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Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Monodora Myristica (African Nutmeg)

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Evaluation of Antioxidant Potential of Monodora Myristica (African Nutmeg) Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 373-383 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 2 Number 11 (2013) pp. 373-383 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article Evaluation of antioxidant potential of Monodora myristica (African Nutmeg) P.E.Eze-Steven1*, C. N.Ishiwu2, S. C. Udedi3, and B.O.Ogeneh4 1Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Applied Naturel Sciences, Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State, Nigeria 2Department of Food Science and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 3Department of Applied Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria 4Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu Enugu State, Nigeria. *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T This work evaluated the antioxidant potential of Monodora myristica (African nutmeg). Monodora myristica extract was obtained through solvent extraction K e y w o r d s using n-hexane and used as treatment on freshly prepared crude palm kernel oil and Monodora palm oil. Equal volume of oil samples were subjected to different concentrations of myristica, oil; extract treatment (0.2ml, 0.4ml, 0.6ml, 0.8ml, 1.0ml). These oil samples were free fatty acid; equally divided into two groups SS (stored under sun) and SR (stored under room thiobarbituric temperature). Group SS was stored under the sun and group SR was stored under acid; reactive room temperature for three weeks. These treated oil samples were analyzed on oxygen specie; weekly basis at two different parameters: Acid value (AV) of free fatty acid and acid value; thiobarbituric acid (TBA) value, using standard methods. The main effect of extract palm oil; palm was determined using ANOVA. For the two varieties of oil, the acid value of free kernel oil; fatty acid increased significantly (P<0.05) as the period extends for group SS peroxide without extract while those for group SR showed no significant increase. But AV value. of oil samples treated with higher extract concentration decreased significantly (P<0.05) for both groups SS and SR. TBA value also showed the same trend of AV. Hence, Monodora myristica extract yielded reducing effect in the oxidative level of the oil varieties Introduction Monodora myristica is a widespread and oblong and pale brown when fresh with a attractive small tree with very decorative thin seed coat and hard kernel (Okafor, flowers appearing just before the leaves. 2003). The seed production is seasonal The fruit is suspended on a long green occurring between April to June. The stalk with numerous seeds embedded in fruits are globular and ovoid; 3-4 inch long whitish sweet smelling pulp. The seed is and about 3-5 inch diameter. The wood is 373 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 373-383 hard. The seeds are contained in a hard nutmeg has a nutmeg-like flavour with a shell and have a very strong aroma. This pungent overtone. The whole seed coat plant is commonly called Orchid flower and seed is either ground and used as a tree in English, Ehuru Ofia' in lgbo seasoning for West African soups or stews (Okafor, 2003). Monodora myristica is a or is ground and used as a nutmeg-like specie of calabash nutmeg, the edible flavouring in cakes and desserts. seeds yield a nutmeg-flavoured oil which is used in West Africa for cooking Palm oil is a produce from the fruit and (Eggeling, 2002). Monodora myristica kernel of the palm tree. The fruits are first seed extract contains important collected and pressed, yielding a rich, pharmacological compounds like dark-red oil which is high in carotene alkaloids, flavonoids, and vitamins A and (Pantzaris and Ahmad, 2004). Palm kernel E as well as many important lipids. oil (PKO) is obtained from processing the Traditionally, the plant is widely used kernel from the fruit of the oil palm tree especially to relieve toothache as well as (Elaies guineensis). Palm kernel oil has in the treatment of dysentery. When similar uses to coconut oil owing to their roasted and ground, the seeds are rubbed similarity in composition (Pantzaris and on the skin for (unspecified) skin diseases Ahmad, 2004). PKO is gotten from the (Irvine, 2000). This suggests that the seeds kernel of the palm fruit and it is located of Monodora myristica plant could be inside the hard shell while the outer fleshy germicidal or antiseptic. The roasted mesocarp gives palm oil (Nyam et al., ground seeds are chewed, spat into the 2009). hand and then rubbed across the forehead to relieve headache. The seeds are also Lipid oxidation is one of the major reasons crushed and used as insecticide, while the that food deteriorate and is caused by the root relieves toothache when crushed reaction of fat and oil with molecular (Oguntimein et al., 1999). oxygen, leading to off-flavours that are generally called rancidity (Basturk et al., The seeds of Monodora