University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES

VOLUME 2 October 2018 NUMBER 3

Quarterly publications Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences & Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh-Pakistan

ISSN (E): 2523-6067 Sindh University Press. ISSN (P): 2521-8328

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

Editorial Team

Patron Prof. Dr. Fateh Muhammad Burfat Vice Chancellor, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Editor in Chief Prof. Dr. Akhtar Hussain Mughal Dean, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Editor Dr. Riffat Sultana Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Co-Editor Prof. Dr. Tahira Jabeen Chairperson, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Journal Manager/ Web Admin Computer Operator / Web Developer

Dr. Kamran Brohi Mrs. Afia Bhutto University of Sindh, Jamshoro University of Sindh, Jamshoro

Graphics Designer and Publication Manager Editorial Assistant

Dr. Riffat Sultana Mr. Rahman Ali Khuwaja University of Sindh, Jamshoro University of Sindh, Jamshoro

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

International Editorial Advisory Board

Prof. Dr. Ananina Tatiana Leader Scientist Entomologist, Russia Buryatia, Ulan-Ude Komsomolskaya Russia.

Prof. Dr. Sriyani Dias R. K. Department of Zoology, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Srilanka.

Prof. Dr. Georgina S. Mwansat Department of Zoology, University of JOS, Nigeria.

Prof. Dr. Wei, Cong College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi China.

Prof. Dr. Monilal Chatterjee School of Crop Protection, College of Post Graduate Studies, Central Agricultural University, India.

Prof. Dr. Sunil M. Gaikwad Department of Zoology, Shivaji University, Kolhapur Maharashtra, India.

Prof. Dr. Lau Wei Hong Professor of Insect Pathology, Universiti Putra, Malaysia.

Prof. Dr. Guo-Fang Jiang College of Oceanology and Food Science, Quanzhou Normal University, Quanzhou China.

Prof. Dr. Shahid Karim Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, USA.

Dr. Durdane Yanar Department of Plants Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Gaziosanpasa University, Turkey.

Dr. Disna Gunawardana Ministry for Primary Industries Manatu Ahu Matu Scientist Plant Health & Environment Laboratory Growing & Protecting, New Zealand.

Dr. Luca Ruiu Department of Agriculture, Entomology Section, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.

Dr. Sandeep Kushwaha Senior Researcher, Zoological Survey of India.

Dr. Senarath Bandara No 8, Gajaba Mawatha,Negombo Road, Kurunegala, Sri Lanka.

Dr. Dewanand Makhan Willem Bilderdijkhove 193438 PM Nieuwegein The Netherlands (Holland)

Mr. Khalid Hussain Rind Department of Ecology, Evolution and Adaptation, University of Montpellier, France.

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UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

National Editorial Advisory Board

Prof. Dr. Ghulam Sarwar Gachal Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh

Prof. Dr. Naheed Baloch Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ather Rafi Department of Zoology, Women University Swabi, Swabi, KP.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Zaheer Khan Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Sindh.

Prof. Dr. Shahid Nadeem Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology (NIAB), GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab.

Prof. Dr. Farhat Jabeen Department of Zoology, GC University, Faisalabad, Punjab.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Jan Mari Department of Plant Protection, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh.

Prof. Dr. Asmatullah Kakar Department of Zoology, University of Baluchistan, Quetta, Balochistan.

Prof. Dr. Naeem Khan University of Baltistan Skardu.

Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem Institute of Pure & Applied Biology, Bahaudin Zakrya University, Multan, Punjab.

Prof. Dr. M. Mazhar Ayaz Department of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab.

Prof. Dr. Shoaib Fareed Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan.

Dr. Imran Khatri Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam, Sindh.

Dr. Santosh Kumar Department of Zoology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab.

Dr. Jawaid Abbasi Centre of Excellence Marine Biology, University of Karachi, Sindh.

Dr. Shabir Ahmed Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK.

Dr. Sardar Azhar Mehmood Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK.

Dr. Barkat Ali Bughio Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh.

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

Dr. Muhammad Younis Laghari Department of Fresh Water Biology & Fisheries University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

Mr. Aziz Khan National Agricultural Research Centre (NARC), Islamabad.

Technical Advisory Member

Prof. Dr. M. Y. Khuhawar Executive Editor (SURJ), University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh.

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

ith the increase in population, third world countries today are facing many problems, W supply of sufficient food being one of them. In animal sciences we have to understand and preserve the vast diversity of species on our planet. Losing them would be a huge shame and almost a crime of humanity. We have caused a continuous trouble that leads to species extinction. Just because we are the “dominant” species on Earth, it doesn’t mean that we can do whatever we want without suffering consequences. We do not have to protect endangered species only, but we also have to protect species essential for the continuation of Earth’s life. Believe it or not, without animals, humans would die out pretty quickly. First of all, there would be no more meat. But we can’t all become vegetarians either if there are no insects to pollinate the plants. From animals, we can also learn about our anatomy and can understand the function of our bodies in a better way, which help us combat human diseases. In termination, animal’s science is an important field that applies to many real-world situations.

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will promote and involve the study of various disciplines in Zoological Sciences i-e Entomology, Endocrinology, Molecular biology, Parasitology, Wildlife management and Conservation, animal’s diversity and systematic etc. This journal will be ideal platform for anyone working in Animals Sciences. In addition, the published data to provide additional opportunity for access to advanced standing in existing tertiary level education programs. Researcher will be exposed to the main aspect of animal science including, safety management planning strategies, food and fiber, systematic of individual and making a means to preserve a rapidly declining global ecosystem.

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

MISSION

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) will introduce a viable model of research linkages together with scholarly experience sharing and transferring of inspired evidence. It also promotes the latest emerging trends in zoological sciences along with provision of an awareness of the ethical aspects of animals. Besides its fundamental importance in maintaining the sustainable agricultural, protection and conservation of animals in country it will also educate the public about the need to protect and preserve the environment as a long range goal for the welfare of future generations. The core focus of (USJAS) is concentrated on promoting and propagating novel and innovative research amongst the readers of this journal.

AIM OF JOURNAL

The primary aim of University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) is to gain hands on experience in order to acquire the knowledge necessary for the critical analysis of the results and make appropriate recommendations in all fields of Animal sciences. The aim of this journal is to encourage researchers, investigators and scientists to publish their research findings allowing wider dissemination of their intellectual knowledge, with the aim of applying those for the benefit of the society. The newly launched journal would cover full spectrum of the specialties in Animals sciences. It would include original research articles, review articles, case reports, short commendation, and scientific findings from within specified domain areas of Zoology. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan. The most important criterion for acceptance/rejection is originality of the material presented in the manuscript.

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UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

What is need for publishing this Journal?

The University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) with modernized and cost effectiveness will light the tools for numerous directions and problems related to improve identification of pest species, conservation of wild animals, diversity of animals including animal breeding, environmental impact of animal, agriculture, diseases, nutrition and animal products. When animals grow well and stay healthy, farmers can produce more meat, milk or eggs for our consumption. They check meat quality or screen milk for pathogens. Advances in food safety keep humans healthy and increase the world’s supply of nutritious food. Beside this, articles regarding entomological science contribute to the betterment of humanity by detecting the role of insects in the spread of disease and discovering ways of protecting food and fiber crops, and livestock from being damaged. Journal provides the way how beneficial insects contribute to the well being of humans, animals, and plants. This journal will also defend and assess the application of well proven research activities in natural science particularly, Zoology, Physiology, Fresh Water Biology & Fisheries, Biochemistry and Biotechnology of host universities; neighboring and sister universities which are performing research activities on any area of animal’s sciences. They have necessity of proper platform for their research exposure around the country as well as in world.

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UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

Who will contribute?

Articles published in (USJAS) masses of all age and income groups. Moreover, this journal will make substantial contribution to the researchers and students of Zoology, Entomology, Pest Management, Plant Protection, Agriculture Sciences and Medical Sciences; further, wild life department and extension wings will also be benefited. The objectives set at promotion of research, the food and fiber crops, livestock, animal’s diversity, diseases, obesity and to establish breeding programs, nutrition programs and help preserve exotic wildlife. Beside this, Parasitological section gives the reader a broad, in-depth coverage of medically important parasites. Such coverage is essential to give students the awareness and understanding necessary for proper diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the parasitic infections. This journal will be valuable in skill enhancement, and knowledge refreshment of the working staff of academia and research.

The Specific Thematic Areas are under:

 Taxonomic/faunistic data on any taxon of any geological age.  New descriptions of taxa, if they are accomplished with proper diagnoses, keys and/or revision of at least at species group level.  Taxonomic revisions of extant (or ''recent'') and fossil animal groups.  Checklists and catalogues, phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses.  Breeding and ecology of animals.  Integrate pest management tactics.  Economic thresholds and optimization.  Genetic manipulation of pest population.  Utilization of precision agriculture as an (IPM) tool.  Speciation, adaptive radiation and extinction of species.  Genetics and Reproduction behavior.  Gene & DNA replication and recombination.  Environmental planning and rational use allocation.  A global program for the protection of genetic resource areas.  Deserts and areas subject to desertification.  Fossil records of animals from any region, etc.

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

PUBLICATION

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) is published quarterly i.e., 4 times a year: January, April, July and October, by the Office of Dean Faculty of Natural Sciences and Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro.

All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be produced, translated or stored on are trieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying and/or otherwise the prior permission of publication authorities.

OPEN ACCESS POLICY

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) provides an immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. To enable unrestricted usage our Journal is following CC-BY-ND license. Researchers can copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, for research purpose, condition to formal reference to the original work. Authors can self-archive publisher's version of the accepted article in digital repositories and archives.

CONTACT INFORMATION

Dr. Riffat Sultana Editor, Journal office, Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro Sindh, Pakistan. Journal Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Contact: +92-333-2776771

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

REVIEW POLICY AND PROCESS

University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) follows a full double-blind peer review process, comprising the following steps:

 All papers submitted to the (USJAS) are first examined by an Editor for the initial review. The editor may assign to experts to review the quality and scope of the submitted manuscript. If the article fails to meet the journal criteria, the paper is rejected immediately and authors are notified.

 Once the paper is submitted, the editor ensures that the paper follows the double- blind review policy. If the author names are found, then the author name(s) and affiliation(s) are removed from the paper and updated version is uploaded on the system by the editor.

 Every submitted article is checked for the Similarity report by the Editor, before forwarding it to the reviewers. Turnitin website is used by the journal as prescribed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Pakistan, to check the similarity of paper. As per HEC policy, in case manuscript has been found to have a similarity index of more than 19% it will be immediately either returned back to the author for correction and resubmission, or will be rejected and archived. This decision is made by the editor, based on the similarity ratio. (Please Note that the parameters for similarity check involve, Add to No Repository, Exclude Bibliography, Exclude Quoted Text).

 If the paper satisfies the criteria, then the editor will send the article to at least (02) reviewers for review. Each article will be reviewed by at least 01 National and 01 International reviewer with a double-blind, peer review policy.

 Reviewers are recruited from the national and international universities having a PhD with reputed research profile (checked through Google Scholar , Research Gate and Web of Science) for the given area/ field of submitted article.

 Each reviewer is initially invited to review the article showing them the article title and abstract only. Upon acceptance of the review request the full paper is presented and a review form is used to record their feedback and suggestions through online management system.

 The reviewers' recommendations will determine whether to “Accept Submission”, “Revision required”, “Resubmit for Review” or “Decline Submission”. The final decision if made by the Editor based on the reviewers’ report.

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

 Once the decision has been made, the review response - including the review form and suggestion, are sent to all authors of the article with editorial decision.

 For the papers which require only revisions, the editor will re-review the paper for ensuring that the reviewer’s suggestions have been incorporated or not.

 For papers that require resubmission for review, will undergo second Round of review by the same or different reviewers to ensure that the quality of the revised paper is acceptable.

 After final Acceptance, the Author/Corresponding author will be notified and paper will be forwarded to Publication Manager/Editorial Assistant for copy-editing, layout editing and proof reading.

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UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Volume-2, Issue-3, October 2018 ©

TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No Author Name and Title Page No. ABAYOMI E. ADELEKE, TEMITOPE SODIYA, AZONCHI A.HASSAN, 1. FOLAKEMI O, KUM. O. AND DANA’AN A. DAKUL. Parasitic contamination 01-09 of some vegetables sold at two major markets in Jos. SAYED HADI HUSSAIN, KANEEZ FATIMA, SHAFI JISKANI. Choosing proper power device for Biomedical Equipment (Total Harmonic Destortion 2. 10-14 Analysis between Two, Three, Five, Seven and Nine Level Inverters using Fiteration Scheme) FARHEEN DEEBA SOOMRO, RIFFAT SULTANA AND AAFAQUE AHMED 3. KERIO. Population Faluctuation of (Tenebrionidae: Coleoptera) in Lower 15-18 Sindh IHSAN AHMED MAGSI, IMRAN KHATRI, FAHAD NAZIR KHOSO, RAZZAK 4. AMIN SHAH, MUHAMMAD UMAR BROHI, ZAMIN HUSSAIN DAHRI. Some 19-22 Lygaeid Bugs (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) of Tandojam JAMSHED WARSI, BENAZIR FAHEEM, LATAFAT ALI CHUGHTAI, FARZANA 5. GUL BALOCH, NIMRA MASOOD BAIG. Frequency of ABO Blood Groups in 23-25 normal versus Post Menopausal Women in Hyderabad, Pakistan VERDAH MANZOOR AND Z.B. MIRZA. Ethological observations on some 6. 26-34 Birds of Chashma Barrage. SAIMA DURRANI, IMTIAZ ALI KHAN, MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI, GUL MAKAI, MUHAMMAD QASIM, FARIHA MENGAL, MUHAMMAD KAMAL 7. SHEIKH, GHULAM RASUL, GULNAZ PARVEEN AND QUDRAT ULLAH. 35-41 Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae and Bradynobaenidae) from Quetta, Balochistan (Pakistan) RAJPUT ZAHID IQBAL, ALI ADNAN, ARIJO ABDULLAH, SOOMRO NOOR 8. AHMED AND LEGHARI AMBREEN. Comparing Git Cestodes and 42-47 Nematodes in Desi and Broiler Chicken ATIF A. PATOLI, BUSHRA B. PATOLI, DILEEP KUMAR. Methicillin- 9. Ciprofloxacin Co-Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus from Asymptomatic 48-54 Nasal Carrier

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Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (01-09), October, 2018

PARASITIC CONTAMINATION OF SOME VEGETABLES SOLD AT TWO MAJOR MARKETS IN JOS.

Abayomi E. Adeleke*, Temitope T. Sodiya*, Azonchi A. Hassan**, Folakemi O. Kum *** and Dana’an A. Dakul*,

* Department of Zoology, University of Jos, P.M.B. 2084, Jos Nigeria. **College of Arts and Science Technology Kurgwi, Plateau State. ***Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Plateau State Polytechnic, Barkin Ladi.

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: This study was conducted from November 2017 – February 2018 to evaluate Received: 10th September 2018 Accepted: : 20Th October 2018 parasitic contamination of common vegetables sold at two major markets in Published online: 22nd February 2019 Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. A total of 300 vegetable samples (30 for each

Author’s contribution vegetable type from both markets) comprising of lettuce, cabbage, spinach, A.E.A design the study T.T.S. collected the samples A.A.H analysis the data, carrot and tomato were collected using random sampling technique and F.O.K. completed the results, D.A.D. screened using centrifugation method. 150 (50.00%) of the total sample were finalized the data. Key words: positive for different species of parasites. All samples from both markets Rate, Vegetables, Parasites, Contamination showed multiple contaminations. Highest contamination rates from both market were recorded. Carrot 73.33% (22/30), lettuce 63.33% (19/30), spinach 56.67% (17/30), cabbage 53.33% (16/30) and tomato 43.33% (13/30). Cysts, ova and larvae of parasites were detected. Trichiris trichiura had the highest occurrence 249/452, Entamoeba coli 116/452, Entamoeba histolytica 69/452 and Giardia lamblia 18/452. Contamination rate was higher in Farin-gada market. Using chi square the results indicated a significant difference in the prevalence of parasitic contamination in relation to different vegetables examined and also between both markets (p<0.05). High parasitic contamination rates associated with these vegetable samples is an indication of poor farming and sanitary practices. Since vegetables can serve as a source of transmission of intestinal parasites in this study area, consumers should properly and hygienically prepare their vegetables before consumption.

1. INTRODUCTION

Vegetables by being a source of essential nutrients, vitamins, minerals, proteins and fibres play a major Food safety regardless of the specific food product role in protecting the human body from a number of should be a paramount concern to everyone, with diseases. They are essential for good health, and form parasites from contaminated vegetables being a a major component of human diet in every family [1]. potential health risk. Consuming raw and improperly washed vegetables is a major way in which human Corresponding Author: [email protected] pathogens are transmitted [2,3]. Because of poor Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

1 Adeleke et al., 2018

hygienic practices related to planting, harvesting, aimed at evaluating the degree of intestinal parasitic packing, transportation and storage, fruits and contaminations of some vegetables that are eaten raw vegetables can become easily contaminated with or partially cooked from two major markets in Jos parasites [3]. Vegetables act as a vehicle for North local Government Area of Plateau State, North transmission of parasitic infections when Central, Nigeria during the dry season. contaminated as a result of various associated factors related to planting, such as while they are still on the 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS field, harvesting, transportation, storage, market chain, and even at home [4,5,6]. 2.1 Study area Vegetables may act as passive vehicles for The study was carried out in Jos North Local transmission of pathogenic parasites and protozoa Government Area of Plateau State Nigeria during the that are primarily transmitted through the faecal-oral dry season (November 2017 – February 2018). Jos is route [7,8]. The major sources of contamination for the capital of Plateau State, a city in the middle belt, foods and water are through contact with human or north central Nigeria. Located at a latitude of O 1 11 O 1 11 animal faecal wastes. Untreated or contaminated 09 55 00 N and longitude of 08 53 25 E, 1238m water used for irrigation, as well as the use of fresh above sea level. It is a commercial city and most untreated manure seem to be likely sources of inhabitants are petty traders of low economic status. contamination. Furthermore many parasitic However, there are a lot of farming activities going contaminants are part of the environment and fruits on in this area especially along the river banks. The and vegetables may be inadvertently contaminated watering of vegetables at this period is by irrigation. [9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. Food normally become a It is a common practice that majority of the farmers potential source of human infection and the sources use human and animal manure to increase crop of zoonotic contamination are usually faeces, faecally production and to augment the commercially contaminated soil or water [16,17,18]. With the processed fertilizer to limit cost of farming. increasing global water scarcity and pollution of water bodies, vegetable farmers resort to the practice 2.2 Sample collection A total of 300 samples comprising of five (5) types of of using untreated wastewater for irrigating fresh vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, carrot, spinach and vegetables. Vegetables are reported to habour tomato) were bought from different sellers from both intestinal parasites such as Ascaris lumbricoides, markets (Terminus and Farin-gada Markets) using a Taenia species, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis random sampling technique. All purchased nana, Echinococcus species, Trichuris species, vegetables were collected in different clean plastic Enterobius vermicularis, Trichostrogylus species, bags (one sample per bag/seller) labelled with date Toxocara species, Strogyloides stercoralis, Giardia and transported to the Parasitology Laboratory of the intestinalis, Entamoeba species, Lodamoeba Department of Zoology, University of Jos. Analysis butschlii, Blastocystis hominis and Crytosporidium was conducted within 24hours of sample collection. parvum [2,4,19,20]. Unhygienic sewage disposal and absence of its treatment facilities pose potential 2.3 Parasitological screening health hazards through contaminating irrigated food Samples were washed individually with formal crops with parasites in urban and suburban areas of saline. The liquid was allowed to stand for several African countries including Nigeria [18,21,22,23]. hours for proper sedimentation. The supernatant was Many farmers irrigating their farmlands with discarded with a Pasteur pipette leaving about 15ml wastewater are not aware of the risks or potential at the bottom. 10ml of the deposit mixture was harmful environmental consequences. This may be transferred into a centrifuge tube and spun for five due to limited available information, poor sanitary minutes at 3,000 rpm. The supernatant was decanted while the deposit was resuspended with 10% formal conditions associated with most farmers and saline. This was centrifuged, the supernatant was illiteracy. Many studies have been conducted on decanted and the deposit was then transfer to a clean prevalence of intestinal parasite in humans in Nigeria glass slide. A drop of iodine solution was added to and Plateau State, information on the source of stain the cysts if any, it was then covered with a infection remain limited. Therefore, this studies is cover slip avoiding air bubbles and over floating. 10x

