: General —There should be a more equitable distribution concern about the development of human set­ of Canadian revenues among the three levels of tlements in ways that do not serve real human governments. Some municipalities and citizens needs, but rather are dominated by large corpo­ would like to see a new cost-sharing arrange­ rate interests, and economic considerations. ment with senior governments. —Native People: The disruptive impact of large- —The time has come for Parliament to create scale engineering and building operations on “The Urban Council for Canada’’ as a non-gov­ native people who traditionally move freely ernmental and advising body to ascertain the across the land as trappers, hunters and fish­ concerns and views of Canadians with regard to ermen; a people for whom land — with the the development and management of Canadian geese, the caribou, etc., — is not only the basis communities and to make recommendations to of livelihood but also the basis of culture and governments and to the private sector. a way of life. —Rural Life Styles: The impact of urbanization Citizen Participation and large-scale development projects on rural life styles. Concerns —Alienation: Growing feeling of alienation in large —Lack of Participation: Governments have shown cities where some have limited opportunities for very little commitment to citizen participation. personal development through meaningful em­ A large number of participation programs are ployment, recreation and cultural activities, par­ initiated after citizens have reacted vociferously ticipation in community activities, and social to some policy decision/plan; or when citizens justice. have demanded to have a say. —The disruptive impact of large-scale mining, —Communication and Credibiiity Gaps: Growing engineering and building operations on the en­ feeling that most citizen participation efforts are vironment, such as the James Bay project; the meaningless. Citizens question why planners Alaska highway, paper mills in Thunder Bay, etc. and decision makers do not consult with them —The discharge of raw sewage into sources of before policies, plans and programs aie formu­ water supply and other effluents containing lated. phenol, mercury and other pollutants. —Air pollution. Suggestions —There should be prior consultation with people Suggestions who know and live with problems which are to —The establishment of an Environmental Council be solved; and/or with people who are affected of Canada, (to function much like the Economic by policies and plans. Council of Canada), to deal with: (a) issues re­ —Decision-making powers should be decentral­ lated to the natural environment, and (b) issues ized to the neighbourhood level similar to the related to the man-made or built environment. practice in Winnipeg. —Environment impact studies and statements —Participation which leads to confrontation is un­ should be made on all large-scale mining, en­ desirable in society but to avoid such confron­ gineering and building operations. tation and the creation of distrust or credibility —There is a need for innovative approaches which gaps, public officials should provide citizens would expand the options for both urban and with full and honest information. It should be rural residents. For example, people in the cities made possible for people to get involved know­ should be able to grow their own vegetables and ing what the issues are and believing that their raise animals if they wish to do so. views will be taken into consideration. —It is suggested that no community should be —It is unreasonable, however, for citizens to created or operated without; (a) providing a real blame governments for errors which stem from life for those who choose to live and work with their own indifference or apathy. nature; and (b) providing a choice between —Governments should provide financial assis­ education in modern industry, commerce and tance to citizen groups to improve their capacity culture. to participate in the decision-making process. —Government must continue to regulate and en­ courage an improved quality of life in both the The Quality of Life urban and rural communities. —It is suggested that large-scale economic de­ Concerns velopments, such as the proposed steel mill in —Children’s Needs: Inadequate planning for chil­ Prince George, should be permitted only when basic public services (including housing, trans­ —An efficient transportation system is vital to the portation, schools and recreational facilities) agricultural/rural sector. are or can be made available; and that govern­ —The establishment of labour-intensive industry ments and the private sector be required to can save small towns and rural communities. consider both economic and social aspects of (For other suggestions see sections on Land development. Use, etc., and Growth Management.) —It is suggested that in planning and urban design, children’s needs should be taken into consider­ Transportation ation, for example, in the design of drinking fountains, public telephones, washrooms and Concerns other facilities. —Vehicular Traffic Congestion and the creation —In view of the fact that 41.8 per cent of the labour of noise and fumes which pollute the air; safety force in Canada is made up of women, at least hazards and generally the disruptive impact on 37 per cent of whom are married and 30 per cent the environment and quality of life. divorced or widowed, it is argued that proper —Railways: Many communities are concerned day-care facilities for the care of young children about regional disparities in freight rates and must be of concern to any group interested in about the rail-line abandonment program. the development of better human community. —Coordination: Decisions which significantly af­ fect traffic in large cities are made by all three Maintenance of Small Towns and Rural Areas levels of government without a single coordi­ (See also Growth Management and Quality of Life) nating body. —Land Use/Transportation: AWhough land use and Concerns transportation are inter-related, there is very little integration between land use planning and —The loss of prime agricultural land reduces the transportation planning in some of the large amount of food produced and increases its cost. cities. The depletion of agricultural land is a serious —Efficient Transportation: The efficiency of mod­ problem in view of the fact that only 10 per cent ern transportation systems has contributed as of the agricultural land in Canada is in the much to the cause as it has done to the solution highest category — class 1. of the problems of population shifts and rural —Increasing number of acreages of hobby farms decline. creates problems for rural municipalities, and in many cases takes valuable agricultural land out Suggestions of production. —There is a call for a shift from the private auto­ —Decline in Rural Economic Activities: Vital to the mobile to higher efficiency modes of mass rural sector is an efficient transportation system; transit in large cities. Measures taken in this yet such a system has created problems. It has respect should include limiting private auto­ allowed easy access to the large centres drawing mobile access to large city centres, and making valuable trades from smaller centres and led to public transportation more reliable and com­ a decline in the number of businesses in rural fortable with reasonable fares. Some people areas. have even gone further to suggest the provision —Rural-Urban Migration: In recent years agricul­ of free public transportation. ture in various provinces of Canada has become —The federal Ministry of State for Urban Affairs more and more capital intensive displacing the and the Ministry of Transport should work to­ labour force. Increased mechanization and the gether to improve rail service particularly to related increase in farm size and decreasing rural areas notwithstanding any recent reduc­ farm population exert pressure on the traditional tions in train travel and the unfortunate exper­ community and rural life styles which are tending ience with the turbotrain. There is also a call for to have a disastrous effect on the rural way of a transportation policy that supports northern life, and threatening rural services which could communities. not be supported by a limited farm population. —The following are suggested as some good ex­ The per capita cost of providing essential ser­ amples of transportation systems, planning and vices such as roads, electricity and telephones, management which should have meaning for hospitals and schools would be prohibitive. other cities and provinces: —Co-ordinated public transportation service in Suggestions the Toronto region which includes Ontario’s —People should be given incentives to remain on GO commuter trains and suburban Dial-A-Bus the land and others should be encouraged to Service, and the services operated by Toronto become farmers in order to maintain an ade­ Transit Commission; quate supply of food for the growing population. —Limits placed on private automobile access to city centres in Europe — Gateborg, Essen, gering departures to and from work places in Munich, Vienna, and Manchester (England). order to even out peak traffic periods; and -Toronto subways as a major component of —Halifax’s Traffic Management Centre — an the urban transportation systems; intergovernmental experiment in traffic man­ -Variable work-hour programs aimed at stag­ agement and problem solving. Part IIB

