DOCSLIB.ORG

Sense-Annotating a Lexical Substitution Data Set with Ubyline

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Sense-Annotating a Lexical Substitution Data Set with Ubyline Sense-annotating a Lexical Substitution Data Set with Ubyline Tristan Miller, Mohamed Khemakhem, Richard Eckart de Castilho, and Iryna Gurevych Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP-TUDA) Department of Computer Science, Technische Universitat¨ Darmstadt https://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/ Abstract We describe the construction of GLASS, a newly sense-annotated version of the German lexical substitution data set used at the GERMEVAL 2015: LEXSUB shared task. Using the two annotation layers, we conduct the first known empirical study of the relationship between manually applied word senses and lexical substitutions. We find that synonymy and hypernymy/hyponymy are the only semantic relations directly linking targets to their substitutes, and that substitutes in the target’s hypernymy/hyponymy taxonomy closely align with the synonyms of a single GermaNet synset. Despite this, these substitutes account for a minority of those provided by the annotators. The results of our analysis accord with those of a previous study on English-language data (albeit with automatically induced word senses), leading us to suspect that the sense–substitution relations we discovered may be of a universal nature. We also tentatively conclude that relatively cheap lexical substitution annotations can be used as a knowledge source for automatic WSD. Also introduced in this paper is Ubyline, the web application used to produce the sense annotations. Ubyline presents an intuitive user interface optimized for annotating lexical sample data, and is readily adaptable to sense inventories other than GermaNet. Keywords: lexical substitutions, word senses, word sense annotation 1 Introduction Our second contribution is GLASS (German Lexemes An- notated with Senses and Substitutions),2 a new German- Word sense disambiguation (WSD)—the task of determin- language sense-annotated data set. GLASS fills a gap in ing a word’s meaning in context—is one of the oldest open German-language resources by providing a lexical sample research problems in computational linguistics. WSD sys- data set which (i) features high-quality, manually applied tems are commonly evaluated by having humans mark up the sense annotations, (ii) is well balanced with respect to the words in a text with their contextually appropriate meanings, target words’ frequency and part of speech, (iii) is of suf- as enumerated by a dictionary or other lexical-semantic re- ficient size to be useful for machine learning, and (iv) is source, and then comparing these annotations against those distributed under a free content licence. Because GLASS supplied by the systems. Such “in vitro” evaluations are extends an existing lexical substitution data set, it allows popular because they are straightforward to conduct, though for in vitro and in vivo evaluations of WSD systems to be they have the disadvantage of requiring considerable effort to carried out on the same data. Moreover, GLASS is the first produce the manually annotated gold standard data. Sense- resource in any language to permit an empirical study of the annotated data sets remain rare, particularly for languages relationship between manually annotated word senses and other than English. lexical substitutes. A more recent and increasingly popular evaluation method, which has the advantage of not requiring all human and 2 Previous Work machine annotators to use the same sense inventory, is lex- ical substitution. Here the lexical annotations which are 2.1 Data Sets applied and compared are not sense labels, but rather lists There exist a handful of previously published German- of plausible synonyms. It has been argued that, since the language sense-annotated data sets, all of which are of the identification and ranking of these substitutions depends on lexical sample variety. The properties of these data sets, a proper understanding of the word’s meaning in context, as well as those of our own GLASS, are summarized in accuracy in this “in vivo” task is an indirect measure of WSD Table1. performance (McCarthy, 2002). The earliest of these resources, the MuchMore evaluation The contributions of the present work are twofold. First, set (Raileanu et al., 2002), has GermaNet annotations for to ease the considerable technical and ergonomic burdens 2421 occurrences of 25 nouns in a corpus of medical ab- of creating sense-annotated data, we provide Ubyline,1 an stracts. Raw interannotator agreement was high (0.841). Apache-licensed, web-based sense annotation tool whose Though the authors have made the data available for down- user interface is optimized for lexical sample data. (Lexical load, there is no explicit statement of the terms of use, so it sample data sets feature documents or short texts in which cannot be presumed to be freely licensed. annotations are applied to all instances of a fixed set of lem- The DeWSD resource (Broscheit et al., 2010) has manual mas.) Ubyline supports a wide range of sense inventories in sense annotations for 1154 occurrences of 40 lemmas (6 several languages, including WordNet and GermaNet. It is, adjectives, 18 nouns, 16 verbs) in the deWaC corpus (Baroni to our knowledge, the only published GermaNet-compatible et al., 2009). While the lemmas were translated from an sense annotation tool. English WSD data set, some attempt was made to yield a 1https://github.com/UKPLab/lrec2016- 2Available at https://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/ ubyline data/ under the CC BY-SA 3.0 licence. 