Index

3S technologies 141 assemblage theory 116 7 160, 162, 164 Atour 168, 169 12th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic attribution theory 261 and Social Development 132 14, 27, 30–40, 63–73, 83–4 12th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan authenticity 282 126 automobility 124 13th Five-Year Plan for the National Economic and Social Development 132 backpackers 106–14, 311 13th Five-Year Plan for Tourism Development Badaling 292 305 Badaling and Mutianyu Great Wall 291–2 ‘515 Strategy’ 305 Ballarat, Victoria 63–73 Banpo village 179 academic databases 369 Basic Requirements and Evaluation of Tourist accidents 112, 113 Accommodation 168 accommodation safety management 313 beach activities 35 167 behaviour 29, 83–5, 309–10, 314, 327–31, 333 acquisitive face orientation (AFO) 82, 87 Beihai 135 Administrative Regulation on Tour Guides Beijing 51, 118–19, 211, 252, 291–2, 293–300, 340 345 ADS (Approved Destination Status) 11, 14, 16 Beijing Convention and Visitors Bureau adult children 19 (BCVB) 222 adventure tourism 21, 29, 112–13 Beijing Happy Valley 152 affect balance 32 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) 7, 12–13, 15 affective state 27–8 benefit sharing 173 afraid, feeling 38–9, 86 bicycles 119 African countries 14, 21 big data 266 ageing population 7, 17–19, 22 blaséness 120 Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry Bolongke Desert 135–6 towards Environmentally Sustainable bottom-up development 173, 177–81, 183 Development 136 boutique hotels 162 age of tourists 16, 17, 29, 70, 205, 217, 257 brands, 164–6 middle aged 18, 19, 22 ‘bringing in’ strategy 167 agricultural tourism 49 BTG Hotels Group 164, 166 agriculture 181 budget travellers 107 air pollution 135 Bureau for Travel and Tourism (BTT) 339 air travel 43, 49, 52, 118, 221, 226 business networking 227 Alaska 211 business travel 16, 120, 125, 221, 225, 229 alienation 120 amusement parks/facilities 146–7, 312 Cabernet Sauvignon 190, 195 analytic hierarchy process (AHP) 238 caged sector 111 anomie 120 calmness 36 Anshun city 182–3 camping 109 anxiety 39 Canada 14 Arnstein’s ladder 291 Caribbean 14, 211 arts-core tourists 256 car ownership 119, 123–4 arts festivals 258 Catalogue of Graduate Education and arts-peripheral tourists 256 Disciplines 366, 368 art tourism 259 catering 47, 136, 163, 221

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CCINN 164 CITS Group Corporation 49 Ceballos-Lascurain, Hector 132 Classification, Investigation and Evaluation of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 232–3, 235 Tourism Resources 134 Central Business (CBD) 121 Classification and Star Rating Standards for central government 118, 154, 172, 232, 234–5, Hotels Catering to Overseas Tourists 45 237, 340–42 CNKI (China National Knowledge decentralization 123 Infrastructure) 305 and ecotourism 132 CNTA (China National Tourism Golden Weeks 7 Administration) 43, 45, 118, 119–20, 126, and industrialization 146 339–40, 341 and ‘internet + tourism’ 126 and ecotourism 131, 132 and trust 241 ‘government-led’ tourism development CES (Consumption Emotion Set) 29 strategy 174 Changbai Mountain 135 and hotels 160 Changjiang 144 and red tourism 234 Changjiang Playland 146 and smart tourism 266, 267, 277 Changli 195 and tourism education 44, 342, 369, 370 211 cognition 308–9 Changyu 198 cohorts 15–16 Changyu Chateau 191–2 colleges 371–2 Changzhou 267 comfortable experience 36 charter flights 43 commercialization 233, 240, 241 CHART Management Consultants 211, 212 communist heritage tourism 232–47 Chateau Changyu-Castel 192 Community Benefit Tourism Initiative 291 Chateau Huadong-Parry 192 community participation 133, 136–8, 172–3, Chateau Junding 192 174–6, 244–5, 260, 289–92 Chengdu 51, 211, 252 community-related outcome expectations 93 Chimelong Corporation 152 community tourism 344–5 Chimelong Ocean Kingdom 152 compensation and incentive 324, 326–7 China Duty Free Group 49 competency index systems 325 China Folk Village 148 computable general equilibrium (CGE) model China Hotel Management Companies (Groups) 355 Development Report 2018 164 conferences 223, 226 China International Travel Mart (CITM) 47 conflict, group 84 China International Travel Service (CITS) 49, conformity face consumption 85 340 Confucianism 76, 79, 80, 113, 133 China Internet Weekly 274 Confucius 18 China Lodging Group 168 connections see guanxi China’s Lodging Industry Development Report conservation 133 2018 163 Consumption Emotion Set (CES) 28 China’s Sharing Accommodation Development consumption tax 56 Report 2019 162, 168 contributors 92 China Theme Park Conference 148 convention and visitor bureaus (CVBs) 229 China Tourism Education Association 368 convention centres 226 China Tourism Investment Report 2005 47 corporate package tours 83–4 Chinese Academy on the Environment 125 corporate social responsibility 228 Chinese Characteristics (Smith) 77 corporate travellers 84 Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 231, 235, Costa Allegra 202 236–7, 240, 339 Costa Cruises 212, 217 Chinese diaspora 63, 64, 68, 71, 72, 73 counterfeit luxury products 37 Chinese Economic Reform 178 creative tourism 97, 254 Chinese Kuomintang (KMT) 118 crime 304 Chinese New Year, 2018 11, 12 cruise liners 52, 215, 227 Chinese Tourism Law 15 Cruise Lines International Association 214 51, 211 cruise ports 204–5, 206–10, 217