Canadian NGO Conference on Human Settlements

Introduction 1. RECOMMENDATIONS/ This part of the Report presents the resolutions RESOLUTIONS adopted at the Canadian NGO Conference on Human Settlements. The Conference did most of 1.1 Human Settlements Policies, its work in nine workshops devoted to the following Strategies and Planning themes: Preamble: • Human Settlements Policies, Strategies and As there is only one earth, ultimately, Planning there is only one habitat. It is our wish • Institutions, Management and Finance that the earth be habitable for all its • Housing, Infrastructure and Services people for all time. • Land Use and Ownership We judge a place habitable if those in • Public Participation it find the support they need; first, for • International Programme the satisfaction of basic physiological, Some 67 topics were discussed under the six psychological and social needs, and sec­ themes above and some of the ensuing resolu­ ond, for the opportunity to develop tions/recommendations appear repetitive because human potential to its highest level of (a) they were made at different workshops, and (b) fruition. some of the topics overlap. The topics have been To fulfil our wish for habitability for re-arranged under the themes but the wording of all, the people of Canada must be com­ the resolutions has not been changed. mitted to a more equitable sharing of Most of the resolutions were debated and resources required to develop essential adopted at the plenary session, but because of systems of support for people. Implicit lack of time not all the resolutions could be in this commitment is the recognition considered. However, since all the resolutions that Canada must reduce its demand on were debated by representatives of NGOs who and consumption of the world’s re­ are concerned about the topics all the resolutions sources. are presented in this Report. Only in this way is there hope and The resolutions which follow are presented with prospect for its realization. marginal references which relate them to the other Parts (IIA and III) of this Report. It should be pointed Recommendations out that every participant of the workshops had a Whereas, everyone should have ac­ copy of the Draft of this CNC Report (Parts I, IIA cess to adequate, basic personal, social, and III). Debate was therefore conducted in the cultural and physical facilities and ser­ light of the Report. vices at levels which are responsive to evolving individual and community needs, expectations and aspirations and; The recommendations that follow have not been discussed by tbe Whereas, development and growth of Canadian National Committee as a whole, and therefore are not communities in Canada have largely presented herein as CNC recommendations but recommendations been created for the extraction of natural of the National Conference of NGOs held in Ottawa, December 11- 13,1975. resources, and as a result, the necessary economic and political structures have been created to facilitate that extraction, energy) and decrease dependence on and as those policies are not necessarily non-renewable energy resources. in the best interest of Canadians; We recommend that all levels of gov­ Therefore, we recommend: ernment, in a coordinated approach, • that the Canadian government re­ Part IIA enact legislation requiring the prepara­ direct its policies in order to give Sec. 2.4 tion of adequate “settlement impact priority to human resource develop­ statements’’ (that would include envi­ ment; ronmental impact statements based on • that Canadian people design and man­ a conservation ethic as well as social, age their communities including fron­ cultural and psychological factors) prior tier and agricultural communities . . . to the undertaking of any significant to provide acceptable standards of action by themselves, or by private in­ living, culture and recreation; and terests under their jurisdiction; that such • that Canadians use their resources legislation include public participation, and land in a planned and appropriate including public hearings, prior to final way in the best interest of the world’s decisions; and that financial assistance people. be provided under such legislation to Part HA We recommend that a “Canadian Pop- persons or groups wishing to participate Sec. 3.2 ulation Policy’’ be established with the in the assessment process or wishing for full participation of Canadians and class action in the courts, NGOs, which will give special attention l^e recommend that: to immigration and to Canada’s disad­ • governments at all levels be encour­ vantaged in rural and urban areas and aged to develop, articulate and widely which will recognize our special respon­ publicize their policies and proposed sibilities to the rest of the globe. policies concerning human settlement It is recommended that after consulta­ and the distribution of population; tions the government of Canada formu­ • that efforts be made to ensure that the late and publicize a comprehensive Pop­ policies of the different levels of gov­ ulation Policy to include immigration, ernment are compatible; and internal migration and natural popula­ • that the mechanism by which govern­ tion growth, and that it recognize that ments at different levels discuss and the birth rate in this country should be debate these policies with each other, the result of free choice where each such as the tri-level system, be re­ couple has the knowledge and means structured, re-enforced and broad­ to decide freely and responsibly the ened at the political and officials’ number and spacing of their children as levels. affirmed at the Human Rights Conference We recommend that the federal gov­ in Teheran in 1968. ernment develop a more comprehen­ We believe that among the principles sive set of social indicators which could of human settlements policy should be 1) be used to assess the effects of all the equitable distribution of decision aspects of human settlements on the making powers for resources among set­ quality of life. tlements and people rather than a con­ Part IIA We recommend that national policy Sec. 5.1 centration among a few people, and 2) make possible more employment and Para. 3; the careful use and sharing of vital re­ Sec. 5.2 better amenities in rural areas and sources within a collective stewardship Para. 4; smaller communities and thereby make rather than unlimited growth and ex­ Sec. 6; and possible a wider range of residence op­ pansion. Part III tions for both metropolitan and rural p. 45 IVe recommend that: residents. • a human settlement policy be based We recommend that Canada have a on conservation of natural resources comprehensive policy on rural develop­ and of the environment, to produce the Part IIA ment which will assure a livelihood to highest quality of living for mankind; Sec. 6; and fulfilment for rural residents, rational and Part III • a human settlement policy must take See use of rural resources and preservation into account the total environment; and Growth of the distinctive way of life in return • the Canadian government promote the Manage­ for rural peoples’ providing recreation ethic of a conserver society, and in ment space, food supply and management, the particular, actively develop the use of rural environment for the general good, alternate and responsible renewable including future spatial expansion of energy sources (i.e. solar energy, wind cities. We recommend that regional develop­ give leadership to a committee of gov­ ment policy in Canada favor and encour­ ernment and NGO persons who would age a more even distribution of people undertake a study which would analyze and settlements and a more equal ac­ and make available to the NGOs and to cess to employment, income, services the public, information, in an easily and opportunities for self-realization. understandable form, concerning both Considering that it is a basic right of the location of power and the ownership all Canadians to have the means through and control of money that shapes human adequate employment opportunities or settlements, in addition to the method income distribution to; by which decisions are finally made on physical well being such areas as: that is, adequate shelter, nutrition, — development of new energy projects health services (dental, medical), re­ — determining the location of industry creation (facilities, parkland), clean air — housing and water — land use intellectual development — shaping the food industry educational opportunities — planning and development of cities philosophical insights cultural activities and opportunities for to be available for discussion at the dialogue. Habitat Forum. We recommend a comprehensive so­ cial security policy be developed and NGO Network implemented to ensure that these basic human rights are met. We recommend that individual provin­ Part iiA We recommend that steps be taken cial delegations consider various means Sec. 5.3 iQ ensure that our communities provide which would foster NGO communication '^2 & 3 ’ support services (e.g., day care) so that at the provincial level. This might include and Part III women can share fully in all aspects of exchange of personnel, newsletters, task p. 46, life and that measures be taken to en- forces on common interests, occasional para. 3 g^re that the design of our communities meetings, or the use of a common ani- be such to eliminate sterile, alienative, mateur who would be the link between and unsafe environments. such groups. Since governments and NGOs agree We further recommend that there be that citizen participation is essential and a session at Habitat Forum for a pro­ should be encouraged, we recommend: vincial and a national meeting and that • that plans for development or rede­ the possibility and utility of another velopment of any area by open to NGO Conference for next fall following public scrutiny before policy decisions HABITAT be examined by the Canadian are taken; NGO Participation Group. • that citizens have access to policy and decision makers. To do this, the iden­ Multi-Governmental Relations tity of these people must be known; • that present and potential residents Effective action on human settlement and users be recognized as an essen­ issues is seriously impeded by the lack tial part of the planning process; and of shared perception of problems and by • that major undertakings, whether pub­ the lack of “fit” between problems, gov­ lic or private, require the preparation ernment jurisdictions, and tax revenues. of comprehensive social, economic We recommend that: and environmental assessments to be • Provinces review municipal acts to in­ submitted well in advance to the pub­ crease local powers; lic for scrutiny and recommendations Part IIA • Municipalities benefit more fully from to the appropriate authorities for ap­ Sec. 3.4 revenue sharing with federal and pro- proval prior to the initiation of specific p 45 vincial government; design activity. para. 3 • All levels of government commit them- coi. 2 selves to devising more effective tem­ 1.2 Institutions, Management and porary organization (cross-functional Financing and intergovernmental) focussed on understanding and developing poli­ Money, Power and Human Settlements cies/strategies and delivering pro­ We recommend that the Minister of grams; State for Urban Affairs be requested to • A major design criterion be that structures/processes be comprehen­ treatment, waste management and sible and accessible to the public; and recycling. • That NGOs involve all relevant levels Criterion: A good community shapes of government when approaching its social services to meet tomorrow’s problems in order to provide leader­ needs. It recognizes the needs of its ship for effective cooperation. citizens for privacy; it recognizes that its citizens have particular needs as a 1.3 Housing, Infrastructures and consequence of their age, health, socio­ Services economic status — and that these peo­ ple, in their variety, need each other. THESIS: A desirable social goal is the Recommendation: That Canada’s Na­ establishing of good communities. In this tional Report on Human Settlements be quest, the criteria for good communities shaped around the following needs of must be identified, the problems which people: stand in the way of the goal must be • Everyone should have the opportunity dealt with, and action must be taken. for some kind of privacy within their Part IIA Criterion: A good community must be shelter; Sec. 3.6 a “conserver society,” one which re­ • Recognition that in terms of a healthy and 3.7 cognizes the need to develop and im­ community it is necessary to have a plement environmentally appropriate good mix of people — age, culture, technologies and lifestyles. In recogni­ socio-economic, etc. Housing devel­ tion of the fact that growth within limits opment should emphasize planning is creating resource and social problems, for people and opportunities for public we recommend that: participation; • the government’s policy on energy • There should be a ready availability of conservation be strengthened; social services, especially for those in • a national transportation policy be the low income group, single parents developed with a view to developing and the elderly; and more efficient and more energy-effi­ • There should be provision for life-long cient transportation of people and education, both formal and informal, goods; which will meet the needs of modern • the federal government adopt a policy society, including the adjustment of promoting the conserver society and minority groups into the community. the environmentally-appropriate ur­ Criterion: A good community creates ban habitat, as necessary for the long­ within its neighbourhood opportunities term viability of settlements in Canada; for leisure time activities that contribute • a policy be developed for creating and to personal growth. Future communities implementing use of renewable energy must provide for shared leisure space sources, such as solar heat, wind gen­ and facilities, accessible to all. erators, heat pumps and biomass; Recommendations: • coastal zone management policies be Part IIA • An increased percentage of land in implemented to resolve the conflicts Sec. 2.3 residential areas must be publicly in coastal communities, ports, leisure owned and used for recreational pur­ uses, wildlife habitat and marine es­ poses; such areas must be so located tuaries; as to be readily accessible to all the • housing codes and CMHC policies be residents of the neighbourhood; and changed to promote new designs and • There must be both long and short technologies for dwellings which are range planning by local and regional less wasteful of space, conserve ener­ communities for the creation and pre­ gy and consume fewer resources in servation of open areas and for com­ their construction and maintenance; munity utilization of existing facilities • a policy be developed for provision for leisure time activities. of urban green-space and recreation Criterion: A good community, in re­ areas for increased physical and men­ sponse to the trends toward a more tal well-being; and complex and highly organized society, • all levels of government promote the will decentralize its decision-making development and implementation of processes so that individual citizens