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El Real Jardin Botanico De Madrid and the Glorious History of Botany in Spain

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El Real Jardin Botanico De Madrid and the Glorious History of Botany in Spain El Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid and the Glorious History of Botany in Spain Ricardo R. Austrich The vicissitudes of Madrid’s recently restored botanical garden reflect the repeated waxing and waning of the plant sciences in Spain over the past two centuries or more When I was in high school I worked as a Linna°us’s acerbic, though at the time apt, ob- volunteer at the Arnold Arboretum, develop- servation soon would be out of date, however, ing there an early interest in arboreta and bo- because of the zeal with which late-Eight- tanical gardens and in horticultural exotica. eenth Century Spain took to botany and natu- Little did I realize then that my interest ral history. would lead me as a college graduate into an The result of my research, reported here, is historical study of Spanish gardens, a study the story of Madrid’s Royal Botanic Garden- that ultimately would take me to superb his- El Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid-from its torical archives in some of Spain’s most humble inception as a Court curiosity tended famous castles and palaces. by an eager coterie of physicians and intellec- My historical venture was launched by tuals ; through its later development into a some inspiring words Eleanor Perenyi wrote thriving center of learning, plant exploration, about the garden dahlia in her book Green international cooperation, and research; its Thoughts. Unfortunately, as anyone who has subsequent decline during the Nineteenth attempted research knows, getting data or Century and continuing decay during the information is seldom as simple as it would better part of the Twentieth Century; and its seem at the outset of a project. There were recent restoration and reestablishment as an times during my research in Spain that I important Spanish institution of research and would remember Linnaeus’s words, expressed learning, a fitting symbol of post-Franco in Bibliotheca Botanica (1751), about the Spain. state of Spanish botany: I emphasize here the early history of the Garden, a fifty-year period studded with ex- [T]he Spanish flora had not revealed any [new] citing exploration for exotic plants in Spain’s plants, such that in the most fertile regions of overseas colonies. Aside from the Garden’s Spain there are plants which remain to be dis- recent this is the covered. It is cause for grief that in the more history, perhaps richest cultivated places of Europe, such botanical bar- period of Spanish botanical development. barities exist in our time.1 The Historical Context view the Madrid Botanic Garden in summer. A of Columbus’s of Amer- Except where noted otherwise, the photographs accom- Christopher discovery panying this artzcle were taken by the author. ica in 1492 had significant economic and ag- 4 ricultural consequences for Europe. Aside ernment, the Hernandez venture is a land- from its obvious consequences-the intro- mark in the annals of botanical science."2 duction and use of the potato, maize, and the With the death of Philip II in 1598 and the tomato for food, for example-it had pro- advent of the Seventeenth Century, Spain found significance for botany and medicine. entered a painfully sterile period for scientific Its impact was not felt overnight, however: inquiry. The Seventeenth Century was an era Europeans did not begin to develop the full of decadance in Spain, during which Court scientific potential of America until well into intrigue and a series of ineffectual monarchs the Eighteenth Century-more than two cen- undermined Spain’s scientific development. turies after Columbus made his discovery. Further progress in botany had to await the The discovery placed Spain in the van- Eighteenth Century, a new royal dynasty, and guard of political and economic activity. It the advancement of scientific thought by was Spain that bore the initial brunt of the men such as Tournefort and Linnxus. marvels and riches flowing in from the New World. Aside from the economic and political The Founding of Madrid’s Botanic Garden spoils of America-the gold and the silver- Spain entered the world of botanic gardens biotic riches. Spain encountered unimagined rather late, if we are to judge by the botanic encountered two In America, the Spanish gardens in other countries-the one at Padua, the Inca and the major advanced civilizations, founded in 1545, for example, or the one in Aztec, that had developed important medici- Paris, founded in 1635. Nevertheless, the nal and economic uses for the plants and Real Jardin Botanico de Madrid quickly be- animals of those uncharted lands. vast, came the symbol of what is called the Spanish There are two important time