1 Market and Labor Assessment in Selected Idps and Returnees

Market and Labor Assessment

In selected IDPs and Returnees communities in Hamdaniya, Telkaif and Sumel districts

February-April 2018

I. Table of Contents II. Executive Summary ...... 3 III. Objectives of this Assessment ...... 5 IV. Methodology ...... 6 V. Findings...... 8 Some Key Statistics for target communities ...... 8 1. Market Mapping and Analysis for three relevant value chains ...... 12 1.1. Construction value chain in Batnaya and Telkaif ...... 13 1.2. Crops agriculture value chain in selected Hamdaniya and Sumel districts’ villages ...... 14 1.3. Livestock agriculture value chain in selected Hamdaniya; Sumel; and Talkief district villages ... 31 2. Labor Market Analysis ...... 34 2.1. Labor Market Analysis Across the Construction value chain in Batnaya and Telskof ...... 34 2.2. Labor Market Analysis in agriculture sector related to crops in Sumel and Hamdaniya ...... 35 2.3. Labor market analysis across the livestock value chain ...... 38 VI. Recommendations: ...... 39 Construction value chain development in Batnaya and Telskof ...... 39 Crops value chain development in legumes and vegetables in Kakaki villages of Hamdaniya: ...... 39 Labour market development in Kakai villages – Hamdaniya districts ...... 39 Crops value chain development in legumes and vegetables in Shabaki villages around Bartella- Hamdaniya ...... 40 Labour market development in Shabaki villages around Bartella ...... 40 Crops value chain and labour market development in rainfed field cropping and greenhouses in Sumel, Dahuk; and Talkeif, Ninawa...... 40 Livestock Value Chains ...... 41 VII. Annexes: ...... 42 Annex 1. Tools and questionnaires used for the Market assessment ...... 42 A. Questions for construction value chain mapping (also for mapping for other value chains) ...... 42 B. Focus group discussion guide on Women agricultural livelihoods activities: ...... 44 C. Focus group tool for emergency support for agricultural livelihood and food security ...... 46

II. Executive Summary

The construction value chain and labor market is well established and suited to the current needs as the construction and destruction cycles of conflict and the oil boom, of falling apart and of rebuilding, have established the networks, skills, and strategies for construction in these areas. This value chain is male dominated but in the area of the Chaldeans women are expected to support men engaging in labor with food preparation for example.

The field cropping value chain of Sumel and Telkaif are broadly rainfed wheat and barley, having lost the diversification of the past these are narrow vulnerable systems and need links to experts to explore resource use (especially water) efficient approaches and crop diversification. Field cropping in the Hamdaniya areas is more diverse as there is more irrigation. This is mostly in flood systems however, highly inefficient, and would benefit from improvements which farmers recognize the importance of and are keen to engage with should they have asset injections or the opportunity to do so.

There is some greenhouse production in the Sumel and Telkaif clusters which is highly efficient when done well, but currently overwhelmingly produces only cucumber, representing again high vulnerability to biotic and market stresses to that single crop. There are not the skills to diversify and this or adequate urgency from the agri-input dealers who could influence it and this is a priority area for work. Across these four clusters greenhouse production has the potential for creating livelihoods, producing nutritious food, and profitable agriculture which is water use efficient. Especially with the re-establishment of the Mosul market investors in greenhouses could be well rewarded if they had the skills to produce and market sustainably.

Field cropping has some female involvement across locations, more in horticultural production, including in greenhouses. In the Hamdaniya in particular women are nurturing home gardens and there could be opportunity to commercialize these skills in some cases. Never the less cropping remains male dominated especially in the buying and selling roles.

Livestock production can be profitable but is also dependent on weather and highly variable prices. There is a little more protection for dairy produce from imports since the freshness and style of locally processed dairy carries its own preferred brand. When processing dairy produce and hence adding value this is particularly profitable and involves women to a still greater extent. Livestock production currently relies heavily on expensive fodder and even imported ‘fodder’ further exposing the sector to changing prices or the unreliable boarders. Particularly as climate change results in more rainfed failure years, greater consideration must be given to cropping for fodder and range management. There are many opportunities for reducing costs, adding value, increasing revenues, resilience, and involving women in livestock production in these areas, the simple urea treating of straw being a possible simple entry point.

In many cases an injection of assets will be readily utilized by a labor force which is rich in basic skills. These can be enhanced however by the upgrading of skills. Some of this skill upgrading can be achieved through improved market linkages, which would also help market efficiencies, for example by working with the supply chain in carrying out extension, and levering project influence to challenge the supply chain to offer more sustainable solutions, and draw on their experts to develop these. An example would be to contract with agri-businesses to provide alternatives to cucumber for greenhouse production, or systems that harvest off-season, and produce the business case for these.

For genuinely sustainable, resilient agriculture, the policy environment will need to be more progressive and farmers should be given the opportunity to explore lower external input and diversified agriculture.

The market is ready to pay a premium for quality and Kurdish produce, but the supply chain is currently ill-prepared to deliver this. Levering project interventions to encourage stakeholders, including the ministry, extension services, privates sector suppliers (who are playing extension and a key strategic role), and producers in a progressive market oriented direction will serve the sector well.

III. Objectives of this Assessment

This assessment will provide key information to support the ZOA JDA Spring 2018 BPRM proposal: Returnees, IDPs and Vulnerable Iraqis Attain Livelihoods. It will do so through the three objectives:

1. Analyze the market in three value chains that were identified based on the situation of target communities, mainly: a. Construction in Batnaya and Telkaif, to support IDPs who need to return. b. Agriculture crops in protected setting and in open agriculture c. Livestock value chain including fodder, fresh meat and dairy production in target villages 2. Analyze the labor market across the above-mentioned value chains, including businesses, growers, traders, service providers, skilled labor and unskilled labor, to advise the program design related to cash for work, agricultural livelihoods, livestock, small business rehabilitation and income generating activities in urban and rural settings. 3. Provide gender analysis across the two objectives mentioned above, to advise a gendered market approach to the program design and inform any protection requirements.

IV. Methodology

The market and labor assessment has used a mixture of quantitative and qualitative approach for data gathering and analysis. It represents the findings of a total of 532 interviews of various forms including 67 women.

Our initial contact was in meetings with 57 village leaders followed by a survey in which 105 farmers were interviewed including 25 women. We then interviewed 93 people in groups of 3-5 including 42 women in women only groups (facilitated by a women enumerator). A further 204 household heads of Batnaya completed a questionnaire (facilitated by enumerators).

Over 72 in-depth interviews of stakeholders in non-farming nodes of the value chain were also carried out by our experts.

These ‘rounds’ of interviews built on each other as lessons from each fed into the questions and direction of each subsequent round.

Our interviewers met frequently to de-brief and learn from each other’s experiences in the field, and explore new avenues of investigation.

The process included:

1. Data gathering: a. Use of expertise / knowledge of staff in ZOA, JDA, and partner organizations b. Desk research of existing published and unpublished material available openly or through our networks c. Key Informants Interviews (KIIs) with governmental authorities concerned with the studied value chains, to map governmental policies and other factors of the community’s general context that affect this value chain. d. KIIs with village leaders and ‘skilled producers’ as identified by village leaders or other villagers. e. KIIs with lead producers or business people wholesaler marketers that trade in relevant products or services f. Focus group discussion with a sample of consumers for the products that we’re studying; and with villagers as mixed-stakeholder groups including groups of women without men present, led by female facilitators and groups of men without women present, led by male facilitators. g. Extensive use of KOBO for data gathering with structured interviews of individuals. h. Survey team debriefings drawing on observations while in field and further nuanced learnings not fully captured in structured interview responses. i. Developing seasonal maps for the key goods and services j. Participatory market mapping analysis for each value chain with a group of informants in

target communities k. Participatory budgets for gross margin analysis of crops and enterprises l. GPS co-ordinate collection of key market nodes and locations e.g. wholesale markets.

2. Prepare a set of recommendations in light of the above regarding the suitable response to forecasted needs for the community and the market in case of emergency that causes influx of IDPs to the community

3. Reporting and sharing the study

V. Findings

Some Key Statistics for target communities

Cluster 1, villages of Hamdaniya district

other Name of Population Un- economic Water village (HHs) IDPs Land employment Crops activities sources Vegetables: cucumber, tomatoes, water melon, beans and Small livestock, river and others; wheat and cheese making; pumps, 1 Gazakan 400 25 5,600 75 Barley (rain-fed) fish farming rain fed Vegetables: Small livestock, cucumber, cheese making; tomatoes, water fish farming; 30% melon, beans and limited fruits river; Tal El others; wheat and that were 70% rain- 2 Laban 543 10 3,700 200 Barley (rain-fed) destroyed fed vegetables; okra cucumber, 250 tomatoes, water 50 donums of donums melon, beans and orchards were irrigated; others; wheat and destroyed; 500 rain- 3 Majidiya 151 3 1,000 80 Barley (rain-fed) livestock fed Vegetables: okra, Cultivated 300 tomatoes, cucumber potatoes in the donums 4 Wardak 525 5 7,000 250 and green pepper past on wells

Cluster 2, villages of Bartella and surrounds

Un- Name of Population IDP employmen other economic village (HHs) s Land t Crops activities Water Small livestock. Gov Wheat, employment, barley, lentil, and chickpeas and transportation 100% 5 Bashbita 650 0 1,000 fava bean services. rain-fed gov Wheat, employment, barley, lentil, transportation Manarat Al chickpeas and services; Small 100% 6 Shabak 1,300 25 10,000 500 fava bean live stock; rain-fed wheat, barley, lentil, Had chickpeas and greenhouses in 100% 7 Muwafaqiya 775 10 1,000 250 fava bean the past rain-fed Gov. Wheat, employment, barley, lentil, transportation chickpeas and services; Small 100% 8 Tahrawa 996 0 12,000 200 fava bean live stock; rain-fed Wheat, Small trades. barley, lentil, Small livestock; no wells; chickpeas and Government 100% 9 Ali Rash 1,000 0 1,000 500 fava bean employment rain-fed Wheat, Small trades. barley, lentil, Small livestock; Tubruq chickpeas and Government 100% 10 Zyyarat old 75 0 300 50 fava bean employment rain-fed wheat, small trades. Tubruq barley, lentil, Small live stock; no wells; Zyyarat chickpeas and Government 100% 11 New 70 0 300 50 fava bean employment rain-fed Wheat, no barley, lentil, Small trades. wells; chickpeas and Government 100% 12 Khazna 360 0 1000 100 fava bean employment rain-fed