environmentally appropriate technol­ within community groups can participate ogies for provision of municipal ser­ in the making of decisions. Key to this vices, such as clean water sewage involvement and to the well-being of the community is the need for efficient sys­ able cost we recommend the estab­ tems of transportation and communica­ lishment of a national housing policy tion. which would reflect the needs of so­ Recommendations: ciety in this time of rapid urbanization. • Transportation: that a total concept The Right to Housing: Resolved that transportation policy be implemented all Canadians be guaranteed a right to which would provide long-range plan­ adequate, affordable housing. ning policies of sufficient flexibility (1) This is acknowledged government po­ to allow cities to plan rail relocation licy at present but the effort to reach in response to the needs of their citi­ this objective is inadequate. zens and to enable future city growth; Since housing is a right is should be (2) to allow provinces and large urban treated as a social utility and not as a centres to construct airports in ac­ market commodity. cordance with plans to minimize pol­ Our systems of tenure must be revised lution and traffic congestion; (3) to in such a way that all are guaranteed provide federal incentives to assist security. cities in traffic control, mass transit We direct that the Canadian National systems and the conversion of rail- Committee alter its Report to carry this yards to residential uses; and message to government. • Communication: that competitive ser­ Priorities: Resolved that governments vices be encouraged in the communi­ intervene to assure Canadians that lim­ cations media as an incentive to im­ ited housing resources (land, material prove quality and that government and and finances) are used to satisfy those communities work for a free flow of needs of highest social priority first. information between elected officials This includes housing for families with and citizens. children, the elderly and the socially and Criterion: A good community houses physically handicapped, especially those its people comfortably and economically of low and moderate income. through the optimum use of its resources. Such intervention could take the form It seeks to find, in cooperation with gov­ of direct action, the provision of induce­ ernment, industry and the public, the ments to non-government producers and means to minimize the costs of newly regulation. constructed and rehabilitated housing Infrastructure: Resolved that govern­ by the application of the fruits of new ments make full use of existing infra­ economic, technical and administrative structure facilities, but that beyond this, research. major development take place in ex­ Recommendations: ploiting existing and new technologies, • In urban areas, or where land has including recycling, energy cohservation become scarce and therefore unduly and communications, transport and so Part IIA expensive (particularly for the emerg­ forth. Sec. 1 ing new generation), land should be Transport: Resolved that investment in considered as a resource rather than new roads and the resultant disruption a commodity. Further, because of the of neighbourhoods be reduced by pro­ cost of single family housing, it is viding alternative transport systems probably incorrect now to regard which would discourage the reliance on home ownership as everyone’s right the private auto within urban areas. Pol­ — it is, however, everyone’s right to icies encouraging other non-motorized comfortable, affordable shelter. There­ and pedestrian movement must be im­ fore, it becomes essential that utiliza­ plemented. tion of available land be done in such Part IIA Neighbourhood Conservation: Govern- a way that the land portion of the cost ments should give greater encourage- of housing be minimized; Partiii rnent to programs relating to the re- • With respect to the construction as­ p. 44 habilitation of neighbourhoods with pect of housing, it is important to note significant decision-making power by that private industry has the capacity members of those communities and to perform efficiently and should not security of tenure for these members. therefore be discouraged from per­ There is a grave need to facilitate forming this function; communication education in this process • Recognizing the right of Canadian with the objective of removing preju­ residents to decent shelter at afford- dices, in order to create new housing supply and rehabilitate existing houses. objectives. Part IIA All developable spaces in existing Financial Resources: Resolved that Sec. 3.1 communities need to be used for resi­ governments alter fiscal and monetary Para. 5 dences or amenities, including recrea­ arrangements in such a way as to pro­ tion as a means of fulfilling housing mote the maintenance of existing hous­ needs at minimum social costs. It is re­ ing and reduce the carrying cost of new cognized that no-growth policies of many and rehabilitated housing. municipalities must be changed. Modification in taxation should pro­ Fully integrated and adequately vide an interest in good maintenance funded social and health services are a and prevent the destruction of existing necessary part of both new and existing housing through tax shelters. communities. Local entry points for co­ Financial institutions should be re­ ordinating such services are required. quired to set aside funds at a publicly Part IIA Standards: Many standards imposed specified interest rate. Any losses could Sec. 1 in order to receive federal funding of be recovered on other financial trans­ Para. 2; and Part III housing projects are rigid and many are actions that have a lower social priority. conceived mainly to assure the federal government that it will have a saleable 1.4 Land Use and Ownership asset should the borrower default on Part III The workshop dealt with the issues loan obligations. p.p. 42-43, and concerns expressed by the Cana­ and Resolved that there are certainly Part IIA dian National Committee in its draft minimum standards with respect to phys­ Sec. 2.4, Report. These concerns are: ical security, but that many standards p.p. 10-11 i There may be a concensus in Can­ relating to density and internal space ada for public ownership of land. and configurations of spaces in houses ii There is a unanimous desire on the could be varied, especially those under part of Canadians for a national municipal control. Regional variations (federal) land use policy. are required. Governments and agencies iii There is a high degree of public must be receptive to and encourage unawareness about what provincial projects that incorporate innovations. and municipal governments are ac­ Also resolved that standards for ob­ tually doing in relation to land use. taining loans and grants to rehabilitate iv Governments should continue and existing housing need to recognize the extend land banking activities. culture and historic period in which the V There is a resistance to long-term building was first produced. Where ne­ leasing of land. cessary, municipal and provincial gov­ vi There is a conflict of opinion be­ ernments should modify their require­ tween the view that land is a com­ ments as well. It must be recognized that modity that may be bought, sold this housing once provided adequate and generally used at will and land shelter and that it can do so again. as a public utility fa nafura/ resource) Delivery System: Resolved that the whose title is held by a society federal and provincial governments seek which permits private use on so­ to create and implement adequate pro­ ciety’s terms. grams for both producing new housing The following resolutions were con­ and rehabilitating existing housing, as sidered: well as living environments. ibid Be it resolved that Canadians give The growth of a large housing devel­ consideration to changing the principle opment industry seems to have created of both the public and private owner­ as many problems as it has resolved. ship of lands to a principle of public Further assistance for housing co­ ownership of all lands in Canada. operatives, non-profit companies and ibid Be it resolved to advocate public other third sector programs should be ownership of land for specific purposes provided, including better implementa­ only. tion of existing programs, as well as as­ ibid Be it resolved that land is a resource sistance to create a co-operative cons­ which is publicly and privately owned truction industry and to support self-help and traded under control. co-operatives. Part IIA Be it resolved that satisfaction of the Governments should encourage the Sec. 2.2 aboriginal rights and land claims of Metis use of the trade union movement, senior and 5.4 and Non-status Indians, Status Indians citizens and others in assisting these and Inuit peoples of Canada be the number one priority for future human The workshop determined that the Fed­ settlement policies for all levels of gov­ eral/Provincial Task Force is now pre­ ernment in Canada. paring this policy. This policy would ibid And further, be it resolved that aborig­ apply to all lands in Canada and it would inal rights and title to the land be reaf­ guide the public and private utilization firmed rather than extinguished as is the of all lands. present policy of the federal government. Be it resolved that since land use ap­ ibid And further, that native representa­ plies to all the ways land can be used, tives be involved from the outset in po­ that in the development of any firm litical, economic and social planning at national land use policy for Canada all all levels so that their wishes and needs the various sectors involved in using the will be guaranteed in development proj­ land be requested to project and eval­ ects involving their traditional and/or uate the land use requirements for their treaty lands. sector and that the land use policy be ibid; and And that no further major industrial formulated on the basis of a comparative Part III development projects (Mackenzie Valley, analysis of these projections and the p. 46 Athabasca Tar Sands, James Bay, Nel­ analysis include a cost-benefit study and son River Diversion) be proceeded with an environmental and social analysis. until aboriginal rights and land claims The workshop took the position that a are settled to the satisfaction of the national land use policy should be es­ native people and that land claims ne­ tablished now and that the testing of gotiations not be conducted under the the policy and its evaluation be part of threat of these massive development a continuing process involving all Cana­ projects. dians. Be it resolved that the Canadian gov­ Part IIA Be it resolved that the economic and ernment exert its influence with member Sec. 3.3 social neglect of hinterlands, in favour countries in the United Nations General of metropolitan centres, be taken seri­ Assembly to reaffirm the aboriginal rights ously as the explanation of the migration and land claims of indigenous peoples of peoples to urban centres; and that before economic development forever new political, economic and social pol­ destroys the possibility of the retention icies in favour of hinterland development of traditional lands. be given priority among solutions to Part IIA Be it resolved that there be a high urban problems. Sec. 2.1 priority on the preservation for agricul­ The workshop recommends that small Part III communities in rural Canada be ex­ p.p. 42-43 ture of classes I, II and III lands and that these lands, suitable for agriculture but panded to accommodate urban growth. not needed at this time, be retained in This policy would relieve the^ pressures reversible uses. on metropolitan and large urban settle­ ibid The workshop discussed the existing ments. land problems in Canada and determined Be it resolved that the federal gov­ what must be achieved. The use of ernment in the planning and implemen­ prime agricultural land for agriculture tation of all future urban projects either is considered as the highest priority independently or in cooperation with when determining competing claims on other bodies consider as priorities the the utilization of land. This resolution following: expresses the desire of the workshop to • Encouraging the development of both ensure the continued production of ade­ inter- and intra-city public transporta­ quate food for Canadians. tion systems as opposed to extended ibid Be it resolved that agricultural land highway development; be designated forever as priority in food • When feasible, renovation and recy­ production. cling of existing properties as opposed The workshop specifies that this res­ to demolition and rebuilding; olution deals with the matter of ensuring • The encouragement of the develop­ food production for Canadians. ment of viable neighbourhoods; and Part IIA Be it resolved that those lands which • The preservation of heritage prop­ Sec. 2.3 provide for recreational activities be erties. protected. Be it resolved that governments con­ Part IIA Be it resolved that the federal gov­ tinue and expand land banking activities. Sec. 2.4 ernment adopt a national land use Be it resolved that there is a high policy. degree of public unawareness of what provincial and municipal governments hood “human settlements resource cen­ are actually doing in relation to land tres” one model for which would be the use. legal aid clinic, in this case including the collaboration of all professions related to 1.5 Public Participation human settlement problems (architects, To deal with existing problems of planners, engineers, etc. . . .). human settlements we recommend that mechanisms be established, where they The Public Participation Process to date do not exist, to increase citizen control in decision-making processes with re­ PartiiA The Group expresses appreciation of gard to their own settlements. For ex­ Sec.9;and {[-|g jnt0pf of the Canadian Participation ample by: p'^42 Program and welcomes the national — Decision-making councils, which initiatives that led to it. However, the should be decentralized. They should Group also recognizes that this program reflect the identity for natural com­ has, in certain ways, fallen short of the munities. expectations of many NGOs experienced — There should be public hearings on all in public participation. The workshop new community plans; group therefore urges that the following — There should be tenant-run housing; — There should be citizens’ rights to de­ steps be taken: mand referenda on rezoning. Partin • The NGO Participation Group should Whereas adequate and timely informa­ P-“^2 undertake an evaluation of the public tion is a key to participation of people program and in so doing elicit re­ in matters that affect their lives, we re­ sponses from the NGOs, national and commend that the appropriate levels of regional, present at this Conference. government in Canada enact “open in­ • The NGO Participation Group should formation legislation” to provide citizens evolve guidelines for future participa­ with ready and sure access to informa­ tion programs. tion available to governmental decision­ Group 8 suggests that in so doing they makers at all levels. incorporate the following recommenda­ We recommend that all levels of gov­ tions: ernment enact “public disclosure