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Cruise Reference 203–4 dynamic volunteer tourism expeditions 30 Cruise Terminal Branch of China Port Dynamic Yunnan 52 Association (CTBCPA) 202, 203 cruise tourism 202–17 early warning 314–15 Ctrip 16–17, 19, 99, 266, 273 Earth Council 136 cultural and natural heritage sites 136 e-commerce platforms 273–4 cultural capital 97, 282–3 economic benefits 181–2 cultural consciousness 183 economic boom 149 cultural ecotourism destinations 136 economic crisis, 2008 52 cultural heritage 233, 281 economic development 118, 119 cultural identity 253 economic growth 120, 351–61 cultural knowledge 257 economic leakage 123 cultural landscape heritage sites 136 economic management 140 cultural landscapes 225 economic reform 16, 18, 118, 119, 145–6 cultural revolution 16 economy hotels 52, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163–4 cultural tourism 250, 253–7 ecosystem 311–12 cultural trust 243–4 ecotourism 3–4, 49, 131–42, 136, 311 cultural values 79, 83, 87 education culture 3, 18, 99, 108, 113, 182, 283 tourism 44, 332–3, 342, 366, 368, 369, 370 donkey friends 110–11, 112 of tourists 210, 257 reveres height 109 eHRM 325 customer loyalty 86 elderly people 7, 19 customer satisfaction 86 elites 178–9, 345 customization 220, 224 eMarketer 91 embarrassment 39 Dalian 227 emergency management 308, 314–15 databases, academic 369 emotional labour 328, 331 Decanter World Wine Awards 190 emotional responses 27–40 decentralization 123 employees’ emotions, attitudes and behaviours decision-making, community participation 327–31, 333 173, 290–91, 292 employee turnover 328, 330, 333 de-industrialization, digitalization and employment, tourism 331–2 sustainability phase (2010–present) empty nesters 19 125–7 enjoyment 99 demand market 222–3, 235 enterprise-led + community-engaged model departure tax refund 51, 56 137 deserts 135–6 entertainment 35, 250, 251, 256, 257, 259, Destination Emotion Scale (DES2) 28 314 diaspora, Chinese 63, 64, 68, 71, 72, 73 venues 252, 253 digital elasticity 96 entrepreneurs, lifestyle-motivated 180–81 digital tourism 52, 126 environmental education 133–4, 138–9 ‘Digital Tourism’ guideline 267 environmental problems 125 Disneyland 151 environmental protection 135, 141 DMCs (destination management companies) error correction model (ECM) 356 228 Eternal Love Series 252 DMMOs (destination management and ethnic tourism communities 252 marketing organizations) 205 ethnic villages 345 domestic tourists 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, EU (European Union) 14, 233 298–9, 300 Eureka Uprising 63 domestic tourist visits 254 European countries 219–20 donkey friends 3, 106–14 ‘Europeanness’ 232 Dossen International Group 164, 166, 167 events 252–3 Dream Cruises 212 Evergrande Children’s World 152–3 drifters 107 excitement 34–5, 39 during-trip stage 95 exhibitions 120