2 Parasitic contamination of some vegetables sold

and 40x objectives were used for parasitic examination [6]. Modified stained smears were 4. DISCUSSION prepared to detect protozoan oocyst including Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli, Giardia The occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in lamblia and helminthes including Trichiuris trichura vegetables is an indication of the quality of the and other parasites found [4]. Each parasite eggs, overall process of cultivation, irrigation, post-harvest larvae or cyst present in the sample were counted. handling and poor sanitation. Detection of intestinal 3. RESULTS parasitic stages from vegetables is an indicative of fecal contamination of human and/or animal origin. For each vegetable type studied, a total of 30 samples This is also an indication that humans will always be were collected from each market. The eggs, cysts and at risk of infection especially as vegetables are larvae of different parasitic organisms (nematode and naturally popular in the diet of people of all classes protozoa) were isolated from in the vegetables sold at [24]. As in many African countries, intestinal the Farin-gada and Terminus Markets. In Farin-gada parasites are widely distributed in Nigeria, not only market more than half of the total samples because of the favourable climatic conditions for 86(57.33%) were contaminated with more than one survival and dissemination of parasites but also due type of parasites. Out of 30 samples for each to the unsanitary conditions that facilitates fecal vegetable, carrot 22(73.33%) had the highest number pollution of water, food stuffs and soil [25]. This of contamination, lettuce 19(63.33%), Spinach study attempted to evaluate the level of 16(53.33%), Cabbage 16(53.33%) and Tomatoes contamination and prevalence of different intestinal 13(43.33%) with the least contamination rate. parasites in vegetables sold and mostly eaten raw or Vegetables sold at the Terminus market revealed that undercooked from two major markets in Jos, Plateau less than half of the total samples 64(42.7%) were State, Nigeria. Out of 300 vegetable samples, 150 contaminated. Out of 30 samples for each vegetables, (50.0%) were positive to intestinal parasites. Spinach 17(56.67%) had the highest number of The overall prevalence of contamination rate was contamination, carrot 13(43.33%), lettuce 13(43.3%), 50.00% which is in agreement with findings Tomatoes with 10(33.33%) and cabbage 9(30.00%) elsewhere [4,6]. However, this was lower (53.30%) with the least contamination. All positive samples and higher (20.0%) than what was reported in similar had multiple contamination. Table 2 shows that studies carried out in other areas [6,26].The Trichuris trichiura had the highest parasitic difference between this finding and previous findings prevalence (140) observed in Farin-gada and (109) may be attributed to variations in geographical was from terminus market and the least prevalence of location, climatic and environmental conditions, the (0) Gardia lamblia from Terminus market and (17) kind of sample and sample size examined, sampling from Farin-gada market. From both markets, techniques method used for detection of parasites and Trichuris trichiura had the highest parasite load on socioeconomic status [1,27,28]. all vegetables (249) and Giardia lamblia the least (1). The prevalence of parasites in relation to vegetables Table 3 shows that the egg of Trichuris trichiura was as shown in table 2 revealed that carrot was most more predominant in both markets in all vegetables contaminated with a parasite burden of 143 (31.64%) types examined. Only three larvae of Trichuris of the total 452 parasites enumerated. This was trichiura were found from both markets i.e. two from followed by lettuce, 96 (21.24%), spinach 92 lettuce (Farin-gada market) and one from carrot (20.35%), cabbage 68 (15.04%) and tomato least (Terminus market). Cysts of E. coli and E. contaminated 53 (11.73%). In both markets, tomato histolytica were also observed in both markets with recorded the least parasitic contamination, this could the highest number of E. coli (55) and E. histolytica be due to the fact that the surface of tomato is smooth (24) both observed from the Farin-gada market. compared with other vegetables (carrot, cabbage, Using Chi square, P <0.05 for both parasitic lettuce and Spinach) with uneven surfaces making contamination of vegetables between the two markets parasitic eggs, larva, cyst attached to the surfaces of and number of parasitic contamination in relation to these vegetables more easily either in the farm or vegetables type. when washed with contaminated water. The water

3 Adeleke et al., 2018

used in washing the vegetables introduce these parasites, followed by soil transmissible helminthes a 5. CONCLUSION sign or indicators of poor sociology economic condition as well as poor environmental and sanitary This study highlighted the importance of vegetables practices. as a potential source of transmission for intestinal Contamination rate variation among the vegetables parasites to humans. Vegetables contaminated with may be due to the fact that carrot is in direct contact pathogenic parasites poses health risk to the with the contaminated soil and uneven surfaces of consumers when eaten raw or undercooked. The lettuce and cabbage, and tomato least contaminated findings of this study indicates a high level of due to its smooth surface. This is in agreement with parasitic contamination of vegetables sold at the two the findings [28,29] in which recorded low major markets in Jos metropolis. Of concern is the contamination rate in tomato, and stated that the high level of contamination in the Farin-gada market; smooth surface might reduce the rate of parasitic this is because this market serves as the major attachment hence lower contamination rate. supplier of vegetables to other smaller markets in In this study Trichuris trichiura egg was most Jos-North local government area. The implication is predominant (249). This may be as a result of the life that, these parasites are further disseminated across cycle and the quantity of eggs released daily (3,000- the metropolis. Prevention of contamination remains 20,000) by the adult female parasite. Okoronkwo [30] the most effective way of reducing food borne reported that some eggs of helminthes were found in parasitic infection. Although the disposal of water from ponds and rivers used for irrigation in wastewater on agricultural fields has its benefits, the Plateau State; this may serve as a source of use of such water without any form of treatment contamination of irrigated farm products especially poses a serious public health risk to human. vegetables. The cyst of Entamoeba coli, though non- pathogenic was found in high quantity. This is an 6. RECOMMENDATION indicator of fecal contamination and its presence It is obvious that vegetables consumed by people are should be given due consideration. Giardia lamblia quite often contaminated with parasites, more cyst was found in small quantity in Farin-gada especially by intestinal parasites. Vegetables cannot market, but this was completely absent in the be excluded from human diet but can be removed Terminus market. Contamination rate was from the cycle of transmission of parasites. Simple significantly different for samples collected from personal and environmental hygiene by farmers, both markets in which samples from Farin-gada sellers and consumers should be practices. The use of market showed higher rate. This may be due to the wastewater for irrigating vegetables should be fact that most vegetables sold at the Farin-gada discouraged. Therefore, a comprehensive health market were not washed before display as against education on the used and implication of wastewater what was observed at the Terminus market. In Farin- should be given to farmers and vendors of vegetables gada market, most vegetables were displayed for sale and the general population on the health risk on the floor where it is exposed to many sources of associated with consumption of raw or undercooked contamination. This is of great concern since the contaminated vegetables. Consumers should be Farin-gada market serve as the major distributor of advised to always wash and cook purchased vegetable to other places in Jos metropolis and even vegetables properly and where possible soak in outside the state. A common practice of eating raw vinegar for some time before use. vegetables such as tomato, lettuce, cabbage and carrot is predominant in this study area. Hence this finding of this study is of great public health 7. CONFLICT OF INTEREST importance, needing urgent intervention to prevent the transmission of diseases that can be acquired This work was carried out in collaboration between through the consumption of such contaminated food all authors. All authors read and approved the final produces.

4 Parasitic contamination of some vegetables sold

manuscript. The authors wish to state that there is no [8] L.R. Beuchat, “Pathogenic micro-organisms conflict of interest. associated with fresh produce,” Journal of Food 8. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Product ,vol. 59, pp. 204-6, 1996.

The authors wish to thanks Mr. Augustine Ujah and [9] O. Amahmid, S. Asmania and K. Bouhoum, “The Mr. James Ojile of the Department of Zoology for effect of waste water reuse in irrigation on the their assistance during this study. We also extend our contaminated level of food crops by Giardia gratitude to other laboratory technologist of the cysts and Ascaris eggs,” International Journal of Department. Food Microbiology, vol. 49(1- 2), pp. 19-26, 1999.

REFRENCES [10] L.M. Coelho, S.M. Oliveira, M.H, Milman, K.A. [1] B. Girmaye and G. Fekadu, “Parasitic Karasawa and R.D. Santos, “Detection of contamination of vegetables irrigated with awash transmissible forms of enteroparasites in water river in selected farms, Eastern Showa, and vegetables consumed at schools Sorocaba, Ethiopia,” Journal of Parasitology and Vector Sao Paulo State, Brazil,” Revista da Sociedade Biology, vol. 6(7), pp. 103-109, 2014. Brasileira Medicinal Tropical, vol. 34(5), pp. 479-82, 2001. [2] M.J. Gharavi, M.R. Jahani, and M.B. Rokni, “Parasitic contamination of vegetables from [11] K. Habbari, A.B. Tifnouti, G. Hon and A. farms and markets in Tehran,” Iranian Journal of Mandll, “Helminthic infections associated with Public Health, vol. 31(3-4), pp. 83-86, 2002. the use of raw wastewater for agricultural purposes in Beni Mellal, Morocco,” Bulletin [3] M. Shahnazi, and M.J. sabet, “Prevalence of WHO, vol. 5(5), pp. 912-21, 1999. parasitic contamination of raw vegetables in villages of Qazvin Province, Iran,” Foodborne [12] L.A. Jaykus, “Epidemiology and detection as pathogen Disease, vol. 7(9), pp. 1025-30, 2010. options for control of viral and parasitic oodborne disease,” Emerging Infectious [4] A.K.. Abougrain, M.H. Nahaisi, N.S. Madi, M. Diseases, vol. 3(4), pp. 529.39, 1997. M. Saied and K.S. Ghenghesh, “Parasitological contamination in salad vegetables in Tripoli- [13] L.J. Robertson and B. Gjerde, “Occurrence of Libya,” Food control, vol. 21(5), pp. 760 – 762, parasites on fruits and vegetables in Norway,” 2009. Journal of food Production, vol. 64(11), pp. 1793-8, 2001. [5] C. N. Berger, S.V. Sodha and R.K. Shaw, “Fresh fruit and vegetables as vehicle for the [14] A.V. Allen and D.S. Ridley, “Further transmission of human pathogens,” observations on the formol-ether concentration Environmental Microbiology, vol. 12(9), pp. technique for fecal specimens,” Journal of 2385-2397, 2010. clinical Pathology vol. 23, pp. 545-6, 1970.

[6] O.T. Idahosa, “Parasitic contamination of fresh [15] WHO, “Basic laboratory methods in medical vegetables sold in Jos markets,” Global Journal Parasitology,” Geneva Switzerland, 1991. of Medical Research, vol. 11(1), pp. 613-616, 2011. [16] T.R. Slifko, H.V. Smith and J.B. Rose, “Emerging parasite zoonoses associated with [7] R. Monge and M. L. Arias, “Presence of various water and food,” International Journal for pathogenic microorganisms in fresh vegetables parasitology, vol. 30(12-13), pp. 1379-1393, in Costa Ricaa,” Archivos Latinoamericanos De 2000. Nutricion ; vol. 46(4), pp. 292-4, 1996.

5 Adeleke et al., 2018

[17] Daryani, A., Ettehad,G.H., Sharif, M., vegetables in Kogi, Nigeria,” Cibtech Journal of Ghorbani, L., and Ziaei H. (2008). Prevalence Bio-Protocols, vol. 1(1), pp. 44-47, 2012. of intestinal parasites in vegetables consumed [26] I.A. Akyala, I. David and A. Simon, “Prevalence in Ardabil, Iran. Food control 19(8): 790-794. of parasitic contamination of some edible vegetables sold at aalhamis market in lafia [18] J.G. Damen, E.B. Banwat, D.Z. Egah and J.A. metropolis,” Scholarly Journals of Allanana, “Parasitic contamination of Biotechnology, vol. 2(2), pp. 26-29, 2013. vegetables in Jos, Nigeria,” Annal of African medicine, vol. 6, pp. 15-118, 2007. [27] J. Bethony, S. Brooker, M. Albonico, S.M. Greiger and A. Loukas, “Soil [19] N. Gupta, D.K. Khan and S.C. Santra, transmittedhelminth infections: Ascariasis, “Prevalence of intestinal helminth eggs on trichuriasis, and hookworm,” Lancet vol. vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated areas 367(9521), pp. 1521-32, 2006. of Titagarh, West Bengal, India,” Food Control. vol. 20 (10), pp. 942-945, 2009. [28] T. Tamirat, B. Abdissa, M. Zeleke and E. Teferi, “Parasitic Contamination of Fruits and [20] S. Uga, N.T.V. Hoa, S. Noda, K. Moji, L. Cong, Vegetables Collected from Selected Local S.k. Yaoki and F.Y. Rai, “Parasite egg Markets of Jimma Town, Southeast Ethiopia,” contamination of vegetables from a suburban International Scholarly Research Notices, market in Honoi, Vietnam,” Nepal Medical Article ID 382715, pp. 7, 2014. College Journal, vol. 11, pp. 75-78, 2009. [29] D. E. S. Said, “Detection of parasites in [21] R.M. Nyarango, P.A. Aloo, E.W. Kabiru and B. commonly consumed raw vegetables, O. Nyanchongi, “The risk of pathogenic Alexandria Journal of Medicine, vol. 48:345- intestinal parasites infections in Kisii 352, 2012. municipality, Kenya,” BMC Public Health, vol. 8, pp. 237, 2008. [30] M.O. Okoronkwo, “Intestinal parasites associated with human animal and waste [22] R. Srikanth and D. Naik, “Prevalence of stabilization in Jos and Barkin-ladi Areas of Giardiasis due to wastewater reuse for Plateau State, Nigeria,” Ph.D. Thesis, agriculture in the suburbs of Asmara City, Universityof Jos, Nigeria, pp. 169, 1998. Eritrea,” International Journal of Environmental Health Research, vol. 14, pp. 43-52, 2004.

[23] A.B. Weldesilassie, O. Fror, E. Boelee and S.

Dabbert, “The economic value of improved wastewater irrigation: A contingent valuation study in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia,” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, vol. 34, pp. 428-44, 2009.

[24] N.H. Bean and P.M. Griffin, “Food borne

disease ourbreak in the United States 1973- 1987: Pathogens, vehicles and trends,” Journal of Food protection, vol. 53, pp. 807-814, 1990.

[25] O. S. Omowaye and P.A. Audu, “Parasitic contamination and distribution on fruits and

6 Parasitic contamination of some vegetables sold

Table 1: Frequency Distribution of Parasitic Contamination of vegetables sold in Two Major Markets in Jos, Plateau State.

Vegetable Parasite Number Number Number Number Detected Examined Positive (%) Examined Positive (%) FM TM Entamoeba coli 09 (30.00) 12 (40.00)

Entamoeba histolytica 06 (20.00) 04 (13.30) Lettuce 30 30 Trichuris trichiura 19 (63.30) 13 (43.30) Giardia lamblia 03 (10.00) 00 (0.00) Entamoeba coli 22 (20.00) 03 (10.00)

Entamoeba histolytica 17 (56.70) 04 (13.30) Carrot 30 30 Trichuris trichiura 11 (36.70) 15 (50.00) Giardia lamblia 09 (30.00) 00 (0.00) Entamoeba coli 06 (20.00) 01 (3.30)

Entamoeba histolytica 01 (3.30) 08 (26.60) Spinach 30 30 Trichuris trichiura 16 (53.30) 17 (56.60) Giardia lamblia 01 (3.30) 00 (0.00) Entamoeba coli 04 (13,30) 05 (16.60)

Entamoeba histolytica 01 (3.30) 09 (30.00) Cabbage 30 30 Trichuris trichiura 16 (53.30) 09 (30.00) Giardia lamblia 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) Entamoeba coli 01 (3.30) 10 (33.30)

Entamoeba histolytica 02 (6.60) 06 (20.00) Tomato 30 30 Trichuris trichiura 13 (43.40) 09 (30.00) Giardia lamblia 00 (0.00) 00 (0.00) Total 150 150

Total No. of 86 (57.33) 64 (42.67) Positive samples

7 Adeleke et al., 2018

Table 2: Prevalence and Distribution of Parasitic Protozoa and helmintheson Vegetables sold in Two Major Markets in Jos, Plateau State.

Entamoeba Entamoeba Trichuris Giardia coli histolytica trichiura lamblia

Market FM TM FM TM FM TM FM TM Total

Vegetable

Lettuce 11 13 06 04 43 16 03 00 96

Carrot 55 02 24 06 15 27 14 00 143

Spinach 09 01 04 06 31 40 01 00 92

Cabbage 04 11 02 09 29 13 00 00 68

Tomato 01 09 02 06 22 13 00 00 53

Subtotal 80 36 38 31 140 109 18 00 452

Grand 116 69 249 18 452 Total

FM = Farin-gada Market, TM = Terminus Market

8 Parasitic contamination of some vegetables sold

Table 3: Prevalence and Distribution of Eggs, Cysts, and Larvae of Parasitic Protozoa and Helminthes in Vegatables Sold in Two Major Markets in Jos, Plateau State.

Parasite Entamoeba Entamoeba histolytica Trichuris trichiura Giardia lamblia Vegetable coli

FM TM FM TM FM TM FM TM Lettuce Egg - - - - 41 16 - - Cyst 11 13 06 04 - - 03 - Larva - - - - 02 - - - Carrot Egg - - - - 15 26 - - Cyst 55 02 24 06 - - 14 - Larva - - - - - 01 - - Spinach Egg - - - - 31 40 - - Cyst 09 01 04 06 - - 01 - Larva ------Cabbage Egg - - - - 29 13 - - Cyst 04 11 02 09 - - - - Larva ------Tomato Egg - - - - 22 13 - - Cyst 01 09 02 06 - - - - Larva ------FM = Farin-gada Market, TM = Terminus Market

FM = Farin-gada Market, TM = Terminus Market

9 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (10-14), October, 2018

CHOOSING PROPER POWER DEVICE FOR BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT (TOTAL HARMONIC DESTORTION ANALYSIS BETWEEN TWO, THREE, FIVE, SEVEN AND NINE LEVEL INVERTERS USING FITERATION SCHEME)

Sayed Hadi Hussain, Kaneez Fatima, Shafi Jiskani

Department of Electrical Engineering, MUET University, IICT. Department of Electrical Engineering, SukkurIBA University, Sindh, Pakistan 65200

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: th Now a days, biomedical engineering, field service and other medical personnel must Received: 10 August 2018 synchronize increasing regulatory guidelines, higher quality standards, and fast Accepted: : 15Th October 2018 Published online: 22nd February 2019 technological up grade while performing their task faster and more efficiently than

Author’s contribution ever before. To get those required outcomes we need to choose our devices and all S.H.H designed the model J.S performed parts of device carefully , those may cause better performance as per operation. experiment A.S analysied the data A.A.S Modified Sine Wave inverters are an option for most accurate device and are a good completed the data. selection for an overall inverter. The multilevel inveters are the next level to obtain Key words: Biomedical engineering, Total Harmonic required output. They produce an AC waveform that’s near to a pure sine wave. Distortion, Multilevel Inverter, Modified Better on the stuff you power, and reasonably good efficacy wise. More over Multilevel Inverter, increment in the levels of multi-level inverter we can get the standard sin wave output but at the cost of switching complexity.

1. INTRODUCTION

Inverter is fundamentally a power converter that Such inverters in which PWM techniques are used to converts dc input into AC output. The input DC is control output voltage of inverter are called PWM normally taken from batteries whuch are connected Inverters. with the biomedical equipment in hospital like x-ray machines and ECG to continue their operation or When the supplied dc voltage remains constant, it is sometimes through controlled rectifier output. The called Voltage Source Inverter. The output of the output voltage waveform of inverter may be square inverter will remail smooth and helps to perform well in wave, modified sine wave or low distorted sine wave. the health centers and the diagnose of the disease is Due to less resembled sin wave the applications in the 70% solution to the dsease [5]. Different power devices hospitals may not perform properly which are high are used for switching purposes such as BJT, SCR, power applications[1]. Power quality of sine wave IGBT, GTO and MOSFET. All switches ease with self- holds more importance than quantity. Suitable Pulse commutation excluding SCR. Width Modulation Control Schemes can control the inverter output easily. Properly controlled and low Multi Carrier Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation Techniques distorted sine wave inverters thus can be used in high applications like Standby Power Supply (UPS), a. Adjusting the acne is the method for Photocopy machines, Adjustable Speed Drivers controlling the output where the stroke differs (ASDs), Laser printers and high voltage direct current according to the power of control [14]. They (HVDC) transmission systems [2]. are used in essential applications such as power control power switch and off LED. Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences Additionally, it can control the power /

10 Hussain et al., 2018

earpiece of electronic devices such as 1.3 Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition (APOD) transistors, silicone adjustments (SCR), In this technique all the phases are at the shift of 180 insulated bipolar transistor (IGBT), relay, degree from one another see Fig. 3. TRIAC and others using relevant drivers. PWM scheme is used to address the environment where you need to deal with problems such as electrical or steam control [15]. b. Power generation. They play an important role in transitions such as memory, expats, transmitters, controllers, motor cyclo converters and movements, PWM techniques offer many benefits [16]. c. . Low energy levels lost in replacement

machines and reduced noise levels [17]. Fig. 3 Alternate Phase Opposition Disposition PWM d. Provides some features such as switching off compatibility and power supply [18]. e. If it is properly controlled by programs such as 1. Simulation Results of different levels of other users who need a tutorial inverters . 1.1 two level inverter It should be noted that the total harmonic 1.1 In Phase Disposition (IPD) distortion in two level inveter are 99.86%. In phase disposition technique all the signals are in Which are extremely dangerous to operate phase with each other see Fig. 1. sensitive equipment.

Fig. 1 In Phase Disposition PWM

1.2 Phase Opposition Disposition (POD) - In this technique two phases are 180 degrees apart from Fig. 4 MATLAB/SIMULATION TWO LEVEL INVETER refrence line as compared to other two phases, for understanding purpose see Fig. 2. 2.1 Three level inverter

It should be noted that fundamental frequency of 50 Hz, Switching Frequency of 1 KHz and Modulation Index of 1 is taken. Fig. 5 showing the out put of the voltage distortion bit better which is 51% still it needs bit improvement so lets increase one more level.