leg­ • Funds and other resources should be islation” requiring public officials to made available to local areas through reveal their property and financial in­ provincial networks; terests. • Information about meetings and sundry Whereas citizens should have legal gatherings should be presented in a recourse against decisions affecting their form suitable for the target group for quality of life in a given community, we whom it is intended; recommend that a “Bill of Environmental • Every attempt should be made to elim­ Rights” be enacted to provide a basis on inate barriers to attendance at public which any citizen could take legal action meetings (e.g. registration fees, awk­ against environmental offenders; ward locations, invitation only basis Individual citizens should be given the for attendance); right to bring class actions on behalf of • Field work should be done before any some or all citizens against parties, in­ major gatherings to ensure that the cluding all levels of government, whose event and its purpose are clearly iden­ activities violate the Bill of Environ­ tified, and its possible clientele well mental Rights and affect the quality of informed; life of citizens. • Special attention should be paid to the We recommend that school courses briefing of press and recognition should include curriculum elements to should be given to the fact that mem­ aid citizens to participate in dealing bers of the press are also citizens; and with their human settlement problems. • Attention should be paid to the use Whereas much of the information that of the media, particularly television citizens need to be masters of their own community channels. destiny is possessed by professional The Group recommends that public PartiiA specialists, we recommend that public participation in human settlements is­ Sec. 4 funds be available to citizen groups for sues across Canada be encouraged and the services of such specialists, one pos­ supported as follows: sible use of these funds being for NGO • The federal/provincial cost-sharing experiments in establishing neighbour­ program for human settlements pro- grams in the provinces should be con­ • That provision be made for Habitat tinued until December 31, 1976, and audio-visual presentations (both Ca­ this program should be designed to nadian and international) to be dis­ strengthen involvement of regional and tributed across Canada as soon after local NGOs and the public; the Conference as possible; • In cases where the provinces do not • That the Canadian National Exhibit, participate in this cost-sharing pro­ or parts of its, should be accessible gram, a mechanism should be estab­ to people in all parts of Canada after lished to provide federal funds direct­ Habitat; and ly to needy NGOs; • That in the immediate post-Habitat • A directory of program resources period, provision be made for public (films, slide-tapes, exhibitions, se­ forums to be held to make Canadians lected speakers, selected print ma­ aware of the important issues raised terials, etc.) should be prepared, dis­ at both Habitat conferences, and to tributed and periodically updated; and discuss how future Canadian policy, • A national network of NGOs con­ national, provincial and local, should cerned with human settlements issues relate to these issues. should be established with represen­ tatives from all provinces and territo­ Monitoring of Official Statements ries of Canada to replace the NGO Participation Group which is sched­ The Group urges that in the period uled to be dissolved July 31, 1976. January to May the NGC Participation Group monitor any government state­ Group 8 recommends the following: • the draft day by day agenda for ments that may be issued in relation to Habitat Forum be made available to official Canadian positions at Habitat, in NGOs as soon as possible; and the light of recommendations adopted • the policies and procedures on reg­ by this Conference. Should the monitors istration, attendance and accommo­ feel that action is required, the NGCs dation at Habitat Forum be formulated should be alerted. so as to encourage equitable partici­ Part IIA We recommend that governments sub- pation (viz., of North America and ^ scribe to the principle that people should participate in decisions that affect their Third World delegates, of well funded p. 42 and poor groups, etc.) and that these lives. This participation should begin be announced as soon as possible. early in the decision-making process, An essential requirement of citizen and it should be a consultative process participation is information and ongoing which continues over time. Gne way in consultation before final decisions are which these principles of participation made. To demonstrate this, the fed­ should be implemented is by incorporat­ eral government should make available ing such a requirement in ALL govern­ to the public through Parliament and ment legislation at all levels of govern­ ment. through other available NGO channels, the Canadian Habitat position papers and the working draft of instructions to 1.6 International Program the delegation. This should occur as The Principles to be Reflected in the early as possible before the Conference. Improved Mechanisms and Programs for Such action would allow the public to be International Cooperation prepared for Habitat and Habitat Forum and to make on-going input into the Ca­ The general principles of international nadian position. cooperation for the achievement of a To insure meaningful results from the just economic and social order are ex­ Human Settlements Conference in Can­ pressed in Articles 55 and 56 of the ada, this Group urges the following: U.N. Charter. Although the constituancy • That the NGC Participation Group of the United Nations membership has make provision for a pre-conference changed in 30 years, the principles planning meeting of NGCs who will be remain valid. at Habitat to develop strategies for Today they are expressed in more the collection of information and ideas specific and insistant demands for a during Habitat for post-conference New International Economic Crder by dissemination at regional and local the nations of the Third World. The prob­ levels; lems to be faced by the U.N. Conference on Human Settlements should be seen many of the same problems; within the context of the fundamental • a sharing of ideas, experiences changes called for in the progressive and resources not based on realization of this New International Eco­ materialistic gain by one ‘part­ nomic Order. The Canadian government ner in development’; has already indicated its general sup­ • our recognizing that multipliers port of the New International Economic can be gained from organizing Order; and its approach to Habitat should multi-country programs of co­ embody the basic principles which the operation that may involve both New Order will incorporate. MDC’s and LDC’s — given the More specific principies are required commonality of certain human if we are to lend more meaning to in­ settlement problems; ternational cooperation whether in the • a preparedness to be more field of human settlements or in other realistic about what sharing fields. These principles are aimed pri­ may be demanding of some marily at resolving fundamental problems partners (those we have called affecting international cooperation — the ‘donors’ to date); and problems arising from self-induced • a sharing in decision-making values being imposed on others, the power in the international or­ imbalance of power in international or­ ganizations. ganizations, our misperceptions of the Specific Concerns for a Program of problems, and our lack of realism in international Cooperation in the Human organizing international programs of co­ Settlements Field operation. The principies we recommend be While the other discussion groups reflected in new mechanisms for inter­ may have been identifying priorities in national cooperation are: the many problem areas relating to (a) Our approach to human settle­ human settlements in Canada, the Inter­ ment problems must be holistic national Program group decided that it — we must see them in the would run counter to the principles we broader context of national eco­ wish to see reflected in future program nomic and social development. of international cooperation, if we were The approach must also be from to set priorities for those human settle­ the vantage point of community ments issues confronting other countries. needs and not only from that of However, we would recommend: national development. • that more attention be given to prob­ (b) If we are to avoid our culturally lems of human settlements relative to conditioned assumptions and other concerns of the international values being imposed on others community; and in international cooperation pro­ • that this attention reflect an holistic grams, we must; approach to human settlement prob­ • encourage a greater degree of lems. self-reliance in terms of use of Some of the specific issues that we local personnel, training of per­ sense are given insufficient attention sonnel in their home countries, but which may lend themselves to in­ and use of local materials; ternational cooperation are: • have a greater respect for • the development of programs re­ others’ sense of community; flecting the rural-urban continu­ and um; • recognize that others do not • the problems of rural-urban mi­ necessarily accept our materi­ gration; alistic interpretation of quality Part IIA • the transfer of technology of an of life. Sec. 8 appropriate nature; (c) The concept of sharing must ex­ • the relations of man to his com­ tend to; munity and to his environment; • our recognizing that the more • the management of resources; developed countries (MDC’s) • housing; have much to learn from the • urban planning and development; less developed countries • rural community development; and (LDC’s) since we experience • land use. The Improved Machinery for Internation­ tional Arrangements to Ensure More Ef­ al Cooperation fective International Cooperation in the Field of Human Settlements’’ (A/CONF. General recommendations directed to multi-lateral and bilateral agencies; 70/PC/23 Dec. 3/75) to go before the • Continuing change in values and per­ U.N. Habitat Preparatory Committee in ceptions of issues calls for a machin­ January 1976. Without making a deci­ ery that is adaptable to this change. sion as to which of the three alternatives We recognize the difficulty of avoid­ proposed (or any other option) might be ing an institutionalization of vaiues but most suitable as a mechanism for con­ would urge the Canadian government tinuing the work of Habitat, we recom­ to ensure that the principles identified mend that: be reflected in changes in machinery. • the focus on human settlements is­ This machinery will, however, only be sues, lent by Habitat, should continue as good as the people who run it. within the U.N. family; Without in any way identifying indi­ • any continuing effort should not call viduals, we urge that every effort be for an additional institution but rather made to ensure that enlightened in­ one which embodies the activities of dividuals head up these agencies. one or more of the existing U.N. ins­ • More attention should be given to titutions already working in the field; honest, on-site evaluations of aid pro­ • the institution selected should ensure grams. We understand that this is that human settlements are ap­ being considered by CIDA, and would proached in their broadest perspec­ urge it and other multilateral agencies tive; and to adopt such measures. • the institution should be designed to encourage the active participation of Recommendations directed to CIDA and other bilateral agencies: NGOs in cooperating in its programs. • Canada’s “Strategy for International Recommendations DIRECTED TO Development Cooperation 1975-1980’’ NGOs: should be revised to stress support for In recognition of the significance of a program on human settlements. This public awareness and political support. may or may not have implications for If any major change is to take place CIDA’s structure. along the lines called for by this group, • Greater recognition should be given then NGOs in Canada and elsewhere to the ability of NGOs to operate should undertake public education and programs in LDC’s that, through the training programs that will reflect the involvement of members of the com­ principles called for here and.bring about munity, better reflect the real needs the required change in attitudes leading of that community. This calls for a to that political support. major shift in CIDA’s resources to the NGO program. Also an on-going The Organization of the Conference liaison between CIDA and NGOs in Recommendations to the Canadian working out a more effective partner­ ship is giving effect to Canada’s inter­ government and to NGOs regarding national development strategy. The people of repressed socio-economic extent of this shift should be reflective background as representatives are; of the absorption capacity of the • Every effort must be made to maxim­ ize the number of these people as NGOs for funds. • CIDA, with the support of other federal direct representatives of repressed socio-economic backgrounds who and provincial agencies as necessary, should expand its public participation have evolved solutions to their own problems. They must be allowed to program to increase public aware­ ness of issues relating to international express themselves in their own way cooperation, with a view to increasing at Habitat; • Funds should be made available public support for, and political com­ through federal funding such as CIDA mitment to, international cooperation. to ensure that each country is re­ Recommendations DIRECTED TO THE presented in this way, with an abso­ U.N. lute minimum of 100 persons, assum­ The group considered the final draft of ing that approximately 3000 persons the U.N. document “Alternative Institu­ will be attending the Forum; • A similar principle should be applied tion of specific policies relating to the in attempting to ensure that the rel­ recommendations of this Conference / atively disadvantaged within Canada would move that; also have every opportunity to attend • Each NGO take at least one and may­ the Forum through funding from fed­ be two of these recommendations and eral departments (such as MSUA and endeavor to encourage implementa­ CMHC) and provincial programs; and tion of same through members of pro­ • The Canadian NGOs should organize vincial and federal parliaments; public education programs across • That they communicate these efforts Canada immediately before and after to the MSUA (Canadian Participation the Conference which will take ad­ Secretariat) and appropriate provin­ vantage of the presence in Canada of cial departments involved with human these persons from LDC’s and that settlements, in order to compile and CCIC be called upon to coordinate monitor these efforts; and this in cooperation with the Canadian • That MSUA report back to all delega­ NGO Participation Group. tions in one year’s time (December 1976) what has been accomplished by Motion From the Floor the federal/provincial government and the NGOs on each and everyone of In order to facilitate the implementa­ these recommendations. Part III