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expansion, competition and diversification gift giving 84, 188 phase (1990–2000) 119–22 global brands 151–2, 154 experience, tourist 86–7, 94–7, 100–101, 221, global economic crisis, 2008 52 239, 253, 270, 272 global heritage 283–4 export-led growth hypothesis (ELGH) 360 globalization 231 extrinsic motivation 87 global position system (GPS) 141 ‘The Goal of Smart Tourism for the Next Ten face 76–87, 112, 188 Years’ 267 ‘factoid’ approach 62 ‘going out’ strategy 167 167 ‘Golden Brigade Project’ 267 fairness 325 Golden Weeks 7, 110, 120, 149, 160, 277, family tourism 22 304 fear 38–9, 86 gold miners 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 Festival Consumption Emotions (FCE) scale gold rush 63, 64, 70, 73 28 governance 343–8 festivals 29, 30, 120 government + community joint operation filial tourism 4 model 137 First China Tourism Economics Symposium government-led + enterprise-promoted + 351 community-organized model 137 five-day working week scheme 120, 149 ‘government-led’ development approach 54 Five-Year Plan for National Economic and governments Social Development of the People’s investment 341, 352 Republic of China (1986–90) 45 role in tourism 339–43 flashpackers 108 safety 317 Flyzoo Hotel 169 and smart tourism 276–7 food safety 37, 312–13 support for incentive travel 225–6 food security 170 see also central government; local Fordism 122 governments foreign direct investment (FDI) 7, 159 ‘government service’ approach 54 foreign tourists 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 53, 54 Grand Tour ‘Red Route’ Project (2014–20) and hotels 160 241–2 meeting needs of 52 Granger causality (GC) test 356 and red tourism 235, 241 grants, research 123, 369–70, 374–5 and visa 55 great leap forward 16 and wine tourism 196, 197, 198 Great Wall 291–2 forestry 132 Green Tree Hospitality Group 164, 166 forest tourism 135 ‘grid’ bootstrap method 359 formation and initial development phase grid management system 288–9 (1982–90) 117–19 group conflict/harmony 84 friendliness 36 in-group membership 86 Friendship Years 45, 50 group-oriented face 79 functionalism translation theory 241 group tours 16–17 growth, economic 351–61 garbage pollution 134 348, 353, 358 gaze, tourist 3 Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay GDP (gross domestic product) 7, 11, 55, 359 Area 216 Ge Le Shan Revolutionary Museum Karst Mountain Area 311 (GLSRM) 239, 242 51, 118–19, 121, 205, 227 gender guanxi 83, 84, 86, 111, 188, 237, 343 female tourists 210, 257 guesthouses 109 tourism researchers 379 Guidance Opinions on Further Guiding and and work 183, 326, 327, 331, 333 Regulating the Direction of Overseas GENTING Cruise Lines 212, 217 Investment 167 gentrification 121, 125, 154 ‘The Guideline for Promoting the geographic information system (GIS) 134 Development of Smart Tourism’ 266

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‘Guidelines of the State Council on Promoting hotels 7, 45, 47, 52, 119, 125, 159–70 the Reform and Development of Tourism’ and business travel 221 305 groups 164 guides, tour 59, 61–2, 63–9, 240–42, 245, and HRM 324–5, 327 274–5 and incentive travel 226 Gulangyu Island 345 national standard 340–41 and safety accidents 313 Haikou 205, 222 tourist 43, 340–41 Hainan 56, 135, 314, 358 Hotels magazine’s 2019 ranking 162 167, 168 hot spring tourism 49