Fig. 2 Phase Opposition Disposition PWM

11 Power Device for Biomedical equipment

2.3 Seven level inverter

No we have taken that iverter up to seven level which is showing bit further variation in the total harmonic distortion. The variation is positive i.e. 16% .

Fig. 5 Output voltage FFT analysis of three level inverter

2.2 Five level inverter

Fig. 7 Output voltage FFT analysis of seven level inverter By keeping all parameters same we are now getting better sin wave just by increasing the level which is obtained by 34% of total harmonic distortion shown in 2.4 Nine level inverter Fig.6 but still it is not sufficient for the high power application. As the biomedical and health equipment needs much smoother out put of voltage we have discussed before. We are getting much closer to the sin wave, lets take one more level up and see the output wave form by using nine levels in the inveter shown in fig.7 we have got total harmonic distortion of 13.01%.

Fig. 6 Output voltage FFT analysis of five level inverter

Fig. 7 Output voltage FFT analysis of nine level inverter

12 Hussain et al., 2018

Table 1: Comparative Analysis of 2,3,5,7 and 9 Level PWM Inverter (without Filter)

Fig. 9 RC filter Response

Fig.9 is showing the response of frequency cut off in

the RC filter (Matlab simulation) this table is showing the comparative analysis of total harmonic distortion of voltage between two, three, five, seven and nine level inverters. 2. CONFLICT INTEREST It is observed that the by increasing the levels of Most of the authors have declared that there is no inverter we are getting near by sin wave and the total conflict of interest regarding publication of this article. harmonic distortion is decreasing but at the cost of But few authors are suggesting the decrement in the increment in switches due to which we have to use levels of inveters and usage of filters are recommended power full devices like FPGA to control those switches simultganeously which will increase the total cost of the device. 3. CONCLUSIONS

It is observed that by increasing the levels of inverter RC Filter: the total harmonic distortion is decreasing, whch was 99.93% for two level inverter and decreased up to 13% but increasing the levels of inverter can cause more switching complexity and overall cost, so to overcome that problem we must use RC filter after certain level which is reducing THD by zero and providing with same sinusoidal output wave form that is perfect for the high power applications like bio medical equipment.

REFERENCES

[1] B.L Nayak, G. Venkataratnam “ THD and Switching losses Analysis of Multi-Level Inverter Fed 3- Φ Induction Motor Drive”, International Fig. 8 RC filter circuit Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 5, issue 1,pp 2067-2074”

Fig. 8 is showing the low pass Rc filter circuit which [2] E. Beser, B. Arifoglu, S. Camur and E.K Beser nis used to cut of the high frequencies from the output “Design and Application of a Single Phase of the inverter it is cheap and good effective filter to use Multilevel Inverter Suitable for using as Voltage at low cost. Harmonic Source”, Journal of Power Electronics,

Vol. 10, No. 2, March 2010.

13 Power Device for Biomedical equipment

[3] Y.M Park, H.S Ryu, H.Y Lee, M.G Jung and S.H Lee “Design of Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter based on Power Electronics building

blocks and control for High Performance”, Journal of Power Electronics, Vol. 10, No. 3, May 2010.

[4] S. Kouro, K. Gopakumar, J. Pou “Recent Advances and Industrial Applications of Multilevel Converters”, IEEE transaction on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 57, No. 8, August 2010.

[5] P.V Kumar, C.S Kumar and K.R Reddy “ Single Phase Cascaded Multilevel Inverter using Multicarrier PWM Technique”, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 10, October 2013.

[6] R.A Ahmed, S. Mekhilef and H.W Ping “New Multilevel inverter topology with minimum number of switches”, Proc. IEEE, TENCON 2010, 1862-1867.

[7] G. Varghese, T. Tom and J.K Sajev “ Comparison between Conventional and Modified Cascaded H- Bridge Multilevel Inverter-Fed Drive”, International Journal of Innovative Research in Electrical, Electronics, Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Vol. 10, Issue. 9, September 2015.

[8] B. Harish, U.R Kiran, B.M Lal and S.K Dash “ Power Quality Improvement of DC-AC Converter by using Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue. 2, Feb 2014.

[9] D. Subramanian, R. Rasheed “ Modified Multilevel Inverter Topology for Driving a single phase induction motor”, International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue. 1, Dec 2013.

[10] D. Subramanian, R. Rasheed “Five Level Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter Using Multicarrier Pulse Width Modulation Technique”, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT), Vol. 3, Issue. 1, July 2013.

14 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (15-18), October, 2018

POPULATION FALUCTUATION OF (TENEBRIONIDAE: COLEOPTERA) IN LOWER SINDH

Farheen Deeba Soomro , Riffat Sultana and Aafaque Ahmed Kerio

Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan  College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agriculture,University Wuhan ,China

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: th Family Tenebrionidae has great economic importance as it contains insect pest Received: 10 September 2018 that are cosmopolitan in nature and most imperatively are associated with Accepted: : 15Th October 2018 Published online: 22nd February 2019 stored products. Darkling beetles are a large group of insects that belong to the

Author’s contribution family Tenebrionidae. Therefore, this study was under observation. During this F.D.S collected the material R.S designed survey a total of 100 specimens of Tenebrionidae were collected and sorted out the experiment A.A.K helped out in into 04 species Viz: Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797), Tribolium confusum literature. (Jaquelin du Val, 1863), Trachyderma hispida(Forskal, 1775), Trachyderma Key words: lima (L. Petagna, 1819). However, it was noticed that more dominate genera Tenebrionidae, economic importance, pest,cosmopolitan, stored product. Tribolium were Trachyderma in this region. It was a first ever effort carried out from this castaneum region.

1. INTRODUCTION

The family Tenebrionidae, the darkling beetles, is one of Many darkling beetles have a very interesting defense the largest beetle family. Beutel and Leschen [1] reported mechanism. If disturbed, they assume a head down and that family Tenebrionidae contains about 20,000 species tail up position, and if handled roughly, they emit a dark- and 2,300 genera belonging to tropical habitats. It is of a colored, foul-smelling fluid. This behavior is enough to great economic importance as it contains insect pests discourage all but the most determined predators. Infect that are cosmopolitan in nature and most imperatively are other families of beetle have been studied from the Sindh associated with stored products. Beetle is a very diversity but there is no work has been done on the incidence of group of class insecta [2,3,4,5]. The Considerable this. Yet, therefore present attempt is being carried out. taxonomic work has been carried out on Tenebrionidae in cultivated areas. These darkling beetles that inhabit in the 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS most torrid desert can survive in temperature of 50ºC. They normally burrow under the stones bark and leaf 2.1 Sampling litters and they have long legs that keep their bodies at a Due to enlarge size specimen easily collected by hand safe distance from the burning sand and enable them to directly. The main sources of collection for this family move speedily. were: Many darkling beetles have a very interesting defense  Soil surface of different farm. mechanism. If disturbed, they assume a head down and  Soil surface of Jungle area. tail up position, and if handled roughly, they emit a dark-  Under the rocked of mountain area.  Store grain storages area knock down, sweeping Corresponding Author: [email protected] of vegetation Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences However, some insect also collected by using aspirator (stored grains), light traps and pitfall traps. The light traps having 250 W mercury vapors light and paced next to a

15 Soomro et al., 2018

white sheet of cloth 3x2 sqm). However, pitfall traps involved plastic containers (8 cm top width, 10cm bottom width) fill with animal dung (1/3 portion) and sunk in the ground from the different regions of lower Sindh which is Hyderabad, Jamshoro, Tandojam Research center . Subfamilies and tribes were given in phylogenetic order. The information concerning specific name, describer and description date, locality and date of collection, place/ plant on which the species were collected, determinant Ventral view of Trachyderma lima and number of species was given. Further these traps monitored monthly for insect collection and all insect species brought at Entomology Bio- Control Research Laboratory (EBCRL) Department of Zoology, University of Sindh for further analysis.

2.2 Imaging The whole body image and key characters of the insects observed by using Nikon Camera 18 Mega Pixels and 42 HD Coolpix (P-520).

3. RESULTS

During present survey a total of 100 specimens were collected in month of May 2-5-2018 to August 2-7-2018 at during these months temperature was higher about 480C due to the high temperature Trachyderma lima Figure 1- Trachyderma lima with short setae and is collected more and the number of population was more in diamond shaped female as compared to male. The lifespane of female is long due to high resistance power. They can live without Table 1: The measurement of various body parts of food ,water and air more than 6 to 7 month because of Trachyderma lima hard exoskeleton. Tenebrioninae is representing by Mean ± S.D species i.eTribolium castaneum. While one species i. e. Parameters Male Female Trachyderma lima, of subfamily Pimeliinae reported from Antennal segments 8.33 ± 2.25 9.16 ± 5.49 different localities of lower Sindh. It observed that most dominant species was Trachyderma lima, followed by Antennal length 7.7 ± 6.6 8.3 ± 5.03 Tribolium castaneum. Length of head 3.2 ± 2.25 4.0 ± 1.61 Distance between eyes 4.29 ± 1.85 4.75 ± 2.5 3.1 Trachyderma lima (L. Petagna, 1819) Length of pronotum 7.0 ± 2.58 7. 16 ± 2.75 Head slightly rectangular with reddish hairs and separated Length of abdomen 17.5 ± 3.8 18.3 ± 3.16 tubercles. Antennae long surpassing. Pronotum convex .Anterio rand posterior margins straight, with rounded Length of femur 9.8 ± 4.43 9.9 ± 4.75 angles. Elytra elongated wider than base of pronotum Length of tibia 8.28 ± 2.85 9.5 ± 3 .Legs thick, tuberculated, and hairy. Abdomen with fine Total body length 25.15 ± 4.96 27.2 ± 5.5 tubercles and short hairs.Emits a brown pungent fluid from the abdomen when handled, raises abdomen tip up Remarks: to aprox. 80-70 degrees when a water droplet is placed on Maeno et al. [6] reported that darkling beetles are being the back of the shell. Shell is hydrophobic. Dorsally used as a bioindicator of environmental pollution after covered with light erect setae; prosternal apophysis locust control operations involving the use of chemical horizontally projecting black; more than 20 mm. insecticides.Trachyderma lima is a oval- shaped species

with a wide projection between the forelegs.Trachyderma limais a typical Mediterranean species and relatively rare throughout its distribution range. In lower sindh it was always found near old abandoned houses and close to old farmsteads

16 Population fluctuation of darkling beetle

3.2 Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797) Remarks Tribolium castaneum, the flour beetle. It is a pest in flour Stated that red flour beetles attack on stored grain and dried foods. Its life span can be as long as ten years, products such as flour, cereals, meal, crackers, beans, and it can fly. The last three segments of the antennae are spices, pasta, cake mix, dried pet food [7,8,9]. These abruptly enlarged to form a club flat and elongated. The species do not feed or damage the structure of a home or antenna of the red flour beetle ends in a 3-segmented club furniture. We have collected this species from PARC and the sides of the thorax are slightly curved. The head (Pakistan Agriculture Research Centre) Tando jam and of the red flour beetle visible from above does not have a observed that this species has dried chewing mouthparts, beak. Flour beetles are tiny creatures and their but do not bite or sting. appendages even smaller, so all observations must be done under a light microscope. On females, the genital papillae are pointy, with 2 darker dots on the tip of each, 4. CONCLUSION and roughly half the size of the urogomphi (they resemble It has been conducted that two subfamilies i. e. tiny fingers).On males, the genital papillae are stubby, Tenebrioninae and Pimeliinae of family Tenebrionidae conjoined, and barely noticeable. If female papillae representing darkling beetles as it has significant pest resemble with fingers, these look more like 2 conjoined impact worldwide. All the insects collected through thumbs. different methods like light trap and pitfall trap to

observed their distribution and seasonal abundance. But

most of the insect species in these subfamilies were large in size and collected by hand directly from different part of Sindh Pakistan during May 2018 to July 2018. These traps monitored monthly and a total number of Tenebrionidae calculated from all study sites. During this survey 04 species. viz: Tribolium castaneum, confusum, Trachyderma hispida, lima, were captured with two dominate genera i. e Trachyderma lima(L. Petagna, 1819). Tribolium (Herbst, 1797) respectively from this

region. It was also noticed that many of the larger species are flightless and not capable for high flight. i. e. Tribolium molitor.But this behavior is under observation needed more research it is further detail is expected in our next paper

6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Figure 2- Difference between male and female of Tribolium castaneum in pupal stage. All authors have declared that there is no conflict of interest regarding publication of this article.

Table 2: The measurement of various body parts of REFRENCES Tribolium castaneum Parameters Mean ± S.D [1] R.G. Beutel, R.A.B. Leschen, “Handbook of Male Female Zoology, A Natural History of the Phyla of the Antennal segment 10.8 ± 1.4 10.8 ± 1.4 Animal Kingdom”. Antennal length 2.89 ± 1.45 2.87 ± 1.7 Length of Head 2.68 ± 1.43 2.52 ± 1.3 [2] S. Tahir, T. Anwar, I. Ahmed, S. Aziz, M. Distance between Eyes 2.33 ± 1.34 2.6 ± 1.23 Ashiq, K. Ahad, “Determination of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Islamabad Length of Pronotum 3.34 ± 1.28 3.07 ± 1.3 Market,” Journal Environment Biology, vol. Length of Abdomen 1.8 ± 2.17 8.17 ± 2.48 2(1), pp. 71-74, 2001. Length of Femur 3.34 ± 1.28 3.30 ± 1.72 Length of Tibia 2.9 ± 1.25 2.9 ± 1.8 [3] S. Tahir, “Pesticide effect on Human Health in Total body length 13.0 ± 2.4 6.0 ± 2.24 Pakistan,” Policy and strategy for rational use of pesticide, Pakistan, 99/002/FAO, pp. 57, 2000.

17 Soomro et al., 2018

[4] T. Anwar, S. Tahir, I. Ahmad, Y.H. Hayat, “Pesticide residues in vegetables collected from markets of Mardan (NWFP),” Lahore and Faisalabad (Punjab), Pakistan. 2004

[5] M.A. Anwar, A. Mubarik, U. Noor, “Thermodynamic of wheat stored in metallic bins and its relationship with insect pest development,” Pakistan Entomology, vol. 17, pp. 46-50, 2000.

[6] K.O. Maeno, S. Nakamura and M.A.O Babah, “Nocturnal and sheltering Behaviour of the desert darkling beetle, Pemelia Senegalensis (Coleoptera :Tenebrionidae), in the sahara Desert,” African Entomology vol. 22(3), pp. 499-504, 2014.

[7] P.A. Weston, P.L. Rattlingourd, “Progeny production by Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae) and Oryza ephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera:Silvanidae) on maize previously infested by Sitotroga cerealla (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae),” Journal of Economic Entomology, vol. 93, pp. 533-536, 2000.

[8] F. Dars, M.A. Rustamani, R.D. Khuhro, H.B. Baloch, “Effect of grain moisture on infestation of red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) on wheat varieties,” Pakistan Journal of Zoology, vol. 33, pp.189-192, 2001.

[9] S.K. Khalil, M. Irshad, “Field estimates and population growth rate of some important grain pests and wheat stored at farm level in northern Pakistan,” Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, vol.10, pp. 273-278, 2011

18 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (19-22), October, 2018

SOME LYGAEID BUGS (HEMIPTERA: LYGAEIDAE) OF TANDOJAM

Ihsan Ahmed Magsi, Imran Khatri, Fahad Nazir Khoso, Razzak Amin Shah, Muhammad Umar Brohi, Zamin Hussain Dahri

Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam Department of English, Sindh Agriculture University Tandojam ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: th For present studies specimens, of Lygaeidae were collected from various Received: 10 August 2018 localities of Tandojam. Further examination and identification was carried out at Accepted: : 15Th October 2018 Published online: 22nd February 2019 Insect Systematic Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture

Author’s contribution University Tandojam. In present study total 196 specimens of Family Lygaeidae I.A.M collected the material I.K Schilling, 1829 were collected from Tandojam. During the course of diagnosed species F.N.K designed the identification the material revealed the occurrence of 09 species under 3 project R.A.S grammatically checked the subfamilies. Subfamily Lygaeinae Schilling, 1829 was discovered with the record manuscript M.U.B complied the results of 7 species including; Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, 1794), Spilostethus Z.H.D prepared habitus images. Key words: pandurus militaris (Fabricius, 1775), Spilostethus simla (Distant, 1909), Seed bugs, milkweed bugs or ground bugs, Graptostethus servus (Fabricius, 1787), Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa, 1843), Tandojam Karachicoris sp. and Cosmopleurus fulvipes (Dallas, 1852). Subfamily Orsillinae Stål, 1872 with one species record; Nysius sp. and lastly subfamily Geocorinae Dahblom, 1851 was discovered with Geocoris ochropterus (Fieber, 1844).

1. INTRODUCTION some of the subfamilies have peculiar shape of seed Members of the family Lygaeidae belong to the order on which they feed upon including; Pachygronthinae Hemiptera and suborder Heteroptera. They are and Cyminae [6]. commonly known as seed bugs, milkweed bugs or They are recognized by 4 segmented antennae and 4 ground bugs. Common seed bug as it shows to be segmented beak. They can be distinguished from seed feeder is not necessary, they have wide range of coreidae by number of veins on their forewings, as host plants. Heteropterans are successful creatures they have five or less, whereas, coreids have six or with 40,000 species worldwide, Lygaeidae among more. From mirids they can be distinguished by them are recognized as important, as many of them lacking cuneus. Due to their polyphyletic nature of are important pests of crops [1,2], several species are family they are very difficult to identify. renown as laboratory animals as several experiment They have mouthparts with piercing and sucking with are conducted due to their easy rearing [3], with tube like proboscis. Their rostrum consists of 4 special reference to the physiology [3,4]. Variety of segments with needle like maxillae, mandibles and information on biology of Lygaeidae is available in labium, two canal in rostrum, one with delivery of scattered literature. saliva and other for uptaking of food material [7]. The size of Lygaeidae range from 1 to 12 millimeter Family Lygaeidae being one of the important pests of [5], several species have colour patterns cryptically agricultural crops are not well studied in our native [6], the body shape of these bugs is oval and slender, agroecosystem, hence, viewing on its importance present studies are designed to undertake to have Corresponding Author: [email protected] better understanding of available diversity of Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences

19 Magsi et al., 2018

Lygaeidae in Tandojam, which can further be 1794), Spilostethus pandurus militaris (Fabricius, expended. The outcome of present studies will help 1775), Spilostethus simla (Distant, 1909), growers and the other people involved in the field of Graptostethus servus (Fabricius, 1787), Oxycarenus agriculture to understand their role as major or minor hyalinipennis (Costa, 1843), Karachicoris sp. and pest. Cosmopleurus fulvipes (Dallas, 1852). Subfamily Orsillinae Stål, 1872 with one species record; Nysius 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS sp. and lastly subfamily Geocorinae Dahblom, 1851 was discovered with Geocoris ochropterus (Fieber, 2.1 Place of work: For present studies, specimens of 1844). Lygaeidae were collected from various localities of Tandojam. Further examination and identification Checklist of Lygaeidae of Tandojam was carried out at Insect Systematic Laboratory, Order: Hemiptera Linnaeus, 1758 Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture Suborder: Heteroptera Latreille, 1810 University Tandojam. Infraorder: Pentatomorpha Leston, Pendergrast & Southwood, 1954 2.2 Method of collection: Collection was made Superfamily: Lygaeoidea Schilling, 1829 through sweep net, pooter and on light trap from Family: Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829 various localities of Tandojam. Subfamily: Lygaeinae Schilling, 1829 2.3 Methods of Killing and preservation: Specimens Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, 1794) were killed in a jar containing potassium cyanide and Spilostethus pandurusmilitaris (Fabricius, 1775) mounted through entomological pins. Specimens Spilostethus simla (Distant, 1909) were labeled containing the information of locality Graptostethus servus (Fabricius, 1787) and date of collection, the name of the collector, and Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa, 1843) the host tree and are pinned beneath the specimen. Karachicoris sp. Cosmopleurus fulvipes (Dallas, 1852) 2.4 Method of imaging: For habitus (adult) images the high pixel camera was used, and for the images of Subfamily: Orsillinae Stål, 1872 genitalia; 350 k pixel, USB camera fitted on Nysius sp. microscopes a) Labomed CSM2 (20X and 40X), b) Kyowa Medilux 20 was used. Subfamily: Geocorinae Dahblom, 1851 Geocoris ochropterus (Fieber, 1844) 2.5 Methods of identification: To identify the specimen up to the species level, keys for the region 4. DISCUSSION were collected from various publications. Several workers conducted work on identification of 2.6 Method of preparing Checklist: Checklist was lygaeidae from various parts of Pakistan, but from prepared from previous literature and further was Tandojam this is the first attempt, to enrich our updated with collection. knowledge on diversity of insect as the part of our agroecosystem. 3. RESULTS The study revealed the most populated subfamily Lygaeinae Schilling, 1829 with the record of 7 In present study, total 196 specimens of Family species, among them 3 species including; Lygaeidae Schilling, 1829 were collected from Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, 1794), Spilostethus Tandojam, during the course of identification the pandurus militaris (Fabricius, 1775), Spilostethus material revealed the occurrence of various 09 simla (Distant, 1909) are very widely distributed in species under 3 subfamilies. Subfamily Lygaeinae Indopak Subcontinent. Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.) Schilling, 1829 was discovered with the record of 7 prefers to feed on the leaves of the plant Calotropis species including; Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, procera, they obtain glycosides from plant and use it

20 Some lygaeid Bugs of Tandojam

during defense [8]. Karachicoris sp. is recorded here, [6] R.T. Schuh, and J.A. Slater, “True bugs of the having type species Karachicoris seidenstueckeri world (Hemiptera:Heteroptera) classification and Stys, by original monotypy. natural history,” Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, Genus Nysius is recorded here sometimes referred as London, 1995. false chinch bugs and about 100 species are described under the genus. One predatory species of the genus [7] P.J. Gullan, and P.S. Cranston, “The insects: an Geocoris commonly called as big eyed bug with its outline of entomology,” 3rd edn. Blackwell peculiar characteristics, they are considered as the Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2005. voracious feeders of small insects including whiteflies. Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) is very [8] F.T. Abushama and A.A. Ahmed, “Food plant common in Tandojam on cotton crop, the big preference and defense mechanism in the lygaeid population cause serious damage to the crop and it is bug Spilostethus pandurus (Scop.),” Zeitschrift widespread species in Old World tropics, generally it für Angewandte Entomologie, vol. 80(1-4), pp. is Neotropical, Oriental and Palaearctic species in 206-21, 1976. distribution. They have wide range of host plants but breeding is restricted on Malvales [9]. [9] S.A. James, and R.M. Baranowski, “The occurrence of Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Costa) 5. CONCLUSION (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) in the West Indies and new Lygaeidae records for the Turks and Caicos Present study revealed the occurrence of 9 different Islands of Providenciales and North species of lygaeidae in our ecosystem. Caicos,” Florida Entomologist, vol. 4(77), pp. 495-497, 1994. REFERENCES

[1] M.H. Sweet, “Seed and Chinch Bugs

(Lygaeoidea) in C. W. Schaefer, A. P. Panizzi, eds, Heteroptera of economic importance,” CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Pp. 143–264, 2000.