Cluster 3, villages of Talkaif, Ninawa

Cluster 4, villages of Sumel, Dahuk

1. Market Mapping and Analysis for three relevant value chains This market analysis is a study of the target communities practices, needs and identified demands in their contexts as well as the opportunities to meet such demands. Initial consultations with key informants from private sector, third sector, government representatives and community leaders enabled ZOA and JDA to identify three main value chains that this project can develop using a market approach: a. Reconstruction market demands and supply in Batnaya and Teleskof which has been affected by considerable destruction and the recent waves of camps re-planning that is pushing IDPs to return to there areas of origin. Batnaya, being an urban community, is closely connected with the nearby town of Teleskof and the Mosul, Duhok, and Telkaif markets. Given the level of destruction that the community has suffered as the citizens left their homes in 2014 to be displaced in Dohuk governorate, they are now making attempts to return to their destroyed town, destroyed public facilities, destroyed homes and closed shops. The need is for clearing rubble, rehabilitating the market, mainly in the construction value chain, in order to help displaced people to return. Temporary jobs with cash for work will make a considerable contribution to rehabilitating their town and public services, and help cover their basic needs until they settle. Combining this with support to some small business rehabilitation and income generating activities to avail daily needs of commodities and services that help returnees find their basic needs and therefore resettle in their area of origin. b. Crops Market demand and supply in neighboring markets in Dohuk, Mosul and Erbil have strongly been affected by the conflict for the past three years, since ISIS took over Mosul, and displaced the target villages in Dohuk and Erbil. Land of Hamdaniya villages, Bartella villages, and even previously constructed green houses in Sumel surroundings were deferred, irrigation national projects in Ninewa were stopped, and the market depended strongly on imports from Turkey and Iran. A lack of operations in recent years and basic maintenance has impacted the condition of the land and ability to operate effectively. Rehabilitating land and means of irrigation, and providing inputs, equipment rental costs, and labor through cash for work will support returnee farmers to resume their agricultural activities. Re-introduction of traditionally successful cropping through training and community mobilization will help stimulate new activity and diversified operations that mitigate the risks of mono-cropping: both from an agro ecological, farm business, and market perspective. c. Livestock markets have been severely affected in target communities, since displaced people had to leave behind their livestock and get displaced elsewhere and barns have been damaged. Reduced cropping from movement, lost assets, and lower rainfall, has reduced the quality and availability of fodder.

1.1. Construction value chain in Batnaya and Telkaif Market and Labor Analysis Map: Construction Batanaya

The market environment, Large scale Batanaya is part of a Distrust of institutions, rules, norms, and Standards on building and destruction community developed Some out migration other trends. permissions. Ownership has generated reconstruction of skilled people people documents need. committee which has re- and investors: built Telskof and some overseas or re- groups: Regulating policies New actors in homes of Batanaya establishing Chaldeans for materials Policies on the space elsewhere preferred, because of the Re-building of nearby but others importers Trades licensing and need for re- Teleskof has developed used for professional bodies construction. institutions and skills. Many some tasks displaced Batanya people in The Market Chain” Market Actors Teleskof and want to draw and their Linkages from these. Labor Materials Batanaya. There were two general stores for PPE Groundworks Batanaya Small Tools and Construction in Batanya. 70% Batanaya; 15% Telesqof; 15% Alqosh. Always Blockwork Wholesalers in: 50% Telkief and 50% Mosul from Christian areas.

Historically from Mosul and Telkief; Muslim contractors. Roof Since 2012 Batanya resident has a company based in Wholesalers in: Mosul and Duhok Duhok who would be preferred: Ghulam Noah. Built Carpentry. Metal Carpentry 50% Telsqof; 50% Alqosh. Metal workers Structures of Work. Windows from Batanaya. PVC windows 3 companies in Wholesalers in: Mosul and Duhok Batanaya and Doors Teleskhof. Plumbing and Batanaya Wholesalers in: Mosul and Duhok electrics

Plastering Baoiza; Muslim contractors Wholesalers in: Mosul and Duhok

Batanaya. One firm with over Retail outlet in Batanaya. This sources from Decorating seven employees Duhok wholesale markets.

Key Infrastructure and Market Support Services Since the destruction Formal credit is Some materials The sector has the Chaldean church not available and historically came from structured its has established a re- more difficult Mosul but its self to perform construction committee because of destruction has quite well in re- for the area which has insecurity. Informal increased the construction re-built Teleskof and is credit possible importance of Duhok; efforts. available for action in within Chaldean mitigating this Batanya community. problem.

More than 50% of the Batnaya population and 60% of that of Telskof have migrated abroad in the last four years. The Chaldean people fear that without reconstruction, livelihoods, and security their existence in the Ninawa plains is highly precarious. Of the remaining population of Batnaya an estimated 55% are in the nearby town of Telskof, renting homes1, 30% in Alqosh and the rest in Duhok and Erbil. There is a strong desire to return to Batnaya and re-settle2.

Suppliers Batnaya had, before its destruction, one retailers of small tools, and personal protective equipment (PPE), and one reseller of paint. These supply from wholesalers in Duhok; however other building materials come with the contractors (e.g. wood, metal, and plastic) or are bought directly from wholesalers mainly in Duhok and to a lesser extent Mosul (e.g. in the case of brick, block, and cement) especially since the ISIS destruction of Mosul. These few local shops were destroyed by ISIS but those of Telskof have largely been re-built. In the still destroyed town of Batnaya the shops remain damaged but

1 Typically, at 100usd/month. 2 In a survey of 195 people all indicated that they would like to be re-settled in Batnaya, Teleskof residence also indicate that that is their understanding of the Batnaya people’s intentions. 70 families have re-built their homes already thought they are not occupied, and others hope to do so in the near future.

small business people of the community show interest in re-constructing them should there be some financial support to do so, and a move to re-settle the town of Batnaya that would provide a market.

Management and Organization The Chaldean people are connected through the organization of the church and community leaders which are an active community and have developed a community led re-construction committee: the Nineveh Reconstruction Committee (NRC). This has engaged with the rebuilding of Telskof and has representatives of the other Chaldean villages including Batnaya where they have also rebuilt 70 homes.

This community formed institution had developed skills and experience in the administration and implementation of the re-building of Telskof and represents a key element of the feasibility for safe resettlement of Batnaya; this group, along with the Chaldean Diocese of Alqosh and Fr Salar based in Telskof will be key partners in the project activities in Batnaya and Telskof. Individuals interviewed from the community indicate their trust in this committee and approval of the work they have done to date.

Labor Supply The Nineveh Reconstruction Committee has identified 700 people able to provide a month’s Cash for Work and in interviews it was clear that people are keen to engage with this both because of low employment and the recognition of need for works to be undertaken as a step to creating a context for return to Batnaya.

Credit The Christian people of Batanya and Telskof look to informal networks for credit. They consider credit feasible for trustworthy individuals who can lever enough people of the community to vouch for them in front of more wealthy individuals. They note that with the periods of conflict and movement, formal lending is harder than ever to secure, probably impossible, and not desirable, primarily because lenders cannot consider guarantees credible in such as uncertain environment.

Gender In the more than 200 people interviewed in Batnaya and Telskof there was an overwhelming view that construction trades work is the role of men. In focus group discussions people were quick to suggest that women would have an important role in preparing food for workers.

1.2. Crops agriculture value chain in selected Hamdaniya and Sumel districts’ villages Studying the crops market in the four agricultural locations of the program; Hamdaneya district’s Kakai villages, Bartella sub district’s Shabaki villages, Sumel’s Chaldean villages, and the Ezidy and Muslim villages of Sumel and assessment team has identified the seasonal calendars of growing crops as agricultural economic activities, farmers perceived profitability of different crops, and farmers’ access to market, and challenges that farmers face in each area. The team developed market maps indicating key supply chain flows; how farmers operate in the external environment of national policies; market dynamics; key actors; infrastructure and services.

1.2.1. Seasonal Calendars, Cropping Value Chains The main cash crops for farmers in Bartella surrounding Shabaki villages are all rainfed: wheat; barley, fava beans (baqella), lentils and chickpeas.

Women farmers grow kitchen-garden vegetables in their homes for family consumption, using house water wells and they’re quite aware of the seasonality. Women grow celery, lettuce, onion, green beetle (salq), okra, squash (zucchini) and Radish (fejel)

Bartella sub-district’s villages’ crops seasonal calendar

Plant Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wheat (Rain-fed)

Barley (Rain-fed)

Fava Beans (Baqella)

(Rain-fed) Lentils (Rain-fed)

Chickpeas Celery (Kitchen gardens at home)

Lettuce (Kitchen gardens at home)

Onion (Kitchen gardens at home)

Green beetle (Salq) (Kitchen gardens at

home)

Okra (Kitchen gardens at

home)

Squash (Zucchini) (Kitchen gardens at

home) Radish (Fejel) (Kitchen

gardens at home)

Hamdaniya district villages’ Crops Seasonal Calendar Given their situation close to the Greater Zab river and the presence of and water wells, farmers of Kakai villages in Hamdaniya district grow a wider variety of cash crops which include wheat, barley, lentils, green French beans and black-eye beans (fasolia and lubia), cucumber, eggplant, okra, onion, pepper, pumpkin, squash (zucchini) and tomato. Some farmers grow melon for family consumption

Plant Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wheat

Barley

Lentils French beans (fasolia)

Cucumber

Eggplant

Melon (For family

consumption)

Okra

Onion

Pepper

Pumpkin

Squash (Zucchini)

Tomato

Plant Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Sumel and Telkeif districts: 20 Communities from Sharya to Batnaya Crops Seasonal Calendar Field cropping in these areas is dominated by rainfed enterprises growing bread wheat and small amounts of barley grown for animal feed. Chickpea and melons are seen vary rarely: less than 5% of total land cultivated. Irrigation is only present in very few locations where field tomatoes are grown or a few fava beans for home consumption. Across the 20 communities there are 113 greenhouses where cucumber (95%), tomato (5%), and some winter leafy greens are grown. There is interest in expanding these greenhouse enterprises. A couple of additional crops are included in the calendar above to show where they would fit if grown.