Hangzhou 54–5, 122, 222, 225 ht-index 369 Hani Changjie Banquet 182 Huazhu Group 164, 167, 169 Hani Terraces 136 hukou system 118 Hanting 160, 164 Hulunbuir Pasture Land 135 Hanting Inn 162 human resource management (HRM) 321–34 happiness 31, 33–4, 221 Province 240 Happy Valley 150, 152, 153 harmony 84, 86 ice and snow tourism 49 Heaven Lake 135 ice wines 190 51, 191, 195, 197–8 iCloud platforms 126 height 109, 113 ICT (information and communication Helan Mountain’s eastern foothills 192, 193, technology) 95, 96, 111, 126–7, 141, 196–7 229 Hengdian World Studio 259 see also social media heritage 60–61, 231, 232, 246, 280–81, 282–4 idea self 101 Heritage Conservation Act 233 identification 93, 94 heritage dissonance 282 identity 97, 231, 235, 245, 282 heritage preservation 285, 286 iiMedia Research 91 heritage sites 59, 61, 67–73, 233, 234, 286, immersive virtual tourist experience 95 288–9, 291–300 Impression Liu Sanjie 52 heritage tourism 59, 96, 231, 232–47, 280–300 Impression of 260 HEXACO 331 Impression of Liusanjie 250, 260 high arts 251, 259 Impression Series 251 high-end tourism 220, 222 impressive experience 35 high-speed rail 52, 226–7 inappropriate behaviour 85 highways 49, 52, 120 inbound tourism 6, 7, 42–57 hiking 109, 113 inbound tourism revenue (ITR) 359 h-index 372 inbound tourists 118, 250 history 231 incentive travel 219–30 history-focused tourists 239 income 210, 254, 256, 257 history-indifferent tourists 239 incorporated sector 111 history-interested groups 239 independent travel 16, 17 HNA Hospitality Group 164, 166 individualism 99 Express 167, 168 industrialization 120, 146, 149, 221 160, 162, 164 industrial tourism 49 homesickness 38 inequality 172, 262, 326 homestay 168 informational justice 327 182, 344 information search 99–100 Hong Kong 11–12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 216, 348 information service intelligent system 270, Hong Kong Disneyland 151, 153 272 Hong Kong Polytechnic University 367 infrastructure construction 15, 54, 118, 119, Horizon Co. 145 120, 138, 142, 355 hospitality service 36, 86, 192, 198 and government 123, 339, 343 hostels 108, 109 and red tourism 234, 235, 241, 246 hotel + 162, 168–9 and rural areas 181

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and safety 312 211, 215–16 and smart tourism 269 Japan-China Culture and Sports Exchange transport 52 Year 50 and treasury bonds 47 Province 355 and wine tourism 189, 191, 194, 198 Jianguo Hotel 160 see also transport Jicun 182 inland river tourist boats 52 Ji Hotel 164, 168 innovation 55, 56–7, 161–2, 229, 234 Jilin Province 310–11 institutional environment 43, 45, 47, 49, 51 Jinggangshan 240, 241 institutional trust 243, 244 Jinjiang 164 institutions, research 371–5 Jinjiang Inn 160 insurance, travel 317 Biosphere Reserve 290 intangible heritage 281 job analysis and design 324, 325 interactionist perspective 80 job burnout 328, 330–31, 333 InterContinental Hotels Group 167 job satisfaction 328, 330, 333 interest, as travel motivation 34 Journal of Beijing International Studies internalization, and social media 94 University (JBIS) 322 International Academic Seminar on Journal of China Tourism Research 117 Ecotourism 131 journal publications 368–9, 372–3 international cruise lines 215 just-in-time theory 325 international HRM 322, 323 internationalization 167, 221, 233 Kenya 21 International Market Development knowing capitalism 123 Department 45 Korea 11, 21, 211, 215–16 international relations 241–2 Kumtag Desert 135 international tourists 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298–9, 300 lakes 135 International Wine Festival, Qin Huangdao landscapes 251, 253, 256 195 leadership styles 327 internet 124, 142 leisure 52, 85, 116, 124, 227 see also ICT (information and li 79 communication technology) lian 77, 85 internet + tourism 126 Province 51 interpersonal communication 82 lifestyle-motivated tourism entrepreneurs interpersonal relations 81, 83 180–81 interpersonal social behaviour 83–4 Lijiang 260 interpersonal trust 93 Lin Yutang 77 interpretation 60–62, 63–4, 68, 70, 139 live entertainment 52, 252 red tourism 240, 242, 245 local communities 289–90 interstitial sector 111 local governments 123, 232, 237, 241, 341, intrinsic motivation 87 342–3 investment, tourism 47, 117, 119, 120, 167, lodging industry 163 353, 355 Longji Terrace 181 foreign 7, 159, 339 Longji Tourism Company 181 and government 341, 352 long-tail enterprises 229 and hotels 169 loss of face 82, 86 rural 8, 178–9 Lu Xun 77 and theme parks 145, 148, 150, 151, 152, luxury brands 16, 84–5 153, 154, 155 and wine tourism 189, 192, 194, 195, Macao 11–12, 13, 14, 109, 216, 348 198 macro HRM 322 I/O (input/output) model 353, 354, 355 macro-level government 237 IRF (Incentive Research Foundation) 220 14 Israel 13, 21, 107–8 Maoism 117 Iyiou.com 266, 269 Mao Zedong 118, 240