periods to Enlightenment. Under the tutelage of Ferdi- in and its consider Spanish botanical history nand VI, a Bourbon and a direct descendant of relation to America. The first was the Six- Louis XIV of France, conditions existed for teenth Century, during the reign of Philip II the establishment of Spain’s first true botanic (Felipe II; 1527-1598), one of Europe’s most garden. the sec- powerful and intellectual monarchs; An important person in the development was the ond Eighteenth Century Enlighten- of this royal institution was a physician by ment and the Bourbon Monarchy. the name of Jose Quer y Martinez ( 1695- there were During the Sixteenth Century 1764). Don Quer was a medical examiner for of the various influential Spanish chroniclers His Highness’s armed forces, and like any Gonzalo Fernandez de Americas, Oviedo y doctor of that era he was keenly interested in Valdes (1478-1557), with his Historia Gen- the pharmacological applications of plants. Natural las Indias eral y de (Seville, 1535), Apparently, in addition to owning an the most being perhaps important. Another extensive library on medicine, materia was Francisco Hernandez important person medica, and botany, he was an avid gardener. II’s or ( 1514-1587), Philip medical examiner, It was not long before the monarch took protomEdico, who was sent to Nueva Espana note of his subject’s interest in plants. For, as (New Spain i. e., Mexico and other Spanish Quer wrote in Flora Espanola, possessions in North America) to compile a natural history of the region. Arthur Robert [W]hen His Highness was informed of what I pos- sessed and cultivated at cost and in his book Flowers the suc- great struggle, Steele, for King, and if truth be known could be called the fruit of describes the of the cinctly significance many travels to the woods and valleys of this Hernandez Expedition: "As the first expedi- kingdom to acquire not only the plants which tion of natural history ever sent out by a gov- grow [here] but also succulents and exotics, 5 Americans and Africans and others, ... did His Highness order the transfer of what was in my gar- den....3 It was most likely in response to Don Quer’s zeal and the very real need of the royal pharmacies that Ferdinand VI ordered the transfer of Quer’s plants to a property, on the outskirts of Madrid near the Manzanares River, known as El Soto de Migas Calientes (literally, The Orchard of Hot Crumbs!). The result was El Jardin Botanico del Soto de Migas Calientes, the first botanic garden in Spain subsidized by the Crown. In a letter of June 4, 1754, Jose Ortega, the chief army pharmacist (died 1761), wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Marques de la Ensenada ( 1702-? 1781 about the intense interest in Spanish plants that he had encoun- tered while travelling through the capitals of Europe. Ortega commented on his and Quer’s collection of over three thousand plants brought from the "four corners of the earth," noting "the necessity to place these plants in the Royal Garden and the need to engage in trade with foreign botanists in order to in- crease their number by the active exchange of Jos~ Quer y Martfnez (1695-1763), whose collection of with plants formed the nucleus of the botanical garden at Spanish plants foreigners...."4 Migas Cahentes, predecessor of the Royal Botanical Six days later, on June 10, 1754, another Garden on the Paseo del Prado. From Flora Espanola, letter to the Marques de la Ensenada, this Volume 5 (1784). Courtesy of the Real /ardfn Bot6mco time from Jose Sunol, the King’s physician, de Madrid. further emphasized Quer’s efforts at develop- ing a botanic garden, noting that desires for the advancement of the Arts and Ortega and the aforementioned Quer, in service to King’s Sciences, particularly those whose progress His Majesty and for the common good and educa- benefits to the health of his sub- tion, along with the honor of the nation, establish promises great it states the the use the Royal Garden, which only in Spain does not jects, [and that] King permits 5 of his orchard of Migas Calientes to the end that exist, as in all the other courts of Europe....5 a Royal Garden of plants be developed so that in these kingdoms the important field of Botany be Finally, on October 17, 1755, official word developed.6 of the establishment of El Real Jardin Bota- nico del Soto de Migas Calientes was given by Wall went on to name the director and Ricardo Wall (1694-1778), the King’s chief assistant director of the Garden, Sunol and minister. Wall’s letter declares the Ortega, respectively, and to set its annual 6 The First Spanish Botanists Shortly after his acerbic comments about Spanish botany were published, Linnaeus received an invitation from Spain to send a botanical expert to that nation of "botanical barbarities." Linnxus chose Pehr Lofling (1729-1756), one of his trusted pupils.
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