Plant Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Wheat, rainfed

Barley, rainfed

Chickpea, rainfed

Melon, rainfed

Fava Beans (baqella), with supplementary

irrigation

Field Tomato, irrigated

Sweetcorn 1st crop,

irrigated Sweetcorn, 2nd crop

irrigated Tomato 1st Crop, greenhouse

nd Tomato 2 Crop, greenhouse

Rocket and Leafy Greens, greenhouse

st nd Cucumber 1 – 2 crops, greenhouse

Sweet Pepper, greenhouse

1.2.2. Participatory Budgets: a Farmers’ assessment on the profitability of their crops Bartella sub-district Shabaki villages’ perceived profitability of their crops Bartella farmers perceived chickpeas and fava beans as the most profitable field crop, followed by fava beans, lentils and then wheat and barley. Costs were calculated with farmers, in IQD per dunum, as follows:

Crop Bartella villages agriculture production costs in IQDs, including water from a nearby well for one dunum Seeds Fertilizers Land Labor Water Transport Total Selling Gross Rank Preparation price Margin 1 Wheat/ 15,000 20,000 15,000 120,000 20,000 50,000 24,0000 500,000 260,000 3 Barley 2 Lentils 20,000 20,000 15,000 120,000 20,000 50,000 245,000 500,000 255,000 2 3 Chickpeas 100,000 20,000 15,000 120,000 20,000 50,000 325,000 1,500,000 1,175,000 1 and Fava beans

Crop Agriculture production costs in IQDs, including water from a nearby well for one dunum Seeds Fertilizers Land Labor Water Transport Total Selling Gross Rank Preparation price Margin 1 Wheat/ 40,000 400,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 30,000 300,000 450,000 150,000 5 Barley 2 Okra 160,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 640,000 1,000,000 360,000 1 3 Tomato 25,000 300,000 10,000 1,200,00 60,000 30,000 5,450,00 8,500,00 3,050,00 2 4 Cucumber 25,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 30,000 545,000 800,000 255,000 3 5 Green 90,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 620,000 800,000 180,000 4 beans (fasolia) 6 Green 40,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 570,000 600,000 130,000 6 pepper and chili 7 Eggplant 40,000 210,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 480,000 600,000 120,000 7 8 Squash/ 40,000 210,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 480,000 600,000 120,000 8 Zucchini 9 Pumpkin 40,000 210,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 480,000 600,000 120,000 9

As clarified above, farmers in Bartella perceive that chickpeas and fava beans, when well taken care of, will provide them with the highest gross margin per dunum. Whilst wheat and barley are less profitable on this gross margin basis, they require less labor and are less risky to grow and easy to store. Farmers indicate that they continue to value these crops and plan to grow them because they also rely on these two crops as the main source of food (wheat) and fodder (barley).

A. Hamdaneya district Kakai Villages perceived profitability of their crops:

Crop Agriculture production costs in IQDs, including water from a nearby well for one dunum Seeds Fertilizers Land Labor Water Transport Total Selling Profit Rank Preperation price 1 Wheat/ 40,000 400,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 30,000 300,000 450,000 150,000 5 Barley 2 Okra 160,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 640,000 1,000,000 360,000 1 3 Tomato 25,000 300,000 10,000 1,200,00 60,000 30,000 5,450,00 8,500,00 3,050,00 2 4 Cucumber 25,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 30,000 545,000 800,000 255,000 3 5 Green beans 90,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 620,000 800,000 180,000 4 (Fasolia) 6 Green 40,000 300,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 570,000 600,000 130,000 6 pepper and chili 7 Eggplant 40,000 210,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 480,000 600,000 120,000 7 8 Squash/ 40,000 210,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 480,000 600,000 120,000 8 Zucchini 9 Pumpkin 40,000 210,000 10,000 120,000 60,000 40,000 480,000 600,000 120,000 9

As clarified in the table above, Hamdaniya district’s Kakai villages’ farmers have expressed their perceived profitability of different crops as follows:

Okra is perceived to be of the highest profitability among all crops that these villages grow, since it’s a cash crop and provides harvest for 5 months in a row. Tomatoes come second as a profitable cash crop, given the short time of growing, and being able to harvest within three months, and in the meantime, the possibility of growing twice a year, not only one time. Then cucumber comes third, followed by green beans (fasolia), wheat and barley, green pepper, eggplant, and zucchini. Some farmers mentioned that they grow melon for home consumption.

Perceived market prices for wheat (450,000 IQD) is much lower than the government price (600,000 IQD) and farmers are pessimistic regarding reaching a good market price; they feel that price fluctuation might force them to sell at even lower prices that in some cases forced them to sell at a loss.

In general, farmers perceive their pricing of their product as a matter of luck, if they can’t get a fair price, they sell anyway. However, farmers do not foresee giving up on wheat and barley in favor of cash crops, for home-economics reasons, since bread is the main food item, and barley provides reasonable fodder for cattle.

B. Sumel and Telkeif districts, 20 Communities from Sharya to Batnaya participatory budgets for primary and key crops

Wheat Rainfed IQD Per USD: 1,250 Units are USD/ha Revenues Grain yield kg/ha 1,250 Straw yield 800 Grain price USD/t 420 Straw price USD/kg 0.21

Total Revenue 696

Variable Costs Seed @ 160kg/ha 75 Land Preparation & Sowing 120 DAP @ 100kg/ha 49 UREA @ 100kg/ha 32 Herbicides 80 Harvest 35 Transportation @ 35/ton 44 Total Variable Costs/ha 435

Gross Margin 261

Seed rates could be reduced and with precision placement DAP also Straw value is a major part of the gross margin. It is common to get half the price for grain, selling to an aggregator = -210 Rainfed yields are highly variable, ranging from 500kg/ha to 2,000kg/ha = + / - 315

Wheat dominates rainfed cropping and farmers suggest very high sales figures for it, as influenced by published government guaranteed buying. However these payments have not been fully made since 2014, with either half the monies paid, or none, and many farmers sell to aggregators who speculate on re-selling to government at some point, farmers receiving a half rate at which they are making very little profit. It is impossible to know how well-placed farmers’ confidence in government prices therefore is, or how non-payment will influence decision making going forwards.

Rainfed yields can be highly variable, primarily because of their rainfall sensitivity, but with the national crop so dominated by wheat, its pests can also become a major problem, such with sunn pest in 2017, and all farmers become vulnerable to this. Farms are more resilient when they diversify cropping, spreading labor demand, biotic and abiotic risk profiles, and market risk.

Field Tomato (irrigated) IQD Per USD 1,250 USD/0.25ha Figures in USD/0.25ha (one donum) Fruit yield kg 5,000 Sale Price per kg (0.24-0.4USD) 0

Total Revenue 1,600

Variable Costs per 0.25ha Seed 32 Land Preparation & Sowing 200 Irrigation 200 Fertiliser 200 Pesticides 50 Harvesting 180 Transportation Total Variable Costs/ha 862

Gross margin 738

When irrigation water is available other options come into play depending on the skill and commitment of the farmer, tomato being a popular choice.

Whilst greenhouse production is expensive on an area basis, its return on investment and on water, is attractive with greenhouse yields typically exceeding the yield of a donum of field vegetables by a factor of two.

95% of greenhouses grow cucumber and up to three crops can be possible in a year, but year on year growing of cucumber is leading to the build-up of nematode burdens in some areas to the point of greenhouse abandonment.

Greenhouse Production S. Pepper Cucumber IQD Per USD: 1,250 Units are USD per Greenhouse Crop Revenues Fruit yield kg/crop 4,000 10,000 Sale Price per kg varies widely 0.76 0.32

Total Revenue 3,040 3,200

Variable Costs Seed 200 200 Land Preparation & Sowing 120 120 Irrigation. Greenhouse Deprecation 205 205 Fertilizer 400 400 Pesticides 650 650 Transportation / marketing 32/t 128 320

Total Variable Costs/ha 1,703 1,895

Gross Margin 1,337 1,305

Greenhouse Set-up Dep. Rate Annual Dep. Frame from 1,000-1,500USD 1,500 0.1 150 Polyethylene 600 0.2 120 Installation 350-400 400 0.1 40 Irrigation system 350-500 500 0.2 100 Total: 3,000 410

Notes Labor from 1.5 persons x FTE per crop, e.g. 80 days. Marketable yield depends on ability of agronomist, conditions, and varies widely, e.g. cucumber could vary from 7-15t/crop.

Prices achieved vary very widely, e.g. cucumber can vary from 0.1 to 0.4USD/kg Melons 7-8t/crop; selling 650IQD/kg = 3,900USD/crop

1.2.3. Farmers’ access to market for their inputs and selling their crops: Cluster 1 villages of Hamdaniya district, Kakai, farmers’ Access to market: Farmers of the targeted cluster of villages from Hamdaniya district can access market to purchase inputs or to sell crops in Khabat (Kalak) as the closest town, and Erbil as the closest big market, and these are their preferred markets compared to Hamdaniya city or Mosul, despite the fact that they administratively follow Hamdaniya and Mosul. Transportation to Kalak is around one hour with broken network of roads

to reach the Erbil-Mosul road before the Kurdish check point, giving them open access to Erbil and Khabat markets.

Cluster 2 villages of Bartella sub-district, Shabaki, farmers’ access to markets: Selected villages rely mainly on Mosul city for purchasing their supplies, tools and inputs, and to sell their crops in the largest market in the area. however, farmers also have access to markets of Hamdaniya city (Qaraqoush) and Bartella sub-district, however, given the size of the market, farmers prefer the Mosul city market, given that it’s a short drive and that they can access more varieties and better prices.

As Mosul re-establishes itself, a ready market presents itself for better quality produce, especially in terms of horticultural goods.

Cluster 3 and 4 villages of Sumel, Dahuk and Talkaif, Ninawa See table three in the key statistics section (II) of this report. Farmers of these areas look primarily to Dahuk city and its neighboring trading town of Sumel where there are large wholesale markets, for both inputs and to make sales in both cropping and livestock itself. Dairy products tend to be sold more locally, within communities or to nearer settlements. Some horticultural goods are also sold more locally but most go to wholesale markets in Sumel, Dahuk: which is reflective of what are considered low transport costs compared to the costs of marketing smaller quantities of produce more locally.

The roads to these cities are good and farmers can rent pickup trucks for smaller quantities, or larger trucks for sale of field crops: prices and times also shown in table three section II. Farmers note that when selling to government silos their transport usually has to wait for a number of days which sends the prices high.

1.2.4. Challenges farmers face Farmers’ challenges in the Shabaki villages around Bartella face Water: Famers’ biggest challenge in this cluster of villages is access to irrigation water; the current access to water is limited to rainfed land, which narrows the farmers’ choices to wheat and barley, and to fava beans, chickpeas and lentils, and reduces their opportunities to make sustainable livelihoods from agricultural production, by growing summer vegetables crops.

Farmers expressed that their villages were part of a great irrigation system development, planned to come from Mosul Dam, but which was never consolidated because of ISIS. This year, many farmers who wanted to grow wheat and barley as rain-ed crops faced a dry season and they lost their inputs since through crop failure. Therefore, farmers expressed the need for deep wells to provide them with irrigation water to utilize their lands in different seasons, mainly for summer vegetables, which are mostly cash crops. Support requested included group well(s) with pumps, tubes and to support with sprinkles in every farm.