[2] C.G. Summers, A.S. Newton, J.P. Mitchell, and J.J. Stapleton, “Population dynamics of arthropods associated with early-season tomato plants as influenced by soil surface microenvironment,” Crop Prot., vol. 29, pp. 249– 254, 2010.

[3] D. Feir, “Oncopeltus fasciatus - research animal. Annu, Rev. Entomol., vol. 19, pp. 81–96, 1974.

Fig 1. Study area [4] L. Jin, A. Sharma, and Y. Suzuki, “Developmental plasticity and robustness of pigmentation in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus,” Integr. Comp. Biol., vol. 50, pp. 247.

[5] J.R. Aldrich, W.S. Leal, R. Nishida, A.P. Khrimian, C.J. Lee, and Y. Sakuratani, “Semiochemistry of aposematic seed bugs,” Entomol. Exp. Appl., vol. 84, pp. 127-135, 1997.

21 Magsi et al., 2018

Fig 2: a-k; a) Spilostethus hospes; b) Spilostethus pandurus militaris; c)Spilostethus simla; d) Graptostethus servus; e) Oxycarenus hyalinipennis; f) Karachicoris sp; g) Cosmopleurus fulvipes; h) Nysius sp; i) Geocoris ochropterus.

22 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (23-25), October, 2018

FREQUENCY OF ABO BLOOD GROUPS IN NORMAL VERSUS POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN HYDERABAD, PAKISTAN

Jamshed Warsi*, Benazir Faheem, Latafat Ali Chughtai ,Farzana Gul Baloch, Nimra Masood Baig Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: th After discovering the genetic differences among humans in blood typing, Received: 10 September 2018 pioneered by Landsteiner in 1901, the burgeoning importance to find out Accepted: : 05Th October 2018 Published online: 22nd February 2019 frequency of blood typing in different nationalities as well as in different times

Author’s contribution can not be denied due to its importance with the especial reference to disease J.W designed the experiment B.F transmission through blood and in banking/transfusion. Different types of collected the samples L.A.C analyzed the blood are associated with different diseases. The aim of the study is thus to data F.G.B complied the data N.M.B find out the frequency of blood typing in normal menstruating and post performed the experiment. menopausal women as well as whether the menstrual status could cause a Key words: Blood typing, Rh blood, Menopause, different frequency. To this end a cross sectional study was performed. The Prevalence sample size (n) was 181, the age (range) of the participants were 40-60years. The prevalence of blood groups in normal menstruating versus menopausal female was found 12.7% and 11.0% in A blood typing, 19.9% and 18.8% in B blood typing, 3.3%and 6.1% in AB Blood typing and 13.8% and 14.3% in blood type O. Rh positive in normal female was 46.4% and 49.2% in menopausal women whereas Prevalence of Rh negative was 3.3% and 1.1%.The study shows the prevalence of blood typing in aforementioned groups and their possible association.

1. INTRODUCTION

The researchers are trying to establish a link in The present study thus explored the prevalence of between blood typing and increased susceptibility to ABO and/or Rhesus blood typing and whether the disease or some genetic trends even some habits in menopausal status impacts on the frequency of blood human. The frequency of AB and A blood group was typing. To this end, the participants were divided into found higher in diabetes Type -1 and Type-2 normal menstruating and menopausal groups and the respectively, moreover Rhesus (Rh) negative was blood typing was done. reported more in diabetes [1] whereas blood grouping is also associated with gastrointestinal bleeding and 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS ulcer[2] it is also studied by some researchers that ABO blood type is directly associated with One hundred and eighty one (n=181) volunteers were prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia enrolled in this survey and/or an experimental study [3]and cardiac disorders[4] researchers found the in certain and fixed period of time (June 2018 to likelihood of negative impact of blood type on November 2018(06 months). The sample was fertility of women, blood group O appears to be collected from different areas of district Hyderabad, associated with decreased ovarian reserved[5], Pakistan by having prior consent in a written form. moreover ABO blood group gene is also linked with The range of age was 40-60 years. The sample menstrual disorders in young females [6]. comprises of single as well as married women. The Corresponding Author: [email protected] sample was divided into those who were having Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences normal menstrual flow [7] and those women who

23 Warsi et al., 2018

were missing their last 12 periods were considered as Table. 2: The distribution of ABO blood groups in on menopause[8]. normal menstruating versus menopausal women. ABO and Rh blood typing was carried out by Normal Menopausal Total p-value antigen-antibody reaction (Agglutination reaction) 23 20 43 test by using standard antisera A, Anti sera B and anti A 0.6 sera D (Rapid Labs UK). The blood typing was (12.7%) (11.0%) (23.7%) performed twice with the same sample in order to 36 34 70 B minimize the error. (19.9%) (18.8%) (38.7%) 6 11 17 Statistical Analysis: AB (3.3%) (6.1%) (9.4%) Data are shown as proportions and percentages; n 25 26 51 indicates the number of women investigated. P values O were taken by calculating fisher, s exact Test. (13.8%) (14.3%) (28.2%) 90 91 181 Total 3. RESULTS (49.7%) (50.3%) (100%)

The study is indicating the current prevalence of 4. DISCUSSION frequency of blood grouping in normal menstruating as well as in menopausal women. As illustrated in In this study, the prevalence of blood groups in table.1; the frequency of Rh+ blood group in normal normal menstruating versus menopausal female was women was 46% and in those who were on found 12.7% and 11.0% in A blood typing, 19.9% menopause was 49%. The frequency of Rh – was and 18.8% in B blood typing, 3.3%and 6.1% in AB 3.3% and 1.1% respectively in normal menstruating Blood typing and 13.8% and 14.3% in blood type O. and in menopausal women. However the distribution Rh positive in normal female was 46.4% and 49.2% of Rhesus blood group could not be correlated with in menopausal women whereas Prevalence of Rh menstrual/menopausal status of women. negative was 3.3% and 1.1%. The trend in blood As shown in table.2; The Blood group B is the most typing was B>O>A>AB in both groups. Hence the frequent allele (38.7%) followed by O (28%), A study could not show any association in blood typing (23.7%) and AB (9.4%) respectively. The frequency with the menstruating and/or normal menstruating of A, B, AB and O allele was 12.7%, 19.9%, 3.3% status of participant; however it shows the current and 13.8% in normal menstruating women whereas; prevalence of blood typing in both groups. The The frequency of A, B, AB and O allele was 11%, overall prevalence of Rh positive in female was 18.8%, 6.1% and 14.3% in those women who were found higher than the study conducted previously in on menopause, however the aforementioned groups Pakistan [9]. are somehow similar in proportion hence the menstrual status can not be associated with the The frequencies of ABO and Rh blood type vary peculiar blood grouping. throughout the world, interestingly different frequencies were found in different areas of Pakistan because of the multiethnic/multi racial background of people [10-12]. Post menopausal women have higher Table. 1: Rehsus (Rh) blood groups of normal level of Total cholesterol, LDL (Low Density lipid) , menstruating versus menopausal women. Triglycerides and significantly less HDL (High Normal Menopausal Total p-value Density Lipid) [13] ,While Blood group A has higher cholesterol level than group B in women who had 84 89 173 Rh(+) passed their menopause [14] moreover increased (46.4%) (49.2%) (95.6%) lipid profile is associated with the onset of depressive 06 02 08 Rh(-) 0.1 symptoms and menopausal symptom severity [15], (3.3%) (1.1%) (4.4%) thus in theory the menopause pool of the women 90 91 181 could possibly have the different frequency of blood Total (49.7%) (50.3%) (100%) typing; nonetheless the study could not conclude any difference in two above mentioned groups. One of

the logical reasons could be the small number of

sample size. So a giant cross sectional survey is required in order to find the association of blood typing with the early/late onset of menopause.

24 Frequency of ABO blood groups in normal versus post menopausal women

5. CONCLUSION Li, H.J. Yuan and Z.G. Zhao, “Association of gene polymorphisms in ABO blood group The study concludes the current prevalence of ABO chromosomal regions and menstrual disorders,” typing in menopause and in those were having Experimental and therapeutic medicine, vol. normal menstrual cycle in district Hyderabad, 9(6), pp. 2325-2330, 2015. Pakistan. The study could not find any difference in aforementioned groups with the reference to [7] J.A. Maybin, and .O. Critchley, “Menstrual menstrual/menopausal status of participants. Thus the physiology: implications for endometrial information could have the possible implications in pathology and beyond,” uman reproduction menopausal status of women as well as the in update, vol. 21(6), pp. 748-761, 2015. banking and transfusion of blood. [8] Organization, W.H., Research on the menopause 6. CONFLICT OF INTEREST in the 1990s: report of a WHO scientific group. 1996. It is declared that the collaborators of this work have [9] I.D. Khattak, T.M. Khan, P. Khan, S.M. no any conflict of interests and they have nothing to Shah, S.T. Khattak, A. Ali, “Frequency of ABO disclose. and Rhesus blood groups in District Swat, Pakistan,” J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad," vol. 7. ETHICAL APPROVAL 20(4), pp. 127-129, 2008. All the experimentation for blood typing were done [10] M.S. Khan, N. Farooq, N. Qamar, F. Tahir, F. in accordance with 1964, Helsinki Declaration and its Subhan, B.M. Kazi, M. Fiyaz, K.A. Karamat, later amendments. “Trend of blood groups and Rh factor in the twin REFRENCES cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad,” Journal Pakistan Medical Association, vol. 56(7), pp. 299, 2006. [1] C. Oner, B. Dogan, B. Telatar, C.F.C. Yagan and A. Oguz, “Frequency of ABO/Rhesus Blood [11] A. Hammed, W. Hussain, J. Ahmed, F. Groups in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus,” J Rabbi and J.A. Qureshi, “Prevalence of Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 26(1), pp. 74-5, 2016. phenotypes and Genes of ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood groups in Faisalabad, Pakistan,” Pak J Biol [2] K. Bayan, Y. Tuzun, S. Yilmaz, M. Dursun and F. Canoruc, “Clarifying the relationship between Sci, vol. 5(6), pp. 722-724, 2002. ABO/Rhesus blood group antigens and upper [12] M.S. Khan, F. Subhan, F. Tahir, B.M. Kazi, A.S. gastrointestinal bleeding,” Dig Dis Sci, vol. Dil, S. Sultan, “Prevalence of blood groups and 54(5), pp. 1029-34, 2009. Rh factor in Bannu region NWFP Pakistan ,” Pak J Med Res., vol. 43(1), pp. 8-10, 2004. [3] Jassim, W. Association of ABO blood group in Iraqis with hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension [13] J.C. Stevenson, D. Crook and I.F. Godsland, and diabetes mellitus,” Eastern Mediterranean “Influence of age and menopause on serum lipids ealth Journal, vol. , pp. 888-891, 2012. and lipoproteins in healthy women,” Atherosclerosis, vol. 98(1), pp. 83-90, 1993. [4] C. Carpeggiani, M. Coceani, P. Landi, C. Michelassi, A. L'abbate, “ABO blood group [14] L. Hagerup, P.F. ansen and F. Skov, “Serum- alleles: A risk factor for coronary artery disease. cholesterol, serum-triglyceride and ABO blood An angiographic study,” Atherosclerosis, vol. groups in a population of 50-year-old Danish 211(2), pp. 461-466, 2010. men and women,” American journal of epidemiology, vol. 95(2), pp. 99-103, 1972. [5] E.J. Nejat, S. Jindal, D. Berger, E. Buyuk M. Lalioti, L. Pal, “Implications of blood type for [15] C. Kaya, H. Cengiz, A. Yesil, M. Ekin, L. Yasar, ovarian reserve,” uman reproduction, vol. “The relation among steroid hormone levels, 26(9), pp. 2513-2517, 2011. lipid profile and menopausal symptom severity,” J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol, vol. 38(4), pp. [6] Y. Su, G.L. Kong, Y.L. Su, Y. Zhou, L.F. Lv, Q. Wang, B.P. Huang, R.Z. Zheng, Q. Z. 284-291, 2017.

25 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (26-34), October, 2018

ETHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS ON SOME BIRDS OF CHASHMA BARRAGE

Verdah Manzoor and Z.B. Mirza Department of Environmental Sciences, Kinnaird College for Women, 93 - Jail Road, Lahore ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: This paper records the learned and innate behavior of some birds, local as well Received: 10th August 2018 Accepted: : 15Th October 2018 as migratory, at the left marginal water reservoirs of Chashma Barrage on river Published online: 22nd February 2019 Indus, Punjab. The study includes ethological observations on some birds in

Author’s contribution relation to the habitat conditions of the Chashma Barrage, in five field trips of 3 V.M designed the experiment. Z.B. analyzed the whole manuscript. to 4 days each, in mid-winter and spring 2013 and 2014. The performance of

Key words: specific behaviours i.e. appetitive behaviour, anonymous association, Ethology, Habitat, Flyway, Ecological setup, consummatory behaviour, eco-ethology, escape behaviour and roosting Wildlife Sanctuary behaviour was inter-related to the state of the habitats of the study area. The Chashma Barrage is the first main staging area of the winter migrant birds on the Indus Flyway, due to its huge water reservoirs. There are also large areas of shallow water ponds having luxuriant marginal growth and floating flora which provide breeding as well as wintering habitat for the local birds. Seventy two (72) bird species were observed at the Chashma Barrage during the study period. Out of these, 49 species were studied in some detail. Most of the local dryland species live in association with humans, in various ways for feeding and breeding in urban, as well as in rural environment.

1. INTRODUCTION

This paper gives ethological observations of There was trend to carelessly interpret behavioural some wetland and some dryland birds of Chashma traits. The ethological terms were not always used in Barrage. Ethological observations on each species the same manner. Several terms were used to refer to have been described. The impacts of bio-physical and the same thing. Moreover, many books were using anthropogenic environment on the ethology of birds terms with different meanings, which led to certain observed during the study period have also been confusions. Hence, there was some disagreement given. with the ethological definitions. Grzimek [1] often used certain technical terms, in his book which For ethological terminology, Grzimek [1] is conveyed precisely their meanings and explanations followed. These terms have also been explained in of the concept. The purpose for the use of these the paper. By early 1970’s ‘Ethology’ had gradually ethological terms in this paper is to make the developed its vocabulary. However, it was not easy behavioural observations more clear. to find truly objective and descriptive terms for certain processes.

26 Manzoor and Mirza 2018

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 Chashma Barrage A large area of Chashma Barrageis a wildlife sanctuary, It is a multipurpose Barrage located at river under the Punjab Wildlife Act 1970. It is also a ‘Ramsar Indus, district Mianwali. It stores water in huge reservoirs site’. Yet, anthropogenic activities, which include the for the Chashma-Jhelum Link Canal and for the constant commercial fisheries, reed cutting, thatching material supply of water to a 120 Megawatt Hydropower Plant. harvest and tourism disturbance, are giving negative Since, Chashma Barrage is the first staging ground for impacts, on mainly the waterfowl. This keeps the birds on many winter migrants, these reservoirs attract large flocks the alert. The impact of these disturbances on the of birds in winter and early spring. behaviour of the birds has been explained in this paper.

Fig. 1: Location Map of the Study Area

Fig. 2: Observation points at Chashma Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary

27 Ethological observations on some birds of Chashma barrage

Observation points at Chashma Barrage: The wildlife sanctuary was divided into 8 observation points randomly (Fig. 2).

Field Visits: The visits to the study area are tabled below.

Table 1: Schedule of field trips to Chashma Barrage S.No. Location Date Month Year 1. Chashma Barrage 05th - 08th February 2013 2. Chashma Barrage 14th- 17th March 2013 3. Chashma Barrage 05th - 08th April 2013 4. Chashma Barrage 20th -22th February 2014 5. Chashma Barrage 31st - 2nd October - November 2014

*Both local and migratory birds were studied. Summer observations were not made due to summer flood season and also because of the absence of wintering birds. *The site was visited in these months for a period of two to three days only.

2.2 Field data collection

Apparatus/Tools: The observations were made using The birds were selected randomly and the observations binoculars (10 x 50 mm) and bird species were identified were made for a considerable period of time to observe using ‘A field guide to Birds of Pakistan’ by Z. B. Mirza different activities in individual as well as group of birds. [3]. The surveys were carried out on foot.Locations were Notes and onsite observations were taken by quietly marked on maps (Fig. 2) with details of the coordinates sitting or standing at a place of clear visibility. All (Table 3). movements, postures and responses of birds were observed in detail. Since, it was not possible to record Sampling Method: Ad Libitum Sampling rule was each and every activity/behaviour of all the selected birds, adopted to record the ethological observations in birds. therefore, the results of these observations are based on what was ‘visible’, ‘attractive’ and ‘relevant’ at the given time.

Ethogram Grzimek [1] was followed to formulate inventory of bird ethology observed during the study period in the table below: Table 2: Ethogram S. No. Behaviour Description of behaviour 1. Appetitive behaviour Variable sequence of movements in search of food / prey, i.e. diving into water, probing into mud or picking up prey from the water or ground or catching in the air. 2. Consummatory behaviour Exclusive behavior, shown after appetitive behavior to digest food or rest or time lapse for next activity. 3. Eco-ethology Parallel behavioral adaptations of more than one species, expressed when similar food is available to them in the same area. It can be gulls &terns surface feeding in the same way or it can be Pied Kingfisher and White- breasted Kingfisher, which hover to precisely locate prey in water. 4. Commensalism A biological relationship between two organisms where one is benefited from the other while the other remains unaffected. 5. Anonymous association Activities in a mixed flock of different species in an area for example, roosting, flocking, resting or feeding. 6. Roosting Perching for a short or a long time singly or in a flock. 7. Orientation The ability of birds to direct their position and movement according to

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certain conditions. 8. Escape/defense behaviour Response to stimuli indicative of danger e.g. dashing onto vegetation, taking to wings, compacting in a flock or expressing ambivalence or any pattern of behaviour to scare off or distract an intruder such as chasing or quarreling. 9. Escape distance Flight distance or minimum limit if intruded upon by a predator; the bird will flee to avoid predation/threat. 10. Latency period The time interval between signal and response. Latency period in a bird determines escape distance. 11. Ambivalence Compact flocking along with pattering wings, which is fast beating of wings to produce loud noise and at the same time running over the surface of water before getting air borne or attacked.

Table 3 gives description of the observation points at Chashma Barrage.

