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Í . í ' ,V '■ '■: ' ;> , ' : U f 1 ,., *\ľ‘< 1 "'f*.. L4-rŕ - A * A ► ' . * *t- -- - f • 4BĚI M i b *$&?&.» ^ - v # * ' * V s , • -r .# * ■ f < ' # 'T f ' - % ,-• > •■' 4uii\ ■ ./■ ! á> ■Í, .; Ú-" 'If1. f jřá ? i# 1 * •** ;v M j : ‘ 3 E »fsr i y š i l ! 7 S . Í :b^- é' p U ľ / ; -‘J* SI I £ \ i k :í B 'm i. k £ Í « ■•í. .-■... ^ Prof. Dr. VOJTECH TUKA e t MM .. *• t -T prvý rektor Slovenskej univerzity der erste Rektor der Slowakischen Universität primo Rettore delľUniversitä Slovacca :W ‘ 4 %4 f - :%ĺ m P - ■ •*. * ! VS.3 Prof. Dr. VOJTECH TUKA prvý rektor Slovenskej univerzity der erwte Rektor der Slowakischen Universität p riin o Rettore dell'Universita Slovacca Prof. Dr. VOJTECH TUKA prvý rektor Slovenskej univerzity der erste Rektor der Slowakisehen Ľniversität primo Rettore dell l niversita Slovacea NOVÉ SLOVENSKO DIE N E U E SLOVA K El SLOVACCHIA NUOVA BRATISLAVA - PRESSRl RC, 1940 INŠTALÁCIA PRVÉHO KEKTOKA SLOVINSKEJ UNIVERZITY VOM FURSTEN PRIBINA BIS ZUR A.MTSEINKCIIRl \L DES ERS’ľEN REKTORS DER SLOW A- KISCHEN UN1VERSITÄT - DAL PRINCÍPE PRIBINA ALL' INSEDIA.MENTO DEL PRIMO RETTORE DELLA UNIVERSITA SLOVACCA Putovanie Slovákov od 1100-ročného Elf Jahrhunderte Undici secoli di storia chrámu k najmladšej univerzite. slowakischer Geschichte. slovacca. Množstvo kmeňov a národov chcelo Viele Stämme und Vblker stritten Moite furono le stirpi e i popoli sa osadiť v tôni našich Tatier a Kar­ um das Land unter der Tatra Gi- che tentarono di insediarsi fra i Ta- pát, obrovské vojská pradávnych gantische Heere der Kelten, Quaden, tia e i Carpazi; le orde dei Celti, Sarmaten und Rbmer tränkten ihre dei Quadi, dei Sarmati e gli eserciti Keltov, Kvádov, Sarmatov i Rimanov Pterde in der Waag, Neutra und aei Romani abbeverarono i loro napájaly stáda bujných koní vo vl­ Gran, um sie dar*n in harte Kämpfe tocosi cavalli alle onde del Vag, nách Váhu, Nitry, Hrona, aby ich po­ zu tuhren, in denen Hunderttausen- oel Nitra, dello Hron, perchě essi tom poniesly do urputných bitiek de von Tapleren fielen und Hundert- li portassero, poi, in groppa nelle o vlastníctvo podtatranských nížin. tausende von Feiglingen davonlie mischie furiose, combattute per con­ Odpadlo tu státislce udatných, zute­ ten. Endlich, im tUntten Jahrhundert tenders! il dominio delle pianure kalo na státislce zbabelých, aby tak nach der Zeitwende, ergriffen die che riposano ai piedi dei Tatra. v piatom storočí po narodení Syna Slowaken Besitz vom ganzen Lande, Caddero migliaia e migliaia di bra- welches auch in den Zeiten der Človeka opanovat' mohli Slováci celý vi; mille e mille vili ruppero in fuga, Knechtschaft slowakisch war, slowa- ten kraj, ktorý slovenský bol i v rab- onde fosse permesso, nel V secolo kisch ist und slowakisch bleibt flir stve Slovákov a slovenský ostal po­ dopo la nascita del Figlio dell'Uomo, alle Ewigkeit. dnes, i pre budúcnosť. che gli Slovacchi diventassero signo­ Kaum war der Kampf beendet, kaum Slováci už vtedy radi siahli po ne­ ri di tutta quella terra che fu e ri- war das Schwert beiseite gelegt, krvavej zbrani pri získavaní domo­ mase slovacca anche durante la gingen die Slowaken an die Arbeit. va. Len čo odložiť mohli meč, za­ schiavitú del popolo e slovacca Sie drangen in die dichten, dunklen čali tvorivú prácu, budovať národ­ é oggi