Inputs and services for agriculture production: Second biggest challenge is lack of resources to obtain production requirements to grow crops, mainly for renting equipment for plowing, purchasing inputs, and transportation costs, which are, combined with lack of irrigation water, provide a combination of challenges for small farmers who would grow a small piece of land of 2-3 dunums, since they cannot afford the combined costs with the needed labour.

Competition: Third challenge is the competition with imported products given that the government has put limited tariffs. For example, Government of Iraq has put only 10% tariffs 3on the types of crops that farmers grow (chickpeas, lentils, and fava beans), which doesn’t compensate on the currency differences and therefore production costs. This challenge, combined with limited financial literacy, made some farmers sell their crops at a loss at the season of selling, given that they followed the market price to ensure having enough cash and to keep loss at a minimum.

Challenges facing farmers in Kakai villages of Hamdaniya district: Land: The main challenge facing Kakai villages is rehabilitation of their agricultural land and their water resources, for which they need cash for work activities to rehabilitate their productive assets.

Demining: Access to land is also hindered in some of the villages with the delayed demining operations; Mine Advisory Group (MAG) has done some work in coordination with the Peshmerga and ISF forces, however, due to the huge demand on demining operations, the demining process stopped for a while and was resumed at the beginning of April 2018.

Agriculture inputs and services: Access to inputs and production costs for cropping, including plowing, seeds, fertilizers, water and labor also form a high cost of production that the farmer cannot afford. Therefore, farmers have started plowing small portions of their lands and grow some seasonal crops to catch up on covering their family needs, especially that their previous experience during displacement, to rent land for agriculture ended with loss.

Challenges facing the farmers of clusters 3 and 4 in Sumel and Telkaif Rain Lower than average rainfall in the area for the last few years is impacting stocks and reserves and ability to invest.

Water There are very few irrigated farms or wells, these can be dug, with permission, and would re-fill from the natural drainage of the Mousel dam in much of Talkeif for example but have not been invested in.

Movement of people has left fields un-managed with basic maintenance not carried out, rocks and field infrastructure: basic roadways, boundaries, weed management has left fields in disrepair.

Domicile: some communities have been offered up to IDPs with host families living elsewhere, this reduces access to land by the hosts and increases cost of production through increased transport costs. Security of crop care, e.g. from birds, grazers, other damage, agronomy which demands frequent scouting, storage of equipment and supplies off-site all create challenges.

Markets. Farmers have become accustomed to growing what they are told and are not oriented towards free-markets. This has meant high levels of wheat production. However, in recent years, despite ongoing promises, government has not brought this grain, leading to a situation where farmers continue to have a notional market offering a very high price, but a real experience of unpaid bills and small or no market.

3 Iraqi Ministry of Finance, Public Commission of Customs, Customs Tariff Table According to the Harmonized System, Chapter 12, pages 61 and after.

Market deliveries. When transporting goods to silos trucks park in line for receipt of goods, farmers absorb the costs of hiring these vehicles for extended periods.

Markets, competition. Neighboring countries are producing well received goods at low prices and their governments are supportive. The Kurdish sector has been unresponsive to increasing its competitively, policy and sentiment seem generally cynical with efforts orienting around increased trade barriers and not towards more constructive mechanisms of improved productivity or quality for example.

Infrastructure Knowledge, input supply, equipment, processing are all under-developed serving a very few crops, adding to these options in many cases demands significant investment and there is little progressive leadership from policy makers, or universities in this regard. A weak government extension service leaves private companies with high levels of influence on the sector the direction of which they drive. These are well connected but inherently focus on systems that demand sales of their inputs: so high input-oriented agriculture and quite narrow in terms of cropping. Low yields and lost assets have left farmers with reduced equipment and inputs to crop. There is almost no processing, so raw materials do not have value added and do not outcompete imported goods, also there is no industry to pick up and profitably process lower grade produce – effectively disallowing the selection of high grade for premium marketing.

Fodder Livestock value chains are profitable, but they depend on imported feed. This sector should thrive from by-products of field agriculture or processing but without these cheap inputs (e.g. oilseed cake would be a typical feed frmo a fit, mixed agricultural sector) producers import basic inputs and drive their gross margins lower.

1.2.5. Crops related value chain mapping:

Vegetables and legumes’ value chain, clusters 1 and 2. Agriculture of all crops, including vegetables has been affected by ISIS: arable land was not cultivated because of lack of seeds for most of the crops, except for wheat and barley, where farmers used seeds from previous year’s crop, and since they can be planted depending on rains, and the area is semiarid, with no possibility of irrigation. Farmers complained that they were not able to do agricultural production normally but they do now use low plastic tunnels in February as the nurseries to produce seedlings for transplant in the spring (from mid march).

Vegetables are coming from Iran and Turkey via East Mosul either from Kogjaly or Qayyara. They were cheaper during ISIS occupation because people couldn’t afford to buy them so the demand was reduced. Vegetable prices have been increasing because of the closure of roads with Erbil; and families report adaptation strategies such as the use of tomato paste in place of fresh tomatoes as a cheaper substitute.

Regional Imports from Turkey; arriving through Zakho and Dohuk and Syria, and regional Imports from Iran arriving through Baghdad together with Local Production from Samarah and Balad areas gather in Commodity Storage (East Mosul), where Qayara traders, Mobile businesses and retailers in communities, villages and at the camp avail these products to citizens.

Regulating law and policies in Iraq and KRI provide some tariffs on imports of vegetables, but not in a way that would hinder importers from trading in local market, since prices of imported vegetables after tariffs remain competitive. Transportation costs will provide local producers with a competitive advantage compared with the transportation from Turkey or from Iran.

The market lacks appropriate local processing or packaging, and vegetables are only sold raw and unsorted, which suggests an opportunity for businesses that would carry out cleaning, packaging, and probably processing, to add value and gain profit. This applies specifically for chickpeas, fava beans lentils, and summer vegetables.

Consumption of vegetables and legumes has no seasonal patterns, based on availability. Traders buy in 10% credit from wholesales based on confidence.

Transport between Baghdad, Ninewa, Erbil and Dohuk, are all safe and well; transport costs is higher for goods from Zakho and from Erbil than Samara and Baghdad. 10% Credit sales are availed for credible traders

Studying the external environment of the traditionally grown crop in Bartella villages, we find that there’s high reliance on imports in the market of Mosul, the biggest market for target farmers, local products will compete with products coming from Turkey via Zakho and Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and coming from Iran

via Baghdad, and Qayyara. Local production of legumes, mainly cash crops such as fava beans, lentils, or chickpeas still find room in the market given the high demand.

In Hamdaniya district villages, that are to the south of Hamdanya city, farmers have a different portfolio of Legumes and vegetables crops, including Lentils, Beans (Fasolia), Cucumber, Eggplant, Okra, Pepper, Pumpkin, Squash (Zucchini), Tomatoes. Farmers expressed that they grew Melon for family consumption.

Wheat to Bread value chain clusters 1 and 2 Due to the crisis, agriculture, mainly wheat was shrunk to rain-fed land, given that the irrigation system was stopped, because the irrigation equipment at Tigris river was confiscated and the irrigation at the Zab river was stopped.

No flour was available in the market to bake bread, because of the stopped PDS, the only opportunity people had was to plant some wheat at home or in their land, relying on rains, and then mill them to make their own bread. PDS was resumed partially after liberation; two distributions only took place between November 2016 and March 2017.

Although bread is an essential food item, an open market policy covers the value chain for import of wheat, or flour, and for opening bakeries. Bread bakeries require the normal business registration that any other business would require, in addition to health and hygiene measures.

Bread is a national nutrition element, thus wheat is a strategic crop. Wheat harvest is in May, local wheat production was affected since the wheat agriculture in Ninewa and Anbar as well as Kurdistan region governorates has been severely affected by the conflict in Mosul, and the internal borders within Ninewa governorates, in addition to the government delays payments to wheat farmers.

Flour production in country and in East Mosul specifically is carried out by national mill in addition to government contracts mills for wheat production to cover the need for flour for PDS.

Flour supplies for bread making are complemented by regional and international imports in addition to the national production, which are all consecrated to avail the wheat and flour in the market and to the consumers through the public distribution system (PDS) and at shops and wholesales; importers from Baghdad, Zakho and wholesales in Mosul itself are availing flour for bread, in addition to the national mill that is producing flour from wheat.

There are bakeries in Mosul, in all neighbourhoods that are receiving PDS flour to avail bread at normal prices, but rural people bake their own bread from flour that they either purchase, receive at PDS or mill in public or private mills.

Traders reported possibility of 10% in-kind credit (postponed payment) between wholesales and traders.

Cropping, clusters 3 and 4: 20 communities from Sumel, Dahuk, to Batanya, Ninawa. Market Map: Field and Protected Cropping Clusters 3 and 4, Sumel, Dahuk to Batnaya, Ninawa Traders buy Government salaries reduced by The market environment, wheat at 50% 40% and payments delayed, Traders Weak gov and third institutions, rules, norms, and in hope to sell trends. reducing purchasing power: big buy in 10% sectors leave Poor Field cropping to gov. at high impact because gov. is a large credit from private sector agri- regional dominated by prices Regulating policies employer wholesales chemicals relations, wheat: farmers The utilization inputs are MPs plan to, and many based on companies highly boarders expect of vegetables proposed for stakeholders expect to, confidence influential can close government to and fruits has release by agri- protect local production with without buy at high limited businesses and import taxes. Turkey and Neighboring countries warning prices but not seasonal approved by regional exporters blamed for produce cheaply and high paid fully since patterns, based MoAWR challenging market conditions quality year round. Local 2014 on availability for producers currency and labor costs high. The Market Chain” Market Actors and their Linkages Importers Grocery or in Urban General Stores Imports from Baghdad, Households and Markets Turkey through Erbil, Zakho and Dohuk Duhok Nearest Vegetable Wholesalers: Peri-Urban Erbil; Duhok; Households Regional Imports Mosul from Iran arriving Agents and through Baghdad Retailers in Cities and Large towns. Buik Rural materials in From Agri-business Consumers wholesale Mobile Importers: markets. 38% Local Producers businesses or dominated by Duhok; 38% Highly seasonal Street / Direct Debanne; IDP in and Sumil; 24% and dominated by Sales Agrimetco; ARD. out of others a few crops Bases in Erbil and Camps Baghdad.

