ntered at the Post Office of New York, N. Y., Class matter. lE as Second A JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. WEEKljY

NEW YORK. MARCH 18, 1893.

1. bird'.eye view of Boilton harbOr. 2. OI'OH eeetIon showing retaIDlng wall. 8.PollitAllerton. 4. Gallup'. Ialand. II. LongIsland. G. Seawall, LoTell'. Ialand. 7. Rubble atoneapron, Lovell'.Ialand. IBPROnJlll'TS BOSTOI' 1I4ltBOlt.-[See II' page 167.]

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 162 I ,i •• tifie �mtri,al. rMARCH 18, 1893. T� NEW LAW FOR BRAKES AND CAR COUPLERS, proper district attorneys information of any such vio­ Atthe recent se!l5ion of Congress, a law was passed lations as may come to its knowledge: provided, that nutking compulsory the use of brakes controlled by nothing in this act contained shall apply to trains oftittttifitESTABLISHED �mttitln. 1845. the engineer, and also the use of'self-acting couplers. It composed of four-wheel cars or to locomotives used in will be noticed that no special inventions are selected, hauling such trains. but the field is left open for the introduction at any Sec. 7. That the Interstate Commerce Commission MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. time of the latest and best improvements. may from time to time upon full hearing and for good PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT In respect to car couplers it may be well for invent­ cause extend the period within whi<'h any common to bear in mind that; while the link and pin variety carrier shall comply with the provisions No. 361 BROADWAY. NEW YORK. ors of this act. of couplers has many advocates, especially among the Sec. 8. That any employe of any such common car ­ O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. brakemen, who have to handle the cars, still the rier who may be injured by any locomotive, car or Master Car Builders' Association advise the throwing train contrary to the provision of this act shall not TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. out of the link and pins and the substitution of "the be deemed thereby to have assumed the risk thereby knuckle form of couplers. The recommendations of occasioned, Onecopy, one year, for the U. S., Canada or Mexico ...... S3 00 although continuing in the fl'mployment of One copy, six months, the U. S., Canada or Mexioo...... 1 �O the association have made much progressltmong rail­ such carrier after the unlawful use of such locomotive, fQJ' . One copY,one year,toany foreign country belongingto PostalUuion. 4 00 way companies, and the knuckle couplers Itl"e now ex­ car or train had RemIt by postalor expressmoney order, or by bank draft or ChecK. been brought to his knowledge. MUNN & Broadw.. y, cornerof FrallklinStreet, New York. tensively used on passenger cars, ...... 00., 361 THE TELEPHONE AND THE BERLINER PATENT. The Scientific Amel';can Supplement The following is the text of the new law. Is .. distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMENT As the federal administration changes, an interesting is issued weekly. Every number contains octavopages, uniform in size AN ACT with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. 'l'erm.s of subscription16 for SUPPLEMENT, legacy to the incoming department of justice is the ac­ To promote the safety of em loyes and travelers U d Y r or ft t.ion commenced by the United States Attorney-Gen­ �:frl�:'feIJ:;¢:"to ih�'Pc,,�¥� 'h::fon��\�le��i :', 1ll' c�t:. ��� upon railroads by compellin common carriers en­ b al t e /f eral to annul what has become the famous Berliner �rc!�:�r;��� lf:::�?�ifr�: ��EC;>��J·A�:jy��� =t �J���iENT ga,ged in interstate commer to equip their cars will be sent for one year to one a4dres8 in U. S., � or Mexico, on � patent for telephone transmitters. This is the patent receipt of To foreign OOuntries withi,JtlB98tal Union, {ight with automatic couplers �d continuous brakes Se'lll'llfifty dnU,ars. issued on November 17, 1891, in pursuance of an appli­ anllm's ana cents a yem·. and their locomotives with driving wheel brakes, BuildiBIt Edlti_. cation filed on June 1877. A period of fourteen years and for other purposes. 