e sará per tutto il futuro. Wälder ein und legten Siedlungen né obydlia. Vnikli do tmavých les­ Anche a quei tempi gli Slovacchi an. Dort úberstanden sie die Herr- natých krajov, do opustených húš- cercavano di fissarsi in una stabile schaft der Avaren, die bis zum Ende fav a tam si zakladali rodiny, tam dimora. Non appena poterono de- des achten Tahrhunderts dauerte. zveľaďovali svoj rod. Tam pretrpeli Die slowakischen Stämme wurden porre le armi, iniziarono un'opera aj krutú porobu, uvalenú Avarmi, až di costruzione: penetrarono nei folti vom Fursten Pribina wieder geeint, do konca ôsmeho storočia. Sloven­ der das altberuhmte Neutra zum boschi, nelle piane deserte e incolte ské kmene spojil potom znova knie­ Zentrum der alten Slowakei ausge- e vi eressero i loro focolari, vi creb- ža Pribina, ktorý zo staroslávneho baut hat. Im Tahre 833 liess er die bero i propri f i g I i. In quelle terre mesta Nitry urobil srdce prastarého erste christliche Kirche auf dem Ge- soffersero la dura schiavitú imposta Slovenska. Tu, v N itre, za panovania biete der Slowakei errichten, wo dagli Avari, fino al secolo VIII, f i n- slovenského vladára Pribinu, v ča­ die slawischen Apostel Zyrillus und ché il principe Pribina potě nuova- soch slávnych slovanských viero­ Methodius den christlichen Glauben rnente riunire le tribú, facendo delia zvestov Cyrila a Metoda, založili ro­ zu predigen begannen. Diese K ir­ vecchia, gloriosa cittá di Nitra, seg- ku 833 prvý kresťanský chrám na che war bei uns das erste Heim gio e cuore delľantica Slovacchia. území Slovenska, prvý stánok kres­ christlicher Kultur und zugleich eine E a Nitra, durante la signoria di Pri­ ťanskej kultúry, malé útočiště svä­ kleine Insel des heiligen Glaubens bina, soggiornandovi i SS. Cirillo tej viery v obrovskom mori pohan­ im Meer des Heidentums. e M etodio, fu eretto nell'833 il primo ských národov a štátov... Diese elf Tahrhunderte alte slowa- tempio cristiano in terra slovacca: A tento jedenásťstoročný sloven­ kische Kirche war, ist und bleibt primo seme di cultura cristiana e di ský kostolík určoval v minulosti, za­ ein sicherer Wegweiser in die schb- šanta fede gettato in mezzo a un isťuje v prítomnosti a ukazuje do nere Zukunft aller Slowaken. caos di orde e popoli barbarici. UNIVEHSITAS SLOYACA ISTUOPOLITANA budúcnosti tú bezpečnú cestu, ktorá Pribinas Nachfolger war Fúrst Sväto­ Ouesto tempio slovacco, oggi an- i podnes umožňovala azda tŕnistú, pluk. Die Zwietracht unter seinen tico d i 1100 anni, com e la a d d itô nel ale iste krásnu púť všetkých Slová­ Sôhnen ist schuld daran, dass das passato, cosi ai giorni nostri e nel kov ku krajšej budúcnosti. Grossmährische Reich ein Opfer der futuro ci insegna e ci mostrerá sem­ Po Pribinovi údelným kniežaťom Ungam wurde. Nach dem Tode des pře quella direzlone sicura che ci ha stal sa Svätopluk. Nesvornosťou jeho polnischen Fúrsten Boleslav des reso possibile di raggiungere, attra- synov Slovensko oslabené padlo za Tapferen, wurde die Slowakei vor- verso una via cosparsa cíl spine, sl, obeť Maďarom. Prechodné zabranie Ubergehend durch Polen besetzt, ma pur fulgida, il migllore awenire Slovenska Poliakmi, po smrti Bolesla­ um nachher — etwa um das Jahr del nostro popolo. va Chrabrého, nemalo dlhého trva­ 1030 — ne ue rdin gs von den U ngam Tramontata la signoria dí Pribina, la nia. Maďari pod vedením sv. Štefana beherrscht zu werden. Slovacchia fu unita alia Moravia, o k o lo r. 1030 sa znova zm ocnili Slo­ Den Slowaken wurde nun eine fast sotto lo scettro di Svätopluk. Le venska. 