Labor Consumers Limited information Commodity sense of state from extension Poor Storage lost skills Transportatio willingness No post services, universities information limited but and n available to pay harvest and neighbors, most of market increasing disintere from 30- premiums processing from agri-business prices st in 45USD/t to for Kurdish or agronomists driven agricultu nearest city produce packaging Key Infrastructure and Market by commercial re services or Support Services interests businesses

Input Supply including advice

Farmers grow a narrow range of crops with bread wheat dominating open fields and cucumbers greenhouses. Field crop inputs and bulk inputs are bought from wholesalers mostly in Sumel and Duhok, and a few elsewhere. A couple of wheat varieties dominate and farmers are unfamiliar with the full range of potentially available varieties. Many farmers home save seed for field crops: a major problem for seed- borne diseases when farmers lack understanding of this, such as doddor in chickpea and smut in wheat. Rainfed farmers understand that yields would be higher for durum wheat varieties, but feel that they cannot grow this because the government only offers to buy bread wheat, yet these are in terminal drought this year and have performed poorly in the last three years. The product is frequently of poor quality.

Horticultural inputs are supplied via international importers who are agents for international producers which provide high quality technical advice to the importers. High quality horticultural inputs are available, coming from Europe and the USA, but are still currently very limited in terms of diversity of crops and systems. In many cases lower quality options of inputs are also available, from Iran and China, usually farmers know when they are taking risks with lower quality inputs and there is clearly value attributed to quality assured supplies.

This profit-making horticultural input supply chain is keenly aware of the need for its clients to be successful for them to thrive themselves, and they are working on new crops and systems. They also provide good in-field support to clients producing greenhouse crops. These companies naturally focus on those value chains and systems that can be profitable for them however, and their expertise is built around the chemistry and genetics that they supply. This leaves some good potential crops un-touched – such as certain herbs and spices might be examples of.

Despite the useful investments of the input supply chain, naturally they do not extend their activities beyond production systems and so there are cases of the development of the agronomy and input options for new crops which have failed or developed very slowly because of a lack of post-harvest, and market development work, broccoli and sweet corn are examples of these.

Some larger and better resourced farmers have connections to the universities and get advice from these contacts. Most often farmers get advice at the point of purchase of inputs and retailers and wholesalers can pass questions up to importers when they are unsure. Particularly for horticultural inputs, these questions can be passed as far back as international agri-chemicals companies and high quality advice passed back, as described above however, this is all limited to the chemistry and genetics on sale and oriented towards their objectives as an input-supply chain. A few farmers mention government extension services but these are not well trained and are under-active, especially in recent years where they are paid 40% and less of their official salaries and there is no real alternative to the views of the conventional input supply chain for agronomy or system development.

Field crop and fodder seed and specialist equipment is not easily accessed and there are no clear suppliers identifying genetics and improving rainfed systems.

Inputs require permission from the Ministry of Agriculture for release and suppliers apply for this providing certain evidence of their contribution to improved production

Production is basic, limited to wheat in fields and cucumbers in greenhouses with few exceptions: some tomatoes, a little chickpea for example. Farmers have a little wider understanding than this but the supply chain, marketing, and policy environment does little to support an alternative strategy. Machines, inputs, processing and the knowledge infrastructure are all established for these few cropping options and hence the costs of diversification would need to be considered carefully. Equipment is very basic, with a simple metered drill used for wheat with a gravity fed distribution plate spreading seed in front of a disc plough.

Post harvest processing, packaging and marketing

There is very little in terms of post harvest processing or packaging in Kurdistan. Wheat is sold to government silos or speculating aggregators. Vegetables are sold bulk to wholesalers without sorting. Wholesalers note that prices of 20% and higher could be achieved with some sorting of vegetables but without processing operations there is no obvious market for the lower grade off-types. Dairy products sell in very basic unbranded metal or plastic containers which could be simply improved upon, though retailers indicate that this simple packaging represents a ‘brand’ which is valued by consumers: that of coming from Kurdish producers.

Markets

Stakeholders in the agricultural sector are quick to describe the market as a problem. They consider the cheap, high quality, and supported produce of their neighbours to be a significant problem and the called for response is tariffs at the boarder. Indeed these are applied at times of Kurdish production. Little else seems to be being done in addressing the challenge of the market, which could alternatively be seen as a supply side problem, and efforts built around generating more diverse product offerings, across a wider time frame, and at higher quality.

The quality of Kurdish wheat is low: being sold at a high ‘guaranteed’ price to an unloved client (the Baghdad government); and it is then distributed as part of rations through the Public Distribution System but as low quality, much of this is re-aggregated and sells to livestock farmers for feed.

Consumers show a preference for Kurdish produce and the super market Carrefour has begun marking its produce clearly as Kurdish. A willingness to pay a premium for Kurdish produce is reported by retailers and wholesalers also.

Diary produce has a ready and rewarding market sold from small retailers. The unmarked metal or plastic containers are well looked on by consumers who recognise them as from smallholder Kurdish producers, but branding, sealing, and such lines as single serve options could open new opportunities for differentiation and reaching younger or new markets.

1.3. Livestock agriculture value chain in selected Hamdaniya; Sumel; and Talkief district villages 1.3.1. Sheep and Lamb Sheep production is an important component of the agricultural sector in Iraq, with meat, milk and wool traditionally providing small farmers with income and food and communities with meat, fibre, and a range of good tasting, nutritious dairy products.

Obtaining accurate data on the size of the sheep population in Iraq is difficult as agricultural censuses are not readily accessible. Furthermore, the on-going conflict, displacement and inaccessibility of some areas makes it almost impossible to get an accurate picture of the current national flock. In 2013, FAO estimated a total population of 8.25 million sheep, which is not a significant increase from the estimated population of 6.9 million in 2000, especially when compared to the growth in human population over the same period. However this population of livestock has significantly been affected by the control of ISIS over Ninewa, Anbar, Salah El Din, Kirkuk and Diala areas, which were heavily relying on farming and sheep. In the meantime, it’s generally accepted that the total sheep population surpasses that of all other livestock by far. This highlights the importance of sheep livestock to rural farmers, which can be attributed to the low cost and maintenance of sheep compared to other livestock.

Certain challenges and economic barrier face returnee farmers’ re-entry to growing sheep, when they want to re-stock their lost livelihoods in these communities including fodder, vaccinations, or veterinarian care in general, as well as seasonality of prices. The following inputs were identified for the sheep production industry: animal, feed, vaccines, labour and land/enclosure.

During focus group discussions, small farmers and widows highlighted that the minimum to start with, is a female sheep with its young lamb, which can be bought for 200,000 IQDs from Mosul market or Sumel (for Bartella or Ninawa/Dahuk respectivly) or for 300,000 IQD from Erbil (for Kakai villages in Hamdaniya). Selling prices are varied based on weight, season and the market status. A lamb can double its weight in

100 days and sell for around 300,000 IQD, when bought at 150,000 IQDs. Feeding can be costly and depends in individual circumstances, but a concentrated ‘fodder’ supplement of 1kg per day per animal is a basic budget, and costs in the region of 375IQD/kg. A 6,250IQD vet budget per animal is considered average. The profitability of ruminant production is frequently dependent on the amount of grazing or cut fodder a producer can access, which in turn is influenced by a range of factors including weather. When fodder costs peak it can lead to emergency selling and falling of the price of livestock, any reducting in the price of fodder, or improvement in its production and utilization, is a key contribution to improved resilience and sustainability of a livestock enterprise.

Decisions of sheep raising are taken in partnership between men and women in the family, however, the decision is frequently finally made by the man. Market activities, buying and selling, are usually considered men’s work, though women feed and care for livestock, and when processing dairy products may carry out some selling from her home or to neighbors. Farmers and women farmers agreed that utilization of the income from selling is determined mutually between men and women upon selling.

Main products of sheep and lamb value chain are small sheep, meet, wool and milk. Small sheep are the product of breeding, which is a six months cycle, and increases milk production, given the seasons and availability of green fodder.

Milk is an important sheep by-product as trends and constraints in milk production has an impact on the rest of the dairy value chain. In Iraq, sheep milk is usually utilized in yogurt and cheese, and they are both

demanded products and are profitable, pending scale of production. The market likes the simple packaging of local production which represents a ‘Kurdistan brand’ for which it pays a premium over printed sealed packaging which is viewed as imported or from powered milk and not fresh.

Milk production is profitable only in the case of a high number of mother sheep, either in the same house, where farmers process the milk into yoghurt or cheese, which are usually a profitable business, while in the case of individual animals at homes, the business can become to collect the milk and process it. This is not likely to be the case any soon in the cases of returnees’ communities, given that they have lost their flocks and restocking is a highly costly process.

For meat, farmers fatten male lambs and sell them in the nearby market; Erbil or Kalak for the case of Hamdaniya Kakai villages; Mosul or Bartella or Qaraqoush in the case of the Shabaki villages around Bartella. It can be feasible to profitably buy a 3-4 month lamb, fatten over 3-4 months and sell.

Wool is also likely to be a good product in case of big flocks, but is frequently left un-cut with a shearing cost of 1,250IQD/animal and at 250iqd/kg the fleece frequently not being profitable. It can be possible to improve fleece production through proper vet care, conditioning, and cleaning of sheep before shearing, hence improving the quality of collected wool and increase its prices.

Access to market During the assessment, it was observed that there is relatively good access to markets from communities targeted. In Dohuk, Sumel, and Alqosh communities, access to markets of Dohuk, and Zakho, farmers have access to good sized markets with the nearest large-scale market 15 to 30 kilometers away in Dohuk.

In Bartella Shabaki villages the markets are big enough for Mosul, 10 kilometers away as the nearest larger markets. Most small farmers only access local markets with their produce due to a lack of cold storage facilities, the prohibitive transportation costs involved, and perceived little value add in reaching more distant markets. The access to markets in Mosul and Tikrit are now restricted and producers confirmed that while previously they did trade in these areas, the conflict and security situation has restricted their movement. This has created an increase in local produce available on the local market and a perceived impact in decreasing prices. In some cases, in an attempt to access other markets, a few people are choosing to travel further distances (such as Najaf) but similarly, the transportation costs impact the retail price of the product.

In regard to all dairy and meat produce, two key sales channels exist: formal and informal. The formal is generally used by large scale producers who are well established and is characterized by clear marketing (packaging, labels) and compliance with hygiene standards and can demand a higher retail price. Small scale household level producers generally work within the informal sales channel, this can involve direct sale to other members of the community or at the local market.