828 WikiCAGe WebCAGe MuchMore DeWSD TuBa-D/Z¨ GLASS Lemmas: adj. 0 211 0 6 0 51 nouns 1 030 1 499 25 18 30 51 verbs 0 897 0 16 79 51 total 1 030 2 607 25 40 109 153 Tokens 24 344 10 750 2 421 1 154 17 910 2 038 GermaNet ver. 6.0 7.0–9.0 1.0(?) 5.1, 9.0 8.0 9.0 Domain open open medical open open open Annotations semi-automatic semi-automatic manual manual manual manual CC BY-SA/ Licence unpublished proprietary proprietary proprietary CC BY-SA proprietary Table 1: Comparison of sense-tagged corpora for German good distribution across parts of speech, polysemy, and word support software. Several tools have been developed for frequency. No information is provided on the manual anno- applying WordNet (Fellbaum, 1998) senses to English text. tation process, including interannotator agreement. Though SATANiC (Passonneau et al., 2009), for example, was used the original DeWSD data set was annotated with senses to build the MASC corpus; Punnotator (Miller and Turkovic,´ from GermaNet 5.1, Henrich (2015) later updated these to 2016) was created specifically to support WordNet sense GermaNet 9.0. As with the MuchMore data set, DeWSD is annotation of English puns. The only multilingual sense available for download but with no specified licence. annotation tool we are aware of, IMI (Bond et al., 2015), WebCAGe (Henrich et al., 2012b; Henrich, 2015) is a col- was used to annotate the NTU-Multilingual Corpus (Tan and lection of 10 750 occurrences of 2607 lemmas which have Bond, 2011) with senses from the Open Multilingual Word- been semi-automatically tagged with senses from GermaNet net (OMWN) (Bond and Foster, 2013). Although WordNet, 7.0 through 9.0. The source contexts are all web-harvested, OMWN, and GermaNet share a similar structure, the afore- and include a mix of free and proprietary content. The mentioned tools do not support GermaNet (nor any other portion of the data set derived from free sources (9376 German sense inventory). tagged word tokens) is distributed under the terms of the To our knowledge, only two sense annotation tools work CC BY-SA licence; as the full data set includes proprietary with GermaNet. The first of these is KiC, which was used to content, it is not publically available. A parallel project, produce the MuchMore data set. It does not appear to have WikiCAGe (Henrich et al., 2012a), applied GermaNet 6.0 been publically released, though a brief description appears sense annotations semi-automatically to a Wikipedia corpus in Raileanu et al. (2002). KiC displays sentences for a given containing 24 334 occurrences of 1030 lemmas. While it target word in KWIC (key word in context) format alongside was intended to be released under a free content licence, it a list of candidate senses from GermaNet. Annotators select was never published.3 the appropriate senses for each occurrence of the target Recent versions of the TuBa-D/Z¨ treebank (Henrich and word; they also have the option of marking an occurrence Hinrichs, 2013; Henrich and Hinrichs, 2014) include man- as “unspecified” if GermaNet does not contain its sense. To ually applied GermaNet 8.0 annotations for 17 910 occur- help distinguish between problematic senses, KiC can show rences of 109 lemmas (30 nouns and 79 verbs). Lemmas their corresponding hypernym–hyponym hierarchies. were selected to ensure a good balance of word frequencies, The second GermaNet-capable annotation tool is an un- number of distinct senses, and (for verbs) valence frames. named browser-based interface used to extend the TuBa-D/Z¨ Interannotator agreement was generally good (mean Dice treebank. As with KiC, it has not been published, though coefficient of 0.964 for nouns and 0.937 for verbs). While it is described by Henrich (2015). This tool displays target the data is available for non-profit academic use, it is not word occurrences in their sentential context, though sepa- released under a free content licence. rately rather than in KWIC format. Below each context is a With respect to German-language lexical substitution data list of candidate senses, identified only by their GermaNet sets, the only one of which we are aware is that of Cholakov numeric IDs and a brief description. If this information is et al. (2014). As the present work greatly builds upon its not sufficient to discriminate between the senses, annota- existing content, we reserve our description of it for §3.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Collaborativeplatform for Multilingual Ontology