4, TBIIIARCHITECTSAND BUILDERS EDITl_ THE SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ was consumed in dilatory proceedings. The appli­ CANIs a large ..nd splendid illustrated Jio!rIodical,OF Issued month ' con- e c s )l.e Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Represent­ cation was kept pending all this period, while the �:r�!��t"IIl�le��liJ.�e��::��c� ��'lfer Oi� �j'g,';.\t;a�ed \.."lit Ceautlfnl plates, showing desirable dwellings, public buildings and archi­ atives of the United States of America in Congress originalBell telephone patents were protecting the art tectural work In great variety. To builders and all who contemplate build­ this work is invaluable. Hasthe largest clrcul.. tion of any architec­ assembled: of telephoning for the benefit of the assignees of the Il!I!ttfral publication in the world. . e a Sec. 1. That from and after the first day of .January, Berliner patent. The fifth claim of the first Bell tele­ o!ll'�i������� �!�� .. 'ru'ift�� c�:;�\'i.1�; �ooc,.�:: Combined rate for� BUILDING-ll EDITIONro�:k::;'?�f with SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, to one 1898, it shall be unlawful for 'any common carrier en­ phone patent covered the method of transmitting e re a gaged in interstate commerce by railroad to use on its sound by causing electrical undulations similar in form �::f�erri:1e8flr �uIigJ� i:t�Tig:, Jc:i���I�01�:::c�·�':J.��';: PLEMENT, $9.00a year. To foreiu;n Postal Union ""untries, $11.00a year. lirie any locomotive engine in moving interstate traf­ to the vibratior.s of air accompanying the sound. To Ed tio of tlte 8cie t c fic not equipped with a power driving wheel brake and this claim the courts awarded the broadest possible A.JERICASpanish CIENTIFICA i n E INDUSTRIAL n(Spanishift AIRel"jean. trade edition of the SCIENTIFICLA AMERICAN) is published monthly, uniform in size and typo­ appliances for operating the train brake system, or to scope. The patent now has lapsed. On March 7, 1893, graphy with the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Every number of is profusely illustrated. It Is the finest scientific, industrialLn trade Arnencli eer run any train in such traffic after said date that has the undulatory current, as it has been called, became t s g t h W f�m���4r"e��oB�:�.J�'�;'t� l.���r�, §���� �:;� S�'!'in"s� �oss��� not a sufficient numberof cars in it so equipped with public property. sions--whereverthe Spanish la.nguage is spoken. $3.00a year, post paid to any part of the world. Single copies cents. See prospectus. power or train brakes that the engineer on the loco­ The apparatus for producing the undulatory current MUNN25 &CO., Pnblishers, motive drawing such train can control its speed with­ is the next question. By the expiration of the original Broadw.. y, New York h e t i 361 e o y out requiring brakemen to use the common hand brake Bell patent, just alluded to, the public acquires the d!!f;oi �a�'lt ��:;�: �::!"�u�e�itf���s ��:ibi':ft g�: �� for that purpose. right in general terms to an electro-magnetic telephone. &CO. Mfr�� ur Re.. ders specially requested to notify the publishers in case of Sec. 2. That on and after the first day of January, On January 30, 1894, the second of the fundamental anyfailure delay,are or irregularity in receipt of papers. 1898, it shall be unlawful for any such common carrier Bell patents will expire aud the permanent magnet to haul or permit to be hauled or used on its line any car telephone will be public property. It would seem that NEW YORK, SATURDAY, MARCH 18. 1893. used in moving interstate traffic not equipped with the field of telephony should now be open. couplers coupling automatically by impact, and which In its early days the telephone was recognized as a Contents. can be uncoupled without the necessity of men going very imperfect appliance for the transmission of speech.

