The Man Who Changed the Course of History

In 1953, Winthrop came to see his ideas become reality as he influenced Arkansas and planted the seed for radical change. integration, minimum wage, prison reform and He fell in love with the landscape and people, more. Today, organizations like the Winthrop and invested himself wholly in Arkansas’s Rockefeller Foundation, future. Rockefeller used his name Institute, Winrock International and the UALR and his wealth to encourage conversations Center for Arkansas History and Culture keep on the toughest issues facing Arkansas. After his memory alive. Here is the story of the man, becoming governor in 1967, he was able to his vision and his far-reaching legacy.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES JANUARY 19, 2017, 2016 21 overnor Rockefeller more than $150 million in grants

truly made a differ- and program-related investments Winthrop Rockefeller and Gence in Arkansas. shaking hands, 1955. over the life of the Foundation. Starting with his inauguration Governor Rockefeller envi- Governor Rockefeller’s legacy to in 1967, he helped carry out in- sioned a thriving and prosperous improve the lives of all Arkansans tegration in Arkansas’s schools, Arkansas that benefits all Arkan- in three inter-related areas: educa- raised teacher pay, integrated sans. His vision united Arkansans tion; economic development; and the Arkansas State Po- across racial, political and

lice, enacted Arkansas’s geographic lines around first minimum wage and Winthrop the big idea that “There tackled sweeping prison is no place for poverty in reforms—all just a frac- Rockefeller Arkansas.” With that as tion of what he ultimately a goal, the Foundation achieved in two terms as Foundation invests for the long term governor. In his inaugu- in efforts that promise

ration speech he stated, “Without economic, racial and social justice. sustained and positive impact

the faith and confidence of the The Winthrop Rockefeller Foun- for Arkansas. And like Governor

people, government can accom- dation carries the governor’s leg- Rockefeller, it champions policies,

plish nothing.” He dedicated much acy through strategic grant mak- programs and organizations that

of his time as governor to build ing, partnerships and advocacy increase prosperity in our state.

that faith and confidence. that help close the economic and With faith, confidence and vision,

For more than 40 years since educational gaps that leave too the Foundation believes the needle

his death, the Winthrop Rocke- many Arkansas families in per- will move from poverty to pros-

feller Foundation has continued sistent poverty. It has awarded perity for all Arkansans.

Assorted elephants from the memorabilia in the Winthrop Rockefeller Collection. ALL PHOTOS COURTESY UALR CENTER FOR ARKANSAS HISTORY AND CULTURE, WINTHROP ROCKEFELLER COLLECTION, EXCEPT WHERE NOTED.

2 JANUARY 19, 2017 SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES historians, students and many others An Open Book since they were donated to the uni- versity in 1980. For instance, the BBC The Winthrop Rockefeller Collection World Service produced a program on Governor Rockefeller’s partner- ship with the famed Arkansas singer tored carefully in acid-free hous- Johnny Cash that brought attention to ings, neatly organized and docu- Arkansas’s prison conditions and the Smented among more than 2,000 need for reform. Another visible exam- boxes of the Winthrop Rockefeller Col- ple is scholar John Ward’s biography, lection, is the 1967 address, program “The Arkansas Rockefeller,” which is booklets and photographs related to best summarized by one reviewer as the inauguration of Arkansas’s first “a portrait of a man who lived his republican governor since Recon- life openly, whose every success struction. Winthrop Rockefeller and every failure was a matter of was an enormous force for change public record for the two million in the state, and the materials he citizens of his adopted state.” created before, during and after his The Center itself has created a vir- 1966 inauguration are preserved and tual exhibit to highlight the collection available for use at the University of and Governor Rockefeller’s legacy. The Arkansas at Little Rock’s (UALR) Cen- exhibit aims to feature Rockefeller’s ter for Arkansas History and Culture major contributions to the state and (CAHC). 1967 commemorative inaugural coin. encourage further use of the collection. His archival collection includes Visit CAHC’s website to access the papers, photographs, audio and video virtual exhibit or to search the cata- recordings, and memorabilia from each married in 1956. log to find materials in the collection period in his life from 1912 until his The materials detail Governor itself. The research room is open from death in 1973. The collection chroni- Rockefeller’s successes, ranging from 9 a.m.-6 p.m. Monday through Satur- cles his activities before he arrived in educational improvements and prison day at 401 President Clinton Avenue. Arkansas in 1953, and then as a pub- reform to the passage of the Arkan- For additional directions or to con- lic figure and governor from 1953 to sas Freedom of Information Act and tact the Center for more information 1970. Also included are files from his increased visibility for civil rights about the Rockefeller Collection, visit arts promoter and social activist wife, issues in the state. ualr.edu/cahc. Jeannette Edris Rockefeller, whom he Materials have proven useful to