    PhD Dissertation International Doctorate School in Information and Communication Technologies DIT - University of Trento A COLLABORATIVE PLATFORM FOR MULTILINGUAL ONTOLOGY DEVELOPMENT Ahmed Maher Ahmed Tawfik Moustafa Advisor: Professor. Fausto Giunchiglia Università degli Studi di Trento Abstract The world is extremely diverse and its diversity is obvious in the cultural differences and the large number of spoken languages being used all over the world. In this sense, we need to collect and organize a huge amount of knowledge obtained from multiple resources differing from one another in many aspects. A possible approach for doing that is to think of designing effective tools for construction and maintenance of linguistic resources and localized domain ontologies based on well-defined knowledge representation methodologies capable of dealing with diversity and the continuous evolvement of human knowledge. In this thesis, we present a collaborative platform which allows for knowledge organization in a language-independent manner and provides the appropriate mapping from a language independent concept to one specific lexicalization per language. This representation ensures a smooth multilingual enrichment process for linguistic resources and a robust construction of ontologies using language-independent concepts. The collaborative platform is designed following a workflow-based development methodology that models linguistic resources as a set of collaborative objects and assigns a customizable workflow to build and maintain each collaborative object in a community driven manner, with extensive support of modern web 2.0 social and collaborative features. Keywords Knowledge Representation, Multilingual Resources, Ontology Development, Computer Supported Collaborative Work 2 Acknowledgments I am particularly grateful for my supervisor, Professor. Fausto Giunchiglia, for the guidance and advices he has provided throughout my time as a PhD student.
    [Show full text]
  • Latent Semantic Network Induction in the Context of Linked Example Senses
    Latent semantic network induction in the context of linked example senses Hunter Scott Heidenreich Jake Ryland Williams Department of Computer Science Department of Information Science College of Computing and Informatics College of Computing and Informatics [email protected] [email protected] Abstract of a network—much like the Princeton Word- Net (Miller, 1995; Fellbaum, 1998)—that is con- The Princeton WordNet is a powerful tool structed solely from the semi-structured data of for studying language and developing nat- ural language processing algorithms. With Wiktionary. This relies on the noisy annotations significant work developing it further, one of the editors of Wiktionary to naturally induce a line considers its extension through aligning network over the entirety of the English portion of its expert-annotated structure with other lex- Wiktionary. In doing so, the development of this ical resources. In contrast, this work ex- work produces: plores a completely data-driven approach to network construction, forming a wordnet us- • an induced network over Wiktionary, en- ing the entirety of the open-source, noisy, user- riched with semantically linked examples, annotated dictionary, Wiktionary. Compar- forming a directed acyclic graph (DAG); ing baselines to WordNet, we find compelling evidence that our network induction process • an exploration of the task of relationship dis- constructs a network with useful semantic structure. With thousands of semantically- ambiguation as a means to induce network linked examples that demonstrate sense usage construction; and from basic lemmas to multiword expressions (MWEs), we believe this work motivates fu- • an outline for directions of expansion, includ- ture research. ing increasing precision in disambiguation, cross-linking example usages, and aligning 1 Introduction English Wiktionary with other languages.
    [Show full text]
  • Visualization Design for a Web Interface to the Large-Scale Linked Lexical Resource UBY
    Visualization Design for a Web Interface to the Large-Scale Linked Lexical Resource UBY We present the results of a collaboration of visualization experts and computational linguists which aimed at the re-design of the visualization component in the Web user interface (Web UI) to the large-scale linked lexical resource UBY. UBY combines a wide range of information from expert- constructed (e.g., WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet) and collaboratively constructed (e.g., Wiktionary, Wikipedia) resources for English and German, see https://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de/uby. All resources contained in UBY distinguish not only different words but also their senses. A distinguishing feature of UBY is that the different resources are aligned to each other at the word sense level, i.e. there are links connecting equivalent word senses from different resources in UBY. For senses that are linked, information from the aligned resources can be accessed and the resulting enriched sense representations can be used to enhance the performance of Natural Language Processing tasks. Targeted user groups of the UBY Web UI are researchers in the field of Natural Language Processing and in the Digital Humanities (e.g., lexicographers, linguists). In the context of exploring the usually large number of senses for an arbitrary search word, the UBY Web UI should support these user groups in assessing the added value of sense links for particular applications. It is important to emphasize that this is an open research question for most applications. We will present the results of our detailed requirements analysis that revealed a number of central requirements a visualization of all the senses for a given search word and the links between them must meet in order to be useful for this purpose.