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marketing 56–7 National New-type Urbanization Plan 172 marketization 174, 175 National Parks 131 Group 167 National Red Tourism Coordination Executive masculinity 99 Team (NRTCET) 234–5 MCT (Ministry of Culture and Tourism) 340, National Red Tourism Development Plan 234, 342 241 media and public relations companies 224 ‘National Smart Tourism Service Centre’ meeting rooms 226 267 meso-level government 237 national standards in tourism 340–41 mianzi 77–8, 85–6, 188 ‘National Tourism and Leisure Guidelines’ 7 Miao Villages 136, 183 natural heritage 136, 281 MICE (meeting, incentive, conference, and natural landscapes 225 exhibition) industry 52, 125, 222, 224, nature reserves 49, 132 229 negative affect 31–2 micro HRM 322–3 negative emotional responses 29, 30, 32, 37–9, micro-level government 237 40 middle-aged elite 16, 17, 18, 19, 22 negative face 82 mid-scale hotels 162, 163, 168, 170 nervousness 37–8 migrants, tourism 179–81 networking 99 millennial generation 198 New Rural Area Construction Strategy 8 miners 63, 64, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72 new technologies 169 miniature parks 148 see also ICT (information and Mischel, Walter 80 communication technology) mixed heritage 281 14, 20 mobile apps 275 Ngawa Prefecture 141–2 mobility 118, 124 Ngawa Tibetan 141 model of elements in the tourism policy- NGOs (non-governmental organizations) making process 242–3 176–7 modernists 251 night-time tourism 259 MOEC (Ministry of Education of China) 369, Ningxia 190, 191, 192–5, 196–7 370 NNSFC (National Natural Science Foundation motivation 20–22, 85, 87, 254–7, 296, 297, 298 of China) 366, 369, 370 incentive travel 223, 227 North Korea 21 red tourism 239 nostalgia 232 and social media 93–4, 101 The Notice on Minimum Rent Price for Hotel mountains 109, 113, 135 Room Catering to Overseas Tourists 45 MSC Cruises 217 NSSFC (National Social Science Foundation Muji Hotel 168–9 of China) 365, 369, 370 multimedia interpretation system 139 museum, heritage 63–73 Olympic Games 49, 49–50 music festivals 258 one-child policy 18 Mutianyu 292 online communities 97, 111 mutual-face concern 82, 85 online social capitals 97 online travel agencies (OTAs) 170 Nanjing 211, 267 Open Door policy 11, 13, 145–6, 233 Nanjing Liushou Mountain 269 opening up 54, 160, 189 267 orientation, long-term 99 National Conference on Foreign-related Toilets other-face 79–80, 82, 85 43–4 outbound tourism 7, 11–23, 27–40 national forest parks 49, 135 outdoor sports 110 national geo-parks 49 out-group membership 86 ‘National Holiday Tourism Inter-Ministerial Outline for National Ecotourism Development Coordination Committee’ 341 132 national identity 231, 235, 245, 282 overnight visitors 56 national nature reserves 49 overtourism 259