For the Week Ending March 18, 1893. this act the American Railway Association is author­ As a matter of practice, carbon is universally used as ized hereby to designate to the Interstate Commerce one or all of the electrodes or contact surfaces of the Price 10 cent.. For sale by all newsdealers. Commission the standard height of drawbars for microphone. The action of a microphone usually de­ PAGE I. AGRICULT URE.-Cockle Seed.-The ill etrects of cockle seed in freight cars, measured perpendicular from the level of pends on the changes of pressure between the faces of cattle feed, and what animals are badly atrected by It ...... 14352 the tops of the rails to the centers of the drawbars, for its abutting electrodes. All telephone transmitters are II. DECORATIVE ART.-The Theory of Storl.. tlon in Art.-By each of the several gauges of railroads in use in the microphones. HUGH STANNUS.-A system of m.. klng decorative art teU asto,.,.. United States, and shall fix a maximum variation from The delayed Berliner patent, which will not ex­ -The production histories and sermons which we can read such standard height to be allowed between the draw- pire until November 17, 1908, virtually claims any without the trouble'Of" of turning over the leaves."...... 14MT bars of empty and loaded cars. Upon their determi- microphone depending for its action on changes of HI. ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING.-The Edison Multipolar Dy- namos.-Ditrerent forms of mnltlpolar dynamo and the direct nation being certified to the Interstate Commerce Com- pressure between abutting electrodes. The same coupled dynamosnow running In this clty.-1 illustration ...... 14343 mission, said commission shall at once give notice of thing as far as apparatus is concerned was shown in IV. ELECTRICITY.-Interesting Electrical Experlments.-A most the standard fixed upon to all common carriers, own- the Reiss telephones of many years ago.. The Bell Interesting lectUre by Lord Armstrongon dust figuresand other ers, or lessees engaged in interstate commerce in the telephone was shown in the House patent, also ante­ electric phenomena.-By LORD ARMSTRONG ...... 1434£ U nited States by such means as the commission may dating the Bell patent by many years. And now the v. INVENTION.-An Age of Invention.-By DUANE DOTY.-An public are to be enjoined from possession of the art of elaborate analysis of the official report of the Commissioner of deem proper. But should said association fail to de- ..tents made before the United states Senate, February 1, 1892.- termine a standard as above provided, it shall be the telephony until the next century shall have nearly pA most interesting presentation of the work done by Inventors in duty of the Interstate Commerce Commission to do so, completed its first decade. this country...... 14356 before July 1, 1894, and immediately to give notice there- The protection of the last seventeen years has had VI. MEDICINE AND HYGIENE.-The Correct Pronunciation of as aforesaid. And after July 1, 1895, no cars, either its effect in building up a powerful corporation. This Medic Terms.-By WILLIAM DULANEY THOMAS.-Incorrect of pronunciation.. l common among medical ment with examples of loaded or unloaded, shall be used in interstate traffic corporation has introduced most extensive telephone correct pronuncl ..tion ...... 14852 which do not comply with the standard above provided plants in the cities of the United States, and recently The New Hosplt.. l for Children in Lelpzig.-A graphic descrip. has extended its long distance service by the erection tion, with numerous illustrations, of a German hospital for child- for. of expensive metallic clrcuits between cities as distant ren.-�9 illustrations...... Sec. 6. That any such common carrier using any . 1(350 MISCELLANEOUS.-The Tour of Swltzerl ..nd.-A secondin- locomotive engine, running any train or hauling or as New York or Boston and Chicago. As its statutory VII.st .. llment of this interesting description of the beauties of Swltz- permitting to be hauled or used on its line any car in monopoly seemed expiring, the company held a business erland, touching on the RIg!, the Pilatus, the Matterhorn.� con­ illustrations ... violation of any of the provisions of this act, shall be standing almost as good as a monopoly. But not " ...... ItsM liable to a penalty of one hundred dollars for each and tent with this, the issuing of the Berliner patent has VIII. NAVAL ENGINEERlNG.-The Chilean Armorcl.. d capitan Prat.-A new French ship, recentlybuilt for the Chilean govern- every such violation, to be recovered in a suit or suits been brought about, which continues their statutory ment.-1 iiJustratlon ...... 14M7 to be brought by the United States district attoJ'ney protection for fifteen years more. The Use of Oil at Se ...-A practical andIn'8phic article on this In the bill of complaint presented by the Attorney­ most Interesting subject, showing exactly how oil is ..pplied and in the district court of the United States having juris- General very serious allegations are made concerning ditrerent ...ses of its use.-5 illustr.. tions ...... 143(6 diction in the locality where such violation shall have � been committed, and it shall be the duty of such dis­ the proceedings incident to the issuance of this patent. TECHNOLOGY.-Anlmal Charcoal as a Decolorlzer.-By T. R. IX. CARSWBLL.-An elaborate examination of thedecolorlzlng action trict attorney to bring such suits upon duly verified The specification was amended some three years after of animal charcoal...... 143Ui information being lodged with him of such violation the date of application by the wholesale process of The Manufacture of Liquors and Preserves.-By DE BRE- J. h'aVlng occurredA. n d't sh anI a so b e th e d u t yo f th e striking out the entire specification and claims, ex­ VANS.-A further Instsllment of this series ofartlcles.-Thede- 1 tion of alcohol GaJ-l.oWlBaC'Stables ...... U3Ii2. Interstate Commerce Commission to lodge with the cept the preamble and signature, by striking out all � with