    [Show full text]
  • A Large, Interlinked, Syntactically-Rich Lexical Resource for Ontologies
    Semantic Web 0 (0) 1 1 IOS Press lemonUby - a large, interlinked, syntactically-rich lexical resource for ontologies Judith Eckle-Kohler, a;∗ John Philip McCrae b and Christian Chiarcos c a Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing (UKP) Lab, Department of Computer Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt and Information Center for Education, German Institute for International Educational Research, Germany, http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de b Cognitive Interaction Technology (CITEC), Semantic Computing Group, Universität Bielefeld, Germany, http://www.sc.cit-ec.uni-bielefeld.de c Applied Computational Linguistics (ACoLi), Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Germany, http://acoli.cs.uni-frankfurt.de Abstract. We introduce lemonUby, a new lexical resource integrated in the Semantic Web which is the result of converting data extracted from the existing large-scale linked lexical resource UBY to the lemon lexicon model. The following data from UBY were converted: WordNet, FrameNet, VerbNet, English and German Wiktionary, the English and German entries of Omega- Wiki, as well as links between pairs of these lexicons at the word sense level (links between VerbNet and FrameNet, VerbNet and WordNet, WordNet and FrameNet, WordNet and Wiktionary, WordNet and German OmegaWiki). We linked lemonUby to other lexical resources and linguistic terminology repositories in the Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud and outline possible applications of this new dataset. Keywords: Lexicon model, lemon, UBY-LMF, UBY, OLiA, ISOcat, WordNet, VerbNet, FrameNet, Wiktionary, OmegaWiki 1. Introduction numerous mappings and linkings of lexica, as well as standards for representing lexical resources, such Recently, the language resource community has begun as the ISO 24613:2008 Lexical Markup Framework to explore the opportunities offered by the Semantic (LMF) [13].
    [Show full text]
  • Mining Translations from the Web of Open Linked Data
    Mining translations from the web of open linked data John Philip McCrae Philipp Cimiano University of Bielefeld University of Bielefeld [email protected] [email protected] Abstract OmegaWiki on the web of data should ameliorate In this paper we consider the prospect of the process of harvesting translations from these extracting translations for words from the resources. web of linked data. By searching for We consider two sources for translations from entities that have labels in both English linked data: firstly, we consider mining labels for and German we extract 665,000 transla- concepts from the data contained in the 2010 Bil- tions. We then also consider a linguis- lion Triple Challenge (BTC) data set, as well as tic linked data resource, lemonUby, from DBpedia (Auer et al., 2007) and FreeBase (Bol- which we extract a further 115,000 transla- lacker et al., 2008). Secondly, we mine transla- tions. We combine these translations with tions from lemonUby (Eckle-Kohler et al., 2013), the Moses statistical machine translation, a resource that integrates a number of distinct dic- and we show that the translations extracted tionary language resources in the lemon (Lexi- from the linked data can be used to im- con Model for Ontologies) format (McCrae et al., prove the translation of unknown words. 2012), which is a model for representing rich lex- ical information including forms, sense, morphol- 1 Introduction ogy and syntax of ontology labels. We then con- In recent years there has been a massive explo- sider the process of including these extra transla- sion in the amount and quality of data available tions into an existing translation system, namely as linked data on the web.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring and Visualizing Wordnet Data with Germanet Rover