myristica are also 2007). Rancidity is associated with off- used for the treatment of constipation and flavour and odour of the oil. There are two as a stimulant (Irvine, 2000). Essential causes to rancidity. One occurs when oil oil's from the seed is used in reacts with oxygen and is called oxidative pharmaceutical and dental preparation rancidity. The second cause is by the (Talalaji, 1999). Nutmegs are tropically combination of enzymes and moisture. distributed. It is called ehuru or ehiri in Enzymes such as lipase liberate fatty acids Igbo language in the south east part of from triglycerides to form di- and/or Nigeria. The Monodora species are also monoglycerides and free fatty acids and found in West Africa and are cultivated in such liberation of fatty acid is called the southern parts of Nigeria (Okafor, hydrolysis, hence hydrolytic rancidity. 2003). The trees are very common in the Oxidation is concerned mainly with south east and south-south regions of unsaturated fatty acids. Oxidative rancidity Nigeria. The seeds and seed coats of the is of special interest as it leads to the plant are used as a spice. Once dried these development of off-flavour that can be have an aroma reminiscent of nutmeg and detected early in the development of are sold whole to be grated as a nutmeg rancidity (Basturk et al., 2007). Oils in substitute (Talalaji, 1999). Calabash general are known to be susceptible to 374 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 373-383 oxidation and microbial attack. The Glycosides composition of the various oils determines the extent of oxidation and type of These are the products obtained after organisms likely to thrive in them (Chow condensation of sugar with different types et al., 2000). of organic hydroxyl compounds. These are referred to as the cardiac-active or cardio- This study is aimed at examining the tonic glycosides examples include oxidative and biodeteriogenic effects of amygdalin. In small doses, glycosides free radicals contaminating the oils from promote mild gastric irritation causing a the varieties of the oil palm (Elaeis reflux from the bronchioles. This can be guineensis) and palm kernel oil and the attributed to its wide usage but in larger chemical components of the oils and the dose, they lead to vomiting (Evans, 1989). effect of solvent extract of ehuru (African A larger number of glycosides and their nutmeg). Lipid oxidation and resultant aglycone have antimicrobial activities. flavour impairment has seriously limited the storage potential of most oil containing Saponins food (Ihekoronye and Ngoddy, 1985). Lipid oxidation generally occurs after a Saponins are useful in the production of long induction period. Once started it is soft drinks, beers, confectioneries, generally a very rapid reaction and shampoos, soaps, fibre extinguishers and proceeds by a free radical mechanism. beverages and this is attributed to its foaming ability. They are quite toxic when General review of phytochemistry of injected into the bloodstream and are Monodora myristica harmless when taken by mouth since the sarsaparilla is rich in saponins but is used Alkaloids in the preparation of non-alcoholic beverages (Evans, 1989). The highest They are a group of basic secondary plant sapogenin concentration occurs in the substance, which usually possesses an n- reproductive parts of the plants, the seeds containing heterocyte. Alkaloids exist in containing 18% trigonenin (Bonner and plants as salts, amine or n-oxides. Varner, 1965). Saponin have some Dicotyledonous plants are the real medicinal properties, since it has producers of alkaloids (Evans, 1989). beenreported to have anti-inflammatory, They appear in large members and in anti-fungal, antimycolic, bacteriostatic and many variation in these plants. They are other biological activities. bitter to taste, so when present in plants, insects and predators tend to move away Tannins from such plants. They also protect the plant from the effect of singlet oxygen The word "tannin" signifies substances (Bonner and Varner, 1965). Alkaloids at present in plant extracts, which are able to high concentration, produce a variety of combine with protein of animal hides, toxic effects on animals. Their prevent their Putrefaction and the pharmaceutical and medicinal importance conversion to leather (Evans, 1989). Those can be seen to act on the cardiovascular tannins are responsible for the taste system and some have been resorted to be qualities of wines, tea and coffee. They are antihypertensive. astrigent and styptic (i.e. the dry sensation 375 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2013) 2(11): 373-383 felt in the mouth). Tannins due to their for use in detergents, cosmetics and many antiseptic properties prevent fungal attacks other cosmetic products but less (Bonner and Varner, 1965; Evans, 1989). consideration is given it for other purpose. Monodora myristica seed are used as Applications of vegetable oils condiment in West Africa, a decoction of the seed is used to treat guinea worm Many forest trees produce seeds that infection.
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