Winthrop and Jeanette Rockefeller. 1967 inauguration program.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES JANUARY 19, 2017, 2016 23 ifty years ago this month, Win- paigns in the Pacific, in Guam and Leyte throp Rockefeller was inaugu- in 1944, and in Okinawa in 1945. On his Frated as the first Republican gov- way to Okinawa in April 1945, a Japa- ernor of Arkansas in 93 years. His two The Life of nese kamikaze pilot attacked his ship the terms in office (he was re-elected in USS Henrico, resulting in a significant 1968) had a transformational impact on number of deaths and injuries, leaving the state that is still very much evident Winthrop Rockefeller Winthrop as the only surviving officer today. Governor Rockefeller’s governor- on board. He suffered flash burns on ship capped an extraordinary life story his face and hands, and was sent back that brought one of the richest men in to Guam for a short period of treatment the nation to one of its poorest states. Fifty years ago, the inauguration of and recuperation, returning to Okinawa Born May 1, 1912, Winthrop was the Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller contributed to in May 1945. A few months later he was fifth child of John D. Rockefeller Jr., the a legacy of transformation in Arkansas. back in the hospital again with his sec- sole male heir to the Standard Oil for- ond attack of infectious hepatitis of the tune, and , the BY JOHN A. KIRK war. While in his hospital bed, Japan daughter of influential Republican poli- surrendered, bringing an end to hostili- tician Nelson W. Aldrich. Winthrop’s ties. Since it was clear that Winthrop siblings were older sister Abigail, and would need an extended period of recov- older brothers John D. III, Nelson (who ery, he was shipped back to the United served as governor of and States for convalescence. He ended up as vice president under ), in the Rockefeller Institute Hospital in Laurance and younger brother, David. New York for a number of months. Winthrop attended Lincoln School Even before getting out of the hos- in New York, which was part of the pital, Winthrop was planning his next Teachers College of Columbia Univer- project. Since it was clear that on his sity. Lincoln pioneered progressive new doctor’s advice he would not be fit for a educational ideas that focused on expe- return to active duty anytime soon, Win- riential learning. Although Winthrop throp suggested to the War Department enjoyed Lincoln, his parents felt that that he work on a study to make policy it was not equipping him adequately in recommendations about the resettle- his academic studies. He transferred to ment of returning veterans. After being Loomis School in Windsor, Connecti- released from the hospital, he travelled cut, a more traditional scholarly board- extensively to complete his “Report on ing school, in the eleventh grade. In his Veterans Adjustment” in July 1946. Soon first semester, Winthrop flunked all his after delivering the report, he was dis- classes and faced an uphill struggle to charged from the army as a lieuten- get into university. He did eventually get ant colonel and started work again at accepted to Yale in the fall of 1931, but Abby and John D. Rockefeller Jr.’s children, circa 1917. From left: David, Winthrop, John, Socony-Vacuum where he travelled still struggling academically he quit in Abigail, Laurance and Nelson. overseas in Europe and the Middle East. the spring semester of 1934 to pursue a When he was not working, Winthrop career in the oil industry. was out enjoying the nightlife of New Winthrop entered the oil industry on York’s “café society.” He enjoyed social- the ground floor, working the oil fields izing on the party circuit and after six of Texas and as a roustabout years of military service he was more and roughneck from 1934 to 1937. For than ready to live a carefree life for a the next few years he pursued various while. Earning the title “the most eligi- interests, briefly working as a manage- ble bachelor in America” in the national ment trainee at Chase Bank in New press (all his brothers were married by York in 1937; playing a major role in then), Winthrop was featured in the the Greater New York Fund charitable society pages on a regular basis and campaign in the first six months of 1938; romantically linked with a long string of and becoming a founding member of Air starlets. One of these was Barbara Sears, Youth Corps, Inc., an organization dedi- better known through her nickname of cated to youths interested in all things “Bobo.” Born Jievute Paulekiute to Lith- aeronautical, in 1939. In early 1939, he uanian immigrant parents, Bobo grew went back into the oil industry, work- up in Noblestown, Pennsylvania and in ing in Socony-Vacuum’s (now part of in modest circumstances. She Exxonmobil) foreign trade department. Winthrop Rockefeller portrait in Army Winthrop Rockefeller and Barbara Sears caught a break in 1933 by being named World events intervened in the next uniform, circa 1941-1945. Rockefeller wedding ceremony, Feb. 14, 1948. “Miss Lithuania” at the Century of Prog- phase of Winthrop’s life. With war ress exhibition in Chicago, and then breaking out in Europe, in July 1940 launched a modeling and minor acting he enrolled at Plattsburg Businessmen’s 1941, Winthrop enlisted in the U.S. Army, him from postings coast-to-coast in the career. On a theater tour production Training Camp in upstate New York. becoming the only one of his siblings before traveling overseas of Erskien Caldwell’s “Tobacco Road,” Plattsburg, as it had done in World War to see active service on the front lines. to Honolulu, Hawaii, in April 1944, hav- she met and married prominent Bos- I, provided volunteer pre-enlistment It was the beginning of a peripatetic ing risen to the rank of major. ton socialite Richard Sears. The couple training for private citizens. On Jan. 22, six-year tour of duty that initially took Winthrop was involved in three cam- were estranged and headed for divorce