Table 3: Description of observation points at Chashma Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary S. No. Observation Points Coordinates Description of the sites 1. Fisheries Department N 32° 25´ 05.2”, E 71° A fish hatchery on left marginal main reservoir which is 26´ 13.9” semi-enclosed basin partially separated from main river channel by a bund. The observations were taken from its back side facing the water body. 2. Machi/Fish Kunda Spur N 32° 27´ 05.3”, E 71° An embankment built on marginal water reservoir. Bund Road 23´ 53.5” 3. DIK Road N 32° 41’ 11.4”, E 71° Main Dera Ismail Khan Road on the margin of the 44’ 47.7” Indus river and reservoirs. The road connects D. I. Khan to Mianwali through Chashma Barrage. 4. Megastore point N 32° 25´ 44.8”, E 71° A market with a famous restaurant “Green Lagoon” and 23´ 49.5” shopping mart, “Megastore” built at the edge of left reservoir. The shoreline along this commercial area is mostly polluted by household garbage and hospital waste. 5. River Bela N 32° 25´ 05.7”, E 71° These are mainly islands of silt and mud withTypha sp. 27´ 49.5” and Phragmites sp. dominating the area and also have some temporary small patches of stagnant water. 6. Chashma-Jhelum link N 31° 27´ 32.8”, E 74° A Canal that runs from Chashma Barrage to the River canal 22´ 24.2” Jhelum. Trees and moderately thick Typha and Phragmites are grown at the edges of this canal. 7. Ali-walliGhandi N 32° 47’ 75.5”, E 71° An area of mud and silt deposits which is often 48’ 63.3” submerged under the water of its marginal river channel. When water reduces, it still remains moist and muddy with puddles of water. It is grazed area with some Typha sp. and Phragmites sp. at some places. 8. WAPDA Colony N 32° 42’ 04.7”, E 71° An urbanized area with horticulture. It is a colony 44’ 32.9” including WAPDA Rest House, Chashma Hydro Power Project (CHP) Rest House, markets and residences.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Grebes: Family Podicipedidae The observations were made on the following grebe At Chasma Barrage 72 bird species were counted and 49 species; of these were ethologically studied. a) Little Grebe(Tachybaptusruficollis) b) Black-necked Grebe (Podicepsnigricollis) c) Great-crested Grebe(Podicepscristatus)

29 Ethological observations on some birds of Chashma barrage

Appetitive behaviour: Grebes express appetitive were seen on each tree, in the morning around 1000 behavior mainly by diving underwater. Sometimes hours. These were quite exposed. they catch tiny fish and hold it in the bill, perhaps to Nocturnal roosting behaviour: The cormorants kill it before swallowing. Occasionally, they catch a roost for the night in mixed flocks on any tree of the tiny prey from water surface with the jerk of their area and also in thick Typha sp. & Phragmites sp. tall neck. growth. Anonymous association: These are often in Escape behaviour: In a large flock in anonymous association with other birds, mostly water, sometimes some birds dive as a flying predator coots. Their feeding in association benefits them comes straight over them, with a short escape distance. Individual but scattered swimming birds from alarm signals of their associates. dive most often as the predator approaches. However, Orientation: In windy weather, the floating birds get if the escape distance is long, these express drifted slowly in wind direction. Grebes orientate to ambivalence by forming a compact flock to appear as face the wind and paddle to remain almost in the a large compact black patch. same place. Escape behaviour: Grebes have their latency period 3.3 Egrets: Family Ardeidae inversely proportional to alarm signals on the sudden The observations were made on the following egret approach of a flying bird predator i.e. if the predator species; is flying low, grebes suddenly dive and appear at a a) Little Egret (Egrettagarzetta) different place, after about 45 seconds. The escape b) Intermediate Egret (Egrettaintermedia) distance is then longer and the latency period is c) Great Egret (Egrettaalba) shorter. On the contrary, if the predator is flying high d) Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) up, the latency period is relaxed and escape distance Appetitive behaviour: These birds variously is shortened. If the predator swoop-dives from above, perform appetitive behavior i.e. wading, walking or the grebes just disappear underwater in their attempt running to pick food. All egrets stand still in water or to escape the attack. They also float in the floating near its edge, in wait for a passing by prey in water. vegetation projecting above the water surface to They dart at the prey with a jab of their long neck and forage camouflaged. When depredation from air is pointed bill. sensed the scattered flock swims fast to compact, as Anonymous feeding association: The Little Egret precautionary defense. Egretta garzetta and the Intermediate Egret Egretta

intermedia often forage in anonymous association. 3.2 Cormorants: Family Phalacrocoridae The Large Egret Egretta alba forages alone. The observations were made on the following Roosting behaviour: The Little Egret and the cormorant species; Intermediate Egret diurnally roost on tree branches, a) Eurasian Cormorant (Phalacrocoraxcarbo) sometimes with Indian Pond Heron Ardeola grayii. b) Indian Cormorant (Phalacrocoraxfuscicolli) At dusk, some birds fly to a tree close to their night c) Little/Javanese Cormorant (Phalacrocoraxniger) roosting place. Initially they prefer to sit on top branches and keep their neck raised, so that they are Appetitive behaviour: Cormorants mostly express more exposed and visible from distance. More egrets appetitive behavior by swimming & searching, and arrive soon and sit similarly in that tree. Their by diving underwater to chase and catch fish number increases and the tree is studded white as the collectively or singly. dark starts prevailing. When no more birds arrive, all Consummatory behaviour: Cormorants perform perching birds suddenly fly to their night roosting consummatory behavior by perching/sitting on large place; this could be thick and tall water reeds or shrubs, trees or raised banks or projections. While another tree with thick foliage. doing so, these often spread their wings and tails to Escape behaviour: Egrets freeze on approach of a dry. During the study period, Eurasian Cormorants potential threat, but fly when more alarmed. In case and Indian Cormorants were spotted perched in a of a flock birds fly when there is longer escape mixed flock, on 8 – 10 tall dead trees. Up to 30 birds distance.

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Eco-ethology: The Cattle Egret Bubulcus ibis and the Anonymous association: During the day time the grazing domestic livestock have commensalism ducks float in anonymous association with various between them. The grazing domestic livestock species, mainly the huge flocks of coots. In the dislodge insects mainly grasshoppers hiding in the shallow water/mud, the dabbling ducks intermingle grass, by their hooves as they graze and move. Cattle with one another in probing food. While resting Egrets locate the dislodged grasshoppers and among the diurnally active coots, ducks avoid going consume. This way the rangeland remains healthy closer to the water edge. It can be suggested that and the livestock gets more grass available to graze. anonymous flocking behavior offers them security and vigilance against predators especially when 3.4 Indian Pond Heron: Ardeola grayii resting ducks have their bills placed under scapulars. Appetitive behaviour: It is performed by “stalking” Orientation: When the waterfowl on the surface of i.e. standing still and suddenly darting at the prey. It water, get drifted by the wind, these orientate against keeps its bill slightly submerged in shallow water and the direction of wind and paddle or fly back to almost at the same time, keeps it slightly shaking perhaps for the same place again. better vision underwater. Consummatory behaviour: After foraging period, Anonymous association: These mostly perform the birds float in rest. solitary feeding but anonymous association is also Escape behaviour: Dabblers express escape seen with Intermediate Egret, Little Egret and other behaviour by ambivalence. Collective ambivalent herons, when prey is abundantly available. behavior is expressed by sudden rising of their heads Escape behaviour: These are camouflaged by and movement in their positions to form compact standing still to blend with the surroundings in order patch, as short latency period. This sudden movement to express escape behavior. Flight is another way of is beneficial for the sleeping, preening or resting escaping threats in case of shorter latency period and ducks. The diving ducks express escape behaviour by longer escape distance. diving. The birds which dive underwater when a Marsh Harrier Circus aeruginosus approaches, have 3.5 Ducks: Family Anatidae short latency period and longer escape distance. The observations were made on the following These reappear on the surface at a different place, waterfowl species; around 30 feet or so, after approximately in less than a) Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata) a minute. The ducks also have an innate ability to b) Northern Pintail (Anas acuta) distinguish between a potential predator and an c) Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ordinary raptor. Therefore, when a Pariah Kite Milvus d) Common Pochard (Aythya ferina) migrans approaches them, none of the ducks are e) Red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina) bothered. f) Scaup (Aythya marila)

g) Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) 3.6 Pariah Kite: Milvus migrans h) Common Teal (Anas crecca) Appetitive behavior: Kites are mainly scavengers i) Tufted Duck (Aythya fuligula) and sometimes predators of unattended domestic chicks. They maneuver during the flight and Appetitive behaviour: Common Pochard Aythya suddenly swoop-dive towards their target. ferina, Red-crested Pochard Netta rufina, Tufted Roosting behaviour: Communal diurnal and Duck Aythya fuligula and Scaup Aythya marila feed nocturnal roosting is common among Pariah Kites. underwater throughout the day by diving. Big flocks Flocks also roost on ground perhaps for digestion. of dabbling ducks that include Northern Shoveler Response to disturbances: These express short Anas clypeata, Northern Pintail Anas acuta, Mallard latency period in case of human disturbances or Anas platyrhynchos, Common Teal Anas crecca and teasing crows Corvus splendens. Upon disturbance, Shelduck Tadorna tadorna, mostly rest throughout the Kites fly up, rise high and start gliding or soaring the day in widely open water and occasionally dip in the sky. their bills for surface filter feeding.

31 Ethological observations on some birds of Chashma barrage

3.7 Marsh Harrier: Circus aeruginosus Escape behavior: It includes huddling together or Appetitive behavior: These fly low over the aquatic flight. When a flying predator approaches suddenly, reeds, when they are in search of a prey. The predator the latency period is short and it takes to wings. can see the prey only when it suddenly appears over the reeds, then its swoop-dives for the prey. A water 3.10 Gulls: Family Laridae body with well grown cover vegetation suits the The observations were made on the following Gull flying predator. These soar in usually high circles and species; mostly cover a large area to locate food. a) Black-headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus) Roosting behaviour: They are usually solitary in b) Common Gulls (Larus canus) diurnal roosting. According to the second author, c) Herring Gulls (Larusar gentatus) during winters, in Pakistan these are particularly d) Brown headed Gulls (Larus communal nocturnal roosting birds. Before roosting brunnicephalus) at dusk, they appear from various directions, in an e) Greater Black-backed Gulls (Larus ichthyaetus) area, usually marshes, with thick and tall water reeds, Appetitive behaviour: These fly low and attempt to start circling over, until all birds reach there. Then catch water surfacing fish by scoop-diving or by suddenly they disappear in the roosting site. shallow plunge diving. Each attempt may not be successful. 3.8 Coot: Fulica atra Anonymous foraging association: Gulls most often Appetitive behaviour: Coots exhibit flexibility in forage together with terns. The second author appetitive behavior i.e. dive in deeper water and feed observed that these also associate with cormorants to by upending in shallow water. get an opportunity of catching thrown away bolus Anonymous association: Large flocks of coots let (meat and bones wrapped up in slime) by cormorants, the other aquatic birds associate with them, while from which the gulls find some undigested food. resting or feeding. This gives collective security to all Defense or escape behaviour: These chase away an associates. intruder like the Pariah Kite. However, individual Escape behaviour: Coots express escape behaviour birds, if sitting in water, show short latency period in three different ways; diving, taking to wings and and take to wings, if a kite is approaching. The escape distance is longer in case of a Marsh Harrier. ambivalence. These are usually in large flocks. They

have short latency period and respond to danger. In 3.11 Terns: Family Sternidae case of approaching threat, most commonly the The observations were made on the following Tern Marsh harrier, they express ambivalence. The entire species; flock takes off with pattering wing beats and at the a) Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica) same time running over the water surface. The b) Black-bellied Tern (Sterna acuticauda) collective pattering sound of the wing beats of a large c) Caspian Tern (Hydroprogne caspia) flock may create confusion for the predator in d) Indian River Tern (Sterna aurantia) targeting a prey. However, if any bird gets separated e) Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybridus) from the flock, it is then more vulnerable to depredation. But if the separated bird dives under Appetitive behavior: These fly low over the water to water, it gets the chance to escape. feed on surfacing tiny fish. Sometimes these plunge dive into the water and submerge completely for a 3.9 Black-winged Stilt: Himantopus himantopus catch. These also scavenge from water surface and Appetitive behaviour: This bird moves on muddy the garbage near the fish shops at the barrage. soil and also wades in shallow water and probes mud Anonymous foraging association: The gulls and or water with its long bill. Sometimes it even dips its terns hunt close to one another in case of more food head in water to pick food from under water. availability. Anonymous association: This bird has anonymous Defensive or escape behaviour: While sitting on association with all waders and is benefited with ground these start mobbing and sometimes take to collective vigilance of all birds. wings if a predator bird’s direction of approach is straight towards them, even though it is sufficiently

32 Manzoor and Mirza 2018

far. Sometimes, terns tease a predator on wings from Escape behaviour:These have short latency period above and behind and chase it away. In case of the in response to disturbances. sudden appearance of a flying predator, these terns fly away together, close to one another, which is 3.15 Hoopoe: Upupa epops shorter latency period and longer escape distance. Appetitive behavior: It walks around and probes

grassy moist soil for grubs. It gives short jabs of its 3.12 The Great Coucal: Centropus sinensis Appetitive behavior: It is an omnivorous bird. It long slender bill on the ground and sometimes it hides in water reeds and comes out to feed in close by inserts its bill deep if the soil is soft to extract grubs. areas anytime during the day. It also feeds on floating Escape behaviour: Hoopoes take to wings as escape plants and in grassy areas. behaviour. However, they are not shy of humans if Escape behaviour: It dashes into the water reed busy digging. The bird performs powerful undulating thickets, when alarmed. flight with slow wing beats.

3.13 King fishers: Family Alcedines 3.16 Wagtails: Family Motacillidae The observations were made on the following The observations were made on the following Kingfisher species; Wagtail species; a) Eurasian Common (Halcyon smyrnensis) Kingfisher a) Large Pied Wagtail (Motacilla maderaspatensis) b) Pied Kingfishers (Ceryle rudis) b) Grey Wagtail (Motacilla cinerea) c) Hodgson’s Pied (Motacilla alba alboides) Appetitive behaviour: All kingfishers express Wagtail appetitive behaviour by stalking their prey either by d) Siberian Pied wagtail (Motacilla albadukhensis) sitting on a perch over-looking the water or by e) Yellow headed Black (Motacilla citreolacitreola) hovering over water. White breasted Kingfisher collared Wagtail Halcyon smyrnensis plunge-dives directly into water f) Grey-headed Yellow (Motacilla flavathunbergi) from a perch. It comes out and often flies back to its Wagtail perch. Same is the behavior of the Pied Kingfisher Ceryle rudis. These birds also often hover to target underwater prey, and may not dive if not decided. Appetitive behaviour: Wagtails express appetitive Escape behaviour: These express escape behaviour behaviour by probing in moist soil and even pursuing by flying to a secure place. The birds show a shorter the prey with rapid undulating flight, walking or latency period and longer escape distance. running on the ground or shallow water to pick up prey from or near the water surface. 3.14 Little Green Bee-eater: Merops orientalis Night roosting behaviour: It was observed that Appetitive behaviour: During winters, it chases Wagtails engage in communal night roosting. The flying insects solitarily to express appetitive mixed flocks fly low over the roosting site and keep behavior. However, flocks of this bird also feed on dropping in the vegetation growth for night together when the flying insects are abundant, usually roosting (huge dense flocks like a storm cloud of during the rainy season. Smaller insects are mixed birds come flying over night roosting swallowed but relatively larger insects are first vegetation and dropped into it like rainfall). This was crushed by striking its bill against its perch. Another previously also observed in Balloki Head works by S. type of appetitive behaviour is gliding and scanning Irshad & Mirza [2]. of the surroundings. Escape behaviour: They have short latency period Nocturnal roosting behaviour: Six to seven or more on ground. birds sit close packed to one another on a tree branch. Preening behavior: During day time resting, they 3.17 Red-vented Bulbul: Pycnonotus cafer dress their feathers with their long bills for a short Appetitive behaviour: It is fructivorous as well as while and the ritual is continued in the evening as insectivorous bird. It was previously observed by the well. second author to feed on insects coming for nectar of

33 Ethological observations on some birds of Chashma barrage

Zizyphus numalariaf lowers. The sting of sting insects was rubbed off on the perch. 4. CONCLUSION Roosting behaviour: It is a communal night roosting Both bio-physical and anthropogenic habitat bird. Some birds sit packed side by side on a branch, conditions have a significant impact on the bird sometimes having faces on the opposite sides. The ethology. Some of the notable points concluded are as under; roosting is noisy. Bio-Physical Environment Open waters of huge reservoirs give security to 3.18 Common Babbler: Turdoides caudatus floating birds. As a result thousands of waterfowl Appetitive behavior: It picks insects usually under spend most of the daytime in the center away from the fallen leaves on ground. It also gleans on small the banks at Chashma Barrage. Droppings of birds insects by inserting its beak into cracks and crevices throughout the day increase water’s fertility, due to present on tree trunks at ground level. which food chain is enriched. The fast wind that Escape behaviour: Latency period is short and these often blows in the study area drifts fish to a side where gulls and terns concentrate in large numbers to birds dash into nearby vegetation. feed on surfacing tiny fish. Stagnant water habitat provides feeding to the kingfishers. 3.19 Black Drongo: Dicrurus macrocercus Anthropogenic environment Appetitive behaviour: It perches either on the tree Garbage dumping near fish restaurants attracts branches or electric wires to catch flying insects in scavenger species like crows, Common Myna and short sorties. It often sits on the back of grazing Pariah Kite in huge numbers. Sometimes, they domestic livestockto catch grasshoppers dislodged by chase/scare away other bird species. Inside the the cattle. Occasionally it also catches insects from Wildlife Sanctuary, few acres of silt and sand deposit the surface of water. land are cultivated with wheat in winters which has disturbed the natural habitat of the area’s avifauna. Defensive or escape behaviour: It is fearless of There are incidences of illegal hunting and duck Pariah Kite and crows; rather it often chases them netting in the Wildlife Sanctuary. Sociable Plover, away in flight. White-tailed Lapwing and Green Plover visit the area which may also be shot. 3.20 Black Starling: Sturnus vulgaris Appetitive behaviour: These fly straight to where 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT fresh dung is available or where livestock is grazing. Anonymous foraging association: Starlings feed in Thanks are due to Dr. Riffat Sultana for reviewing flocks and also in association with the flocks of Bank this paper and to Prof. Z.B. Mirza for his efforts in Mynas and Common Mynas. Their movement on the getting the grant for this project as well as for his scholarly guidance, devotion and moral support ground dislodges flying insects hidden in the grass throughout this entire research. We are also grateful which attracts also the Black Drongo and Red-vented to World Wide Fund for Nature, Pakistan (WWF-P) Bulbuls to the feeding area. for major funding of this research. Roosting behaviour: The following is the observation of the second author: Black Starlings REFERENCES being gregarious, feed and roost in small and large flocks. The roosting is noisy with a lot of droppings [1] Grzimek. Dictionary of Ethological terms. at the roost site. Communal night-roosting is with Encylopedia of Ethology. Van Nostrand-Reinhold, sunset. In the evening before roosting, small flocks NewYork, Toronto, London, Melbourne. 1977; 685- 700. start circling over the roosting site. Several small

flocks from all directions keep joining them which [2] Irshad S., Mirza Z.B. Ecological and Socio-economic results in the formation of a huge flock, which can be linkages of birds of Ravi River Habitats. Pakistan visible from long distance. This huge flock suddenly Journal of Zoology. 2011; 43(1):113-122. dives into a roost place, such as in the water reeds. Escape behaviour: In winters these move in flocks. [3] Z.B. Mirza. A Field guide to the birds of Pakistan. The larger flocks of starlings fly as a single unit with Book land Publication; 2007.

a lot of precision to avoid predators.

34 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (35-41), October, 2018

WASPS (HYMENOPTERA: VESPIDAE AND BRADYNOBAENIDAE) FROM QUETTA, BALOCHISTAN (PAKISTAN) Saima Durrani, Imtiaz Ali Khan, Muhammad Ather Rafi, Gul Makai, Muhammad Qasim, Fariha Mengal, Muhammad Kamal Sheikh, Ghulam Rasul Gulnaz Parveen and Qudrat Ullah

Department of Zoology, Sardar Bahadur Khan Women University, Quetta. University of Swabi, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Department of Zoology, Women University Swabi, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Planning and Development Division, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, Islamabad. Department of Botany, Women University, Swabi, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: th This study revealed the wasps of family Bradynobaenidae and Vespidae, Received: 10 August 2018 which were collected from different localities of Quetta and its vicinities and Accepted: : 15th October 2018 Published online: 22nd February 2019 previously reported in literature. As a whole 28 species under 17 genera

Author’s contribution belonging to two families namely, Bradynobaenidae and Vespidae were S.D, G.M, I.A.K design the study S.D, identified. Family Bradynobaenidae along with its genus Macroocula and its collected the samples F.M, M.A.R, M.Q two species, namely Macroocula morawitzi (Radoszkowski, 1888) and identified the specimens M.K.S, M.A.R Macroocula savignyi (Klug, 1829) are reported first time from Balochisatan. helped review literature G.R designed the manuscript Q.U complied the whole data, Family Vespiade represented 26 species under 16 genera. Out of 26 species, G.P, M.A.R finalized the manuscript. One species belonging to subfamily Masarinae, 21 species of subfamily

Key words: Eumeninae, two species of subfamily Polistinae and two species of subfamily Wasp, Bradynobaenidae, Macroocula, Vespinae. While two species Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934 and Polistes wattii Vespidae, Quetta, Balochistan Cameron, 1900 are recorded first time from Balochistan.