1.3.2. Fodder The main crop for fodder is barley, which was heavily grown in Hamdaniya villages before ISIS, mainly because it can easily be grown as a rain-fed crop as identified by farmers in the two clusters of villages of Hamdaniya; the Kakai villages and the Shabaki villages. Barley is sometimes grazed in spring. Wheat straw is also used and wheat and barley straw are both referred to as ‘hay’ when chopped. These are inherently low quality feeds but form the basis of livestock diets in Kurdistan. Some re-aggregated ‘Public Distribution

System’ wheat is fed to livestock as a cheap and useful component, as well as home grown barley and wheat grain.

Most livestock farmers buy straw and ‘fodder’ which is a mixed grain agricultural by product mix imported from Turkey at around 450,000 IQDs per ton, and is consumed heavily in autumn when the green season is finished. Farmers highlighted that their cheapest fodder is the green grass that grows in the rainy season and provides them with free fodder for three to four months, starting February to May. However, farmers are not aware of alternative fodder plans such as treating straws with Urea; or silage production; intentional fodder production; or even improved hay production all of which could significantly improve livestock profitability. Key informant interviews with experts and academics suggest that inadequate feed impacts the productivity of Iraqi sheep. 2. Labor Market Analysis Labor market was analyzed based on results of the key informant interviews, focus group discussions with women and men, and individual households. Questions covered unemployment population in target communities that would be ready to participate in cash for work activities both in urban setting across the construction value chain such as in Batnaya, Telkaif, and in rural setting or protected agriculture such as in Sumel, Sharia, Alqosh, and Hamdaniys villages.

Labor market analysis also identified skills that are necessary for each value chain and their availability among the interviewed sample of target communities, to identify the needs for capacity building, which will be included in direct program interventions.

Gender roles were also tackled during labor market assessment, in order to identify the division of roles, access to resources and control over resources of knowledge, mobility and access to markets between women and men, to ensure that project interventions build on that, avoiding being confrontational to the community norms, but to influence incremental change where appropriate and possible.

2.1. Labor Market Analysis Across the Construction value chain in Batnaya and Telskof The construction value chain labour market analysis is provided with the value chain descriptions in section 1.1

Trades, Skills, and People Groups Traditionally Batnaya and Telskof have met many of their own construction labor needs. They report no shortage of ground workers, meet their own electrician, plumbing, metal worker, and decorating4 needs. When carrying out block work or construction of the super structure and carpentry they also have expertise, but utilize some help from the nearby town of Alqosh. Roofing has historically been carried out by contractors from Mosul and Telkief centre, but in 2012 a Batnaya business person invested in the necessary equipment and has been domiciled and working from his base in Duhok: residence of Batanya are keen to engage with this contractor for future work which is consistent with their keenness to utilize Chaldean workers where possible. Plastering is the one trade where the communities of Batanaya and Telkaif continue to bring Muslim contractors from Baoiza.

4 Mr Amer Yalda Jacob is a decorator with seven staff.

Community relations The communities of Batnaya and Telskof indicate that trust between their and other Chaldean communities is good, but less so between theirs and Muslim communities. This is reflected particularly in their preference for Chaldean contractors for substantial and structural work, as well as in other ways. Nevertheless, there are interactions such as in the examples of roofing and plastering work.

In terms of basic labor the Batnya and Telskof communities show considerable willingness to engage with the basic clearing operations required, and have available labor due to the high unemployment rates. The church indicates that these kinds of activities are meaningful in terms of community adhesion and mental health, as the devastated and relatively inactive population comes together and carries out tangible tasks together, improving their environment, assets, and potential.

Where labor does not have high skill levels they can be placed with skilled workers and learn under their leadership.

2.2. Labor Market Analysis in agriculture sector related to crops in Sumel and Hamdaniya 2.2.1. Capacity of farmers and agriculture labor in Hamdamiya; Sumel; and Talkief villages

Farmers’ capacity for farming in open agriculture Farmers expressed that they are aware of basic farming principles and the focus group discussions and key informant interviews, as well as farmers’ household survey highlighted that they are aware of the technicalities of farming in its traditional concepts.

Farmers did not happily welcome ideas of avoiding pesticides however and did not welcome the idea of formal training in this regard, implying a strong underlying view that such pesticides are necessary. At the same time however, by contrast, growers and consumers readily tell stories of problems of pesticides, and farmer groups did show interest in bio-fertilizers that can be prepared locally and reduce the cost of production, and they did welcome the idea of experimental plots for piloting agricultural approaches and ideas, and promised to allocate land for that purpose.

Across the entire area of Sumel and Talkeif survey respondents could only name four people that they described as ‘agricultural engineers’ indicating a sever lack of advanced understanding of cropping.

Much rainfed agriculture has been reduced to wheat cropping and whilst farmers recall traditionally more diverse cropping, they are more vague about the agronomy of alternative crops, this knowledge being lost within the communities: it was many interviews before we were able to find someone who knew that combines can be used to harvest chickpea and how to adjust the locally available machinery for example: this is knowledge that should be common.

Farmers capacity in agriculture business Farmers expressed that they track the costs of their farming per product, but, also mentioned that pricing of crops is highly dominated by market and not by costs, so sometimes profitability is jeopardized by high supply of a certain crop, by import or local production gluts, such that at time of selling farmers might end up with a loss.

Farmers show little innovation or leadership in proactive strategies to address this, and this is reflected also by other stakeholders in the market place, the private sector, and ministry of agriculture, quickly assuming that the only way to address these challenges is to barrier imports or support farmers or both.

Farmers also expressed that they sell their products through small trucks owners, who sometimes determine the prices in the market on behalf of the farmers who do not accompany them to the market to sell their own product, in addition to paying fees for transporting their products to the market, a price of IQD1000 per box (a box is between 8-10 Kgs) is paid.

Wholesale and retail traders are clear that premiums for improved presentation and selection of marketable produce would have a significant upward impact on prices that farmers can achieve. Training on marketing and selling to farmers could be beneficial.

Labor capacity to work in cash for work activities in rehabilitation of land and productive assets For productive assets rehabilitation activities that the program will carry out using cash for work mechanism, such as rehabilitation of arable land that was deferred, and cleaning canals, removing weed and thorn that grew as the land was deferred, and removing water blockage from the canals, and stones will require labor, who do not necessary have high skills, but they need to be oriented regarding the usage of tools, and regarding protection measures of uniform and awareness of the possibility of UXOs, to avoid injuries.

In the Sumel and Talkief villages communities estimate an average of 203 men and 260 women per community are without work but many have some limited of agriculture and would be readily available for such works.

Farmers’ capacity for greenhouse rehabilitation in protected agriculture While farmers in Kakai villages did not mention the greenhouses as an option for their agriculture, given their appropriate access to land and water, farmers in Shabaki villages around Bartella highlighted that they used to have some greenhouses at one of the big farmers’ land, but that this was destroyed. In the meantime, greenhouse farming and kitchen garden farming would be quite suitable for farmers in Shabaki villages around Bartella, given their difficulty in accessing water, and given the women’s existing experience in kitchen gardening in their own houses before and after the conflict, which is only used for household food security. The Mosel market is growing and should be a target for villages in these areas.

There are 115 greenosues in the Sumel and Talkief districts but 95% grow cucumbers. To become sustainable, resilient businesses these owners and farmers will need to learn to grow at least five crops and rotate them. They need improved linkages with the supply chain and to understand the basic opportunity in the market place. None use heating and cooling and are hence subject to harvest at the same time as the national crop which floods the market in the same few weeks and drives prices down. Stakeholders of protected agriculture need to be challenged to produce alternative crops and cropping periods in order to compete with imports and meet the demands of consumers.

Gender Analysis A fuller, complimentary gender analysis is in the full proposal at 4a. below is some supplementary information.

In regard to the division of labour, the role of women has become increasingly important in the agricultural industry in Iraq. With men participating in the war or forced to look for more economically viable

livelihoods, women have become gradually more involved in agriculture, with a now estimated 60% of agricultural labourers being female.

An estimated 1,041 housholds in the Sumel and Talkief village clusters are women headed, and need support from their communities to engage in roles not traditionally considered suitable for women. Chaldean and Ezidy villages in particular seem open to this, and project interventions must play a role in ensuring that barriers to women are reduced for all activities: not just defining certain activities for women and then effectively excluding them from others.

Men and women alike appear to understate the role of women, firstly only identifying relevant enterprise activities that men engage with, forgetting those of women, and then even for those under-estimating the role of women. Women frequently have a role in storage of home saved seed for example, and this activity is easily missed off activity lists; or it is not uncommon for a community to say women do not work in the fields, and then see women working in groups or alongside a male partner in the evening in their fields. For these reasons project staff and design are/is encouraged to have low barriers to entry and encourage women directly, through men, and through change agents in communities to engage.

Women and Men Growing Crops Women in Kakai villages in Hamdaniya district were seen working hand in hand with men in the field, growing crops. Participants in the women focus group discussions could tell the seasonal calendar, what they grow of crops for income and what they grow for home. They were also able to tell the costs of crops, and prices of selling, and their fore determine profitability of crops. In this they expressed that they were treated equally with men, and that decisions of crops were made participatorily between women and men at home. They also mentioned that men do the selling of the crop and therefore men decide on what to prioritize in terms of spending of the agricultural income, however they mentioned that they participate in such decisions.

Table 1 showing % of groups identifying ‘a role for …[member of family]’ in activities identified by the community as important in cropping:

Cropping Men Women Boys Girls Buy Seed 100 13 - - Prepare Soil 100 25 88 25 Sowing 100 31 19 13 Fertilise 88 38 75 25 Pest Control 38 31 25 19 irrigation 50 25 31 13 Harvest 100 31 88 19 ALL 82 28 46 16

Women farmers in Bartella highlighted that almost 70% of the houses of their villages grow summer vegetables at small scale for family consumption. This includes a long list of summer vegetables such as

Celery, Lettuce, Onion, Green beetle (Salq), Okra , Squash (Zucchini), Radish (Fejel). Women grow these crops in their front-yards or back-yards, using their available type of water at their houses (shallow wells) and contributing to their families’ food security. Farmers expressed that the water is a bit salty and is full of minerals and that if they wanted a large-scale agriculture using wells for irrigation, this has to be a deep well of 100 meters depth or more.