4 JANUARY 19, 2017 SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES when Bobo met Winthrop in New York good effect in his newly adopted home. and to stem the flow of people. He knew development. It drove a wedge between in 1947. Winthrop engaged extensively in phil- that Winthrop, with national connec- the two former allies. These tensions As the clock struck midnight on Val- anthropic endeavors and launched a tions and business acumen, was exactly grew further when Winthrop met the entine’s Day, Feb. 14, 1948, Winthrop number of social experiments. One of the person to lead the campaign. Win- residency requirements for governor in and Bobo were married in Palm Beach, the first was an effort to create a model throp was happy to help. He ran a tre- 1960, after living seven years in the state. . The press hailed it a “Cinder- school system in Morrilton. This was mendously successful operation that Rumors abounded that a political chal- ella wedding” and the couple received hindered by the local population’s insis- increased his popularity and profile in lenge was in the cards. Winthrop did noth- a good deal of attention, capturing the tence on maintaining segregated schools the state, bringing 600 new plants and ing to dispel them. Indeed, he added fuel public imagination. Seven months later, and an aversion to paying higher taxes more than 90,000 new jobs to Arkansas. to the fire by holding a “Party for Two on Sept. 17, Winthrop’s only biological son, Winthrop “Win” Paul Rockefeller, was born. Win Paul would later also find his home in Arkansas, and follow his father into political office there as lieutenant governor from 1996 to 2006. Winthrop and Bobo’s marriage was short-lived. Barely a year after the birth of Win Paul the couple separated. A contentious and protracted divorce fol- lowed. Much of it was covered in painful detail by the popular press. The divorce caused a great deal of trauma and dis- ruption in Winthrop’s life. He spent extended stays in Venezuela working for Socony-Vacuum to escape unwelcome publicity. In 1951, he left the oil industry to join the International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC), a company set up by his brother Nelson to focus on private investment in economies in developing countries. Winthrop served as chair of IBEC’s Housing Corporation, which developed a mechanized, poured-in- place concrete building process that by 1954 had created 9,000 new housing units in Puerto Rico. With a continuing focus on his pri- vate life in the press, in June 1953 Win- throp decided to move from New York and relocate to a new life in Arkansas. Army friend and Little Rock insurance man Frank Newell had boasted about the beauty of his native state to Win- throp for many years. Winthrop vis- ited Newell and became enthralled, Winthrop Rockefeller at the closing of the Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial, April 7, 1968. too. The press claimed that it would only be a temporary stay and that Win- throp was moving simply to take advan- for better education. Winthrop helped However, Faubus soon discovered Parties” at Winrock in an effort to revive tage of Arkansas’s more liberal divorce to establish a clinic in Perry County, he had unwittingly created a political the largely moribund Republican Party in laws. Yet Winthrop spent the remaining a pioneering effort in providing rural rival. From a staunch Republican Party the state. Governor Rockefeller provided twenty years of his life based in the state, healthcare. He championed the arts family, Winthrop found himself in what the funding and leadership to resuscitate founding a homestead that he named through the building of the Arkansas political scientist V.O. Key labeled in the Republican Party in Arkansas. After Winrock Farm atop Petit Jean Moun- Arts Center in Little Rock, and taking 1949 the “purest one-party” Democratic resigning as chair of the AIDC in early tain, 60 miles northwest of Little Rock. art to the people through the creation Party stronghold in the South. Win- 1964, Winthrop ran against Faubus for He and Bobo were divorced in Reno, of an Artmobile, a “gallery on wheels.” throp was initially happy to work along the governorship later that year. Faubus Nevada in August 1954. Winthrop Not long after relocating to Arkan- nonpartisan lines, but there were some was the record-breaking five-term Demo- remarried in June 1956 to Jeannette sas, Winthrop was called into service by things he was not willing to tolerate. cratic Party incumbent and the Repub- Edris, daughter of a prominent Gov. Orval E. Faubus. In 1955, Faubus When Faubus called out the National lican Party was still cranking back into family, who lived with him at Winrock declared a state of emergency. Arkan- Guard to prevent the desegregation of life through rusty gears. Winthrop knew along with her son Bruce and daughter sas was hemorrhaging population at Central High School in September 1957, he had little chance of victory and was Anne, both from a previous marriage. an alarming rate. Still wedded to its it offended Winthrop’s long-standing beaten handily by Faubus. But Winthrop Winthrop’s unlikely move to Arkan- dwindling cotton economy, people were commitment to racial equality, which received far more votes in the election sas paired one of the richest men in the leaving for expanding industrial jobs included serving as a trustee of the civil than any other Arkansas republican can- country with one of its poorest states. elsewhere. Faubus set up the Arkansas rights organization the National Urban didate had in many years. Without skip- He looked to put his wealth and experi- Industrial Development Commission League since 1940, and threatened to ping a beat, he kept on running for office ence gained from his New York years to (AIDC) to lure industry to Arkansas undo all of his good work in economic with his eye on 1966.