1. INTRODUCTION and containing more than 188 species under 10 Wasps have important role in ecosystem as a genera in four subfamilies: Apterogyninae, biological control agents, effective pests, scavengers Bradynobaeninae, Chyphotinae and Typhoctinae [1] and pollinators [5] [6]. For environmental conditions [4], while Vespidae is a largest, cosmopolitan and wasps are considered as bio-indicators [7]. Social diverse family consists of more than 5000 species wasps are mostly abundant in both temperate and worldwide. This family is classified into six sub- tropic regions. They are highly active during spring families, i.e. Eumeninae, Euparagiinae, Polistinae, to early fall. The number of stinging events reaches Masarinae, Vespinae and Stenogastrinae [2] [3]. In to its peak in August [8]. In this paper aculeatus this paper aculeatus wasps of family wasps of two families under super family Vespoide Bradynobaenidae and Vespidae are reported which namely Bradynobaenidae de Saussure, 1892 and were collected from Quetta and its vicinities.

Vespidae Latreille, 1802 are reported from Quetta and its vicinity. Bradynobaenidae is a widespread 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS family mostly tropical, absent from Australian region Wasps were collected from different localities of Corresponding Author:[email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences Quetta city and its vicinities namely, Shabaz Park,

35 Durrani et al., 2018

Agricultural Research Institute (ARI), Alama Iqbal reaming subfamilies other than Eumeninae, Open University (AIOU) Campus, Chiltan National Polistinae of family Vespinae like Euparagiinae, Park, Balochistan Agriculture Research and Masarinae and Stenogastrinae do not contribute Development Centre (BARDC), Eastern Bypass. significance share in the fauna of Pakistan, however, Specimens were identified up to species level with reported species of these family are also included in the help of available literature and also compare with this paper. Recently more than 105 species of family housed specimens at National Insect Museum (NIM), Vespidae have been reported throughout Pakistan National Agriculture Research Center (NARC), and [15] [24]. Islamabad. However, this paper is also assembled with available data in literature on both families. Subfamily: Eumeninae

Genus: Allodynerus Blüthgen, 1938 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Allodynerus dignotus (Morawitz, 1895) Order Hymenoptera Remarks: Earlier reported from Balochistan: Quetta: Suborder: Apocrita Chiltan National Park [9]. However, during study Infraorder: Aculeta specimen of this species was not found. Superfamily Vespoidea Latreille 1802

Genus: Antepipona de Saussure, 1855 Family: Bradynobaenidae de Saussure, 1892 Antepipona laevigata (Blüthgen, 1951) The wasps of family Bradynobaenidae are poorly Remarks: Already reported this species (as known. Only two species of subfamily Antepipona varentzowi, a misidentification; see Apterogyninae namely, Macroocula savignyi (Klug, Gusenleitner 1986) from Balochistan: Quetta [28] 1829) and Macroocula morawitzi (Radoszkowski, [29]. However, during study specimen of this species 1888) under genus Macroocula Panfilov 1954, have was not found. been reported from Pakistan [21]. Wasps of family Bradynobaenid are Afrotropical. Antepipona vescovilis Giordani Soika, 1970 Subfamily: Apterogyninae Remarks: Already reported this species from Genus: Macroocula Panfilov, 1954 Balochistan: Quetta: Chiltan National Park [9]. However, during study specimen of this species was Macroocula morawitzi (Radoszkowski, 1888) not found. Remarks: This species was reported byInvrea (1936) Genus: Chlorodynerus Blüthgen, 1951 from Pakistan [22]. However, members of this family belong to Aftrotropical region and it is assumed that Chlorodynerus loeffleri Giordani Soika 1958 this species is beloned to Balochistan: Quetta. Remarks: This species was already recorded from However, during study specimen of this species was Balochistan: Quetta and Sindh: Karachi [28]. not found. However, during study specimen of this species was not found. Macroocula savignyi (Klug, 1829) Material examined: Pakistan: Balochistan: Quetta: Genus: Cyrtolabulus van der Vecht, 1969 BARDC, 17.viii.2015, Leg. S. Durrani (Ex. NIM). Remarks: This species is reported first time from Cyrtolabulus syriacus (GiordaniSoika, 1968) Balochistan: Quetta.Earlier this speciesis reported Remarks: Earlier reported this species from from Pakistan without mentioned any locality [23]. . Balochistan: Quetta: Chiltan National Park and Sindh: Jamshooro: Kirthar National Park [9]. Family: Vespidae Latreille, 1802 However, during study specimen of this species was Wasps of sub-families Eumeninae, Polistinae and not found. Vespinae under Vespidae have been well study by various authors from Pakistan except wasps of Balochistan which are poorly explored. Wasps of

36 Wasps from Quetta

Genus: Delta de Saussure, 1885 Genus: Euodynerus Dalla Torre, 1904

Delta dimidiatipenne de Saussure, 1852 Euodynerus (Euodynerus) disconotatussulfuripes Material examined: Pakistan: Balochistan: Quetta: (Morawitz, 1885) Eastern Bypass, 04.v.2016, 20.v.2016, Leg. S. Remarks: Earlier this species have been reported Durrani; AIOU Campus, 20.iv.2015, Leg. S. Durrani; from Balochistan: Quetta [9]. This species was also BARDC, 28.iv.2015, Leg. S. Durrani. (Ex. NIM). reported from Gilgit-Baltistan: Jaglot and Karakorum Remarks: Earlier reported this species from [19]. However, during present study specimen of this Balochistan: Quetta, Noshkey, Chiltan National Park; species was not found. Federal Capital area: Islamabad; Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa: Mingora, Mansehra, Abbottabad, Genus: Eustenancistrocerus Bluthgen, 1938 Balakot, Battagram, Upper and Lower Dir, Peshawar; Punjab: Multan, Chakwal, Attock, Gujrat, Eustenancistrocerus (E.) a.askhabadensis Gujranwala, Jhelum, Murree, Jhang, Faisalabad; (Radoszkowski, 1886) Azad Jummu and Kashmir: Bagh, Banjosa, Synonyms: Odynerusleucospilus (Cameron, 1907); Rawalakot; Gilgit-Baltistan: Ghizer, Astore, Sukkhur, Odynerusquettaensis (Cameron, 1907) Doyan and Hunza [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] Remarks: Earlierreported from Balochistan: Quetta, [25] [26]. [30]. However, during present study specimen of this species was not found. Delta esuriensesuriens (Fabricius, 1787) Material examined: Pakistan: Balochistan: Quetta: Eustenancistrocerus (E.) inconstans (de Saussure, Eastern Bypass, 04.v.2016, Leg. S. Durrani; AIOU 1863) Campus, 20.iv.2015, Leg. S. Durrani; Chiltan Remarks: Previously, this species was reported from National Park Hazar Ghanji, 24.iv.2015, Leg. S. Balochistan: Quetta [9]. However, during present Durrani (Ex. NIM). study specimen of this species was not found. Remarks: This species was already reported from Balochistan: Quetta; Federal Capital area: Islamabad; Eustenancistrocerus (Parastenancistrocerus) a. Punjab: Rawalpindi, Attock, Bakhar, Muzafargarh, amadanensis (de Saussure, 1855) Layyah, Mianwali, Khanpur, and Head Fareed; Remarks: Previously, this species was reported from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Dir, Mansehra, Balakot, Balochistan: Quetta (Chiltan National Park) [9]. Abbottabad, Swat; Azad Jummu and Kashmir: Kotli However, during present study specimen of this and Kohala [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [15]. species was not found.

Genus: Eumenes Latreille, 1802 Eustenancistrocerus (P.) baluchistanensis (Cameron, 1907) Eumenes m.mediterraneus Kriechbaumer, 1879 Remarks: This species was already reported from Remarks: Previously reported this species from Balochistan: Quetta [30]. However, during present Balochistan: Quetta: Chiltan National Park [9]. study specimen of this species was not found. However, during study specimen of this species was not found. Genus: Katamenes Meade-Waldo, 1910

Eumenes mediterraneusquettaensis Cameron, 1907 Katamenes d.dimidiatus (Brullé, 1932) Remarks: This species was earlier described from Remarks: Already this species was reported from Balochistan: Quetta [30]. However, during present Balochistan: Quetta: Hazarganji, Chiltan National study specimen of this species was not found. Park [9]. However, during present study specimen of this species was not found.

37 Durrani et al., 2018

Subfamily: Polistinae Genus: Polistes Latreille, 1802 Katamenes dimidiatusmontanus (Nurse, 1904) Remarks: This species was earlier reported from Polistes indicus Stolfa, 1934 Balochistan: Quetta [31]. However, during present Material examined: Pakistan: Balochistan: Quetta: study specimen of this species was not found. ARI, 19.v.2016, Leg. S. Durrani, 2♀; Chiltan National Park Hazar Ghanji, 27.vi.2015, Leg. S. Genus: Knemodynerus Blüthgen, 1940 Durrani; BARDC, 14.v.2015, Leg. S. Durrani (Ex. NIM). Knemodynerus excellens (Pérez, 1907) Remarks: This is the first record of this species from Remarks: Earlier reported this species from Balochistan: Quetta. Earlier this species have been Balochistan: Quetta and Punjab: Multan [9]. reported from Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Peshawar, However, during present study specimen of this Kohat, Abbottabad, Havelian, Mansehra, Baffa, Abad species was not found. Khel, Oghi, Battagram, Dir, Barawal, Balakot, Alia and Ayubia; Gilgit-Baltistan: Thiee, Jaglot, Ghizar Genus: Leptochilus de Saussure, 1853 valley, Gilgit, Astore, Gasdas, Hunza and Chilas; Punjab: Jhelum, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, Attock, Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) hina (Dover, 1925) Bahawalpur, Chak 28 BC; Sindh: Sukkur, Ghotki, Remarks: This species was already reported from Allahyar Pinhwar, Taj Mohammad Ruk [11] [12] Balochistan: Quetta and Peshin [27]. However, [13] [14] [15] [16] [18] [19] [26]. during present study specimen of this species was not found. Polistes wattii Cameron, 1900 Material examined: Pakistan: Balochistan: Quetta: Leptochilus (Neoleptochilus) umerolatus Eastern Bypass,13.iv.2016, Leg. S. Durrani; Shabaz Gusenleitner, 2006 Park, 16.iii.2015, Leg. S. Durrani; AIOU Campus, Remarks: Earlier this species was reported from Leg. S. Durrani; Chiltan National Park Hazar Ghanji, Balochistan: Quetta: Chiltan National Park [9]. 24.iii.2015, Leg. S. Durrani, BARDC, 27.v.2015, However, during present study specimen of this Leg. S. Durrani (Ex. NIM). species was not found. Remarks: This is the first record of this species from Balochistan: Quetta. Already this species was Genus: Stenodynerus de Saussure, 1863 reported from Federal Capital area: Islamabad; Sindh: Karachi; Punjab: Murree, Rawalpindi, Multan, Stenodynerus a.aequisculptus (Kostylev, 1940) Khewra, Attock, Habib Massan, Taxila, Abbaspur, Remarks: Alreadyreported this species from Bahawalpur (Chak 28 BC); Sindh: Ghotki, Sukkur, Balochistan: Quetta: Chiltan National Park [9]. Rajab Ali Bharo, Drago, Allahyar Pinhwar; Khyber- However, during present study specimen of this Pakhtunkhwa: Dir, Warsak, Peshawar, Kohat, species was not found. Mansehra, Abbottabad, Mardan; Gilgit-Baltistan: Stenodynerus trotzinai (Morawitz, 1895) Hunza, Dassu, Chillas, Ghizer, Diamer, Gilgit, Species was not found. Remarks: Earlier reported Basha, Skardu, Sukkhur; Azad Jummu and Kashmir: from Balochistan: Quetta and Peshin [28] [9]. Rawalakot and Mandhol [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] However, during present study specimen of this [17] [19] [25] [26].

Subfamily: Vespinae Subfamily: Masarinae Genus: Vespa Linnaeus, 1758 Genus: Celonites Latreille, 1802 Vespa orientalis Linnaeus, 1771 Celonites nursei Dover, 1925 Material examined: Pakistan: Balochistan: Quetta: Remarks: This species was already reported from Eastern Bypass, 27.iv.2016, 27.iv.2016, Leg. S. Baluchistan: Quetta [27]. However, during present Durrani; Shabaz Park, 1.iv.2015, Leg. S. Durrani; study specimen of this species was not found.

38 Wasps from Quetta

AIOU Campus, 20.iii.2015, Leg. S. Durrani; Chiltan 5. ACKNOWLEDGMENT National Park Hazar Ghanji, 24.vii.2015, Leg. S. Durrani; BARDC, 28.vi.2015, Leg. S. Durrani (Ex. We are thankful to National Insect Museum, National NIM). Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad to provide Remarks: Earlier reported from Balochistan: Quetta; the identification facilities. Federal Capital area: Islamabad; Punjab: Murree, Chakwal, Rawalpindi, Attock, Multan, Fort Abbas; REFRENCES

Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: Bannuu, Jamrud, Chitral, [1] A.P. Aguiar, A.R. Deans, M.S. Engel, M. Peshawar, Chilas, Dir, Timergara, Barawal,Charsada, Forshage, J.T. Huber, J.T. Jennings, N.F. Havelian, Mansehra, Bamboret valley, Kohat, Johnson, A.S. Lelej, J.T. Longino, V. Warsak, Alai, Brun, Mardan, Abbottabad, Battagram, Lohrmann, I. Mikó, M. Ohl, C. Rasmussen, Balakot; Gilgit-Baltistan: Gilgit, Nomal, Jaglot, A. Taeger, D.S.K. Yu, “Order Hymenoptera. Chillas, Ghizar, Dassu, Astore; Azad Jummu and In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal Biodiversity: Kashmir: Rawalakot and Thorar [11] [12] [13] [14] An Outline of Higher-level Classification [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [25] [26]. and Survey of Taxonomic Richness (Addenda 2013),” Zootaxa, vol. 3703 (1), pp. 051-062, 2013. Genus: Vespula Thomson, 1869 http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.1 2 Vespulag ermanica (Fabricius, 1793) Material examined: Pakistan: Balochistan: Quetta: [2] J.M. Carpenter, and J.I. Kojima, “Checklist Shabaz Park, 18.ix.2015, Leg. S. Durrani; University of the species in the subfamily Vespinae Campus, 16.v.2016, Leg. S. Durrani; BARDC, 28.iii. (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Vespidae),” Nat. 2015, Leg. S. Durrani (Ex. NIM). Hist. Bull. Ibaraki Uni., vol. 1, pp. 51-92, 1997. Remarks: This species was already reported from Balochistan: Ziarat, Kalat; Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa: [3] K.M. Pickett, and J.M. Carpenter, Ayubia, Mansehra, Balakot, Abbottabad, Baffa, “Simultaneous analysis and the origin of Chitral, Dir, Swat and Kalam; Hunza, Gilgit- eusociality in the Vespidae (Insecta: Baltistan: Daimer, Khuramabad, Chillas, Shish kot, Hymenoptera),” Arthropod Syst. Phylog., Passu, Gulmit, Gulkin, Denor, Sost, Nagar, Skardu, vol. 68(1), pp. 3-33, 2010. Aliabad, Misger, Ghizer, Gilgit and Phander Lake [11] [12] [14] [15] [18] [20] [26]. [4] H. Goulet, and J.T. Huber, “Hymenoptera of the World: An identification guide to families,” Res. Branch Agric. Can., pp. 668, 1993.

4. CONCLUSION [5] A.V. Fateryga, “Trophic relations between vespid wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) and During the study, 28 different species of wasps under flowering plants in the 17 genera belong to 2 different wasps family: Crimea,” Entomol.Rev., vol. 90(6), pp. 698- Bradynobaenidae and Vespidae were identified. 705, 2010. Family Bradynobaenidae only represented the area of [6] A.P. Rasnitsyn, and D.L.J. Quicke, “History Baluchistan however, other species belong to the of insects (517 pp). Dordrecht, Boston, family of Vespidae found throughout the Pakistan. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. This result showed that the area of Baluchistan has Richardson, JS, & Miller, DE rich fauna of different waspsfamilies. Further study (1987).Identification of dicyclic and are recommended to explore the new species in the tricyclic hydrocarbons in the saturated area of Baluchistan. fraction of a crude oil by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry,” Anal. Chem., vol. 54, pp. 765-768, 2002.

39 Durrani et al., 2018

[7] P.G. Kumar, and G. Sharma, “Taxonomic Vespoidea),” Orient. Insects, vol. 17(1), pp. studies on vespid wasps (Hymenoptera: 395-464, 1984 [1983]. Vespoidea: Vespidae) of Chhattisgarh, India,” J. Threat. Taxa, vol. 7(14), pp. 8096- [17] B.P. Das, and V.K. Gupta, “The social 8127, 2015. wasps of India and the adjacent countries,” Orient. InscectMonogr., vol. 11, pp. 1-292, [8] Y. Dongol, Y.P. Paudel, R.K. Shrestha, and 1989. G. Aryal, “Acute renal failure following multiple hornet stings,” Clin.Kidney J., vol. [18] L. Dvořák, “The social wasp fauna of 5, pp. 158-161, 2012. Pakistan (Hymenoptera, Vespidae),” Linz. Biol. Beitr., vol. 39(1), pp. 51-55, 2007. [9] J. Gusenleitner, “Über Eumeninae, aufgesammelt in Pakistan (Hymenoptera: [19] J. Gusenleitner, “Über Vespidaeaus Pakistan Vespidae),” Linz. Biol. Beitr., vol. 38/2, pp. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae),” Linz. Biol. 1295-1305, 2006. Beitr., vol. 39(2), pp. 969-972, 2007.

[10] I. Bodlah, M. Naeem, M.R. Khan, M.A. [20] G.U. Chaudhry, M.I. Chaudhry, and S.M. Bodlah, and T. Akhter, “Genus Delta de Khan, “Survey of Insect fauna of forests of Saussure (Hymenoptera: Eumeninae: Pakistan,” Pak. For.Inst. Peshawar,pp. 167, Vespidae) From Punjab Province of 1966. Pakistan,” Pak. J. Zool., vol. 44(3), pp. 759- 764, 2012. [21] N.S. Gadallah, A.M. Soliman, A.M. Al- Shahat, and M.T. Hossni, “The genus [11] K. Mahmood, M. Ullah, A. Aziz, A.S. Macroocula Panfilov in Egypt, with two Hasan, “To the knowledge of Vespidae new species (Hymenoptera: (Hymenoptera) of Pakistan,” Zootaxa, Bradynobaenidae: Apterogyninae),” vol.3318, pp. 26-50, 2012. Zootaxa, vol. 4018(3), pp. 396-410, 2015.

[12] M. Shah, “Biosystematics of wasps species [22] F. Invrea, “Spedizione zoologica del (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) from Hazara Marchese Saverio Patrizi nel Basso Giuba e Region, Khyber- Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,” nell’Oltregiuba, Giugno-Agosto 1934 XII. Ph. D Thesis, Hazara University Mansehra, 12. Mutillidae e Chrysididae pp. 152, 2015. (Hymenoptera),” Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Genova, vol. 58, pp. 115- [13] J.A. Siddiqui, I. Bodlah, J.M. Carpenter, M. 131, 1936. Naeem, M. Ahmad, and M.A. Bodlah, “Vespidae (Hymenoptera) of the Pothwar [23] C. Dover, “The Indian species of region of Punjab, Pakistan,” Zootaxa, vol. Apterogyna (Mutillidae),” Entomological 3914(5), pp. 501-524, 2015. Monthly Magazine, vol. 2, pp. 254-256, 1924. [14] A. Faiz, M.A. Rafi, S.W. Shah, A. Zia, A. Shah, R. Khan, and M. Saeed, “Wasp fauna [24] M. Qasim, J.M. Carpenter, M.A. Rafi, M.R. of (Eumeninae, Vespinae and Polistinae) in Khan, M.R. Khan, “A new species of forests of Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan),” Pure Stenodynerus (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Appl. Biol., pp. 1-7, 2016. Eumeninae) from Pakistan,” Zootaxa, vol. 4370 (3), pp. 271-274, 2018. [15] M.A. Rafi, J.M. Carpenter, M. Qasim, A. Shehzad, A. Zia, M.R. Khan, M.I Mastoi, F. [25] A.K. Khan, M.R. Khan, M.A. Rafi, and M. Naz, M. Ilyas, M. Shah, and A.R. Bhatti, Qasim, “Wasp fauna of (Eumeninae, “The vespid fauna of Pakistan,” Zootaxa, Vespinae and Polistinae) of district Poonch, vol. 4362(1), pp. 001-028, 2017. Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan),” J. Entomol. Zool. Studies, vol. 5(6), pp. 1587- [16] B.P. Das, and V.K. Gupta, “A catalogue of 1590, 2017. the families Stenogastridae and Vespidae from the Indian subregion (Hymenoptera:

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[26] S.A. Rauf, M.A. Rafi, M. Qasim, K. Sheikh, K. Mehmood, S. Durrani, A. Khan, and A. Rahman, “Wasp Fauna of subfamilies (Eumeninae, Polistinae and Vespinae) from Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,” Univ. Sindh J. Ani. Sci., vol. 2(1), pp. 1-7, 2018.

[27] C. Dover, “Further notes on the Indian Diplopterous wasps,” Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (new series), vol. 22, pp. 289-305, 1925["1924"].

[28] A. Giordani Soika, “Contributoallaconoscenzadegli Eumenidi del Medio Oriente,” Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia, vol. 41, pp. 27-183,1970.