CNC Review and Recommendations on Major Issues Raised by Canadians

The Committee felt its role in Part II of this Report federation College in Thunder Bay, we had no should be to reflect, as accurately as possible, expression of concern on matters of crime and the perceptions of individual citizens and NGOs public safety; the security of one’s person or the on human settlement issues. In this Part, we feel security of one’s property. it is our responsibility to assess the more pertinent Likewise the Committee was surprised by the of the concerns expressed. The Committee be­ very limited in-depth discussion of housing during lieves it must do this in order to discharge the most public meetings. Again, one can hardly es­ function described in Part I: cape an awareness of the (alleged) housing crisis as reported by the media — cost of housing, lack “In accordance with the above Terms of Refer­ of housing starts, mortgage rates. These are some ence, the Committee members shall... prepare of the housing issues on which the Committee for the Minister's attention specific recommen­ expected significant public comment and yet on dations that reflect the views of non-govern­ which we heard very little. While we will be making mental organizations and of various sectors of an assessment and recommendations in relation Canadian society." to housing, we do feel it necessary to point out that there was this lack of expression of opinion However, prior to attempting this assessment, we by citizens. consider that we would be remiss in our respon­ In a similar fashion, the Committee' must in­ sibilities if we did not draw attention to certain dicate its disappointment at not hearing more from human settlement issues that were not sufficiently social action groups. We did not receive submis­ discussed either by citizens or by NGOs. While sions from enough social action groups, groups there are many areas of human settlements within with a social conscience, on many human settle­ which solutions must be found, citizens and NGOs ment issues such as health, education, poverty, did not see fit to raise these. In the ensuing dis­ the administration of justice, etc. While we heard cussion, we merely make reference to these areas of the problems of native people in the North and and do not enter into a discussion of why views of native land claims, where was the discussion by were not forthcoming. Although members of the these groups on the human settlement problems Committee may have perceptions as to the reasons faced by native people in the southern urban en­ for the lack of discussion, we know that we do not vironment? Is the Committee to conclude that the have empirical evidence and hence are unwilling “swinging sixties,” a time when much concern was to make any categorical statements. expressed on social issues, has been replaced by One can seldom pick up an edition of the pop­ the “slumping seventies,” when groups are not as ular press without noting a statistic that there has interested in this process? been an increase in a certain type of crime; we For that matter, where were the “futurologists”? are being conditioned by the media that a degree Where were the citizens and NGOs who are pre­ of lawlessness is permeating Canadian society. pared to talk of such things as the family and Practically any citizen, if stopped on the streets leisure? While the CNC heard much of the family and queried, could make reference to specific acts farm, little was said about the future of the family of either vandalism or disorder in his or her com­ as a fundamental unit of our society. We are told munity. Yet, with the possible exception of the brief constantly that we must adjust our life styles to new presented by the Law and Security class at Con­ blocks of “free time” yet few groups were forth­ coming to discuss the implications for human set­ ernmental organizations in Canada: the large na­ tlements of leisure, of a need for recreational tional pressure groups, which generally possess policies, of the growing proportion of women in skill, expertise and resources, and the citizens or the labour force; these are just a few present and local groups in individual Canadian communities, future concerns. whose resources may amount literally to the kitch­ Finally, another area of human settlements that en table at which a brief may be written in some­ we feel was not discussed adequately was the body’s home. The CNC concludes that this type of international aspects of human settlements. public meeting that we convened mainly attracts While we recognize, for example, that it is the groups in the first category. Ironically, it is precise­ responsibility of the Canadian government to as­ ly these groups that already possess avenues of sist developing countries in areas related to human influence and means of communication into the settlements, can we not postulate a similar role policy process. Attention has to be addressed to and responsibility for non-governmental organiza­ the issue of how to involve the second category, tions and some sectors of private enterprise? Yet, the citizen or local groups. Furthermore, how does we did not hear enough discussion of the pros and one activate the unorganized and involve the pres­ cons of this, nor of the potential scale of this ent unreachables in the participation mechanism? involvement. Likewise, in our public meetings, we We would like to make several recommendations heard little comment of contributions that could be as to how this might be done. In the first place, a made by Canadian educational institutions to the public participation program should attempt to training of foreign students in the disciplines that meet citizen groups on their own territory; few may be relevant to human settlement development things are more conducive to an issue-oriented or administration. discussion than being in one’s own neighbourhood. This implied criticism of citizens and groups for Rather than holding public meetings in a central their seeming reluctance to participate must, how­ location in large metropolitan areas they should ever, be tempered by viewing the public participa­ be “decentralized.” For example, instead of the tion process from their perspective. While the CNC holding three sessions in St. Lawrence Hall Committee has analyzed the question of public in Toronto, we should have held the sessions in participation in Part I, we feel that it is necessary three or four different locations of the city. This to reiterate and reinforce the conclusions at this might have attracted more local groups to the point. meeting. Alternatively, perhaps more public meet­ ings should be held in the smaller centres of the Public Participation country on the theory that the interests of the To many, the heady wine of public participation urban area are articulated directly to the policy of the sixties has become the flat beer of the sev­ process by the large NGOs. enties. In the sixties, one could argue, public par­ A second consideration is that some terminology ticipation was an “in thing” but in the seventies used may be beyond the immediate grasp of the moods have changed; people are now weary, frus­ citizens or the local groups. The term “human set­ trated and skeptical about participation. The belief tlements” is a case in point, for it literally involves of many citizens is that they have only very limited everything from “Plato to NATO.” The approach means of affecting government decisions. used by the CNC was to encourage discussion of If this is the case then governments should forget all matters of concern and through this process the conventional type of participation that is limited major issues evolved. Perhaps our approach should to such activities as public meetings, because this have been, “Here are what we consider to be the spells tokenism. In the seventies, citizens feel that, five most pressing human settlement issues facing on the one hand, government is trying too hard to Canadians. Let’s discuss them. However, if you get people involved in public meetings but, on the feel these are not the most important concerns, other hand, government is not really doing any­ tell us what you think they are and then let’s dis­ thing about what people say. In many Canadian cuss them.” communities, one got the feeling that citizens felt To repeat what we said in Part I, a general the CNC to be a travelling circus, making a one conclusion must be that new, innovative and imag­ night stand. To state this argument in a slightly inative approaches to public participation programs different fashion, citizens were asking, “How is my have to be devised if these exercises are to achieve appearance before the CNC going to influence the their full potential. People want to be involved — Canadian Government’s position on human settle­ the means must be found to satisfy this demand. ments?” No amount of discussion on the part of the Committee would convince some citizens and Land groups that the Government did not already have Based on the number of submissions it would ap­ a final position on human settlements, or that their pear that Canadians are extremely concerned with participation would help to develop one. what can broadly be termed the “land question.” There exists two distinct categories of non-gov­ A cursory analysis of the briefs would lead one to believe that there is a consensus in Canada for relative disuse due to changing attitudes on private public ownership of at least all undeveloped land, ownership. It is the contention of the Committee if not, of all land. Yet is this really the case or is it that, after federal funds had been expended on rather that we heard very little from those who land acquisition, the then publically owned land espouse private ownership or some mix of public could be leased on a long-term basis. For ex­ and private ownership? Similarly one could argue, ample, if a city opted for 99-year leases it would again from the submissions received, that there is be granting to the tenant a sufficiently long term a unanimous desire on the part of Canadians for for most projects but at the same time the city a national (federal) land use policy that would, would retain title, with the eventual right to direct among other things, include the designation in or re-direct use of the leased land. Initially, there perpetuity of certain lands as agricultural. How­ may be considerable resistance to a policy of ever, upon probing, most of the interveners had leased land, with citizen or developer concern that not come to grips with the constitutional difficulties “when my lease is up, the city will take the land that we would encounter in developing a national away from me and lease it to somebody else.” land use policy. Likewise there seemed to exist a This is a very real concern, but is it any graver high degree of unawareness on the part of most than that of the citizen or developer who had been of the groups at the public meetings about what holding a piece of property and finds it expro­ provincial and municipal governments are actually priated? doing in relation to land use. Having said this, the The overriding recommendation that we must CNC is prepared to make certain recommenda­ make in relation to land and land use is that gov­ tions, based upon the submissions of Canadians as ernments must be prepared to become protagonists well as its own analysis. in a debate that is already taking place. This We advocate that land presently zoned as agri­ discussion is between those who view land as a cultural be continued in that classification wher­ commodity, a commodity that may be bought, sold ever possible. The implications of rezoning of agri­ and generally used at will, and those who view cultural land for other purposes should be taken land as a utility, a public utility whose title is held much more seriously by governments concerned. by a society which permits private use on society’s Such a public policy will impose hardship upon terms. We feel it is imperative that leadership those farmers whose land borders upon an urban should come from governments. area. Indeed, it was pointed out during the public meetings that the sale of the family farm for spec­ Housing ulative purposes is very often the only “pension In view of the magnitude of the housing problem, plan’’ that the farmer might have. This is true and and the relatively limited comment to us about it, the society that expresses a concern about disap­ it is extremely difficult for this Committee to make pearing agricultural land has to address itself as policy recommendations. well to the question of a just compensation for the One very important human settlement recom­ farmer. mendation is that governments rethink ,the objec­ We recommend that the governments continue tives served by building codes, zoning regulations, and extend land banking activities and that the and development requirements. In our experience, municipalities and provinces make constructive use citizens consider these to be often inflexible and of land leases in conjunction with the land bank­ over-sophisticated; they may sometimes seem to ing policies. A properly administered land banking bar their access to housing, and also inhibit new program will control escalating land prices. We concepts and possible reductions in the cost of consider this last statement to be of some impor­ housing. Without limiting the generality of this tance, as after a decision is made to implement a statement, we draw attention to a number of land banking program, policies of administration situations. and development must be carefully considered. It First, there exist many older homes in Canada has been estimated that in every major Canadian that would never be built today because their city, with the exception of Montreal, most urban design and standards would not meet CMHC or fringe land is controlled by a handful of private municipal requirements. Ironically, these buildings speculators. It may be that government intervention have been serving Canadians adequately for de­ is necessary in order to create a “de-speculator.” cades and may outlast “modern” homes that do This may possibly be achieved by other regulatory meet seemingly artificial and arbitrary standards. action or taxation measures. Ironically, too, the over-sophisticated development We recommend further, perhaps as a condition standards may be counter-productive. This may to getting federal funding for land banking, that become particularly true in relation to pollution the provinces and municipalities give serious con­ standards. The situation was presented to us in sideration to the management tool of the long-term Vancouver of the man who was told that he could lease. This had been used extensively in a number no longer process his sewage through two septic of Canadian communities in the past but it fell into tanks and a tile system but rather was forced to connect with a municipal system which was pump­ attached to the granting of rezoning approval, to ing untreated sewage into a public waterway. To act in the same “a house for a house’’ fashion? be very blunt about it, the Committee heard “horror This could cause the private developer to think stories’’ about zoning, regulation, and codes from of possible innovative rehabilitation rather than Inuvik, at one end of the country, through to St. demolition. The first consideration of redevelop­ John’s, on the other end. ment in downtown core areas should be for the We ascribe some of the problems of zoning, reg­ people who presently live there. A “gentrification” ulations, and building codes to the attitudes and of these areas is taking place in some cities at the bias of Canadians. It would be very difficult, for expense of those displaced by development. The example, to convince citizens of the benefits of process implies that only upper income groups mixed zoning as they have been conditioned to can afford to buy in downtown areas. Older houses believe that housing should be grouped into de­ in the urban core are being bought by those who velopments, industry into parks, business into a can afford the costly process of restoration, forcing central business district, etc. Canadians would lower income people into even more sub-standard react strongly against a suggestion that they should housing. buy houses in areas zoned for mixed purposes We recommend that the next major phase of such as commercial, multi-use, and a variety of housing legislation be directed towards restoration residential uses. and improvement of existing housing in older We have been made aware of planned unit de­ neighbourhoods. velopment and cluster housing that would protect In a number of Canadian communities, the feel­ citizen’s interests, and at the same time allow for ing was expressed by former and present tenants better planning and use of space. We recommend of public housing that they have the same desires strongly that governments give serious considera­ for home ownership as the more affluent members tion to higher density housing. This type of housing of society. Accordingly, they suggested that a por­ does not necessarily have to be high-rise, but this tion of the rent that they pay should go to acquiring distinction is unrecognized in most zoning by-laws. an equity in their public housing unit: in essence In the opinion of the Committee, the days are num­ that they could acquire ownership over the years. bered in which the detached single family dwelling The Committee is cognizant of considerable eco­ on a 60-foot lot in a suburban subdivision repre­ nomic, social and legal obstacles, but feels the sents the Canadian reality in large urban centres. proposal has considerable merit. We recommend The Canadian NGO Conference on Human Set­ that a study be made of the feasibility of the capi­ tlements strongly recommended that our report talization of rent towards mortgage and ultimate bring to the attention of government the following private ownership of public housing by the present resolution; tenants. What we envisage is an action similar in Resolved that all Canadians be guaran­ principle to the transfers of public war time hous­ teed a right to adequate, affordable housing. ing after World War II to the then tenants. We cau­ This is acknowledged government policy tion, however, that it is by no means a recommen­ at present but the effort to reach this ob­ dation that governments get out of rental public jective is inadequate. housing and we remind governments that they will Since housing is a right it should be continue to have a responsibiliy to finance addi­ treated as a social utility and not as a tional public housing of all kinds. market commodity. The Committee was struck by the absence of Our systems of tenure must be revised in presentations from low income housing groups in such a way that all are guaranteed security. major urban centres. One would have thought We commend the decisions of government, after that they would use the public meetings as a public protest in virtually all parts of the country, method of expressing their views on housing. At to abandon the bulldozer approach to urban re­ least one member of the CMC attempted to newal. We note with dismay, from our meetings, ascertain the reasons for this seeming reluctance that the private sector apparently continues to and was informed that these groups considered engage in this activity. This not only removes their appearance would be a waste of time. needed housing stock (although perhaps in need Yet, one can argue, government has made of renovation), but can also change the whole char­ significant changes in housing policy. Federal acter of a neighourhood, causing dislocation for policy from the late 1940’s to the mid 1960’s was the citizens who remain. If modern expropriation directed primarily to suburban Canada and to law in some jurisdictions contains an underlying owner-occupiers, primarily in single family and premise of “a house for a house’’ then we wonder duplex dwellings. During the past ten years, there why this principle is not applied to the housing has been a shift of emphasis towards meeting the industry? Should not a private developer, who pur­ special needs of economically-disadvantaged ele­ chases a number of housing units with the intent ments of Canadian society: low income groups, of ultimate destruction, be expected, as a condition senior citizens, students, etc. Ottawa, however. has not made clear to these groups, particularly towns that are not exploited by local citizens. the low income groups, exactly what it is trying to Rather, the citizens turn to somebody else — achieve. This lack of explanation has led to con­ usually federal and provincial governments — to fusion and to skepticism. We recommend strongly solve their problems. At the public meetings, that the federal government, in consultation with illustrations of local initiative were provided by low income groups, devise a policy statement on Biggar, Sask. and St. Paul, Alberta. low income housing, setting out specific goals for These were clear examples of the display of the next five years, and the means to achieve them. local initiative rather than of an expectation that somebody else would solve their problems (although Growth Management government assistance was helpful). The discussion before the Committee tended to The Committee recognizes that municipal fi­ focus on the issue of the maintenance of small nance based on the property tax is inadequate towns and rural areas, which would be a very apt to deal with the municipalities’ responsibilities in sub-title for this section of our Report. In this regard human settlements. The Committee notes with there seemed to be an underlying value choice interest that 1 per cent of the provincial income tax on the part of intervenors that small towns and in Manitoba is transferred to municipalities. We sparsely-populated rural areas should be pre­ note that the whole question of municipal finance served and maintained. This may be a nostalgic is at present under study, as a result of a decision retention of the small town and the small town by the Tri-Level Conference. We look forward to way of life. Committee members also had the Dr. Deutsch’s report. feeling that intervenors were latching on to the The Committee was impressed with the wide concept of small towns because they had given up variety of programs recommended by citizens for on the problems of our major urban centres. the improvement of their communities. However, The Committee shares the view that small towns most of them tended to be costly and few citizens and the rural life style must be a continuing and seemed to consider the costs vis-a-vis society’s vital part of the Canadian scene. However, to ability to pay, nor did they suggest a re-arrange- reiterate a self-evident fact: cities are here to stay, ment of municipal finance priorities. The whole and will continue to be a magnet for most Cana­ question of local government finance was not dians. The main issue is not that of maintaining discussed before the Committee. Input from local small towns and rural areas, important as this may government would have been most welcome. be, but is that of how government and society can A consideration of immigration as a tool of make cities more liveable and more lovable. growth management is bound to provoke an We feel that governments must find the courage emotional response, as the Committee found at to state that there are some small towns in Canada its meetings. After serious consideration of the that are going to wither and die; there are also vastly divergent views that were presented, the many small towns that are going to thrive and live. Committee recommends strongly that the federal We recognize that we are asking governments to government, in consultation with the cities, pro­ make some politically unpopular choices, but we vincial governments and industry, formulate an feel that this is their responsibility. Government, immigration policy that will be relevant for each through DREE and similar policies, may cause a region. small town to be viable; government may equally cause a small town to decline by permitting a rail The Quality of Life in Canadian Human Settlements line to be abandoned. Some of the ensuing thoughts will be repetition Such decisions, however, need to be taken of previous analysis and recommendations. We deliberately, and not accidentally or even unknow­ do this deliberately to underline the fact that ingly. It was pointed out to the Committee that Canadians must re-think certain concepts and then small communities and rural areas may be threat­ make some critical choices. ened because their inhabitants find it difficult to First, Canadians must accept that, for better or obtain financing, including mortgages. It has been worse, we are an urban nation. We must live with suggested that CMHC sometimes refuses to give this. We must develop and adjust our human mortgages in small towns and rural areas in the settlement policies to this need. While we will belief that one should not take mortgages on never forget that the small town life style is part dying towns. We recommend instead that there of our cultural heritage, we anticipate that it will should be a positive policy encouraging assistance be enjoyed by a relatively limited number of Cana­ in financing to the inhabitants of small towns and dians. This calls for a clear recognition that cities rural Canada. are here to stay and that there are reasons other We must go on to note that small towns may be than economic that cause people to settle in cities. abrogating their own responsibilities in this “exist/ The challenge then becomes in what ways can disappear’’ debate. We suggest that there are we make the cities more liveable? We use this many opportunities for local initiative in small phraseology because we feel that there may be a widespread feeling in Canada that there is some These issues were described in more detail in single panacea for our present urban problems; Part II; we accept the force of the arguments the solution may lie in new towns, satellite cities presented, and recommend them to the attention or some other innovation. This seems to us to be of governments. But there are several other such an untested and unlikely assumption. The problems sections of our society that also need specific of urban areas now and in the future are much too consideration in human settlements planning. complex for a single solution, or even for one main Although the Committee was urged to take a approach. In particular, we believe that existing position on such issues as the James Bay and small towns on or beyond the metropolitan fringe Mackenzie Valley Pipeline projects, we do not feel will have an important role to play. However, we competent to comment on the implications for the recognize that Canadian experience in new towns quality of life of such large scale industrial projects. and other growth management approaches is We merely suggest that it is essential that environ­ meagre, and we welcome the opportunity provided mental and social studies are vital prerequisites by the Habitat Conference to learn from experi­ for decision-making in regard to activities of this ence elsewhere. kind. We reiterate our argument that governments The Committee is also concerned about the must become protagonists in a debate between preparedness of governments for the human set­ economic values and human values. We stated, for tlements demands that they must face in the future. example, that government leadership is essential There seems to have been a tendency, in urban in the consideration of whether land in future matters as in other areas, for governments to should be a market commodity, that the owner may retrench in their commitments to research, devel­ effect at will, or whether it should be a public utility opment and innovation. This is unhealthy and the that the occupier holds in trust for a particular use. trend must be reversed. More specifically, one of We believe for example, that planning and zoning the most fundamental methods of improving the in Canadian communities have generally reflected quality of life is through constant experimentation, economic values and have not always considered testing of new approaches, appraisal and analysis human values, especially in relation to urban core of new suggestions. Canadians from Newfoundland development. We challenge government to address to British Columbia are concerned that new solu­ this very broad issue. tions must be found. This is the attitude of Cana­ The Committee is concerned about the problems dians toward the cancelled Canadian Urban particularly of minority or special groups in the Demonstration Program and they want it re-intro- community, especially in the larger cities. As noted duced! From the professor in St. John’s, New­ earlier, we had hoped to hear more about the foundland with the humus toilet to the retired concerns of native people when they settle in worker in Prince George, B.C. with a new idea for major urban centres; particularly the problems rammed earth construction, Canadians have inno­ faced in relation to jobs, accommodation, social vative suggestions. What is needed is a vehicle amenities and education. In fact, we heard little through which the ideas can be expressed, refined, or nothing about these problems, but we are con­ and, if valid, developed. Canadians and this Com­ vinced that they are serious ones. In contrast, and mittee feel that the C.U.D.P. could have been this a little unexpectedly, we listened to several groups vehicle. We can state without reservation that many and individuals who believe that children are com­ Canadian citizens felt that the C.U.D.P. was Habitat. paratively neglected in the design of Canadian We strongly recommend that the federal govern­ cities and in contemporary Canadian society. ment reintroduce this or a similar program. Part IV