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES JANUARY 19, 2017, 2016 5 In a surprise development, Faubus from his republican predecessor. decided not to run for governor again Sadly, Winthrop lived a tragically short in 1966, leaving the democratic field life after leaving office. He and Jeannette wide open. The democrats nominated divorced in 1971, due in part to the strains former Arkansas Supreme Court justice his time in office had placed on their mar- James D. Johnson. Johnson was a lead- riage. In September 1972, he was diag- ing segregationist and former head of nosed with inoperable pancreatic can- the White Citizen’s Council in Arkan- cer and died in Palm Springs, , sas, which had led opposition to school seeking to escape the Arkansas winter, desegregation in the state. In an unlikely on Feb. 22, 1973. match-up, Winthrop, the New York Winthrop Rockefeller’s legacy lived Yankee from a family background of on. was the first of a new wealth and privilege, took on the self- breed of progressive styled “Justice” Jim Johnson, the home- in Arkansas to gain political office. He was grown good-old-boy segregationist from followed by a number of others, includ- Crossett. The voters chose Winthrop, ing , who used the governor’s but only narrowly. On white votes alone, office as a springboard to the presidency of Winthrop lost the election. Black votes the United States in 1992. Ironically, Win- carried the day for him, boosted by civil throp’s progressive republicanism paved rights activism and voter registration the way for the success of progressive dem- campaigns in the 1960s. ocrats in the state. The Republican Party Winning the election was one thing; faded once more, to be resurrected in later governing was another. The Arkansas years as a force that would revive the con- General Assembly contained only three servatism of the pre-Winthrop Rockefeller fellow republicans out of a total of 135 Arkansas Democratic Party. seats. Winthrop battled valiantly to get Today, Winthrop Rockefeller’s leg- his progressive agenda for reform passed, acy lives on most tangibly in the num- albeit with mixed success. Hostility to ber of organizations that bear his name raising taxes to support the state’s infra- in the state. Winrock International structure stymied many of his ambitions focuses on overseas development, echo- to build a better Arkansas. He did use ing Winthrop’s earlier efforts with IBEC. the office to improve race relations by The Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation employing more black state employ- focuses on issues of education and social ees and appointing more blacks to state justice, twin concerns that formed cen- boards, many of which were desegregated tral threads throughout Winthrop’s life. for the first time. After the assassination The Winthrop Rockefeller Institute, part of civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther of the System, is King Jr. on April 4, 1968, Winthrop was located at Winthrop’s beloved Petit Jean the only southern governor to hold a pub- Mountain property, which, much as it lic memorial service in King’s honor. He did when he was alive, still forms a hub tried to reform the state’s archaic criminal for conferences and meetings to formu- Winthrop Rockefeller standing in front of WR sign at Winrock. justice and penal system, and, notably, in late innovative and dynamic solutions his last act in office, he commuted the sen- to a range of contemporary problems. A tences of all men on death row to life in Winthrop Rockefeller archive collection prison in an act driven by his own personal at UALR’s Center for Arkansas History opposition to the death penalty. Arkan- and Culture documents the former gov- sas did not execute anyone else for more ernor’s life through written materials, film, Farm-to-International than twenty years. Finally, he campaigned audiotapes, photographs, and memora- with some success for more transparency bilia. Fifty years after his inauguration, in state government. Winthrop Rockefeller still maintains a Leader Winthrop was re-elected to office significant imprint and influence on life in 1968, but lost to political newcomer, in Arkansas. Winrock International began as a humble farm atop democrat Dale Bumpers, two years later Petit Jean Mountain and has grown into a leading in 1970. Bumpers offered what Arkansas John A. Kirk is the George W. Donaghey organization in international development. voters still truly hankered for: a Win- Distinguished Professor of History and throp Rockefeller in Democratic Party director of the Joel E. Anderson Institute clothing. As testimony to Winthrop’s on Race and Ethnicity at the University inrock International is a Standard Oil’s John D. Rockefeller, impact in the state, the Democratic Party of Arkansas at Little Rock. He is cur- $100 million-a-year in- established Winrock Farms in 1953. had gone through a profound transfor- rently working on the first full-length Wternational economic de- He brought in a herd of hardy Santa mation during his time in office, and biography of Winthrop Rockefeller. This velopment organization with 1,000 Gertrudis cattle from Texas and cre- would no longer put forward an old- article is adapted from a grant report employees in more than 40 countries. ated a model farm and livestock cen- guard segregationist candidate. Although written for the Rockefeller Archive Cen- It grew from parallel dreams and ter to demonstrate state-of-the-art Dale Bumpers took office in 1971, Win- ter in Sleepy Hollow, New York, which a shared vision. It also grew from agricultural methods. throp’s influence was still palpable in provided funding for Kirk’s research the land—a 927-acre tract atop Petit Economic development was a hall- state politics, not least since Bumpers’ there in July 2016. Jean Mountain in Arkansas, where mark of Governor Rockefeller’s two legislative program borrowed heavily Winthrop Rockefeller, grandson of terms as governor of Arkansas, and