    Exploring and Visualizing Wordnet Data with GermaNet Rover Marie Hinrichs, Richard Lawrence, Erhard Hinrichs University of Tübingen, Germany www.clarin-d.net GERMANET AND ROVER 1 www.clarin-d.net GermaNet: a Wordnet for German A wordnet groups synonyms into synsets and represents relations between synsets. The hypernym relation forms a hierarChiCal graph structure. 2 www.clarin-d.net Rover: a web appliCation for GermaNet Rover displays the data in GermaNet in an interaCtive interfaCe designed for researChers. It offers: • advanced searChing for synsets • visualizing the hypernym graph • CalCulating synsets’ semantiC relatedness via graph-based measures 3 www.clarin-d.net SYNSET SEARCH 4 www.clarin-d.net Synset SearCh Overview Try it: https://weblicht.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/rover/search 5 www.clarin-d.net SearCh Options Advanced searChes for • search by regular synsets: expression and edit distance • restrict results by grammatical category, semantic class, and orthographic variant 6 www.clarin-d.net Results List A summary of each synset in the search results includes: • words in the synset • its semantic class • associated Wiktionary definitions • summary of conceptual relations to other synsets 7 www.clarin-d.net Conceptual Relations Selecting a synset displays details about its conceptual relations: • a network diagram of the synset’s hypernyms • related synsets, displayed as navigation buttons 8 www.clarin-d.net LexiCal Units and Relations More details about the words in the seleCted synset: • lexically-related words, displayed as navigation buttons • Interlingual index reCords (pointers to Princeton WordNet) • examples and assoCiated frame types • deComposition of Compound nouns 9 www.clarin-d.net SEMANTIC RELATEDNESS 10 www.clarin-d.net SemantiC Relatedness Overview Try it: https://weblicht.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/rover/semrel 11 www.clarin-d.net SemantiC Relatedness Measures Rover supports six graph-based measures of semantic relatedness between pairs of synsets: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Calculating Semantic Relatedness with Germanet
    Organismus, Lebewesen ‘organism, being’ ... ... Haustier ... ‘pet’ Baum Katze Hund ‘tree’ ‘cat’ ‘dog’ Calculating Semantic Relatedness with GermaNet Verena Henrich, Düsseldorf, 19. Februar 2015 Semantic Relatedness Measures – Overview • Path-based measures - Leacock and Chodorow (1998) - Wu and Palmer (1994) - Hirst and St-Onge (1998) - Path • Information-content-based measures - Resnik (1995) - Jiang and Conrath (1997) - Lin (1998) • Gloss-based measures: several variants of Lesk (1986) - Glosses from GermaNet and/or Wiktionary - Lexical fields from GermaNet and/or Wiktionary Semantic Relatedness Measures – Terminology • Relatedness/similarity is GNROOT GermaNet’s root node calculated between the two semantic concepts A (synset nodes) s1 and s2 B C D Haustier LCS(s1, s2) = lowest common subsumer ‘pet’ of s1 and s2 synset s1 Katze Hund synset s2 ‘cat’ ‘dog’ Semantic Relatedness Measures – Terminology GNROOT A B C depth(s2) = 6 length of the shortest path D from synset s2 to GNROOT LCS Haustier ‘pet’ s1 s2 Katze Hund ‘cat’ ‘dog’ Semantic Relatedness Measures – Terminology GNROOT A B C D length(s1, s2) = 2 LCS shortest path Haustier between s1 and s2 ‘pet’ s1 s2 Katze Hund ‘cat’ ‘dog’ Path-based Relatedness Measures GNROOT A B Similarity by Wu and Palmer (1994): 2 · depth(LCS(s1, s2)) C sim (s1, s2) = wup depth(s1) + depth(s2) D LCS sim (cat, dog) = 0.83 Haustier wup ‘pet’ where • depth(LCS) = 5 s1 s2 • depth(cat) = 6 Katze Hund • depth(dog) = 6 ‘cat’ ‘dog’ Path-based Relatedness Measures GNROOT A B LCS simwup(cat, tree) = 0.5 Organismus,
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of KONVENS 2012 (Main Track: Poster Presentations), Vienna, September 19, 2012 Ments Between Its Lsrs
    Navigating Sense-Aligned Lexical-Semantic Resources: THE WEB INTERFACE TO UBY Iryna Gurevych1,2, Michael Matuschek1, Tri-Duc Nghiem1, Judith Eckle-Kohler1, Silvana Hartmann1, Christian M. Meyer1 1Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP-TUDA) Department of Computer Science, Technische Universitat¨ Darmstadt 2Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP-DIPF) German Institute for Educational Research and Educational Information http://www.ukp.tu-darmstadt.de Abstract to the large sense-aligned LSR UBY (Gurevych et al., 2012). UBY is represented in compli- In this paper, we present the Web inter- ance with the ISO standard LMF (Francopoulo face to UBY, a large-scale lexical resource based on the Lexical Markup Framework et al., 2006) and currently contains interoper- (LMF). UBY contains interoperable ver- able versions of nine heterogeneous LSRs in sions of nine resources in two languages. two languages, as well as pairwise sense align- The interface allows to conveniently exam- ments for a subset of them: English WordNet ine and navigate the encoded information (WN), Wiktionary (WKT-en), Wikipedia (WP- in UBY across resource boundaries. Its en), FrameNet (FN), and VerbNet (VN); German main contributions are twofold: 1) The vi- Wiktionary (WKT-de), Wikipedia (WP-de), and sual view allows to examine the sense clus- GermaNet (GN), and the English and German en- ters for a lemma induced by alignments between different resources at the level of tries of OmegaWiki (OW-en/de). word senses. 2) The textual view uniformly The novel aspects of our interface can be sum- presents senses from different resources in marized as 1) A graph-based visualization of detail and offers the possibility to directly sense alignments between the LSRs integrated in compare them in a parallel view.