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packaged tours 119 Qiang Autonomous Prefecture 141 paid annual leave 109 Sunmei 164 , Beijing 274 Qing dynasty 178 PANAS (Positive Affect and Negative Affect Qinghai Lake 135 Scale) 28, 29 QinHuangdao 195, 353 Pan-Pearl River Delta 49 quality bond system 140 participatory sightseeing 46 Quality of Tour Guide Service 341 passports 11 Qunar 273 patriotism 242 PCOs (professional conference organizers) railways 49, 52, 119, 120, 226–7 221, 224, 228 real estate 125, 149, 152–3 People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 231 receivers 92 per capita GDP 55, 359 reciprocity 84, 93 performance management 324, 327 recognition 86 performing arts 250–62, 314 recreational activities 35 personality factor 80 Recreational Belts Around Metropolises personalized travel services 220, 224, (ReBAMs) 121–2, 125 225 Recreational Business Districts (RBDs) 121–2, personal outcome expectations 93 125 planning 139 recruitment and selection 324, 325 political goals 237 Red Army 231 political socialization 240 red junket tourism 237 political trust 243, 244 red tourism 7, 231–2, 233–47, 311 politicizing heritage 231, 246 regional tourism governance 347–8 pollution 125, 135 Regulation on Travel Agencies 340 ports 202–5, 206–10, 217 reinforcement, decentralization and de- positive affect 31–2 exoticization phase (2000–10) 122–5 Positive Affect and Negative Affect Scale relational face 79–80 (PANAS) 28 relationships 99, 188, 237 positive emotional responses 29, 30, 32, 33–7, relaxation 34, 256, 257 40 remote sensing 141 positive face 82 representational space 244 post-consumption emotions 29 repurchase, and TPA 258 post-Fordism 122 research, tourism 4–6, 365–79 postmodernists 251 researchers, tourism 367–8, 375–9 post-trip stage 95, 98 research grants 369–70, 374–5 power distance 99 research institutions 371–5 pressure–state–response (PSR) model 311 Research Methods Summer School for prestige, travel for 227 Research Students 367 pre-trip stage 99 research themes 368–71 Princess Cruises 212, 217 residence registration system (hukou) principal–agent theory 326 118 private self 80 residents 259–61, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298–9, product design 245 300 product innovation 229 resorts 46, 125, 162 professional service team 226 resource curse 356, 358 protective face 82, 85, 87 resources public holidays 109 ecotourism 134 public–private sector partnership 123 red tourism 238 public self 80 safety 311–12 public toilets 52 respect 84, 86 public transport 123–4 restaurants 125 pull factors 20 revenue, tourism 44, 45, 46–7, 48–50, 51, 52, push factors 20 53, 54 Pyramid Sound and Light 250 ecotourism 136