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit !meritll. MARCH 18, 18<}3.J J the drawings and by substituting new specification, The stability of the coveriug to the buildings-staff­ putting two of the large dynamos, with a maximum claims and drawings. This proceeding, it will be ob­ has had a thorough test with the long cold winter, and capacity of 15,000 lights, is well under wiY. Parts of served, was done when three years' experience had in­ the material has proved all that could have been asked these enormous machines are scatteret!" about the dicated what the art of telephony really was. The for. The staff used in covering and decorating the Ex­ building and attract much attention from electrical knowledge acquired in those three years had enabled position buildings is composed of plaster of Paris and men. The gallery in which is to be the switchboard the scope of the Berliner patent to be judiciously ex­ fiber, t. New Zealand hemp" being used mostly. Each for the incandescent plant is well on toward comple­ panded. Just at this time an extra anchor seems to piece of staff is cast in a mould. If it is a plain flat sur­ tion. In the center of the building the pit has been have been cast to windward by the securing of a sec­ face, the mould is simply a box; but ifthe staffis orna­ cemented preparaiory to installing the fountain. An ond patent to Berliner on the same drawings for the mental the mould is of gelatin. so as to have elasticity. interesting sight in the Transportation Building is the same apparatus when used as a receiver. How all this The process of making it is simple. A coating of little Pioneer, the first locomotive which ran out of is compatible with patent law does not appear. plaster is thrown over the face of the mould to the Chicago, a mere speck of a machine, while a little dis­ It has been fOlmd that carbon contact microphopes depth of about an eighth of an inch, to give a smooth, tance away Englishmen are erecting a monster loco­ are the only practical ones. By an early aJ;Dendment clear surface. The fiber is then beaten until it is in a motive built years ago for a seven-foot gauge, the a carbon cont.act was introdnced as an element of the feathery condition, dipped in liquid plaster, and pressed Lord of the Isles. Berliner invention. This brought about an interfer­ into the mould. When hardened, the staffstands con­ The foundations for the two electric fountains at ence with Edison, which was only dissolved on Octo­ siderable hard. usage, and the slabs can be nailed in the head of the basin have been put in under much ber 21, 1891, after some thirteen years' pendency. Both place like so many boards. In every instance where difficulty, as the work has all been done during the Edison's and Berliner's invention.s during this period the laying has been properly done the staff has not cold weather, but the General Electric Company, were the property of t.he American Bell Telephone been appreciably affected by the long, hard winter. In which has a contract for constructing the fountains, Co., so that the company was keeping alive proceed­ a few isolated instances flat surfaces have cracked off; has had a large force of men at work, and the super­ ings against itself. but this is only where water has found its way in. The structures are now being placed in position. Tbe theory of telephony was imperfectly known in lagoons are mostly walled in by what appear to be . Work on the boiler plant has been much hampered the early days when the Berliner patent was being marble walls. These are simply woodeu surfaces cov­ by legal complications between two safety' boiler com­ manipulated. But in those times the great pre­ ered with staff: but in preparing the material for this panies, one of which claimed to hold a concession ponderance of knowledge was possessed by the tele­ use it is composed of one-fourth of best Portland ce­ granting it the privilege to install all the boilers. After phone company's experts. Therefore they were at a ment. When the staff work is pointed up and given a litigation for two months the courts have decided great advantage in dealiI'!!" with the Patent Office ex­ coating of paint, it will not absorb moisture. against this special concession. The day following the aminer. The government JUakes a strong point of this Some weeks ago it was announced that the Vander­ decision, workmen were on hand clearing away the fact in its complaint. bilt family had leased one of the largest and most com­ ground ready for installing enough boilers to fill the It is out of the question for us to present even an modious mansions on Michigan Avenue for the six main boiler house. Contracts have just been made for outline of the many points brought forward to invali­ months of the World's Fair for $20,000. But this is several hundred, horse power to be installed in the date the