1000 Jahre währende phytltche und discordie scoppiate tra i figli di Slovensko bolo odsúdené, aby dlhé seelische UnterdrUckung zuteil. quesťultimo furono causa delia de- veky, skoro celé tisícročie, iilo In der Organisation seines Staates cadenza di tutto lo Stato che, inde- v poddanstve, nevolnosti, rabstve folgte der big. Stephan den fränki- bolito, cadde předa dei Magiari tela I ducha. schen Beispielen, doch berúcksich- quando, agli inizi del X secolo, la Grande Moravia fu distrutta. II do- Kráľ Štefan organizoval svoj štát tig te er auch d ie slow akischen Ein- minio polacco sulla Slovácchia, dopo podľa franských vzorov, v tom však richtixtgen Gaue, Kreise, Gerichte und Mauten wurden nach den be- la morte di Boleslao il Coraggioso, spravoval sa podľa skvelého sloven­ wáhrten slowakischen Beispielen or- e b b e b re ve du rata: circa il 1030, ského práva. 2upy, stolice, hrady, ganisiert Klrchlich war die Slowakei i Magiari, sotto il comando di S. súdy, výberčie úrady organizoval ein Teil der Graner Diozese und Stefano, si resero nuovamente pa­ tiež podľa osvedčeného príkladu •rit im XII. Jahrhundert wurde das droni del territorio. slovenského. Za kráľa Štefana celé Neutraer Bistum wieder errichtet. Era destino che la Slovácchia, per Slovensko cirkevne pripojené bolo lunghi secoli — quasi un millennio — Nach dem Tatareneinfel! im Jahre k diecézi ostrihomskej a až v XII. vivesse in schiavitú morale e ma­ 1242, wurden die verwusteten Land- storočí bolo obnovené biskupstvo teriále. striche der Slowakei neu besiedelt nitrianske. Grosse Gebiete unbesetzten oder Re Stefano aveva organizzato il suo Po spustošení celého Uhorska Tatár­ vertassenen Bodens, der Reichtum Stato secondo i modelli franchi, ma mi, po r. 1242, boly celkom vyplie­ an Metallen und allem, was die Ná­ governd secondo i perfetti principi nené kraje Slovenska zaľudňované del Diriuo slovacco. Provincie, sedl, tur dem Menschen bietet, lockte v rámci kolonizácie. Množstvo neob­ castelli, tribunáli, fisco, furono rego- Deutsche, Tschechen, Ungarn, Polen sadenej a opustenej pôdy, bohatstvo lati in base al reggimento slovacco und Russen hierher. Auf die Erhal- che servi di esempio. Durante il kovov a vôbec všetkého, čo príroda tung slowakischer Werte, insbeson- regno di lui la Chiesa slovacca fu tu núka, lákalo sem všetky možné dere der Sprache, achtete die Geist- aggregata alla diocesi di Ostrihom národy severu, juhu a západu, Nem- licbkeit, die auf das Volk erziehe- e solo nel XII secolo fu riistituito cov, Čechov, Maďarov, Poliakov risch einwirkte und es in seinem ľepiscopato nitrense. a Rusov. Avšak slovenské hodnoty, Glauben und nationalem Selbstbe- predovšetkým svätú nám reč, udriu- wusstsein stärkte. Die von Peter Dopo I'invasione tartara in Unghe- je duchovenstvo, ktoré jednak vy­ Pázmány im Jahre 1635 in Trnava ria, dal 1242 la Slovacchia fu ogget- chovávalo slovenský ľud a jednak errichtete jesuitische Universität to di continui saccheggi e měta di nuova colonizzazione. La grande utvrdzovalo v starej viere a v pove­ w ar, b e v o r sie im Jahre 1780 nach quantitá di terreno incolto o de­ domí rodu.