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hotels 163–4 and tourism output multiplier 353, 355 ITR 359 Wusongkou Port 214 reward, incentive travel 223 Shanghai Disneyland 151, 153 risk 112, 113, 316 Shanghai Jin Jiang International Hotel Group river-based adventure tourism 21 164, 166 role theory 96 Province 312–13 ropeways 312 Shaoshan 240 Royal Caribbean International (RCI) 205, 210, Shapotou 135 211, 213, 217 sharing accommodation 162, 168 rural communities 8, 172–84 135 rural elites 178–9 252 rural tourism 49 119, 125, 150 50, 241–2 Shenzhen Fantawild Corporation 152 Shenzhen Happy Valley 150, 153 safety 112, 226, 304–17 Shenzhen Town (SOCT) Sanya 205, 227 Scheme 121 SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) Shenzhen Holdings epidemic 49, 306 Company (OCT Group) 148 satisfaction 29, 213–14, 258, 296, 297, shopping behaviour 29, 84–5, 314 298–9 Sichuanese opera 252 scenic area integrated intelligent system 272 sightseeing 20, 46, 119, 313–14 scenic area intelligent management system SIICE 215 270, 272 12 scenic area intelligent transportation system sina.cn 106 272 Sina Travel Forum 106 scenic area resource protection intelligent 14 system 272 Sino–foreign joint ventures 160 scenic area safe rescue intelligent system 272 Sino-French Cultural Years (2003–05) 50 scenic spots 49, 52, 175–6, 313–14 Sino-Russian Friendship Year (2006–07) 50 Schengen visa 14 SITE (Society for Incentive Travel Excellence) security 37, 113, 304–17 219, 220 self 79, 80, 84, 86, 110, 113 situational trait 80–81 self-actualization 110, 113 SkySea Cruise Line 212 self-concept 85 smart forecasting system 270, 272 self-construal theory 85 smart guide 274–5 self-development 85, 110, 113 smartphones 95, 124 self-documentation 101 smart tourism 126, 141–2, 266–78 self-efficacy 93 ‘Smart Tourism Alliance’ 267 self-esteem 84, 257 ‘Smart Tourism Year’ 267 self-estrangement 120 Smith, Arthur Henderson 77 self-expression 86 social behaviour 83 self-face 79, 82, 85 social capital 93, 97 selfie gaze 97 social change 110 self-presentation 101 social cognitive theory 93 Seminar on Tourism Sustainability, 1997 131 social collectivity 85 service failure 86 social communities 111 service industries 126 social demographic factors 99 service quality 101 social exchange theory (SET) 83, 244, 261 Seventh Five-Year Plan for National Economic social exclusion 125 and Social Development of the People’s social identity 94, 97 Republic of China (1986–90) 45, 119 social influence 93–4 49, 191–2, 196 social interaction 84, 94, 257 Shanghai 51, 118–19, 202, 204, 205, 211, 358 social media 86–7, 91–102 amusement facilities 312 social network 111 cruises 214, 227 social relationships 113

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social representation theory 261 see also ICT (information and social self-esteem 84 communication technology); smart social situation analysis 244 tourism social spaces 238 technology-mediated tourist experience 95 societal transition 16, 18 293–5, 297–300 society, Chinese 111 ‘The temporary rules on Mainland Chinese socio-cultural impacts 182–3 outbound travel in self-financed mode’ 14 SOCT theme parks 125 14 soft power 7, 15 theatrical performances 258 Songcheng Eternal Love 250 thematic interpretation (TI) 62, 68–9, 71, 72–3 11, 211, 215–16 themed sightseeing 46 Sovereign Hill 63–73 theme parks 35, 100, 110, 119, 120, 125, spatial market expansion 122 144–55 spatial practice 244 and Changyu Wine Company 192 special administrative regions (SARs) and positive emotions 29 11–12 and TPA 251–2, 253, 256 Special Economic Zones (SEZs) 118 Thong Khon 15 special interest tourism 21 three moments of social space 244 spillover theory 95–6 51, 205, 353 Splendid China 119, 148 ticket prices 140, 347 sports activities 35, 110 toilets 43–4, 52 stakeholders, tourism 270, 271, 277, 286–9 top-down development 173, 174–7, 183 Standard of Rating for Quality of Tourism Top Tourism Cities Scheme 120 Attractions 341 tour guides 59, 61–2, 63–9, 240–42 Star Cruises 212 tourism attraction agencies 274–7 Star Lake 135 tourism attraction management organizations star-rated hotels 52, 159, 160–62, 163 347 Star Rating Standard of the People’s Republic tourism attractions 274–7 of China for Hotels Catering to Overseas tourism cities 118, 122, 127 Tourists 45 tourism curse 258, 356 ‘State, Region, Departments, Collectives and tourism development 137 Individuals’ 341 Tourism Development Plan 126 State Council 340, 341 tourism e-commerce operators 52 State Council Tourism Work Inter-Ministerial Tourism Economics discipline 366 Joint Meeting 341 tourism education 44, 332–3, 342, 366, 368, State Forestry Administration 132 369, 370 strategic HRM 322, 323, 324–5 tourism entertainment projects 52 structural change 360, 361 tourism fair 47 ‘Study on the important role of tourism in Tourism Forum (TF) 322 developing national economy’ (Wang) tourism governance 343–8 352 tourism iCloud platforms 126 293–6, 300 tourism image promotion 54–5 Sun Yat-sen University 367, 368 Tourism Law of the People’s Republic of 164 China 305, 340 supply and demand 228–9, 234 tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH) 355–6, suppressed sector 111 357 sustainable development 131, 228 Tourism Management discipline 368 Suzhou 252 tourism migrants 179–81 tourism multiplier 353–4 Taiwan 14, 29, 211, 216 tourism performing arts (TPA) 250–62 tangible heritage 281 tourism research 365–79 Taobao 273 tourism researchers 367–8, 375–9 taxes 56 tourism safety 304–17 tea 179 Tourism Safety and Security (Zheng) 304, 306 technology 141–2, 169, 226 Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) 354–5