Berliner patent. The above are merely sam­ only one of many similar leases. Another Michigan boiler house annex. ples. Equity is strongly against.it; but the equity of A venue house has just been leased for four months at The annual election of officers of the World's Colum­ the federal courts has gradually become codified and $4,500 a month to a prominent New Yorker, while a well bian Exposition takes place April 1, and for weeks fixed by precedents until it is nearly as inelastic as law known Philadelphian has leased a commodious Prairie past a number of men who are anxious to help carry itself. In the past, rival telephone inventors have en­ Avenue house for six months at $3,000 a month. The some of the honors that will go with an official position deavored to produce make-and-break current tele­ highest price yet offered for a residence has been during the holding of the Exposition have been solicit­ phones so as to escape the fifth claim of the original $50,000 for the season of the Fair for the palatial resi­ ing proxies, and in several instances buying up stock. Bell patent. Hereafter, if the Berliner patent is sus­ dence of a Chicago millionaire, which has been only But the present management has carried on the work tained, the effort must be to produce microphones of recently occupied. The offer was made by a Philadel­ so efficiently and with such evident sath'faction that unvarying pressure. which will depend on varying area phia street railway magnate. Inquiry at the leading there is little probability of any official being unwill­ of contact for their action. renting agencies by your correspondent reveals the ingly retired. It is understood that more proxies than A suit to annul the original Bell patent was com­ fact that forty or more leases have already been made enough to re-elect the present board of directors hav� menced by the federal government many years ago. of private houses in Chicago in which each lease has already been offered them unsolicited. This patent has now expired, but the suit is still alive. been for $1,000 a month or over. Many negotiations The last building to be contracted for is the Bureau It is to be sincerely hoped that the suit. to annul the are now being carried on. and from present indications of Public Comfort, which is to cost $28,000. Although Berliner patents will be pushed more energetically, it would not be surprising if there were as many more the contract was let only three weeks ago, the frame­ and that the case will be brought to an issue before leases made before May 1 of equal value. The number of work of the first story is nearly completed. the patent dies a natural death in 1908. leases of smalleramonnts are quite without number, and President Cleveland has been officially invited to be

. ' .. . include some of the best known names in the country in Chicago on May 1, and open the Exposition to the The World's ColuInbian Exposition. in sOllial, political, and financial circles. Many choice public, and start the machinery. SPECIAL NOTES. suites at the leading hotels have also been arranged Plans were partially perfected to install a complete It is unfortunate that �uch a great undertaking as for by well known people. The people to whom price still in miniature in the agricultural section for the that of preparing the buildings and installing the ex­ is a minor consideration have very generally engaged manufacture of whisky, but the internal revenue offi­ hibits at the World's Columbian Exposition cannot be accommodations ahead. cers were so strict in their requirements that this ex­ made one of the features of the Exposition itself. It is With the disappearing of the snow the working hibit may be dispensed with. more inspiring and instructive to see men take swamp force:;: at the Exposition are increased; over six thou­ Director-General Davis has issued an order calling and sandy waste and transform it into the present sand men are now employed. Over five hundred car upon all exhibitors to give definite information imme­ "White City" than to walk through a building filled loads of exhibits have arrived, and the arranging and diately as to their intentions in all detail. Not only with set exhibits and not be able to see any of the installing of these reQuires the services of many men, must the work of installation be begun at once, but process of manufacturing or preliminary preparation. but in a week or two the daily arrival of exhibits notice must also be given by those who wish electri­ This preliminary preparation has been particularly should be about five hundred car loads a day, as it is city for purposes of lighting or power, or who want instructive with this exposition, as the swamp has been estimated that there will be all told over twenty-five telephone or other services. transformed into lagoons, and the sandy wastes into thousand car loads. A great demand for men as soon During the recent cold weather the trusses of the sward or building sites. In erecting the buildings as the snow and ice are gone will be in clearing up and Manufactures and Arts Building are understood to some foundations were almost literally laid in the mud, completing the work of beautifying the grounds. The have contracted five inches. In midsummer it is esti­ yet every building is firm and no trouble whatever has work of hardening the paths was scarcely more mated that the building will expand to be about a foot been experienced from settling. The whole seven