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    Návrat Vojtecha Tuku na Slovensko Timea Verešová, Výskumné centrum Prešovskej univerzity, [email protected] VEREŠOVÁ, Timea. Comeback of Vojtech Tuka to the Slovakia. Individual and Society, 2008, Vol. 11, Nr. 2. The article deals with the political comeback of Vojtech Tuka, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the first Slovak Republic (1939 – 1945). He was a controversial person, a controversial politician of the Slovak history. In 1929 he was sentenced to fifteen years imprisonment for espionage on behalf of the Hungarian government and high treason. After Slovakia became autonomous in 1938, he released from prison and returned to Slovakia. At the beginning he refused to be a part of the Slovak politics but soon after he reconsidered his point of view. Vojtech Tuka. First Slovak Republic. Slovak politics. Istý deficit v historiografii povojnového obdobia tvorí obdobie slovenského štátu. Možno aj preto sa dnes viaceré knižné publikácie zaoberajú týmto obdobím a jeho osobnosťami, medzi ktoré nepochybne patrí aj Vojtech Tuka. Za slovenského štátu bol najprv ministrom bez kresla, neskôr sa stal ministerským predsedom a krátke obdobie pôsobil aj ako minister vnútra. Po rokovaniach v Salzburgu v júli 1940 sa stal ministrom zahraničných vecí. Bol druhou najvplyvnejšou osobnosťou slovenského štátu po Jozefovi Tisovi. Vojtech Tuka je kontroverznou osobnosťou slovenskej histórie. Jedni ho považujú za agenta maďarskej iredenty (čím bezpochyby bol), druhí za patriota, martýra, otca slovenskej samostatnosti. Mnohým nie je neznáme, že Tuka, ktorý bol členom Slovenskej ľudovej strany od roku 1922, uverejnil tzv. štátnopolitickú úvahu s názvom Vacuum iuris v oficiálnom denníku Slovenskej ľudovej strany. Článok bol publikovaný v denníku Slovák 1.
  • Czechoslovakia's

    Czechoslovakia's

    Mark Cornwall, Robert John Weston Evans, eds.. Czechoslovakia in a Nationalist and Fascist Europe, 1918-1948. Proceedings of the British Academy 140. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2007. xv + 258 pp. $99.00, cloth, ISBN 978-0-19-726391-4. Reviewed by Andrea Orzoff Published on HABSBURG (March, 2010) Commissioned by John C. Swanson (University of Tennessee at Chattanooga) After the annus mirabilis of 1989, Czechoslo‐ volume represents some of the best new thought vak president and former dissident Václav Havel on Czechoslovakia and its neighbors, by younger spoke often of wanting to “return” Czechoslovakia and senior historians alike. “to Europe.” Other eastern European leaders used The book also highlights a relatively neglect‐ similar phrasing. What exactly it meant depended ed era, from the end of the Great War to the early on speaker and context, but the general implica‐ years of the Cold War. During this period, Czecho‐ tion was romantic, along the lines of Milan Kun‐ slovakia played an outsized role in European in‐ dera’s “kidnapped Occident”: the countries behind ternational affairs. Between the world wars, it the Iron Curtain would return to their rightful was generally understood--by its own citizens and places in a prosperous, diverse, tolerant, unified by foreign observers--to be the linchpin of the in‐ Europe.[1] The illusions have faded these last terwar peace, and thus was the foremost target twenty years. We understand Europe’s complexi‐ for those wishing to dismantle that peace. Its in‐ ties, both historical and contemporary, in ways we dustrial capacity and relatively docile population could not then.
  • Visualizing FASCISM This Page Intentionally Left Blank Julia Adeney Thomas and Geoff Eley, Editors

    Visualizing FASCISM This Page Intentionally Left Blank Julia Adeney Thomas and Geoff Eley, Editors

    Visualizing FASCISM This page intentionally left blank Julia Adeney Thomas and Geoff Eley, Editors Visualizing FASCISM The Twentieth- Century Rise of the Global Right Duke University Press | Durham and London | 2020 © 2020 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Julienne Alexander / Cover designed by Matthew Tauch Typeset in Minion Pro and Haettenschweiler by Copperline Books Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Eley, Geoff, [date] editor. | Thomas, Julia Adeney, [date] editor. Title: Visualizing fascism : the twentieth-century rise of the global right / Geoff Eley and Julia Adeney Thomas, editors. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers:lccn 2019023964 (print) lccn 2019023965 (ebook) isbn 9781478003120 (hardback : acid-free paper) isbn 9781478003762 (paperback : acid-free paper) isbn 9781478004387 (ebook) Subjects: lcsh: Fascism—History—20th century. | Fascism and culture. | Fascist aesthetics. Classification:lcc jc481 .v57 2020 (print) | lcc jc481 (ebook) | ddc 704.9/49320533—dc23 lc record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019023964 lc ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019023965 Cover art: Thomas Hart Benton, The Sowers. © 2019 T. H. and R. P. Benton Testamentary Trusts / UMB Bank Trustee / Licensed by vaga at Artists Rights Society (ARS), NY. This publication is made possible in part by support from the Institute for Scholarship in the Liberal Arts, College of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame. CONTENTS ■ Introduction: A Portable Concept of Fascism 1 Julia Adeney Thomas 1 Subjects of a New Visual Order: Fascist Media in 1930s China 21 Maggie Clinton 2 Fascism Carved in Stone: Monuments to Loyal Spirits in Wartime Manchukuo 44 Paul D.