Women work with their families when share cropping in protected agriculture and in the evenings in fields. They care for livestock when in the home. 2.3. Labor market analysis across the livestock value chain

Many small scale homestead based livestock enterprises utilize only family labour, with only larger flocks utilizing additional casual agricultural labor. Focus group discussions highlighted that, at times, small scale farmers in a village may group together either to share the task of taking sheep to graze (on a rotation system with other households) or to hire a shepherd to carry out this task and split the costs which iare estimated at approximately $800 per month for a shepherd of a medium sized flock. A proportion of those interviewed for this assessment work as agricultural laborers earning a very low income and some indicated that they worked for lambs or milk instead of cash. Some livestock farmers assign a number of their animals to a sharecropping family, frequently with women taking the lead, for day to day care in their own ‘barns’ or that of the household. In sheep farming, interviewees report that men are predominately tasked with feeding, taking the sheep to graze, and lambing, in contrast to the women, who are more involved in milking and the processing of dairy products from home or if grazing is close to home.

Table 2 showing % of groups identifying ‘a role for …[member of family]’ in activities identified by the community as important in livestock production

Livestock Men Women Boys Girls Marketing of Products 94 24 41 - Buying animals 100 6 18 - Dip (treatment for parasites) 82 53 59 18 Cheese and Yogurt Making 6 94 - 29 Cleaning animal houses 41 82 18 35 Grazing 88 12 71 - Feeding animals 53 82 35 35 Milking 6 94 6 47 59 56 31 21

Farmers’ capacity to raise sheep in target community has been limited by the displacement, since they needed to give-up their flocks, and could not retrieve or recover them upon return.

In the entire area of Sumel and Talkaif clusters only one vet could be identified by community leaders and focus group participants, larger farmers taking advise primarily at the point of buying medicines from their markets in Sumel and Duhok city, or from the areas only vet, based in Telskof.

Interviewed farmers highlighted they do not treat straws with urea or make silage; they rarely collect hay in the summer for winter use. Such knowledge and skills would be of added value from this program to equip sheep raising farmers to efficiently raise their sheep and increase the profitability of such an agricultural activity.

Pricing is one of the skills that farmers expressed that they lack, given that they rely on market price, and while the farmers claim to track the costs of raising sheep, they still cannot ensure a profitable price, and they expressed that sometimes they sell at loss in case they needed to sell and the market price was down.

Note that table 2 below, by comparison to table 1 above, indicates the predominate role of women compared to men in the livestock value chain.

VI. Recommendations: Construction value chain development in Batnaya and Telskof 1. Rehabilitation of old businesses across the construction value chains prioritizing small shops that sell construction related supplies. 2. Establishing new income generating activities for skilled labor, tools rental, tools selling and construction materials selling 3. Engagement with existing supply chain skills and contractors where necessary and placing cash for work labor under their management to meet construction needs and skill build. Crops value chain development in legumes and vegetables in Kakaki villages of Hamdaniya: 1. Train farmers on entrepreneurship and financial literacy, to ensure that they are able to 2. Support farmers to organize themselves and be able to negotiate prices of their inputs and prices of their products instead of adhering to unfair market prices. 3. Train farmers and women farmers on cleaning and packaging their crops to add value and increase their profitability. 4. Support small businesses for farmers with small equipment for packaging to ensure possibilities of adding value and negotiating fair price. 5. Support farmers and women farmers to start animal feeding approaches that are more efficient, including sledging and storing grass from spring to summer, and treating straws with Urea. Labour market development in Kakai villages – Hamdaniya districts 1. Train cash for work unskilled labour on plowing, weeding, and harvesting, as well as on cleaning land and irrigation canals, at the beginning of their participation in cash for work. 2. Train cash for work beneficiaries on identifying and avoiding and reporting UXOs to avoid accidents during cash for work activities. 3. Train labour on cleaning and packaging of crops in order to participate in small enterprises that add value and increase their income 4. Train women farmers and their families on dairy production and hygiene approaches to ensure quality of dairy production. 5. Train labor on possibilities of doing business in collecting milk, storing and cooling, and processing to create jobs and income opportunities with scale production and marketing.

Crops value chain development in legumes and vegetables in Shabaki villages around Bartella-Hamdaniya 1. Train farmers on entrepreneurship and financial literacy, to ensure that they are able to price their crops with planning a profit. 2. Train farmers on aeration of salty water for irrigation to be able to use their low-cost water from shallow wells safely for agriculture. 3. Train women farmers in Shabaki villages on kitchen gardening at scale, to create income and grow their own crops for selling not just for household food security. 4. Support farmers to organize themselves and be able to negotiate prices of their inputs and prices of their products instead of adhering to unfair market prices. 5. Train farmers and women farmers on cleaning and packaging their crops to add value and increase their profitability. 6. Support small businesses for farmers with small equipment for packaging to ensure possibilities of adding value and negotiating fair price. 7. Support farmers and women farmers to start animal feeding approaches that are more efficient, including sledging and storing grass from spring to summer, and treating straws with Urea. Labour market development in Shabaki villages around Bartella 1. Train some unskilled labour workers on erecting greenhouses, and support them to avail inputs for greenhouse farming supplies at small scale. 2. Train cash for work unskilled labour on plowing, weeding, and harvesting, as well as on cleaning land and irrigation canals, at the beginning of their participation in cash for work. 3. Train cash for work beneficiaries on identifying and avoiding and reporting UXOs to avoid accidents during cash for work activities. 4. Train labour on cleaning and packaging of crops in order to participate in small enterprises that add value and increase their income 5. Train women farmers and their families on dairy production and hygiene approaches to ensure quality of dairy production. 6. Train labor on possibilities of doing business in collecting milk, storing and cooling, and processing to create jobs and income opportunities with scale production and marketing. Crops value chain and labour market development in rainfed field cropping and greenhouses in Sumel, Dahuk; and Talkeif, Ninawa. 1. Need for CfW for basic rehabilitation of land. 2. Support input recovery in order for farmers to engage in basic cropping. 3. Link producers to extension / university / improved knowledge base for repatriation of traditionally successful cropping and modern methods for water use efficiency, crop diversification, and input use efficiency. 4. Link producers to private sector suppliers of equipment for resource use efficient agronomy such as direct seeders. 5. Work with farmers to improve own analysis of budgeting and marketing methods and analyze. 6. Advocate for progressive policy environment: towards improved competitiveness of sector and not only through subsidies or trade barriers.

7. Link greenhouse growers with highly skilled agri-business supply chain for diversified greenhouse cropping: both in terms of species, and periods of production. 8. Explore improved processing, packaging ,and labeling to realize the opportunity presented by consumer preferences for Kurdish produce. 9. Look for opportunities to develop new share-cropping agreements with improved terms: field and greenhouse. Livestock Value Chains 1. Presents an opportunity to work with women: establishing new business, improving processing and marketing for example. 2. Explore ways of reducing fodder costs: improve quality of existing fodder, utilize more efficiently, carry out participate budget and analysis with farmers, try fodder-specific crops. Urea straw training is a minimum input here. 3. Look for improved markets for wool; reducing costs through training and use of powered shears; increased prices through animal condition management and wool washing. 4. Look for opportunities to extend the indigenous expertise of leading producers and processors to those with less skills: this can benefit both. 5. Add value through improved packaging, branding, and access to new markets, such as younger urban consumers with single-serve products.

VII. Annexes:

Annex 1. Tools and questionnaires used for the Market assessment A. Questions for construction value chain mapping (also for mapping for other value chains)

األسئلة باللغة العربية Questions in English

أسئلة نسألها للمستهلكين Disaster-affected population • الوضع االقتصادي في مدينتك قبل وبعد األزمة؟ كيف اختلف؟ • مستوى اإلنفاق العام للمواطنين ، هل تح ّسن أم تأذى بسبب the household economy pre- and post-disaster • األزمة؟ كيف؟ -income and expenditure levels pre- and post • • ما هي أساليب التأقلم التي يعتمد عليها المواطنون لتحسين disaster مسكنهم من أجل العودة )خصوصاً لو لم يكن التجار والعمال coping mechanisms pre- and post-disaster • المهرة قادرين على االستجابة الحتياجاتهم(؟ particularly what people do if traders and markets) • ما هي االحتياجات قريبة المدى واالحتياجات طويلة األمد (are not able to respond to their needs للمواطنين؟ immediate and longer-term needs • • ما هي األسواق األساسية التي يرتادها المواطنون لشراء هذه which markets are essential • المنتجات؟ access to markets including potential barriers • • ما مدى سهولة أو صعوبة وصول المواطنين لهذه األسواق؟ وما distance from markets (this will provide a • المعوقات التي تواجههم؟ لماذا؟ geographical limit to the area of • ما المسافة التي تبعد بين المواطنين في منطقتك وبين األسواق (analysis التي تباع فيها هذه السلع؟ • seasonal difference • هل هناك مواسم لتوافر هذا النوع من السلع أكثر من مواسم • prices أخرى؟ • pre- and post-disaster cash transfer mechanisms • هل هناك تفاوت في األسعار من منطقة ألخرى ومن موسم (systems used e.g. banks, phones) آلخر؟ • ما مدى إقبال األهالي في منطقتك على شراء واستهالك هذا .labour wages • المنتج؟ • آليات تحويل األموال قبل وبعد األزمة )حوالة، بنك، شركات المحمول( • أجور العمال

أسئلة نسألها للتجار والموزعين Traders

• ما مدى وصول العمالء للسوق في مجال عملك؟ how many people access the market pre- and • • هل هناك مواسم يزيد فيها وصول العمالء للسوق أكثر من مواسم post-disaster أخرى؟ seasonal variation of access to market by the • • ما مدى توافر هذا النوع من السلع أو المنتجات؟ people over the last five years • هل هناك تفاوت في األسعار من منطقة ألخرى ومن موسم availability of commodities • آلخر؟ supply chains and the effect or potential effect of • • ما هو خط سير هذا المنتج أو النوع من المنتجات من التصنيع the disaster إلى المستهلك عبر سلسلة القيمة؟ government regulations around supply of • • ما دور المصنّعين في التحكم في سعر بيع المنتوج للمستهلك؟ .commodities and market-related restrictions (e.g • ما دور كبار التجار في التحكم في سعر بيع المنتوج للمستهلك؟ ,policies limiting access of humanitarian agencies

• ما دور صغار التجار والموزعين في التحكم في سعر بيع ,control of information, determination of resources المنتوج للمستهلك؟ direction on what type of programme can be • ما هي السياسات التجارية والصناعية التي تضعها الجهات (implemented, restricting agencies from operating الحكومية كضوابط لهذا النوع من المنتجات؟ prices • • ما هي أسعار المنتجات الرئيسية؟ trader cartels • • ما هي تحالفات التجار الموجودة في السوق؟ power relations • • ما هي خبراتك في العمل ضمن مجموعة تجارية )احكي لنا هذه (the existence of trader groups (good/bad • الخبرات سواء خبرة جيدة أو غير جيدة( social/ethnic/political issues amongst traders • • ما هي عالقات القوة التي تحكم السوق؟ market storage capacity • • هل هناك مشاكل بين التجار نتيجة للتنوعات اإلثنية أو الدينية أو access to credit • السياسية who do they buy from • • ما مدى استيعاب الطاقة التخزينية لهذا المنتج في السوق .who do they do business with and why • • ممن تشتري منتجاتك؟ • مع من تعقد صفقات تجارية؟ لماذا؟