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41 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (42-47), October, 2018

COMPARING GIT CESTODES AND NEMATODESIN DESI AND BROILER CHICKEN

Rajput Zahid Iqbal, Ali Adnan, Arijo Abdullah, Soomro Noor Ahmed, Leghari Ambreen

Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Sakrand, Pakistan Department of Entomology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan Department of Parasitology, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam, Pakistan ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: th A study on the prevalence of cestode and nematode parasites in Desi and Broiler Received: 15 September 2018 chicken was conducted. Total 400 (200 each) birds were examined. The gut Accepted: : 10th October 2018 Published online: 22nd February 2019 samples were collected during May, June, and July. Microscopic examination

Author’s contribution revealed that 84% and 66% desi chicken acquired the infection with cestode and R.Z.I designed the project A.A nematodes respectively. While the prevalence of cestode and nematode in broiler performed the experiments A.A analysis was found 30.5% and 23% respectively. The prevailing percentage of cestode the data S.N.A completed these results species in desi and broiler chicken were 58 and 17; 5 and 6; 15 and 6.5; 4 and 1, and L.A submitted the findings. and 4 and 0, with Raillietina tetragona, Raillietina cesticillus, Raillietina Key words: Cestode, nematode, scavenger chicken, Echinobothrida, Amoebotaenia cuneata, and Choanotaenia infundibulum broiler chicken, gastrointestinal parasites respectively. The prevailing percentage of nematode species in desi and broiler chicken were 40 and 9, and 26 and 14, with Ascaridia galli and Subulura brumpti respectively. Comparative study revealed that the prevailing percentage of cestode and nematode was significantly higher (P< 0.05) in desi breed as compared to the broiler. The highest prevailing percentage of cestodewas recorded during July and May in desi and broiler respectively. The prevalence of nematode during the month of July was found to be higher than corresponding months of study in both breeds of chicken.

1. INTRODUCTION the major causes to hamper the poultry production, especially in the free-range management of scavenger Poultry parasites always put forth the negative chicken [10,11,12,13]. Although the prevalence of impact on the health and production of the bird. They parasitic infections has been greatly reduced in the may not only the partner in host’s food but also commercial production system, mostly due to improved decrease food utilization, resulted in the loss of housing, hygiene, and management operation [14] but in appetite leads to a reduction in food intake and free-range poultry, it is still a great problem throughout protein synthesis [1, 2,3,4]. There are several factors the world [14,15,16,17,18]. The poultry parasites, involved in the decreased production and increased including helminths causing heavy economic losses to the mortality in chicken. Predators, diseases, parasites, poultry industry and could be controlled by improving the mismanagement and lack of nutritional feeding, management practices including housing and hygiene to resulting in the low production with high mortality in reduce the losses [14,15,19]. scavenger chicken [5,6,7,8,9]. Both the ecto- and Helminths affect not only the health but also lower the endo-parasites are productivity of the poultry. They cause many hazards to the poultry like retarded growth, poor weight gains, Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences decreased egg production, obstruction in the intestine, diarrhea, deprived body resistance and may even cause death in severe infection [4,20,21]. The helminth

42 Rajput et al., 2018

parasites of poultry are commonly divided into three main groups, i.e., nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes. 2.2 Preservation and Identification Cestodes (tapeworms) belong to the phylum All the helminths were counted and preserved in a Platyhelminthes, class Cestoda. The cestodes and glycerol-alcohol mixture (95 parts 70% ethyl alcohol nematodes are the most common poultry parasites affect and 5 parts pure glycerin). For permanent storage, the poultry health resulting significant decrease in egg the parasites were washed in fresh water for 5-6 and meat production [22,23] mentioned more than 1400 times and passed gradually through 30%, 50% and tapeworm species in scavenger poultry and wild birds. 70% alcohol for 10 minutes. For identification, the Young birds are more severely affected than older ones parasites were mounted in drops of lactic acid resulted in reduced efficiency and slower growth [17]. (clearing agent). Examination and identification were Nematodes are also the most common and important carried out under a binocular electric microscope helminths with 50 species in poultry. Of these, the using the helminthological keys described [17,24]. majority causes pathological damage to the host. Nematodes belong to the phylum Nemathelminthes, class 2.3 Statistical Analysis Nematoda. The nematodes of poultry are parasitic, The collected data were analyzed with the help of unsegmented worms [17]. The aim of this study was to SPSS 10 software. collect the information on the prevalence of the various species of cestode and nematode found in desi 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION (scavenger) and broiler (commercial chickens) in and The prevalence of cestodes and nematodes together around of Tando Mohammad Khan. with their respective species are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively. Out of 400 examined birds, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS 229 (57.25%) and 178 (44.5%) guts were found positive for cestode and nematode infection 2.1 Collection and investigation of gut samples respectively. Out of 200 examined guts of desi Four hundred gut samples of desi (scavenger) and chicken, 168 (84%) were found positive with commercial broilers (200 each) were examined. The cestode species out of which 116 (58%), 10 (5%), 30 guts of broiler chicken were collected from various (15%), 8 (4%) and 4 (2%) birds had infection with poultry meat shops while desi chickens were Raillietina tetragona, Raillietina cesticillus, purchased from Tando Mohammad Khan and Raillietina Echinobothrida, Amoebotaenia cuneata, surrounding villages, during the months of May to and Choanotaenia infundibulum respectively. While July. All the desi birds were slaughtered and whole out of 200 examined guts of broiler chicken 61 the digestive tracts (gut) were removed carefully. (30.5%) were found positive with cestode species Each gut was placed in a tray, incised with a pair of that 34 (17%), 12 (6%), 13 (6.5%) and 2 (1%) birds scissors in a longitudinal section from the crop to the had infection with Raillietina tetragona, Raillietina cloacae, and washed out thoroughly in a 90µm cesticillus, Raillietina Echinobothrida, and aperture test sieve for recovering the smaller Amoebotaenia cuneata respectively. helminths. The investigation was done very carefully It is reported 84.6% and 84.2% cestode prevalence in with a magnifying glass and large helminths were desi chicken respectively [25,26]. Rasool [25] also picked up from the sieve with forceps, the residual found a 30.6% cestodeprevalence in farm chicken. contents were examined under a stereomicroscope at These findings agree with the present findings. 40 times magnification, and all the smaller parasites Hussain [27] findings are higher (98%) while Bano were collected and transferred to a normal saline et al. [28] and Khan et al. [29] (44%) are lower when solution. Several washings were given to intestinal compared with the present findings of cestode in desi material before the final examination. The incised breed. Rashid and Moeed [30] found a 3.2% intestines were also immersed in the warm saline prevalence of cestode in broiler at Lahore while and solution for the release of tapeworms and their Sayyed et al., [31] reported 20.25% in layers. scolex. Hussain [25] and Rasool [27] found the prevalence percentage of Raillietina tetragona (5 & 62),

43 Comparing git cestodes and nematodes in desi and broiler chicken

Raillietina cesticillus (0 & 20.66), Raillietina attributed because of more propagation of Echinobothrida (28 & 7.33), Amoebotaenia cuneata available intermediate host with suitable (0 & 2.66) and Choanotaenia infundibulum (7 & environment and temperature. 12.66) respectively. The differences may be CONCLUSION attributed due to the availability of the intermediate It could be concluded that in the studied area, both host, hygienic conditions and climate of the area. desi and broiler chickens were infected to various The prevalence of nematode in desi and broiler species of cestode and nematode parasites infection. chicken was found 132 (66%) and 46 (32%) The infection rate in desi was found to be higher respectively. The species-wise study revealed that 80 than broilers. The prevalence of Raillietina (40%) and 52 (26%) guts of desi while 18 (9%) and tetragona was higher than other species of cestodes. 28 (14%) guts of broiler chicken were infected with Ascaridia galli and Subulura brumpti respectively. 5. CONFLICT OF INTEREST Zada et al. [32] reported 25% and 17.64% prevalence with A.galli in desi and broiler chickens All authors have declared that there is no conflict of of district Mardan respectively which are not in interest regarding publication of this article.

agreement with present findings. The finding of in

desi chicken (66.6%) is near to present finding while REFRENCES the prevalence in farm chicken (22.6%) is not in

agreement with present investigation [25]. 23.64% [1] D.W.T. Crompton, “Influence of parasitic infection and 17.64% nematodes in desi chicken of Iran and on food intake,” Federation of American Societies for India respectively [33,34]. While [26,28,29] found experimental biology, Federation Proceedings, vol. 77.6, 6.7 and 40 percent nematodes in chicken 43, pp. 239-245, 1984. respectively. The variation in the prevalence rates [2] A. Keymer, D.W.T. Crompton, and D.E. Walters, reported can be ascribed to variation in prevalence of “Nippostrongylus (Nematoda) in protein- malnourished rats; host mortality, morbidity, and the intermediate host, location, management, and rehabilitation,” Parasitology, vol. 86, pp. 461-475, climate of the different areas. 1983. Comparative study revealed that the prevailing [3] P.H. Holmes and R.L. Coop, “Workshop summary: percentages of cestode and nematode were Pathophysiology of gastrointestinal parasites,” Vet. significantly higher (P< 0.05) in desi chicken as Paras.comitol., vol. 54, pp. 299-303, 1994. compared to broiler (Fig.1). In the rural poultry [4] S.G. Fekete and R.O. Kellems, “The interrelationship production, the birds are moved freely in and around of feeding with immunity and parasitic infection,” a review Veterinarni Medicina, vol. 52(4), pp. 131– the houses to take the feed from the soil, where may 143, 2007. get the infected stages of parasites [14,15,24,35]. [5] U.M. Minga, A. Katule, T. Maeda and J. Musasa, The current practice in many countries of marketing “Potential and problems of the traditional chicken's broiler chickens between the fifth and seventh week industry in Tanzania,” In: Proceedings of the 7th of age should theoretically result in a decrease in the Tanzania Veterinary Association Scientific frequency of helminth infections [36]. Conference, Arusha, pp.207-215, 1989. [6] L. Ojok, “Diseases as an important factor affecting 4. Month-wise investigation revealed that the increased poultry production in Uganda,” Der prevalence of cestode in May, June, and July Tropenland Wirt, Zeitschrift fur die Landwirtschaft in was found to be 50 (25%) and 25 (12.5%), den Tropen und subtropen, vol. 94, pp. 37-44, 1993. 56 (28%) and 17 (8.5%), and 62 (31%) and [7] T. Negesse, “Prevalence of diseases parasites and 19 (9.5%) in desi and broiler chicken predators of local chicken in Leku, Southern respectively (Table-3). The highest Ethiopia,” Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr., vol. 41, pp. prevalence rate of cestode was recorded 317.321, 1993. during the month of July and May in desi [8] M.G. Yongolo, H. Christensen, K. Handberg, U. and broiler chicken respectively (Fig. 2). Minga and J.E. Olsen, “On the origin and diversity While a higher prevalence rate of nematode of Newcastle disease virus in Tanzania,” was recorded during the month of July in Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., vol. 78(1), pp. 1-8, 2011. both desi and broiler chicken (Fig. 3). It was

44 Rajput et al., 2018

[9] Y.E. Tirunesh and A.K. Gerima. “An investigation of [21] R. Katoch, Y. Anish, R. Godara, J.K. Khajuria, S. the major causes of chicken mortality and Borkataki, S.S. Sodhi, “Prevalence and impact of intervention measures under village chicken gastrointestinal helminths on body weight gain in production system,” Afr. J. Poul. Farming, vol. 4(3), backyard chickens in the subtropical and humid zone pp. 130-136, 2016. of Jammu,” India. J. Parasit. Dis., vol. 36(1), pp. 49– [10] J.L. Vegad, G.N. Kolte, and N. Kumar, “Intestinal 52, 2012. perforation and peritonitis in ascaridiasis in a white [22] B. Matur, N. Dawam and Y. Malann, leghorn cockerel,” The Vet. Rec., vol. 7(16), 1979. “Gastrointestinal Helminth Parasites of Local and [11] H.C. Malviya, P. Dwivedi and T.K. Verma, “Effect Exotic Chickens Slaughtered in Gwagwalada, Abuja of irradiated Ascaridia galli eggs on growth and cell- (FCT), Nigeria,” New York Sci. J., vol. 3(5), pp. 96- mediated immune responses in chickens,” Vet. 99, 2010. Parasitol., vol. 28, pp. 137-141, 1988. [23] C. Demis, M. Anteneh and A. Basith, “Tapeworms of [12] S. He, V.E.H.S. Susilowati, E. Purwati, and R. Tiuria, Poultry in Ethiopia,” A Review, Br. J. Poul. Sci., “An estimate of meat production loss in native vol. 4(3), pp. 44-52, 2015. chickens in Bogor and its surrounding districts due to [24] E.J.L. Soulsby, “Helminths, Arthropods, and gastrointestinal helminthiasis,” In: proceedings from Protozoa of Domestic Animals,” 7th ed. Lea & the Fifth National Congress of Parasitology. East Febiger Philadelphia, Great Britain, pp. 446-645, Java, pp. 57, 1990. 1982. [13] H.A. Shadan, and A.M. Aram, “Ecto and Endo [25] G. Rasool, “The incidence of helminthiasis parasites Parasites Prevalence in Domestic Chickens in in chicken in and around Lahore,” M.Sc. Thesis Sulaimani Region,” Iraqi J. Vet. Med., vol. 37(2), pp. Department of Parasitology, University of Punjab, 149-155, 2013. Lahore, Pakistan, pp. 4-45, 1971. [14] V.S. Pandey, “Demey F and Verhulst A. Parasitic [26] S.N. Buriro, M.P. Wagan, M.N. Bhutto, and M.I. diseases: A neglected problem in village poultry in Kumbhar, “The incidence of helminth parasites in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Village poultry production in poultry,” Pak. Vet. J., vol. 12, pp. 25-27, 1992. Africa (Pandey VS and Demey F eds),” Rabat, [27] M.Z. Hussain, “Influence of different forms of Morocco, pp.136-141, 1992. management on the incidence of helminth parasitism [15] T.J. Bagust, “Improving health for poultry production in poultry,” Pak. Vet. J., vol. 19, pp. 114-117, 1967. in Asia: a development perspective,” Avian Pathol., [28] S. Bano, A. Rabbani, M.S. Mian, and T.M. Khan, vol. 23, pp. 395-404, 1994. “Studies on blood protozoa and helminth parasites of [16] A. Permin, M. Bojesen, P. Nansen, M. Bisgaard, F. indigenous chicken in Lahore,” Pak. Vet. J., vol. 9, Frandsen and M. Pearman, “Ascaridia galli pp. 40-41, 1989. productions in chickens following single infections [29] R.W. Khan, M.M. Khan and S.A. Khan, “Prevalence with different dose levels,” Parasitol. Res., vol. 83, and gross pathology of helminth infection in pp. 614-617, 1997. domestic fowls of Hyderabad District,” Proceed. [17] A. Permin and J.W. Hansen, “Poultry and parasites. Parasitol., vol. 17, pp. 4-7, 1994. Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Parasites,” [30] A.B. Rashid and M. Moeed, “Helminthiasis in FAO Rome Italy, pp. 15-43, 1998. poultry,” Livestock news, vol. 2, pp. 3-7, 1976. [18] A.C. Uhuo, F.C. Okafor, O.O. Odikamnoro, C.S. [31] R. Sayyed, M. Phelan, W. Bhatti, M. Pardehi, S. Ali, Onwe, M.C. Abarike, and J.N. Elom, “Common “The incidence of nematode parasites in commercial gastrointestinal parasites of local chicken (gallus layers in swat,” Pak. Vet. J., vol. 20(2), pp. 107-108, domesticus) slaughtered in some selected eatery 2000. center in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State: Implication for [32] L. Zada, T. Rehman, S. Niaz, M.A. Zeb, B.R. Salma, meat quality,” Int. J. Dev. Sust., vol. 2(2), pp. 1416- M.A. Khan, A. Khan, “Prevalence ofAscaridiagalliin 1422, 2013. some Poultry ,” J. Adv. Parasitol. Vol. 2 (4), pp. 75 – [19] B.B. Fakae and C.U. Paul-Abiade, “Rainy season 79, 2015. period Prevalence of helminths in the Domestic Fowl [33] S.A. Naem and S. Skandari, “Prevalence of intestinal (Gallus gallus) in Nsukka, Eastern Nigeria, Nig. Vet. helminths of native chickens in Urmia, Iran. J. J., vol. 24, pp. 21-27, 2003. Iranian, Vet. Res., vol. 3(2), pp. 200-203, 2002. [20] V. Baboolal, V. Suratsingh, L. Gyan, G. Brown, [34] D. Channa, R.K. Agnihotri, and R. Katoch, “The N.V. Offiah, A.A. Adesiyun, and A.K. Basu, “The incidence of Ascaridia galli in palm valley of prevalence of intestinal helminths in broiler chickens Himachal Pradesh,” J. Anim. Sci., vol. 74(10), pp. in Trinidad The prevalence of intestinal helminths in 1032-1034, 2004. broiler chickens in Trinidad,” Veterinarski Archive, [35] M.A. Kabatange and A.M. Katule, “Rural poultry vol. 82(6), pp. 591-597, 2012. production systems in Tanzania. In: Sonaiya EB,” (Ed) Proceedings of an international workshop on

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rural poultry in Africa,” African Network on Rural Johnson, “A survey into the prevalence of poultry Poultry Development, Nigeria, pp.171-176, 1990. helminths in Northwest Arkansas commercial broiler [36] K.I. Wilson, T.A. Yazwinski, C.A. Tucker and Z.B. chickens,” Avian Dis., vol. 38, pp. 158-160, 1994.

Table 1: Prevelance of cestode parasite in desi and broiler chicken No. of No. (%) of birds infected Total Chicken birds a b c d e % (a+b+c+d+e) examined Desi 200 116 (58) 10 (5) 30 (15) 8 (4) 4 (2) 168 84.0 Broiler 200 34(17) 12(6) 13(6.5) 2(1) 0(0) 61 30.5 Total 400 150(37.5) 22 (5.5) 43(10.75) 10(2.5) 4(2) 229 57.25 a: Raillietina tetragona, b: Raillietina cesticillus, c: Raillietina Echinobothrida, d: Amoebotaenia cuneata, e: Choanotaenia infundibulum

Table 2 Prevalence of nematode parasite in desi and broiler chicken No. of No. (%) of birds infected Total Chicken birds % (a+b+c+d+e) examined a b Desi 200 80 (40) 52 (26) 132 66 Broiler 200 18(9) 28 (14) 46 23 Total 400 98(24.5) 80 (20) 178 44.5 a: Ascaridia galli, b: Subulura brumpti

Table 3 Month wise prevalence of cestode and nematode parasites in desi and broiler chicken No. (%) of gutsinfected No. of guts examined Month Desi Broiler desi broiler cestodes nematodes cestodes nematodes May 67 67 50 (25) 45 (22.5) 25 (12.5) 12 (6) June 67 67 56 (28) 37 (18.5) 17 (8.5) 15 (7.5) July 66 66 62 (31) 50 (25) 19 (9.5) 19 (9.5) Total 200 200 168 (84) 132 (66) 61 (30.5) 46 (23)

46 Rajput et al., 2018

200 80 Desi broiler 180 84 % May June July 70 31 % 160 28 % 66 % 60 140 25 % 120 50 100 40 80 30.5 % 30 12.5 % 60 23 % 9.5 % No. infections of 8.5 %

No. of guts infected gutsof No. 40 20 20 10 0 0 cestode nematode desi broiler Name of parasites Chicken breeds

Fig. 1 Comparison of cestode and nematode Fig. 2 Month-wise distribution of cestodes in desi and broiler prevalence in desi and broiler chicken chicken

25 % May June July 50 22.5 %

40 18.5 %

o. of infections ofo. 9.5 N 20 7.5 % 6 % 10

0 desi broiler Chicken breeds

Fig. 3 Month-wise distribution of nematodes in desi and broiler chicken

47 Vol. 2, Issue 3, Pp: (48-54), October, 2018

METHICILLIN-CIPROFLOXACIN CO-RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS FROM ASYMPTOMATIC NASAL CARRIER

Atif A. Patoli, Bushra B. Patoli, Dileep Kumar Institute of Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Department of Pathology, Bhittai Medical and Dental College, Mirpurkhas

ARTICLE INFORMATION ABSTRACT Article History: th The current study was aimed to evaluate the co-existence of methicillin and Received: 10 August 2018 ciprofloxacin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from the Accepted: : 18Th October 2018 Published online: 22nd February, 2019 nares of asymptomatic healthy volunteers. Two hundred and seven (207) nasal

Author’s contribution swab samples were collected from participants belonging to, Community AAP design the experiment BBP analysis Associated and Hospital Associated environment and processed for the the experiment DK compiled the data. isolation of S. aureus using conventional identification technique. S. aureus Key words: was isolated from a total of 56 samples. 32 of these were from Male volunteers S. aureus, Community, Hospital, Nasal while 24 were from Female volunteers. The isolates were assessed for their Carriers, Ciprofloxacin, Methicillin antibiotic resistance potential against ciprofloxacin and methicillin using conventional Kirbey-baur disk diffusion test. 59% (n=33) of these showed resistance against methicillin while 26.7 % (n=15) were identified as ciprofloxacin resistant strains. About 21.2% of the Methicillin Resistant Strains displayed the co-resistance against ciprofloxacin. Categorically almost similar co-resistance was seen in case of isolates from both genders (i.e. Male: 21%, Female: 21.4%). None of the S. aureus strains isolated from community associated population showed co-resistance while co-resistance frequency among S. aureus isolated from hospital associated population was found to be 22.5%. The S. aureus isolated from the volunteers who consume tobacco products showed 63% reduced co-resistance than the S. aureus isolated from the volunteers who do not consume the tobacco products. Co-existence of ciprofloxacin and methicillin resistance was found comparatively higher (23.5%) in the isolates recovered from volunteers having ages below or equal to 25 years of age.