  • Istvan Delli&lt; European Heads of State and Prime Ministers Tried And

    Istvan Delli< European Heads of State and Prime Ministers Tried And

    Istvan Delli< European heads of state and prime ministers tried and executed during, at the end, or soon after the end of World War II Note that some ofthese statesmen died in prison. Elias ofthe Czech Protectorate was executed by the Germans and Bethlen ofHungary was an anti-Nazi seized by the Soviets. All others were tried and sentenced for treason and collaboration with Nazi Germany. (PM stands for prime minister) Bulgaria: PM Bogdan Filov as well as 24 ministers and 68 parliamentary deputies Czechoslovakia/Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia: President Emil Hacha (died in prison); PM General Alois Elias (tried and shot by the Germans in 1942) France: Chef d'Etat (head ofstate) Marshal Philippe Petain (died in prison); PM Pierre Laval Greece: PM General Georgios Tsolakoglou and PM Ioannis Rallis {both died in prison) Hungary: Nemzetvezeto (national leader) Ferenc Szalasi; PM Istvan Bethlen (died in prison in Moscow in 1946?), PM Bela ImrMy, PM Laszlo Bardossy, PM General Dome Sztojay, Deputy PM Jeno Szollosy,. Italy: PM (II Duce) Benito Mussolini (shot by Italian partisans after a mock trial in May 1945) Norway: PM Vidkun Quisling Romania: Conducator (leader) PM Marshal Ion Antonescu Serbia: PM General Milan Nedi6 Slovakia: President Monsignor J6zefTiso, PM Vojtech Tuka Istvan De3k Istvan De3k Events, Places, and Persons connected with the Laszlo Bardossy Story Ber-dossy, Laszlo (1890-Jan. 10, 1946), prime minister, 1941-1942. Executed by a firing squad in Budapest. Horthy, Vice Admiral Miklos (1868-1957), regent ofHungary, 1920- Oct. 1944. It was during his reign that nearly half a million Jews were deported to Auschwitz.
  • Slovak-Hungarian Relations in the Mirror of the German- Soviet Conflictive Alliance (1939-1941)

    Slovak-Hungarian Relations in the Mirror of the German- Soviet Conflictive Alliance (1939-1941)

    Aliaksandr Piahanau. Slovak-Hungarian relations in the mirror of the Soviet-German conflictive alliance (1939–1941) // Prague Papers on the History of International Relations, No 2/2012. P. 144–163. Aliaksandr Piahanau Slovak-Hungarian relations in the mirror of the German- Soviet conflictive alliance (1939-1941). Abstract: This article focuses on Slovak-Hungarian relations in the context of the Soviet-German framed antagonism (1939-1941). It tends to show that Slovakia and Hungary tried to rely on those two powers in order to achieve their revisionist aims. Reversely, they were exploited by Berlin or Moscow in their diplomatic chessboards until the Soviet-German war, which was underway by 1941. Between September 1939 and June 1941, Bratislava raised a few times territorial demands to Hungary. Those revisionist attempts were sometimes backed by Berlin, especially when, willing to recover Transylvania, Budapest tried to benefit from Soviet territorial ambitions in Romania. However, after the Second Vienna Award (30 August 1940), Germany exerted pressure on Slovakia so that she would abandon her revisionist ideas. Key words: Slovak-Hungarian relations, Soviet-German relations, P. Teleki, I. Csáky, J. Esterházy, J. Tiso, F. Ďurčanský, V. Tuka, Southern Slovakia, pact Molotov-Ribbentrop, Vienna Award, 23 August 1939, 30 August 1940, 22 June 1941, border disputes, revisionism, national minorities. The relations between small states are often influenced by great powers, especially during wartime. This article shows the dependance of Hungarian-Slovak relations on the mutual struggle for dominance in Central Europe and on the Balkans between Berlin and Moscow in 1939-1941. The Romanian partition in summer 1940 by neighbouring countries is here considered as a key-factor of strategic changes in Central Europe.