    [Show full text]
  • The Germanet Editing Tool Verena Henrich, Erhard Hinrichs University of Tübingen, Department of Linguistics Wilhelmstr
    GernEdiT – The GermaNet Editing Tool Verena Henrich, Erhard Hinrichs University of Tübingen, Department of Linguistics Wilhelmstr. 19, 72074 Tübingen, Germany E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract This paper introduces GernEdiT (short for: GermaNet Editing Tool), a new graphical user interface for the lexicographers and developers of GermaNet, the German version of the Princeton WordNet. GermaNet is a lexical-semantic net that relates German nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Traditionally, lexicographic work for extending the coverage of GermaNet utilized the Princeton WordNet development environment of lexicographer files. Due to a complex data format and no opportunity of automatic consistency checks, this process was very error prone and time consuming. The GermaNet Editing Tool GernEdiT was developed to overcome these shortcomings. The main purposes of the GernEdiT tool are, besides supporting lexicographers to access, modify, and extend GermaNet data in an easy and adaptive way, as follows: Replace the standard editing tools by a more user-friendly tool, use a relational database as data storage, support export formats in the form of XML, and facilitate internal consistency and correctness of the linguistic resource. All these core functionalities of GernEdiT along with the main aspects of the underlying lexical resource GermaNet and its current database format are presented in this paper. 1 Introduction data such as appropriate linking of lexical units with The traditional development of GermaNet1 (Kunze and synsets, connectedness of the synset graph, and Lemnitzer, 2002) was based on lexicographer files. automatic closure among relations and their inverse These were originally developed for the English counterparts.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:2107.00333V2 [Cs.CL] 2 Jul 2021 Which Represents a Growth of Around One Thousand New Relations Per Month
    Multilingual Central Repository: a Cross-lingual Framework for Developing Wordnets Xavier G´omezGuinovart1, Itziar Gonzalez-Dios2, Antoni Oliver3, and German Rigau2 1 Seminario de Ling¨u´ısticaInform´atica(SLI), Universidade de Vigo [email protected] 2 Ixa group, HiTZ center,University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) fitziar.gonzalezd,[email protected] 3 Universitat Oberta de Catalunya [email protected] Abstract. Language resources are necessary for language processing, but building them is costly, involves many researches from different ar- eas and needs constant updating. In this paper, we describe the cross- lingual framework used for developing the Multilingual Central Repos- itory (MCR), a multilingual knowledge base that includes wordnets of Basque, Catalan, English, Galician, Portuguese, Spanish and the follow- ing ontologies: Base Concepts, Top Ontology, WordNet Domains and Suggested Upper Merged Ontology. We present the story of MCR, its state in 2017 and the developed tools. Keywords: Language Resources · Knowledge Bases · Wordnets · Basque, Catalan, English, Galician, Portuguese, Spanish · Ontologies 1 Introduction Building large and rich knowledge bases and language resources is a very costly effort which involves large research groups for long periods of development. For instance, hundreds of person-years have been invested in the development of wordnets for various languages [16,36,35,30]. In the case of the English WordNet, in more than ten years of manual construction (from 1995 to 2006, that is, from version 1.5 to 3.0), WordNet grew from 103,445 to 235,402 semantic relations4, arXiv:2107.00333v2 [cs.CL] 2 Jul 2021 which represents a growth of around one thousand new relations per month.