Postscript: December 1975

In Part I of this Report we mentioned the Confer­ duals and groups to remain well-informed and ence of Non-Governmental Organizations that took closely concerned with Habitat preparations, and place in Ottawa in December 1975. A draft of this especially with Canada’s own preparations to host Report (omitting, of course, this postscript and the and to participate in the Conference. This is a Conference resolutions that constitute Part MB) desire that is fully shared by the Committee itself. was made available to Conference participants, We recognize that a satisfactory start has been so that they would have the opportunity to read made, through the encouragement of our own and comment on it before the Committee adopted activities; the provision of financial assistance to it in final form. the NGO Participation Group and federal-provin­ In the light of the comments made about the cial public participation programs; and in other draft during and after the Conference, the Cana­ ways. We hope that these activities will continue, dian National Committee does not feel that major and that as Habitat approaches, the federal gov­ changes in it are necessary: the present form is ernment will take other steps to ensure that essentially the same as that circulated in draft at Canadians are made aware of Canada’s objectives the Conference. The Committee wishes, however, and expected role at the Conference. We believe, to make a number of additional comments in this for example, that the official documentation for postscript, and these, in large part, are based on the Conference, to be distributed to governments the involvement of members of the Committee in by the UN in the spring, should be made easily the December Conference. accessible to NGOs and individuals as soon as it 1. The first thing that we should say is that the is received in Canada. We recognize that prepara­ Conference itself achieved a substantial measure tions must be made against increasingly inflexible of success. It was well-attended by representatives deadlines as Habitat approaches, but we also of national, regional and local NGOs from across believe that the widest public understanding and Canada. The participants came with a good under­ discussion of the issues in Canada is essential, standing of Habitat and of the main human settle­ both because of their central importance in our ment issues facing Canada now and in the future. lives, and because the Conference itself was The discussion in the workshops and in much of proposed by and is taking place in Canada. the plenary debate was constructive and often What we believe is necessary in this respect innovative. Although the Canadian National Com­ goes well beyond the distribution of UN documen­ mittee co-sponsored the Conference with the tation. Although there is a wide variety of ways to Canadian NGO Participation Group for Habitat, maintain and expand this public understanding the latter was primarily responsible for the organ­ and debate, we would like to mention five in ization of the Conference, and Mr. Grenville-Wood particular. and his colleagues deserve congratulations for the a. As soon as possible after our Report has been effectiveness of the arrangements. The work of received by the Minister of State for Urban the Conference is summarized in the recommen­ Affairs, we would like an opportunity to dis­ dations that constitute Part IIB of this Report; we cuss it with him. We are aware of his own believe that they merit the attention of Canadians commitment to the issues with which it deals, and especially of their governments. and we believe that such a meeting would be 2. One of the clear messages that emerged at mutually beneficial. the December Conference is the desire of indivi­ We would also like to recommend that the Report itself is published and distributed as Conference is a complex question, and one in widely as possible in Canada. We have made which Canada must conform to rules and con­ clear elsewhere in the Report that we recognize ventions established by the UN as a whole, its limitations as a means of representing we believe that there is a very strong case adequately the views of Canadians about for the inclusion of non-governmental repre­ human settlements matters. Nevertheless we sentatives in the Canadian delegation. We believe this Report can act as a useful stimulus believe it would strengthen the position of to further debate and to future action. As well Canada at the Conference; it would provide as the federal departments and provincial further evidence of the government’s commit­ governments that are already closely con­ ment to the principle of public participation, cerned with Habitat preparations, we would and it would also enable NGOs and individuals like to see it made available to the press and to appreciate, even through very limited the broadcast media, to Members of Parlia­ representation at the UN Conference, the ment and provincial legislatures, and we would opportunities and constraints that exist in like to see it distributed widely at the muni­ international conferences of this kind. cipal government level. As a matter of cour­ During the Conference period, it is inevit­ tesy, we believe that copies of the Report able that there will be a strong and legitimate should be sent to all those who presented pressure on the Canadian delegation to com­ briefs to us, and to those NGO representatives municate on a daily basis with the media, with who took part in the December 1975 Con­ NGOs and others about the progress of the ference. Conference. The fact that the Conference b. Soon after such a meeting with us, we would sessions can be monitored, through closed like the Minister to make a formal statement circuit television, by a wider audience will which can become a point of departure for increase rather than diminish this demand, the final period of Habitat preparations in and should at the same time help to make Canada. Such a statement might, for example, such informational meetings more productive. include a brief summary of the process and We recommend that the Canadian government product of preparations up to the present, and give particular attention to maximizing the it might contain an initial reaction to this value of these sessions, and members of the Report and other pre-Conference documen­ Committee believe that they can play a useful tation. It should, we believe, give as clear a part in the process at Vancouver, statement as is possible at this stage of e. Lastly, and most important, there is the ques­ Canadian objectives at Habitat, and should tion of what is to happen after Habitat. When indicate the main elements of the preparatory Canada proposed, and other nations agreed, process that remain to be completed. One to hold an international conference on human important element, for example, that has been settlements issues it was understood that insufficiently involved in Habitat preparations such a conference could not resolve these up to now is the municipal level of government. issues. Habitat should be an opportunity for In suggesting that such a public statement a new beginning, not an end in itself. At the by the Minister would be timely and useful, present time we see little evidence of prepa­ we have very much in mind the informal dis­ rations in Canada to utilize Habitat in the cussions that members of this Committee have years ahead, especially at the federal level. had in recent months with the Canadian Com­ We recognize that the task of getting ready missioner-General for Habitat, Mr. J. W. Mac- for such a major conference is the immediate Neill, and his colleagues. We believe that other priority, especially since it will take place in Canadians would benefit from a formal state­ Canada. But Habitat is not the most important ment as we have benefited from these informal priority: continuing and strengthened activity discussions. in Canada to solve human settlements prob­ c. One suggestion that was made at the Decem­ lems is the real objective. We recognize that ber 1975 Oonference of Non-Governmental many of the structures and processes created Organizations seems particularly relevant in by Canada to prepare for Habitat must be this context: that Canada’s preparations for terminated soon after Habitat takes place. But Habitat, and its general position at Vancouver, they must be replaced by other structures should be the subject of a debate in the and other processes designed to utilize the House of Commons. We believe that a debate lessons of Habitat, and the time for these to on Canada’s role at Vancouver, presumably be developed is now. Otherwise there is a very taking place shortly before Habitat, would be strong risk, and even a probability, that much a desirable element in the preparatory process. of the momentum and opportunity provided d. Although we recognize that the composition by the Habitat Conference will be lost. As one of the Canadian delegation to the Habitat small example, we note that there are as yet

48 apparently no firm plans for a third national and at which their own future work on human conference of non-governmental organizations settlements matters can be planned and to take place after Habitat. We believe such coordinated. We urge the Government to a conference would be of very great impor­ indicate as soon as possible that it is taking tance as the occasion when NGOs can be steps to gain the maximum benefit from fully informed about the outcome of Habitat Habitat in the years ahead. Appendix 1

CANADIAN NGO PARTICIPATION GROUP

Non-governmental Non-governmental Members Province Members Province Organization Organization

Mr. Geoffrey Grenville- Ontario United Nations Association Mr. Richard Harmston Ontario Canadian Council for Wood, Chairman in Canada International Co-operation Ms. Pat McAusland. Saskatchewan Community Planning Mr. Roger John Ontario Native Council of Canada Secretary-Treasurer Association of Canada Mr. Ken Kelly Ontario Heritage Canada Dr, Marjorie Bursa, Ontario Canadian Federation of Executive Agriculture Mr. Bruce McLeod Manitoba Housing & Urban Development Association Mr. Marvin Cohen, Montreal Ordre des architectes of Manitoba Executive du Quebec Ms. Elisapee Davidee N.W.T. Mr. Bernard Daly, Ontario Canadian Association Executive in Support of the Native Mr. Robert Morris British Canadian Association of Peoples Columbia Neighbourhood Services Mr. Mark Dorfman, Ontario Canadian Institute of Mr. Jeff Patterson Ontario Canadian Council on Executive Planners Social Development Rev. Wayne Smith, Ontario Canadian Inter-Church Mrs. H. Symonds ACSOH Project on Population Executive Mme L. Strasbourg Quebec Regroupement des comites Miss R. Andreychuck Saskatchewan National Council of YMCAs de citoyens de Hull Rev. A. April Ontario Canadian Catholic Conf. M. Emile J. Therien Canadian Home Manufacturers Association Mrs. Blanche New Brunswick Canadian Home and School Bourgeois and Parent Teacher Fed. Secretariat — Canadian NGO Participation Group Ms. Jean Burgess Nova Scotia Metropolitan Alliance for Development Dr. Clair Woodbury, Ottawa Coordinator M. Yvon Dupuis Montreal L’ordre des ingenieurs du Quebec Ms. Patricia O’Grady, Ottawa Assistant University of Alberta, Mrs. Anne Dryden Alberta Co-ordinator Faculty of Law M. Gilles Frenette Montreal Confederation des syndicate nationaux, Departement d’Education

Appendix 2

LIST OF BRIEFS PRESENTED TO THE CNC BY INDIVIDUALS AND ORGANIZATIONS*

Code Name Address Code Name Address

INUVIK, N.W.T. — Public Meeting, September 11. 1975 Council of the Butters, Mr. T. I ORAL PRESENTATIONS Northwest Territories Box 1069 Inuvik, N.W.T. A. Individuals Inuvik Town Council Allan, Mrs. B. 1 Clarke, Mr. G. W. Atlin, B.C. Inuvik, N.W.T. 2 Dittrich. Rev. D. Box 1576 Inuvik. N.W.T. Northwest Territories Thrasher, Mr. P. XOE OTO Housing Association Akiavik. N.W.T. Hull, Mr. J. General Delivery 10 Town of Inuvik Robertson, His Yellowknife, N.W.T. Worship J. H. Mayor of Inuvik Norris, Miss B. c/o Samuel Hearne Box 1760 Secondary School Inuvik, N.W.T. Inuvik, N.W.T. XOE OTO XOE OTO Pluim. Mr. C. c/o Samuel Hearne Secondary School Inuvik. N.W.T. WHITEHORSE, YUKON — Public Meeting, September 30, 1975 XOE OTO I ORAL PRESENTATIONS

B. Organizations A. Individuals 6 Committee for the Semmler, Mrs. A. 11 Hampton, Ms. J. M. P.O.Box 112 Original People’s Inuvik, N.W.T. Faro, Yukon Entitlement YOB 1KO

*The numbering of the briefs corresponds to the reference numbers in the margin of Part II of this Report. References denote the brief(s) expressing the ideas in the text. Reference to more than four briefs expressing the same idea is indicated by****. Code Name Address Code Name Address

Veillard, Mr. F. 102 - 28 Lewes Blvd. VANCOUVER, B.C. — Public Meeting, October 6, 1975 Whitehorse, Yukon [ ORAL PRESENTATIONS Y1A 3J3 A. Individuals Warner, Mrs. 1. 14-5 Klondike Road Whitehorse, Yukon 31 Adolph, Mr. S. W. 748 Belair Drive Y1A 3L7 Richmond, B.C. U7A 1B6

nizations 32 Armstrong, Ms. B. 3025 W. 37th Ave. Central Mortgage & Hadden, Mr. J. C. Vancouver, B.C. Housing Corporation (Manager) V6N 2V2 CMHC 280 Victoria St. 33 Barber. Mr. J. 2224 W. 5th Ave. Prince George, B.C. Vancouver, B.C. City of Whitehorse Lucier, Senator P. 34 Blue, Mr. D. (no address given) 37 Tutshi 35 Land, Mr. J. (no address given) Whitehorse, Yukon People’s Land Committee Kuiper, Mr. R. 36 McAllister, Ms. 1. L. 5600 Dalhousie 307 Elliott Vancouver, B.C. Whitehorse, Yukon V6T1W4 Russels Logging Armstrong, Mr. 1. R. 37 McAllister, Mr. K. 4331 W. 10th Ave. 17 - 2191 2nd Ave. Vancouver, B.C. Whitehorse, Yukon V6R 2H6