than begun when the cold weather interlered. Then wider than it is now. hundred acres of ground is now fully laid out and only debris as a result of pushing building operations with Mr. Frederick Sargent, who has been engineer of the needs the finishing touches of cleaning up, turfing, such vigor is scattered everywhere, and it will take sev­ combined mechanical and electrical department, has etc., to make it highly attractive. The whole area eral thousand men two or three weeks at least to clear been made general manager of the department, and has been drained with a complete sewerage system. away this. When the grounds are once cleaned they his assistant engineers promoted, tilus relieving him of Water, compressed air and electricity are distributed are to be kept so with much care, and during the hold­ much of the detail work of the department. to all parts of the grounds where needed, so that the ing of the Exposition it is proposed to have them About the middle of February it was announced "White City" is laid out with the completeness of a cleaned from one end to the other every day. This through the daily press that a large number of young city that has required years to develop in. work in itself will reqnire a large number of men, as men would be able to find service under the Exposi­ Still another very instructive feature in the pre­ there are seven hundred acres inclosed in the park, and tion, either in the Coiumbian guards or as guides, and liminary work is that of the variety of nationalities a few evenings each week the grounds will be open to that college students would be given the prefer­ among the workmen and the characteristics peculiar the public until ten o'clock. ence. In two weeks a thousand applications for posi­ to each in the manner of doing their work. English­ Work is being pushed in all parts of the Exposition tions as guides were received. Only one hundred or men, Frenchmen, Germans, Japanese, Turks, and with restless energy. The weather has hampered two hundred men at the outside will be required for many other nationalities are busily engaged in pre­ progress in every way, but work has gone on in spite this service, but applications still continue to paring their several exhibits. of it. The great' passenger station has been completed come in. For months Jackson Park and the Exposition build­ during all the cold weather, and will be ready for A post office has been established in the Administra­ ings have been referred to as the " White City," and trains on' May 1 without difficulty. In all the build­ tion Building for the convenience of Expol?ition em, when the Transportation Building was colored a fierce ings as many men are given employment as the amount ployes, and a sub-station will probably be established red three months ago a cry of horror was raised. But of work will warrant. Foreign exhibitors are, as a just outside the grounds for convenience of visitors this cry was uncalled for, as the" White City" will still rule, much more prompt than those of this country. during the holding of the Fair. be practically white when completed. AU the build­ The Palace of Mechanic Arts is particularly interest­ The foundation is being put in for the Ferris wheel. ings will remain as they are now, white, or only a ing just now with the work of installing such a vast This wheel is to be 264 feet in diameter, with 36 cars, shade or two from it. except the Transportation Build­ amount of machinery. The temporary power plant, each as large or larger than a Pullman, attached to ing, which is to be painted in the polychromatic style, which has been in service' from the first, can be used the circumference, and swinging from it. but which will be very light in effect. On the exterior only until the 15th inst., so work is being pushed with of this building winged figures are to be stenciled on special reference to putting part of the permanent A SUCCESSFUL test of a Harveyized steel armor plate the panels which alternate with the flag staffs, while plant into operation on that date. There are already was recently carried out at the Indian Head: proving all the flat snrfaces are to be quite elaborately decorat· about a dozen engines of the fifty or more to be in­ grounds. The object of the test was to determine the ed, one of the patterns being composed of conven stalled on their foundations, and several batteries of trial of the plates representing 2,000 tons of armor for tional thistles and foliated designs. All the color ef boilers are ready for firing. The plant for handling which bids have recently been received by the Navy fect within the grounds wiIlbegiven by flags, bunt­ the fuel oil is readyJor use, and only waiting for the Department. A 10 inch gun was used, placed at about ing, awnings and hangings. Large awnings of bright Standard Oil Company to turn the oil into the tanks, 30 feet from the plate. In three successive shots the colors will the roof ofthe,Woman's'Bullding, over the pipe liDe connections already made. The velocity was increased from 1,472 feet to 2,060 feet. The 1>$on as are the goldeil eiltrimce 'to the Tr8.nsportailion Bunding, Westinghouse 4,000 light alternltting dynamos are last shot penetrated deeply, but the excellent quality of and on many balconies and on otherbuildings. connected and ready for operatio� and the work of the armor was fully demonstrated.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. ,itutiiic �lUtri,al. J [MARCH 18, 1893.