لقاء أو أكثر مع مسئولين حكوميين وجهات تضع السياسات التنظيمية Government representatives and regulatory bodies لهذا القطاع: Market-related restrictions/developments such as: ما هي السياسات التنظيمية التي تنظم العمل في هذا القطاع؟ tax and movement permits which raise costs and • • الضرائب constrain movement of goods • تصاريح التحرك بين المناطق، مما يزيد من تكاليف restrictions around the provision of cash-based • وصعوبة نقل البضائع assistance • ضوابط تقديم الخدمات والمساعدات المالية control of information • • التحكم في المعلومات supply of commodities • • اإلمداد بهذا النوع من السلع restrictions on humanitarian agencies operating • • هل هناك ما يمنع منظمة إنسانية من العمل على دعم هذا policies to develop markets and trade • القطاع؟ (government stocks (especially food • • السياسات التي تنظم دعم هذه التجارة أو الصناعة .financial institutions and service providers • ً • هل هناك احتياطي حكومي؟ )خصوصا للطعام( • الخدمات المالية )قروض – تسهيالت( التي تدعم العمل في هذا القطاع. أسئلة المالحظة )من واقع زيارات ميدانية للسوق( :Observation Questions ما عدد الشركات المنتجة العاملة في هذا المجال في باتنايا/تلكيف؟ What are the number of producing companies in • من هم كبار التجار في هذا القطاع في باتنايا/تلكيف؟ ?this sector in Batnaya/Telkaif ما هي المنتوجات والخدمات المقدمة في هذا القطاع في باتنايا/تلكيف؟ Who are the big traders in this sector in • ما هي المنتوجات والخدمات الغير مقدمة في هذا القطاع في ?Batnaya/Telkaif باتنايا/تلكيف؟ What are the available products and services in • this sector in Batnaya/Telkaif? • What are the products and services that are not available in this sector in Batnaya/Telkaif?

B. Focus group discussion guide on Women agricultural livelihoods activities:

معلومات عامة General information .1 المجتمع Community عدد المشاركات (Number of participants (Female الوقت :Time المكان Premise

ترحيب :Welcoming .2 Thank you for your participation today, we’re from: ….. Organization, and we’re here to learn from you about the needs of women farmers in the area to resume their agricultural livelihoods activities. We’ll be asking you some questions and we encourage you all to participate with answers, knowing that there’s no wrong answer. The results of this meeting will help us design suitable solutions for supporting farmers to resume their agriculture activities in the area. شكراً لحضراتكم على مشاركتكم اليوم ، نحن من منظمة .... وقد حضرنا لنتعلم منكم حول احتياجات النساء المزارعات في المنطقة ليتمك ّن من استعادة سبل معيشتهم وأنشطتهم الزراعية بعد العودة. سنسألكم بعض األسئلة ونشجعكم جميعاً على المشاركة، إذ ليست هناك إجابة خاطئة. وستساعدنا نتائج هذا االجتماع على تصميم حلول مالئمة لمساندة المزارعين الستعادة أنشطتهم الزراعية في المنطقة

3. How many families in the community were relying on agriculture as the main source of their income before the crisis? كم عدد األسر في المجتمع التي كانت تعتمد على الزراعة كمصدر رئيسي للدخل قبل األزمة؟

4. What agriculture activities do women farmers do in the area throughout the year? ما هي األنشطة الزراعية التي تقوم بها النساء في المنطقة خالل السنة؟

5. In your opinion, which of these activities are likely to bring more income to the women than the other? (chicken, geese, ducks, rabbits, goats, sheep) (Rank) في رأيك، ما هي األنشطة المنزلية الزراعية التي يمكن أن تعطي دخالً جيداً للنساء أفضل من األخرى؟ )ترتيب بحسب األفضلية( )دجاج، (أوز، بط ، أرانب ، ماعز ، أغنام(؟

6. In your opinion, which of these products are richer in nutrition compared to the others? (chicken, geese, ducks, rabbits, goats, sheep) (Rank) في رأيكم ، أي من هذه يساعد على تحسين تغذية األسرة أكثر من األخرى؟ )ترتيب بحسب األفضلية( )دجاج، أوز، بط ، أرانب ، ماعز ، ( أغنام(؟

7. From knowing your community, how many women are not likely to do any of these activities during this year? من معرفتكم لمجتمعكم، كم من النساء اللي كانوا بيربوا دواجن أو أغنام قبل داعش ربما ال يقوموا بهذا خالل هذا العام ؟

لماذا ؟ ?Why .8

9. How do you prioritize the problems above for getting support to overcome? كيف يمكنكم ترتيب أولويات المشكالت أعاله للحصول على الدعم للتغلب عليها؟

10. What support can be given to women to do some economic activities (poultry, small cattle) and gain some income? ما هو الدعم الذي يمكن تقديمه للنساء للقيام ببعض األنشطة االقتصادية )ثروة داجنة، ثروة حيوانية( والحصول على بعض الدخل؟

11. For example: what would be the costs of raising every type of the following? Please help me state the items and their costs: :مثالً: ما هي التكاليف المحتملة لتربية كل نوع من األنواع اآلتية؟ ساعدونا في تحديد بنود التكاليف وقيمة كل بند في الجدول التالي

األغنام والماعز Goats and sheep

الدجاج Chicken

12. Where can women receive the appropriate poultry and sheep/goat raising information and advice? أين يمكن للنساء الحصول على معلومات جيدة لتربية الدواجن واألغنام؟

13. In your opinion, what’s the percentage of farmers in the area who can do feasibility study for their sheep/goats or livestock and based on that they choose the right activity? في رأيكم، ما هي النسبة المئوية من مزارعي المنطقة ممن يمكنهم عمل دراسة جدوى اقتصادية حول الماعز واألغنام أو الدواجن ، الختيار النشاط المناسب بناءاً عليها؟

14. How would women perceive livestock feasibility study training if it was availed? ما رأي النساء في إمكانية حصولهم على تدريب حول دراسة الجدوى االقتصادية لألغنام والماعز أو الدواجن لو كان ذلك متاحاً؟

C. Focus group tool for emergency support for agricultural livelihood and food security

معلومات عامة General information (1

المجتمع Community

عدد المشاركين والمشاركات )ذكور – إناث( (Number of participants (Male – Female

الوقت :Time

المكان Premise

ترحيب :Welcoming (2

Thank you for your participation today, we’re from: ….. Organization, and we’re here to learn from you about the needs of farmers in your community to resume their agricultural livelihoods activities. We’ll be asking you some questions and we encourage you all to participate with answers, knowing that there’s no wrong answer. The results of this meeting will help us design suitable solutions for supporting farmers to resume their agriculture activities in your community.

شكراً لحضراتكم على مشاركتكم اليوم ، نحن من منظمة .... وقد حضرنا لنتعلم منكم حول احتياجات المزارعين في مجتمعكم ليتمكنوا من استعادة سبل معيشتهم وأنشطتهم الزراعية بعد العودة. سنسألكم بعض األسئلة ونشجعكم جميعاً على المشاركة، إذ ليست هناك إجابة خاطئة. وستساعدنا نتائج هذا االجتماع على تصميم حلول مالئمة لمساندة المزارعين الستعادة أنشطتهم الزراعية في مجتمعكم

3) How many families in the community were relying on agriculture as the main source of their income before the crisis? كم عدد األسر في المجتمع التي كانت تعتمد على الزراعة كمصدر رئيسي للدخل قبل األزمة؟

4) What types of agriculture activities do farmers do in your community throughout the year? ما هي األنشطة الزراعية التي يقوم بها المزارعون في مجتمعكم خالل العام؟

5) In your opinion, which of these crops are likely to bring income to the farmer than the other? (Rank) في رأيك، ما هي المحاصيل التي يمكن أن تعطي دخالً جيداً للمزارع أفضل من المحاصيل األخرى؟ )ترتيب بحسب األفضلية(

6) In your opinion, which of these crops are richer in nutrition compared to the others? (Rank) في رأيكم ، أي من هذه المحاصيل يحتوي على قيمة غذائية أكبر بالمقارنة بالمحاصيل األخرى؟ )ترتيب بحسب األفضلية(

7) From knowing your community, how many farmers are not likely to do any agriculture activities during this season this year? من معرفتكم لمجتمعكم، كم من المزارعين ربما ال يقوموا بأي أنشطة زراعية خالل هذا الموسم الزراعي هذا العام ؟

لماذا ؟ ?Why (8

9) How do you prioritize the problems above for getting support to overcome? كيف يمكنكم ترتيب أولويات المشكالت أعاله للحصول على الدعم للتغلب عليها؟

10) What support can be given to them to do some agriculture activities and gain some income? ما هو الدعم الذي يمكن تقديمه للمزارعين للقيام ببعض األنشطة الزراعية والحصول على بعض الدخل؟

11) For example: what would be the costs of agricultural inputs for one dunam of vegetables agriculture? Please help me state the items and their costs: مثالً: ما هي التكاليف المحتملة للمدخالت الزراعية لدونم واحد من الخضروات؟ ساعدونا في تحديد بنود التكاليف وقيمة كل بند في الجدول التالي: التكلفةCost العنصرItem # معدات الحرث equipment for plowing معدات الري Equipment for irrigation البذور Seeds األدوات الزراعية Tools مخصبات وأسمدة Fertilizers عمالة للتخلص من الحشائش الضارة Weeding العمالة Labor النقل والمواصالت Transportation أخرى Others

Please repeat table per crop

يرجى تكرار هذا الجدول لكل محصول

12) Where can farmers receive the appropriate agriculture extension and advice? أين يمكن للمزارعين تلقي نصائح زراعية جيدة؟

13) In your opinion, what’s the percentage of farmers in your community who can do feasibility study for their crops and based on that they choose the right crop? في رأيكم، ما هي النسبة المئوية من مزارعي مجتمعكم ممن يمكنهم عمل دراسة جدوى اقتصادية لمحاصيلهم ، الختيار المحصول المناسب بناءاً عليها؟

14) How would farmers perceive agriculture feasibility study training if it was availed? ما رأي المزارعين في إمكانية حصولهم على تدريب حول دراسة الجدوى االقتصادية للمحاصيل الزراعية لو كان ذلك متاحاً؟