Yukon Chamber of Mines Ogiivy, Mr. C. 38 Morris, Ms. A. 9375 Cameron St. Box 4427 Burnaby, B.C. Whitehorse, Yukon 39 Symonds, Ms. H. 4384 W. 8th Ave. Schneider, Mr. K. Yukon Housing Vancouver, B.C. Corporation (Director) V6R 2A1 21 Falaise Whitehorse, Yukon B. Organizations 40 Association in Canada Tanner, Mr. H.D.T. PRINCE GEORGE, B.C. — Public Meeting, October 2, 1975 Serving Organizations 506 - 1075 Melville St. I ORAL PRESENTATIONS for Human Settlements Vancouver, B.C. A. Individuals V6E 2W4 Bellos, Mr. W. 2560 McBride Crescent 41 British Columbia Woolliams, Mr. J. Prince George, B.C. Environmental Council 3523 W. 19th Ave. Fallis, Miss M. 143 McIntyre Crescent Vancouver, B.C. Prince George, B.C. V6S 1C3 V2M 4P4 42 British Columbia Stanton, Ms. F. Gibbins, Mrs. F. 869 Freeman Street Voice of Women 4737 W. 7th Ave. Prince George, B.C. Vancouver. B.C. V6T 1C7 Harris. Mr. J. R.R. #7 Buckhorn Road British Columbia Shaw, Mr. L. A. Prince George. B.C. Wildlife Federation 20416 - 92A Ave. V2N 2J5 R.R. *5 Langley, B.C. Parris, Mr. R. 1732 Gorse Street Prince George, B.C. V3A 4P8 V2L 1G6 Canadian Council of Knight, Ms. J. Children and Youth 34 Scarfe Annex B. Organizations University of 25 City of Prince George Moffat, His Worship H. British Columbia Mayor of Prince George Vancouver, B.C. Prince George, B.C. 45 Centre of Christian Tosoff. Mr. T. College of New Caledonia Bisenberger, Mr. F. R. Philosophy 15819 Cliff Ave. (Geography Department) Ostergaard, Mr. P. White Rock, B.C. College of New Caledonia 46 City of Vancouver Kennedy, Alderman W. Prince George, B.C. City of Vancouver Fraser-Fort George Kennedy, Mr. W. D. Vancouver, B.C. Regional District 311-1717 3rd Ave. Prince George, B.C. 47 Committee of Shelton. Mr. C. Progressive Electors #5-199 E. 8th Ave. (C.O.P.E.) Vancouver, B.C, BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION A. Individuals 48 Common Good Lussin. Mr. B. Cooperative Association R.R. #2 28 Kennedy, Ms. Y. D. 2955 Westwood Drive Enderby, B.C. Prince George, B.C. VOE 1 VO

B. Organizations Community Planning Barbolet, Mr. H, A.R.A. Consultants Limited Siddall, Mr. D. Association of Canada Community Planning A.R.A. Consultants Limited British Columbia Division Association of Canada Prince George, B.C. 201 - 525 Seymour St. Vancouver 2, B.C. Elder Citizens’ Hadden, Mr. J. D. Recreation Society Manager, CMHC Design Council of Rogers, Mr. B. for Prince George 280 Victoria St. British Columbia 2610 S.W. Marine Dr. Prince George, B.C. Vancouver, B.C. Code Name Address Code Name Address

District of Surrey Wiles, Mr. F, 68 Lefebvre, M. Pierre 3347 Place 4 Saisons 14245 - 56th Ave. Ste-Foy, Que. Surrey, B.C. 69 Lemieux. M, Guy Office de Planification Greater Vancouver Kelly, Mr. A. C. et de Developpement Regional District 2294 W. 10th Ave. 1050, rue St-Augustin Vancouver, B.C. Quebec, Que. Greenpeace Foundation Hunter, Mr. R. G1A 1B2 2007 W. 4th Ave. 70 Roy, M. Marcel J. 53, rue Duchatel Vancouver, B.C. Beauport, Que. International Society for Adhikari, Mr. P. O. G1E 5P1 Krishna Consciousness 1774 W. 16th Ave. Vancouver, B.C. B. Organizations Richmond Residents' Leech, Mr. V. 71 Association des Gagne, M. Jean A. Association 1025 Bridgeport Road Proprietaires de Quebec 1035 Boul. Pie XII Richmond, B.C. Ste-Foy, Que. Scientific and Gallon, Mr. G. G1W 4N6 Environmental Pollution (Executive Director) 72 Commission d'amenage- Cimon, M. Jean Control Society 2007 W. 4th Ave. ment de la Communaute (president) Vancouver. B.C. Urbaine de Quebec 51. rue d’Auteuil Sierra Club (Office of Simmons, Mr. T. Quebec, Que. International P.O. Box 1166 73 Institut National Demard, M, Hubert Station “A" Environmental Affairs) de la Recherche 1299 Provancher Vancouver, B.C. Cap Rouge, Que. Simons (H.A.) West, Mr. F. GOA 1K0 International 425 Carrall St. Chambre d’lmmeubles Jacques, M. Marius Vancouver, B.C. de Quebec 4044, rue des Cedres Street Holdings Limited Street, Mr. R. H. Cap Rouge, Que. (President) Ecole d'Architecture Baker, M. J. 2200 - 1055 W. Hastings St. Universite Laval Vancouver, B.C. (Directeur) V6E 2H9 510, ave Laurier Quebec, Que. 60 United Nations Chen, Ms. L. and Association 1975 Fong, Mr. J. High School Seminar c/o U.N. Association II BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHQUT ORAL PRESENTATION 2524 Cypress Street A. Individuals Vancouver, B.C. V6J 3N2 76 Leclerc, M. Denis 2405, rue Noury Sillery, Que. Urban Development Narod, Mr. A. J. Institute (President) (Presented by EDMONTON, ALBERTA — Public Meeting, October 8, 1975 Mr. A. R. Bayne) I ORAL PRESENTATIONS 145 E. 15th Street A. Individuals Vancouver, B.C. 77 Gaetz, Mr. G. T. P.O. Box 40 Leduc, Alta. PRESENTATION A. Individuals 78 Goudreau, Mr. L. P.O. Box 144 R.R. *1 62 McCallum, Mr. J. 218 - 33690 Marshall Road Edmonton, Alta. Abbotsford, B.C. 79 Killoran, Mr. J. 10623 - 82nd St. B. Organizations Edmonton, Alta. T6A 3N2 63 Canadian Society of a) Justice, Mr. C. L. Landscape Architects 6435 W. Blvd. 80 Lock, Dr. G. 11711 - 83rd St. Vancouver, B.C. Edmonton, Alta. b) Tattersfield, Mr. P. 1008 Homer St. 81 Sandilands, Mr. D. G. 11519 - 72nd Ave. Vancouver, B.C. Edmonton, Alta. T6G 0B7 Council of Christian McKinnon, Dr. P. Churches 1708 W. 16th Ave. Vancouver, B.C. Organizations 82 Alberta Institute of Goettel, Mr. A. W. North Okanagan Aid LeDrew, Mr. K. Agrologists Agricultural Institute R.R. H2 of Canada Lumley, B.C. Edmonton, Alta,

QUEBEC CITY, QUE. — Public Meeting, October 7, 1975 City of Edmonton Hawrelak, His Worship W. Mayor of Edmonton I ORAL PRESENTATIONS (Presented by A. Individuals Mr. A. H. Savage) 66 Bernier, M. Benoit 924 Casot 12603-65th Ave. Quebec, Que. Edmonton, Alta. Gauthier, Dr. Remi 1446, rue St-Victor 84 Community Planning Sax, Mr. F. D. Ancienne Lorette, Que. Association of Canada 1907 Avord Arms G2E 3J9 Edmonton, Alta. Code Name Address Code Name Address

85 Edmonton Regional Clark. Mr. B. B. Organizations Planning Commission 602 - 10025 - 106th St. 106 Association des Copains Tremblay. M. Robert Edmonton, Alta. Nouvelle-Vie (President) 86 Saddle Lake Reserve Steinhauer. Mr. M. L. 1167 St-Hubert St. Paul, Alta. Montreal, Que. H2L 3Y8 87 St. Paul Chamber Boulet. Ms. J. of Commerce Box 1297 107 Federation des Jeunes Couturier. M. Michel St. Paul. Alta. Chambres du Canada 2745 Masson TOA 3A0 franpais Montreal, Que. 88 St. Paul Development Roy, Rev. R. 108 Association des Metis Cote, M. Patrick Organization P.O. Box 339 6051 Emile Nelligan St. Paul. Alta. Montreal, Que. TOA 3A0 109 Ordre des Architectes Levesque, M. L. 89 St. Paul — Lagasse. Mr. J. L. du Quebec 1825 ouest Dorchester a) Retail Merchants St. Paul Industrial Montreal. Que. Association Development Committee b) Community Coordinating St. Paul, Alta. BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION Council c) Chamber of Commerce A. Individuals 110 Bazinet. Dr. H. P. 12245, rue Grenet, -408 BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION Montreal, Que. A. Individuals 111 Beauchamp, M. Albert 4744 deTonty Montreal, Que. Terrett, Mr. T. J. 410 - 4516 Valiant Dr. HIT 2C1 Calgary, Alta. 112 Cartier, M. J. F. 6060 Emile Nelligan, 4^307 B. Organizations Montreal. Que. 91 Community Planning Gee. Mr. J. B. 113 Draper, Ms. Catherine 3620 Ridgewood Ave.. —401 Association of Canada 876 Abbotsfield Road Montreal. Que. Alberta Division Edmonton, Alta, H3V 1C3 T5W 4R4 114 Dugal, Ms. M. 5233 Park Ave., *16 Montreal. Que. MONTREAL, QUE. — Public Meeting, October 9, 1975 H2V 4G9 I ORAL PRESENTATIONS 115 Grodde. Mr. F. P.O. Box 1 A. Individuals Chelsea. P.Q.

92 Berku, Ms. Dida 4837 Jeanne Mance B. Organizations Montreal. Que. 116 Rassemblement des Schecter, Mr. Stephen Bryant, Mr. R. W. G. 4170 Beaconsfield Citoyens de Montreal 1276, rue Dorion Montreal, Que. Montreal, Que. H4A 2H3 117 Samuel & Saidye Swann. Mr. G. Burfoot, Ms. Annette 20234 Lakeshore Road Bronfman Family 1916 Tupper Street Bale D'Urfe, Qud. Foundation Montreal. Que. 95 DeRome, Mrs. (no address given) H3H1N5 96 Dugas, M. Gilles 9945 Verville 118 Vine d'Outremont desMarais, Pierre Montreal, Que. Maire d’Outremont Hotel de Ville Fish, Mr. Michael c/o Save Montreal Sauvons d'Outremont 4920 de Maisonneuve 543, chemin de la Cote Montreal, Que. Ste-Catherine H3Z INI Outremont, Que. 98 Hellyer, Ms. Sandra 6760 Somerled 119 Save Montreal Sauvons Mendinhall, Ms. Priscilla Notre Dame de Grace. Que. (Executive Secretary) H4V 1T6 C.P. 123 99 Lauzon, M. Andre 7265 Sagard Montreal, Que. Montreal, Que. H3Z 2T1 100 MacKay, Mr. Paul (no address given) 101 Mountjoy, Mr. Eric 4395 Rosedale Ave. HALIFAX, N.S. — Public Meeting, October 15, 1975 (Dominion Douglas Montreal, Que. United Church) H4B 2G8 I ORAL PRESENTATIONS A. Individuals 102 Pelletier, M. Robert 3903, rue St-Denis, App. 9 Montreal, Que. 120 Jones, Ms. B. 1621 Wainut Street Halifax, N.S. 103 Robichaud, M. Raoul 3620 L. O. David B3H 3S3 Montreal. Que. H2A 1P3 Mulrooney, Mr. D. 1 Tremont Street Dartmouth, N.S. 104 Weeks, Mr. Graham 155 Dorval Ave., Apt. 605 B2Y 1X1 Dorval, Que. 105 Kerr, Mr. B. T. c/o The Engineering B. Organizations Institute of Canada 2050 Mansfield Street 122 City of Halifax — Pelham, Mr, C. Montreal, Que. Real Estate Division P.O. Box 1670 H3A 1Y9 Halifax, N.S. Code Name Address Code Name Address