6 JANUARY 19, 2017 SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES Winthrop Rockefeller visiting school in Puerto Rico for IBEC, 1950. PHOTO, CRAIG DUGALL; PHOTO STUDIO, HEIDRICH BLESSING STUDIO, CRAIG DUGALL; PHOTO PHOTO, Winrock International headquarters in Little Rock

after his death in 1973, trustees of his of Asian academics—many of whom Winrock pioneered such projects awarded the highest honor the govern- estate created the Winrock Interna- went on to assume significant agricul- as the acclaimed Farmer-to-Farmer ment gives to foreigners, and USAID’s tional Livestock Research and Train- tural roles across Asia in the decades program, which sends American Value Chains for Rural Development, ing Center to further his wish that the to come—the ADC and Winrock names volunteer agricultural experts to which has launched specialty coffees farm be “venturesome and innovative,” are revered across Asia. provide technical assistance to grown by small farmers in Myanmar and provide tools to help people help IADS was an international eco- farmers around the world, and (with into the world specialty market. themselves. nomic development organization early board member Norman Borlaug, Winrock maintains offices in Lit- While Winthrop was focusing on that worked to build up agricultural known as the father of the Green Revo- tle Rock; Arlington, ; Manila, livestock research and rural devel- research programs in developing lution) helped to establish the World Philippines; and Nairobi, Kenya. opment, his brother John D. Rocke- countries across Latin America, Africa Food Prize, which since 1987, has rec- And with more than 120 projects in feller III was concentrating on Asia’s and Asia in the 1970s and 1980s, a tra- ognized people who have advanced 46 countries, the organization truly burgeoning population and its food dition that Winrock International con- the quality and availability of food in has a global presence—improving shortages; creating the Agricultural tinues to this day. the world. Winrock’s American Car- food security in Ghana and protect- Development Council (ADC) and the In 1985, the three organizations bon Registry became the nation’s first ing wetlands in Bangladesh. Yet, International Agricultural Develop- merged to create a new Winrock Inter- voluntary carbon-offset program, and domestic initiatives such as the Inno- ment Service (IADS), organizations national with a strongly expanded inter- its senior scientist Dr. Sandra Brown, vation Hub, a collaborative makers’ that would later merge to form Win- national presence. Experts fanned out a carbon accounting pioneer, was hon- space, and the Wallace Center with rock International. across the state, nation and globe, pair- ored for her contribution to work that its support of locally produced food The ADC was a unique organization ing international reach with a passion for was awarded the 2007 Nobel Peace and food hubs, demonstrate its con- begun in 1954 with a focus on devel- local capacity-building. This approach Prize. tinuing commitment to a strong U.S. oping the most talented agricultural proved a winning combination, as Win- Current Winrock projects include portfolio. Decades of growth have not specialists in Asia. Ultimately respon- rock quickly became a leader in U.S. and the Sustaining Forests and Biodiversity changed the Winrock mission; they sible for training multiple generations international development. Project in Cambodia, which was just have only increased its reach.

SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES JANUARY 19, 2017, 2016 7 Left: Aerial view of Winthrop and Jeannette Rockefeller’s home on Petit Jean Mountain.

Below: Today, the Winthrop Rockefeller Institute campus consists of 188 acres that was once part of the home and cattle farm of Gov. Rockefeller. DERO SANFORD

to happen, and that we never stop ask- Conference. Programs often engage Never Stop Asking ing the big questions about our future. leaders in government, academia, pol- The Institute takes two approaches icy and culture to consider a brighter the Big Questions to this goal. First, by convening impor- future for our state. tant programs, often working with fel- Second, the pastoral campus is The Winthrop Rockefeller Institute keeps the low organizations within the Univer- located on a portion of Governor conversation going in a picturesque setting. sity of Arkansas System, to help drive Rockefeller’s original home and cat- discovery, dialogue and resolution for tle farm. New structures have been some of Arkansas’s most important erected and historic ones have been stablished in 2005, the Win- for summit-style meetings to find so- topics and issues. Programs engage renovated to create a premier con - throp Rockefeller Institute is lutions to the toughest issues facing primarily in five foundational areas: ference and retreat center. Meeting Ethe former home and working Arkansas—an approach that was so agriculture, arts and humanities, civic space can be booked for use by out - farm of Gov. Winthrop Rockefeller, successful he used it more than 200 engagement, economic development side groups, and the tranquil, scenic who first came to Arkansas in 1953 times, bringing together people who and health. Programs utilize a wide setting, along with Governor Rocke- and transformed the state’s politics, were thoughtfully concerned about range of models from ongoing initia- feller’s “productive energy” that still economy and the way we think about Arkansas’s future. The Institute serves tives such as Healthy Active Arkan- permeates the campus, makes it an ourselves. Governor Rockefeller used to honor Governor Rockefeller’s belief sas and Uncommon Communities, ideal place for strategic meetings and his name and his wealth to bring peo - in the power of collaboration by mak- and academic conferences such as retreats. ple together on Petit Jean Mountain ing sure those conversations continue the Nanotechnology for Health Care

8 JANUARY 19, 2017 SUPPLEMENT TO THE ARKANSAS TIMES