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Tourism Science (TS) 4, 322 villages, ethnic 345 tourism stakeholders 270, 271, 277, 286–9 visas 51, 55–6, 56 Tourism Tribune (TT) 4, 5, 322, 352, 365, 366, visitor arrivals 118 368, 372 see also tourist arrivals and tourism research seminars 367 visitors, industry, community and environment tourist arrivals 44, 46, 48, 49, 50, 52, 53–4 (VICE) model 258 and ecotourism 136 volunteer tourism expeditions 30 tourist attractions 276, 346–7 tourist gaze 3, 96 Wanda Cultural Tourism Park 152 tourist hotels 43, 340–41 Wanda Group 152 tourist psychological capacity (TPC) 153 water 125, 135 tourist resorts 49 waterfront promenades 125 tourist/travel behaviour 29, 98–101, 110 WeChat 101 tourist/travel experience 86–7, 94–7, 100–101, welfare 219, 223 239, 253, 270, 272 well-being 120, 251 tour packages 83–4 Westin Guangzhou Hotel 325 traffic safety 313 225 training and development 324, 326, 333 Window of the World 148 trains 49, 52, 118, 119, 120, 226–7 wine 84–5 translation, Chinese-to-English 241 wine tourism 187–98 transport 52, 118, 119, 120, 123–4, 226–7, 234, women 313 tourism researchers 379 air 43, 49, 221 tourists 210, 257 convenient 224–5 and work 183, 326, 327, 331, 333 travel agencies 47, 49, 52, 222, 327 word-of-mouth (WOM) 86 travel electronic payment 272 workplace motivation theory 229 travel insurance 317 World Expo 50 treasury bonds 47 World Heritage Convention 281 TripAdvisor 93 World Heritage sites 49, 182, 286, 288–9, 291, trust 93, 241, 243–4 292–300 Tuniu.com 205, 210, 211 World Heritage status 286 World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) uncertainty avoidance 99 136 UNESCO 288 worry 38 UNESCO World Heritage Centre 280–81 WTO (World Trade Organization) 47, 51, 122, UNESCO World Heritage List 49, 136 123, 333 unforgettable experience 221 Wuhan 267 unitary theory 94 Wuxi 267 (US) 11, 14, 15, 219–20, 254 Universal Studio theme park 151 Gulangyu Island 175 universities 44, 371–2 Xi’an 211 UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism 344 Organization) 1, 17, 50–51, 136, 254 Xi Jinping 7, 12, 15, 55 urbanization 7, 120, 125, 146, 149–51, 154, Xinjiang 190 172 Xiong’an New Area 347 urban tourism 52, 116–27 Xisha Islands 211 US National Cash Register Company 219 Xishuangbanna tropical rainforest 135

VAT 56 Yalong Bay Tourism Resort 346 vector autoregression (VAR) model 356 Yan’an 238, 244 vector error correction model (VECM) Yangshuo B&B Industry Association 175 356 Yangshuo County 250, 260, 343 VFRs (visiting friends and relatives) 13–14, Yangtze River 49, 347–8 16 Yangtze River Delta Smart Tourism City 164, 168 Group 267

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Yangzhou 267 ‘zero-dollar tour’ arrangements 14 Yanshuo West Street 346 Zhangjiajie National Forest Park 135 Yantai 191, 192, 196, 205 Zhangjiakou 195 Year of Ecotourism 132 Tourism Bureau 276 Yellow River 125 Zhenjiang 267 Youth Hostel Association of China 109 Zhijiang 240 Yuanjia village 183 ZhiYan Research 91 Yubeng village 178 Zhoushan 205 Yunnan Pudacuo National Park 345 ZN activities 110 zoo operators 29

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