1. INTRODUCTION S. aureus is known as universal pathogen and causes a wide variety of diseases in humans as well as S. aureus being common inhabitants of various animals, affecting public health and the livestock body sites [1], is most prevalent in anterior nares. In- industry[8,9]. S. aureus is one of the major causes of effect the nares are known to be the principal mastitis in lactating cows, sheep and goats [10].

reservoir for these organisms [2]. It has been The development of bacterial resistance against established that nasal carriage of S. aureus poses a antibiotics is a global problem. At present the known high risk of acquiring an infection with this pathogen pathogenic bacterial species display antibiotic [3-5]. Studies report that S. aureus are disseminated resistance to at least one available antibiotic. The co- from the nares via hands [6] to other body sites where existence of resistance against more than one group infections can occur [7]. of antibiotics is now a common phenomenon and a matter of extensive concern [11]. In Pakistan the S. Corresponding Author: [email protected] Copyright 2017 University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences aureus resistance against methicillin was first

48 Patoli et al., 2018

reported in 1989 [12]. Since then Methicillin was calculated to be 203. The duration of sample Resistance S. aureus (MRSA) has been continuously collection was from January 2015 to January 2016. reported [13]. Resistance against various groups of Blood Agar and Manitol Salt Agar were inoculated antibiotics is a general trend of MRSA, these strains with the nasal swab sample were. After of incubation therefore are a serious cause of morbidity and period of 24 hours at 37°C the suspected S. aureus mortality [14]. Besides vancomycin as an alternate colonies were further identified through microscopic antibiotic option, the ciprofloxacin, is also prescribed examination and biochemical tests. The S. arueus to treat the infections caused by Methicillin Sensitive isolates were tested for their antibiotic S. aureus (MSSA) as well as MRSA [15]. sensitivity/resistivity against methicillin and Ciprofloxacin is a member of quinolone group of ciprofloxacin using Kirby-Bauer Disc Diffusion antibiotics. It is among the 2nd gerenartion of method as described in reference No. 23 [23]. The quinolones [16]. Being fluorinated it is generally analysis of the data was performed based on host and called as flouroquinolone antibiotic. Ciprofloxacin is environment related risk factors for the prevalence of a broad spectrum antibiotic targeting Topoisomerase methicillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance. IV to thereby affecting the DNA replication in bacterial cells. In S. aureus the Topo IV is composed 3. RESULTS of GrlA and GrlB [17] and acts in removing the superhelicity by separating the interlinked daughter Two hundred and seven (207) nasal swab samples chromosomes at the time of segregation into daughter collected from healthy volunteers belonging to cells [18]. Initially the use ciprofloxacin was community and hospital associated environments restricted for complicated infections; however were processed for the isolation of S. aureus during widespread usage has led to the emergence of this study. Samples from volunteers of both gender ciprofloxacin resistance. and various ages were collected. A total of 133 male Previously we evaluated the co-existance of and 74 female volunteers were engaged for this methicillin and ciprofloxacin resistance in S. aureus study. The mean ages along with standard deviations from various clinincal samples [19], the current study of volunteers in both genders, populations, tobacco is however aimed to evaluate the co-existence of consumers/ non-consumers and S. aureus carriers / ciprofloxacin resistance in methicillin resistant S. non-Carriers are presented in the Table 1. S. aureus aureus isolated from the nares of asymptomatic was isolated from a total of 56 (27%) samples. The healthy volunteers. A comparative analysis based on identification of the S. aureus isolates was confirmed the current data is presented herein to explore the though traditional microscopic and biochemical tests. current trends in the co-existence of these two groups The potential to resist methicillin was assessed by of antibiotics. traditional Kirby baur disc diffusion test using

oxacillin (1µg) discs. Thirty three [33 (58.9%)] of 2. METHODOLOGY which were identified as MRSA, while 23 (41.1%)

All the media and antibiotics used in this study were were MSSA (Table 2). The existence of ciprofloxacin from oxide, while Ames Transport Medium Swabs resistance in both MRSA and MSSA strains was were purchased from Cito. Asymptomatic healthy assessed using ciprofloxacin (5µg) discs through volunteers belonging to hospital associated and non- similar disc diffusion test. Overall 26.7 % (n=15) S. hospital associated environment were selected for aureus strains showed resistance against sample donation. The doctors, staff nurses, OT ciprofloxacin. Among the MRSA strains the technicians, laboratory technicians etc. all belonging ciprofloxacin resistance was seen in 21.2% (n=7) of to the hospital associated environment were the isolates, while 34.7 % (n=8) of the MSSA isolates approached for sample donation, through a non- showed resistance against ciprofloxacin. invasive collection procedure [20-22]. In case of non- Categorically, the percentages of co-resistance for hospital associated environment the sample donors male and female were calculated to be 21% and were not affiliated to any kind of health care 21.4% respectively (Table 2). The co-resistance of profession. The project was approved by the board of methicillin and ciprofloxacin was not seen in the S. Research and Graduate Studies, University of Sindh, aureus isolated from community associated Jamshoro. A verbal consent was sought from each population, while 22.5% of the methicillin resistant volunteer. Using following parameters such as; Z strains from the hospital associated environment value of standard normal distribution calculated at showed co-resistance with ciprofloxacin (Table 2). 90% Confidence level with up to 5% margin of error The methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates from the and 25% of the methicillin and ciprofloxacin co- volunteers who consume tobacco products showed resistance in S. aureus. [19] the minimum sample size 12.5% co-resistance while 24% of co-resistance was

49 Methicillin-Ciprofloxacin Co-Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus from Asymptomatic Nasal Carrier

observed in MRSA isolates form the volunteers who calculated the percentage differences for both do not consume the tobacco products (Table 2). The categories using an online calculator. The data was also categorized in to two broad age groups percentages of differences in each category is i.e. volunteers having ages below or equal to 25 years displayed in Figure 2. About 182% of difference in of age and volunteers having ages above 25 years of the prevalence of co-resistance was seen between age. The co-resistance of methicillin-ciprofloxacin Hospital Associated S. aureus isolates and was found to be 23.5% (n=4) in the isolates Community associated S. aureus isolates. The S. recovered from volunteers having ages below or aureus isolated from volunteers that regularly equal to 25 years and 18.7% (n=3) from the consume the tobacco showed about 63% of volunteers having ages above 25 years (Table 2). A difference for co-resistance (Figure 2). comparative diagram displaying the percentages of methicillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance in various categories is expressed through Figure 1. We also

Table 1 The mean ages along with standard deviations of volunteers in genders, populations, tobacco consumers/non- consummers and Staph aureus nasal carriers / non-carriers. SAC = S. aureus carrier, SAnC = S. aureus non-Carrier, M = Male, F = Female, HAP = Hospital Associated Population, CAP = Community Associated Population, TC = Tobacco Consumer, TnC = Tobacco non-Consumer.

Age SAC SAnC M F HA CA TC TnC Mean 25 26.6 29.03 20.7 26.5 25.4 31.12 23.10 Standard Deviation 8.6 10.5 10.03 7.7 7.3 12.9 8.6 9.7 Total 56 151 133 74 117 90 76 131

Table 2 Table showing the absolute and relative values of methicillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance in S. aureus isolated from the nares of healthy volunteers. MRSA = Methicillin Resistant S. aureus, MSSA = Methicillin Sensitive S. aureus, CIP = Ciprofloxacin.

Male Female Total (%) CIP CIP Resistant Sensitive Resistant Sensitive n (%) n (%) n (%) n (%) MRSA 4 (21) 15 (79) 3 (21.4) 11 (78.6) 33 (58.9) MSSA 4 (30.7) 9 (79.3) 4 (40) 6 (60) 23 (41.1) Hospital Associated Population Community Associated Population MRSA 7 (22.5) 24 (77.5) 0 (0) 2 (100) 33 (58.9) MSSA 2 (15.3) 11 (84.7) 6 (60) 4 (40) 23 (41.1) Tobacco Consumers Tobacco Non-Consumers MRSA 1 (12.5) 7 (87.5) 6 (24) 19 (76) 33 (58.9) MSSA 1 (25) 3 (75) 7 (36.8) 12 (63.2) 23 (41.1) Below 25 Years Above 25 Years MRSA 4 (23.5) 13 (87) 3 (18.7) 13 (81.3) 33 (58.9) MSSA 7 (58.8) 10 (40.2) 1 (16.6) 5 (83.4) 23 (41.1)

50 Patoli et al., 2018

120 MR-CipR

100

MR-CipS

100

87.5

78.6

77.5

80 76 58.8

23.5

22.5

21.4

18.7 16.6

20 12.5

0 0 M F HA CA TC TnC > 25 years ˂ 25 years Gender Environment Tobacco Consumption Age

Figure 1 A bar diagram displaying the categorical percentages of methicillin-ciprofloxacin co- resistance in S. aureus isolated from the nares of healthy volunteers. (MR-CipR = Methecillin- ciprofloxacin co-resistance, MR-CipR = Methecillin Resistant and ciprofloxacin Sensitive, M = Male, F = Female, HAP = Hospital Associated Population, CAP = Community Associated Population, TC = Tobacco Consumers, TnC = Tobacco Non-Consumers.).

200% 182.00% 180% 160% 140% 120% 100% 80% 63% 60% 40% 20% 1.90% 0% M F Difference HAP CAP Difference TC TnC Difference Gender Population Tobacco Consumption

Figure 2 A bar diagram displaying the percentages differences for methicillin-ciprofloxacin co- resistance between various categories. (MR-CipR = Methecillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance, M = Male, F = Female, HAP = Hospital Associated Population, CAP = Community Associated Population, TC = Tobacco Consumers, TnC = Tobacco Non-Consumers)

51 Methicillin-Ciprofloxacin Co-Resistance in Staphylococcus Aureus from Asymptomatic Nasal Carrier

4. DISCUSSION which were isolated from the volunteers having ages This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate above 25 years of age was 18.7% (n=3). the prevalence of methicillin-ciprofloxacin co- resistance in S. aureus isolated from the nares of 5. CONCLUSION healthy volunteers at Mirpurkhas, Sindh. This is Infections due to Gram negative and Gram positives probably the very first report of this kind from organisms have successfully been treated with Mirpurkhas. Previously we reported the said ciprofloxacin. The emergence of ciprofloxacin phenomenon for S. aureus from clinical origin [19] resistance especially in MRSA strains is a matter of nd at Hyderabad, Sindh. Ciprofloxacin a member of 2 serious concern. In 2010 about 71.4% of co- generation quinolones is widely prescribed in clinical resistance is S. aureus isolates from the nares of and hospital [24] settings. Its valuable use as an healthy volunteers was reported for Rawalpindi [26], alternate therapy for MRSA strains seems to be comparatively lesser prevalence (21.2%) of limited due to the indiscriminate and widespread use Methicillin-Ciprofloxacin co-resistance in is reported of this antibiotic leading to the emergence of herein. The higher percentage of co-resistance ciprofloxacin-resistant [25] strains. In the current difference between isolates from Hospital associated study we evaluated the frequency of methicillin- environment and community associated environment ciprofloxacin co-resistance of S. aureus isolated from in Mirpurkhas region seems alarming and requires the nares of healthy volunteers. Overall among the reasonable remedial strategies. MRSA strains the ciprofloxacin co-resistance was seen in 21.2% (n=7) of the isolates. Previously we reported about 25% of methicillin-ciprofloxacin co- 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENT resistance in clinical S. aureus isolates. In 2010 We would like to acknowledge Institute of Naeem Akhtar working on the S. aureus nasal Microbiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, carriage in Health Care Workers reported 71.4% of Pakistan for providing bench space, glassware and the Methicillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance [26]. In equipment. the current study we report about 22.5% of Methicillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance in the S. 7. FUNDING aureus isolates from the nares of people working at This research did not receive any specific grant from hospital environment, while none of the S. aureus funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not- expressing Methicillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance for-profit sectors. was isolated from the nares of people associated to community. About 182 percentage of difference was 8. CONFLICT OF INTEREST calculated for Methicillin-ciprofloxacin co-resistance between these two environments, indicating the All authors have declared that there is no conflict of association of this co-resistance with hospital interest regarding publication of this article. associated environment. In the current study we report the categorical percentages of Methicillin- Ciprofloxacin co-resistance in male and female genders as; Male: 21%, Female: 21.4% respectively REFRENCES which comparatively seems almost similar. The percentage of differences calculated for this was only [1] Wertheim HF, Melles DC, Vos MC, van 1.9%, indicating no influence of gender on the Leeuwen W, van Belkum A et al. The role prevalence of this phenomenon. of nasal carriage in Staphylococcus aureus infections. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:: 751- The methicillin resistant S. aureus isolates from the 62. volunteers who consume tobacco products showed 12.5% co-resistance while 24% of co-resistance was [2] Rongpharpi SR, Hazarika NK KH. The observed in MRSA isolates form the volunteers who prevalence of nasal carriage of do not consume the tobacco products. The percentage Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare of difference calculated for this category turned out workers at a tertiary care hospital in assam to be 63%. The prevalence of the Methicillin- with special reference to MRSA. J Clin Ciprofloxacin co-resistance for S. aureus isolated diagnostic Res. 2013;7:257–60. from the volunteers having ages below or equal to 25 years was calculated to be 23.5% while for the ones [3] Gupta K, Martinello RA, Young M, Strymish J, Cho K LE. MRSA nasal carriage

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patterns and the subsequent risk of PAGE=reference&D=emed12&NEWS=N& conversion between patterns, infection, and AN=50213058 death. PLoS One. 2013;8:53674. [11] Fluit AC, Visser MR, Schmitz FJ. Molecular [4] Wertheim HF, Vos MC, Ott A, van Belkum detection of antimicrobial resistance. Clin A, Voss A et al. Risk and outcome of Microbiol Rev. 2001;14(4):836–71. nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in nasal carriers versus non- [12] Ashiq B, Tareen AK. Methicillin resistant carriers. Lancet. 2004;(364):703–5. Staphylococcus aureus in a teaching hospital of Karachi - A laboratory study. J Pak Med [5] Herwaldt LA, Cullen JJ, French P, Hu J, Assoc. 1989;39(1):6–9. Pfaller MA et al. Preoperative risk factors for nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. [13] Bukhari SZ, Ahmed S, Zia N. Antimicrobial Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. susceptibility pattern of Staphylococcus 2004;25:481–4. aureus on clinical isolates and efficacy of laboratory tests to diagnose MRSA: a multi- [6] Gebreyesus A, Gebre-Selassie S, Mihert A. centre study. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad Nasal and hand carriage rate of methicillin JAMC. 2011;23:139–42. resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among health care workers in Mekelle [14] Ullah A, Qasim M, Rahman H, Khan J, Hospital, North Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J Haroon M, Muhammad N, et al. High [Internet]. 2013;51(1):41–7. Available from: frequency of methicillin-resistant http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23930 Staphylococcus aureus in Peshawar Region 490 of Pakistan. Springerplus. 2016;5(1).

[7] R.P. W, T.M. P. The significance of nasal [15] Forstall GJ, Knapp CC, Washington JA. carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the Activity of new quinolones against incidence of postoperative wound infection. ciprofloxacin-resistant staphylococci. J Hosp Infect [Internet]. 1995;31(1):13–24. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Available from: 1991;35(8):1679–81. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS& PAGE=reference&D=emed3&NEWS=N& [16] Chang V. S., Dhaliwal D. K., Raju L., AN=1995281782 Kowalski R. P. Antibiotic resistance in the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus keratitis: [8] Luzzago C, Locatelli C, Franco A, a 20-year review. Cornea. 2015;34(6):698– Scaccabarozzi L, Gualdi V, Viganò R, et al. 703. Clonal diversity, virulence-associated genes and antimicrobial resistance profile of [17] Hooper DC. Mechanisms of Action and Staphylococcus aureus isolates from nasal Resistance of Older and Newer cavities and soft tissue infections in wild Fluoroquinolones. Clin Infect Dis [Internet]. ruminants in Italian Alps. Vet Microbiol. 2000;31(Supplement_2):S24–8. Available 2014;170(1–2):157–61. from: http://academic.oup.com/cid/article/31/Supp [9] Peton V, Le Loir Y. Staphylococcus aureus lement_2/S24/483673/Mechanisms-of- in veterinary medicine. Infect Genet Evol. Action-and-Resistance-of-Older-and 2014;21:602–15. [18] Zechiedrich EL, Khodursky AB, Cozzarelli [10] E. V, V. M, G. R, K. LB, D. B, G. L, et al. NR. Topoisomerase IV, not gyrase, Genetic differences among Staphylococcus decatenates products of site-specific aureus isolates from dairy ruminant species: recombination in Escherichia coli. Genes A single-dye DNA microarray approach. Dev. 1997;11(19):2580–92. Vet Microbiol [Internet]. 2009;133(1– 2):105–14. Available from: [19] Atif A. Patoli, Bushra B. Patoli, Zulifqar A. http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS& Laghari Taj M. Maachi. Co-Existence Of Ciprofloxacin Resistance In Methicillin

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Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus From Clinical Samples. Pak J Pysiol. 2018;14((2)):24–7.

[20] Atif A. Patoli , Bushra B. Patoli DK. A surveillance of MRSA nasal carriage in Community and Health Care Workers. Int J Emerg trends Sci Technol. 2016;03((7)):4347–51.

[21] Konvalinka A, Errett L, Fong IW. Impact of treating Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers on wound infections in cardiac surgery. J Hosp Infect. 2006;64(2):162–8.

[22] Nouwen J, Boelens H, Van Belkum A, Verbrugh H. Human factor in Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage. Infect Immun. 2004;72(11):6685–8.

[23] Patoli BB, Patoli AA, Kumar D. Trends in antibiotic resistance of staphylococcus aureus from asymptomatic nasal carriers. J Postgrad Med Inst. 2017;31(4):343–7.

[24] Ali SQ. Resistance Pattern of Ciprofloxacin Against Different Pathogens. Oman Med J [Internet]. 2010; Available from: http://www.omjournal.org/fultext_PDF.aspx ?DetailsID=24&type=fultext

[25] Abdullah FE, Memon AA, Bandukda MY, Jamil M. Increasing ciprofloxacin resistance of isolates from infected urines of a cross- section of patients in Karachi. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5.

[26] Akhtar N. Staphylococcal nasal carriage of health care workers. J Coll Physicians Surg Pakistan. 2010;20(7):439–43.

54 UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Vol. 2, Issue 3, October, 2018

ISSN(E): 2523-6067 Email: [email protected] ISSN(P): 2521-8328 Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS © Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro

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REFERENCES:

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Reference examples:

[1] M. M. Khalid, “A Preliminary Checklist of the Spider Fauna of Sargodha (Punjab), Pakistan,” Pakistan J. Zool, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 1245–1254, 2012.

[2]C.P. Malick, and M.B. Singh, “Plant Enzymology and Histoenzymology, Kalyani Publication, pp. 286, 1980.

[3] J. D. Ehlers, and A. E. Hall, “Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp),” Field Crops Research, vol. 53, no. 1-3, pp. 187-204, 1997.

Please note that: List and number all bibliographical references in 9-points Times, single spaced, at the end of your paper. When referenced in the text, enclose the citation number in square brackets, for example [1]. The sentence punctuation follows the bracket [2]. Refer simply to the reference number, as in [3]do not use “Ref. [3]” or “reference [3]” except at the beginning of a sentence: “Reference [3] was the first . . .”

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CALL FOR PAPERS

Dear Researchers University of Sindh Journal of Animal Sciences (USJAS) is an open-access, double blind peer reviewed research journal, published quarterly by University of Sindh, Jamshoro. The journal covers a full spectrum of specialized domains in Entomology, Endocrinology, Pest & Pest control, Molecular Biology, Parasitology, Wildlife Management and Conservation Animal’s diversity and Systematic. It includes original research articles, review articles, case reports and scientific findings. The journal strictly follows the guidelines proposed by Higher Education Commission (HEC) Islamabad, Pakistan.

The Editorial team of (USJAS) invites you to submit your quality paper in its Fourth issue in December 2018.

Last date for Submission for December Issue: 15 November 2018

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ISSN (E) : 2531-6067 ISSN (P) : 2521-8328 Forthcoming Issue : Volume 2, Number 3, 2018 Submission By : December 2018

UNIVERSITY OF SINDH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES Vol. 2, Issue 3, October, 2018

ISSN(E): 2523-6067 Email: [email protected] ISSN(P): 2521-8328 Website: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS © Published by University of Sindh, Jamshoro

CALL FOR REVIEWERS

Interested to join Journal Reviewer Boards, Kindly Email Your CV or Scholars Profile to [email protected]

Looking forwards to receiving your feedback and research manuscript.

With Best Wishes,

Dr. Riffat Sultana Editor of USJAS Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan URL: http://sujo.usindh.edu.pk/index.php/USJAS Email: [email protected] or [email protected]