    [Show full text]
  • Porting a Crowd-Sourced German Lexical Semantics Resource to Ontolex-Lemon
    Proceedings of eLex 2019 Porting a Crowd-Sourced German Lexical Semantics Resource to Ontolex-Lemon Thierry Declerck 1,2 , Melanie Siegel 3 1 German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Stuhlsatzenhausweg 3, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany 2 Austrian Centre for Digital Humanities, Sonnenfelsgasse 19, 1010 Vienna, Austria 3 Darmstadt University of Applied Science, Max-Planck-Str. 2, 64807 Dieburg, Germany E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Abstract In this paper we present our work consisting of mapping the recently created open source German lexical semantics resource “Open-de-WordNet” (OdeNet) into the OntoLex-Lemon format. OdeNet was originally created in order to be integrated in the Open Multilingual Wordnet initiative. One motivation for porting OdeNet to OntoLex-Lemon is to publish in the Linguistic Linked Open Data cloud this new WordNet-compliant resource for German. At the same time we can with the help of OntoLex-Lemon link the lemmas of OdeNet to full lexical descriptions and so extend the linguistic coverage of this new WordNet resource, as we did for French, Italian and Spanish wordnets included in the Open Multilingual Wordnet collection. As a side effect, the porting of OdeNet to OntoLex-Lemon helped in discovering some issues in the original data. Keywords: Open Multilingual Wordnet; OntoLex-Lemon; OdeNet; Lexical Semantics 1. Introduction Wordnets are well-established lexical resources with a wide range of applications in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) fields, like Machine Translation, Information Retrieval, Query Expansion, Document Classification, etc. (Morato et al., 2004). For more than twenty years they have been elaborately set up and maintained by hand, especially the original Princeton WordNet of English (PWN) (Fellbaum, 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Similarity Measures for Semantic Relation Extraction
    Université catholique de Louvain & Bauman Moscow State Technical University Similarity Measures for Semantic Relation Extraction The dissertation is presented by Alexander Panchenko in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Jury : Prof. Cédrick Fairon (supervisor), Université catholique de Louvain Prof. Andrey Philippovich (supervisor), Bauman Moscow State Technical University Prof. Henri Bouillon (jury president) Université catholique de Louvain Prof. Marco Saerens, Université catholique de Louvain Dr. Jean-Michel Renders, Xerox Research Center Europe Prof. Marie-Francine Moens, KU Leuven Louvain-la-Neuve 2012-2013 To my parents Luidmila and Ivan for their unconditional love and support. Contents Acknowledgments vii Publications Related to this Thesis ix List of Notations and Abbreviations xiii Introduction xxi 1 Semantic Relation Extraction: the Context and the Problem 1 1.1 Semantic Relations and Resources . .1 1.1.1 Definition . .2 1.1.2 Examples . .5 1.2 Semantic Relation Extraction . 13 1.2.1 Extraction Process . 14 1.2.2 Similarity-Based Extraction . 15 1.2.3 Evaluation . 22 1.3 Conclusion . 31 2 Single Semantic Similarity Measures 33 2.1 Related Work . 33 2.2 SDA-MWE: A Similarity Measure Based on Syntactic Distributional Analysis 36 2.2.1 Dataset . 37 iv CONTENTS 2.2.2 Method . 37 2.2.3 Evaluation . 42 2.2.4 Results . 43 2.2.5 Summary . 45 2.3 DefVectors: A Similarity Measure Based on Definitions . 46 2.3.1 Method . 47 2.3.2 Results . 51 2.3.3 Discussion . 53 2.3.4 Summary . 54 2.4 PatternSim: A Similarity Measure Based on Lexico-Syntactic Patterns .
    [Show full text]