123 City of Halifax — a) Chang, Mr. J. B, Organizations Social Planning b) Crowell, Mr. H. 139 Ad Hoc Committee Carnovalo. Mrs. N. Department Social Planning of Burlington Citizens 215 Penn Drive Department Burlington. Ontario City of Halifax L7N 2B6 Halifax. N.S. 140 Agricultural Institute Richards, Dr. N. R. 124 City of Halifax — Olmstead, Mr. D. of Canada 59 Green Traffic Management Box 313 Guelph, Ontario Centre Halifax, N.S. Association of Women B3J 2N7 Wertheimer, Ms. R. Electors 27 Maclean Ave. Community Planning Munroe, Mr. V. Toronto. Ontario Association of Canada, 6079 Pepperell St. M4E 2Z8 Nova Scotia Division Halifax. N.S. 142 Anti-Establishment Richardson. Ms. M. 126 Ecology Action Centre Christiansen-Ruffman, Group 232 Albany Ave. (Dalhousie University) Ms. L Toronto, Ontario Dept, of Sociology M5R 3C6 St. Mary’s University 143 Barthorpe & Roberts Roberts, Mr. T. Halifax, N.S. Research Consultants 1 - 471 Rosewell Ave. Toronto, Ontario BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION M4R 2B6 B. Organizations 144 Canadian Federation Munro. Mr. C. G. of Agriculture R.R. -1 127 Children’s Environmental Hill, Ms. P. Embro. Ontario Advisory Service NOJ 1J0 (CMHC) 145 Community Planning Wood, Mr. J. 128 Ward One Residents' (no address given) Association of Canada 248 McKellar St. Association Peterborough, Ont. K9J 1P7 FREDERICTON, N.B. — Public Meeting, October 16, 1975 146 Institute of Cultural Affairs Clutz, Mr. R. I ORAL PRESENTATIONS 2650. rue Sherbrooke Montreal, Que. A. Individuals National Survival Institute Farrell. Mrs. J. P. 129 a) Allison, Mr. E. M. Project Brunswick Village 2175 Victoria Ave. b) Oliver, Mr. J. V. c/o E. M, Allison Toronto, Ontario c) Rhinelander, Mr. H. 225 Parkhurst Drive MIR 1V6 Fredericton, N.B. 148 Norfolk District — Campbell. Mr. T. B. Organizations Ontario Secondary 348 Norfolk St. S. School Teacher’s Simcoe. Ontario 130 Conservation Council Tarn, Mr. T. R. Federation of New Brunswick P.O. Box 541 Fredericton, N.B. 149 Planned Parenthood McDonald, Ms. E. E3B 5A6 Federation 88 Eglinton Ave. E. Toronto, Ontario 131 Historical Resources Peck, Mrs. M. 150 Regional Municipality Young, Mr. J. Administration, Province P.O. Box 6000 of Waterloo Marsland Centre of New Brunswick Fredericton, N.B. Waterloo, Ontario E3B 5H1 151 Save the Rouge Valley James, Ms. L. 132 New Brunswick Association Nash, Mr. M. System R.R. it: of Metis — Non-Status 181 Tilley Drive Markham, Ontario Indians Fredericton, N.B. 152 School of Economic McCarthy, Mr. M. G. 133 New Brunswick Federation Demma, Mr. T. A. Science President of Agriculture (Secretary-Manager) 191 Eglinton Ave. E. 212 St. John Street Toronto, Ontario Fredericton, N.B. M4P 1K1 E3B 4B2 153 Toronto Island Godard, Ms. F. Residents Association 10 Lakeshore Ave. TORONTO, ONTARIO — Public Meeting, October 20, 1975 Wards Island ORAL PRESENTATIONS Toronto, Ontario A. Individuals II BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION 134 Amin, Mr. K. 333 Plains Rd., West Burlington, Ontario A. Individuals L7T 1G1 154 Cooke, Mr. W. E. 44 Romfield Drive 135 Blundell, Mrs. L. 30 Gordons Edge Rd Suite 4 Toronto, Ontario Downsview, Ontario M1K 4H7 B. Organizations 136 Johnston, Mrs. S. 226 Chebucto 155 Canadian Council on MacKay, Ms. P. M, Oakville, Ontario Children & Youth (Chairman) L6J 5P9 1407 Yonge St, 137 Muirhead, Mr. C. R.R. *1 Toronto, Ontario Ashburn, Ontario 156 Canadian Federation Bursa, Ms. M. 138 Wick, Ms. M. A. 4 Coronation Rd. of Agriculture (Senior Economist) Brooklin, Ontario 111 Sparks St. LOB 1C0 Ottawa, Ontario Code Name Address Code Name Address

157 Intermet Miles. Mr. S. ST. JOHN'S, NEWFOUNDLAND — Public Meeting, October 28, 1975 (no address given) I ORAL PRESENTATIONS 158 Protestant Elementary Hutton. Ms. D. B. Organizations School of Hull 2 Millar St. 176 Community Learning Pennell, Mrs. C. Hull. Que. Centre, Trepassey Northwest Rd. Trepassey, Nfid THUNDER BAY, ONTARIO — Public Meeting, October 23, 1975 AOA 4B0 I ORAL PRESENTATIONS 177 Community Planning Earle, Mr. P. A. Individuals Association of Canada c/o C.P.A.C. Newfoundland Division St. John's, NfId 159 Badanai, Mr. B. R.R. iMI Oliver Road 178 Early Childhood Rowe, Ms. P. M. Thunder Bay, Ont. Development Association 10 Forest Rd. St. John's, Nfid 160 Rose, Mr. C. T. 119 N. Junot St. Thunder Bay, Ont. 179 Memorial University Evans, Dr. J. W. P7A6H1 of Newfoundland Site 76, Box 31 St. John’s, Nfid

B. Organizations 180 Memorial University Rose. Mr. C. of Newfoundland c/o Extension Service 161 Confederation College Sutcliff, Mr. T. (Extension Service) Memorial University 4 -139 S. Brodie St, Dept, of Municipal of Newfoundland Thunder Bay, Ont. Affairs & Housing St. John's, Nfid P7E 1B8 181 Newfoundland Status Bouzane, Ms. L. 162 H.O.P.E. Committee Tilson, Mr. K. of Women Council 170 Torbay Road 137 Egan Place St. John's, Nfid Thunder Bay, Ont.

163 Ontario Association Browne. Mr. R. WINNIPEG, MANITOBA — Public Meeting, October 28. 1975 of Architects, 506 - 16th Ave. I ORAL PRESENTATIONS Lakehead Chapter Thunder Bay, Ont. P7B 2R9 A. Individuals 164 People to Clean up McFarland, Mr. K. 182 Emberley, Mr. K. 387 Truro St. Lake Superior 320 John St. Winnipeg. Man. Thunder Bay, Ont. R3J 2A5 183 Krueger. Mr. L. 580 Spence St. II BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION Winnipeg, Man. R3B 2S1 A. Individuals 184 Lovequist, Mr. R. 214 Morgan Cres. 165 Denis, Mr. K. 48 Oak Ave. Winnipeg, Man. Thunder Bay, Ont. R2Y 0C7 166 Fawcett, Mr. K. S. 217 N. Leland Ave. 185 Thawani. Mr. A. L. Winnipeg, Man. Thunder Bay, “F”, Ont. P7C 4S1 B. Organizations 186 Department of Geography Stadel, Dr. C. FROBISHER BAY, N,W,T, — Public Meeting, October 24, 1975 Brandon University (Assoc. Professor) I ORAL PRESENTATIONS Dept, of Geography Brandon University A. Individuals Brandon, Man. 167 Lyberth, Mr. J. Box 53 R7A 6A9 Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. 187 Housing & Urban Macleod, Mr. B. XOA OHO Development Association (President) 168 Mekler, Ms. G. Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. of Manitoba Housing & Urban Dev't Assoc, of Manitoba 169 Pearson, Mr. B. N.W.T. Councillor Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. 206-2281 Portage Ave. Winnipeg, Man. R3J 0M1 B. Organizations 170 Baffin Region Inuit Osborne, Mr. A. 188 Institute for Urban Studies, Walker, Prof. D. C. Institute of Urban Studies, Association Box 219 University of Winnipeg Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. University of Winnipeg XOA OHO Winnipeg, Man. R3B 2E9 Baha’i Community of Greenaway, Mr. D. Henteleff, Mr. Y. M. and Frobisher Box 601 189 Manitoba Environmental Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. Council Palamarchuk, Mr. J. F. XOA OHO Box 139 139 Tuxedo Ave. Frobisher Bay House Aniqmiuq, Ms. Joannessie Winnipeg, Man. Box 506 R3N 0H6 Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. 190 Manitoba Institute Howden, Mr. J. S. G.R.E.C. High School Georgian, Ms. S. of Agrologists Agricultural Institute (Social Studies Class) Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. of Manitoba 74 Norquay Bldg. II BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION Winnipeg, Man. A. Individuals 191 St. Boniface College Roy, M. R. 200 Cathedrale 174 Greenaway, Ms. N. Frobisher Bay, N.W.T. College St-Boniface 175 Miklos Jr., M. D. Frobisher Bay. N.W.T. St-Boniface, Man. Code Name Address Code Name Address

192 Society for Crippled Nyiund, Mr. L. E. BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION Children & Adults (graphic designer) A. Individuals of Manitoba Dept, of Public Works 1700 Portage Ave. 207 Crofford, Ms. J. Box 54 Winnipeg, Man. Silton, Sask. SOG 4L0 193 United Nations Turner, Ms. R. B. Organizations Association of Canada UN Association of Canada Winnipeg Branch Winnipeg Branch 208 Community Planning Senior, Mr. J. B. 219 Yale Ave. Association of Canada 906 Sask. Cresc. E. #5 Winnipeg, Man. Saskatoon Division Saskatoon, Sask. R3M 0L3 CHARLOTTETOWN, P.E.I. — Public Meeting, October 30, 1975 II BRIEFS SUBMITTED WITHOUT ORAL PRESENTATION I ORAL PRESENTATIONS B. Organizations B. Organizations 194 Town of Selkirk MacFarlane, 209 Prince Edward Island Outcliffe, Mr. J. Councillor D.M. Institute of Agrologists 3 Birchwood St. Town of Selkirk Charlottetown, P.E.I. Selkirk, Man.

195 Searle Nurseries Hutchison, Mr. W. B. ADDITIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS Searle Nurseries Winnipeg, Man. A. Individuals 210 Unidentified Architect Toronto, Ontario REGINA, SASKATCHEWAN — Public Meeting, October 30, 1975 B. Organizations I ORAL PRESENTATIONS 211 Canadian Institute Blumenfeld, Mr. H. A. Individuals of Planners c/o Canadian Institute of Planners 196 Anderson, Ms. I. Dept, of Economic 30-46 Elgin St. & Political Sciences Ottawa, Ontario Saskatoon, Sask. 212 Service de Developpement Lacoursiere, Rev. Pere Jean 197 Balon, Mr. B. c/o Anthropology Lab Social — Diocese 256 ave. King Edward University of Regina d’Ottawa Ottawa, Ontario Regina, Sask. S4S 0A2 BRIEFS SUBMITTED AFTER NOVEMBER 22,1975 198 Heal, Mr. F. Dept, of Environment S.P.C. Bldg. A. Individuals Regina, Sask. 213 Bursa, Marjorie C. 802 - 100 Boteler St. 199 Sheppard, Mr. D. H. Dept, of Bioiogy Ottawa, Ont. University of Regina 214 Kolio, Armas W. 307 - 201 Rowan Ave. Regina, Sask. Thunder Bay, Ont. 215 Snetsinger, Ross 99 Thursfield Cres. B. Organizations Toronto, Ont. 200 Back to the Farm Laird, Mr. E. Research Foundation (President) B. Organizations Box 69 Davidson, Sask. 216 Cape Breton Metropolitan P.O. Box 934 SOG 1A0 Alliance for Development Sydney, N.S. 217 Community Planning Gillies, Marjorie 201 City of Regina Skvaril, Mr. J. Association of Canada 289 Edmonton St. 2411 -11th Ave. Manitoba Division Winnipeg, Manitoba Regina, Sask. S4P 0K4 218 The Engineering Institute 2050 Mansfield St. of Canada Montreal, Que. 202 Community Planning Weisner, Mr. K. Association of Canada c/o C.P.A.C. 219 St. Brendan’s c/o O’Keefe, T. Saskatchewan Division Regina, Sask. Citizens’ Group M.U.N. Representati P.O. Box 427 203 Govan Ecumenical Shieil, Mrs. M. Clarenville, Nfid. Study Group Box 246 Govan, Sask. . 220 Metropolitan Alliance Baxter, L. for Development ■— Box 934 204 Saskatchewan Agriculture Dalgiiesh, Mr. R. Environment Committee Sydney, N.S. (Deputy Minister) (presented by 221 Neighbourhood Services Helm, E. J. Mr. D. Grant) Association of Greater 2108 West - 4th Ave. c/o Saskatchewan Vancouver Vancouver, B.C. Agriculture 222 Ontario Association of Moorman, J. D. Regina, Sask. Property Standards 31 Longwood Ave. 205 Saskatchewan Institute Johnson, Mr. W. E. Officers Ottawa, Ont. of Agrologists and c/o Saskatchewan 223 Community Planning Good, Mrs. D. B. the Agricultural Institute of Agrologists Association of Canada President, CPAC Institute of Canada Regina, Sask. (National) 221 Johnson St. Kingston, Ont. 206 Saskatchewan Loehr, Mr. P. J. Non-Government St. Peter’s Abbey 224 Grade 7 Class 1230 Dover Avenue Organizations Muenster, Sask. Dover School Regina, Sask.