AN INEXPENSIVE WINDOW AWNING. AN IMPROVED PHOSPHATE. WASHER. American and British bridge building practice, and An impwvement whereby the ordinary window A simple device for separating sand, clay, marl or shows how that practice operates in the matter of se­ shade mayoe used as a part of a window awning, other substance from the phosphates, at the same time curing foreign orders, or orders for foreign countries, serving when not so employed the ordinary purposes preventing the balling of the clay or marl, is shown in I which is not quite the same. Time was an important of a window shade, is illustrated in the accompanying the illustration, and has been patented by Mr. Wil­ element in the' matter; the railway was practically engraving, and forms the subject of a patent which liam A. Beaty, of Plant City, Fla. The washer is completed, but could not be opened until the bridges has been issued to Mr. Bernard Branner, of New represented in perspective in Fig. 1, and, as shown in were constructed and in position. Several British York City. The ordinary spring roller �hade, E, transverse section in Fig. 2, the trough consists of two bridge builders were therefore asked to state the time is shown extended outwardly as an awning, in longitudinal sections, connected with each other in the they would require to build a bridge of 246 feet span, which position it is supported by a keeper hook middle to form a longitudinal ridge. . In the two sec­ and the shortest time asked was eight months. A at each side in the outer ends of the stretcher tions are transverse partitions, set to form alternating cablegram to one or two Amel'ican firms brought the rods, 0, of the side wings, D. These stretcher rods are pockets, each of the partitions being perforated by reply from two that they would deliver all the four slots. Through the pockets pass agitating arm� set bridges of the size required alongside a vessel at New spirally and radially on shafts journaled in the legs of York in eight weeks, while a third asked twelve weeks. the trough, the outer ends of the shafts being con­ nected with each other by gear wheels, and one of the 1 shafts being connected with a source of power. The lower end of the trough is closed, except that it has aide sections covered by wire netting, permitting the discharge of muddy water at this, the feed end of the machine. There are also perforations in the sides of the trough leading to the pockets, permitting the dis· charge of fine sand, clay or other refuse, and near the upper or discharge end of the trough are wire screen sections, over which the phosphate is passed to the discharge chute, the remainder of the sand, clay and marl, etc., being separated from the phosphate by the screens. Water flows constantly into the open upper end of the trough from a suitable supply pipe, meet­ ing and thoroughly washing the material as it is fed forward by the rotating arms, the material being moved first from one pocket of one section to the alter­ nating pocket of the other section, then back to the next forwardly alternating pocket of the first sectioIl" and so on until the refuse and the phosphates are com­ pletely separated by the time the latter are passed out of the open upper end of the trough. BEATY'S PHOSPHATE WASHER. BRANNER'S WIlfDOW SHADE AWNING. . .. � .. BRIDGES ON THE TRANSANDINE RAILWAY. There was no alternative. Cables were again sent to each hinged on the lower end of an upright stay rod, Of the new r:ailway which completes the system the three firms stating the load and . the tests to be secured ori� on each side of the window, the stay rods across South America over the Andes range of moun­ . made when the bridge was in position, and offers were forming the upright supports for the wings, whose tains, connecting Buenos Ayres with Valparaiso in , at once sent. The span we have given; the tensile lower edges are connected with the horizontal stretcher Chile, 106 miles can now be traversed by trains, so strength of the steel used was to be from 26 to 30 rods. A cord, A, is passed through marginal rings in that only 42 miles of the distance have to be traversed English tons to the square inch, with an elongation the wings, and by drawing on this cord the stretcher in carriages or on mules. These 42 miles involve the of 20 per cent in 8 inches before fracture. The build­ rods are folded upwardly, inclosing the attached wing very laborious works of constructing the tunnels ers were to guarantee that the bridges satisfied the material, a cord, B, facilitating the extension and through the highest peaks of the Andes mountains. test requirements when in position. The main girders securing of the awning in position. Different forms of When completed the traveler will be able to cross the were to be 15 feet 1 inch between centers, to carry the side stay rods are contemplated by the invention, and continent from shore to shore by railway in about 60 single line of meter gauge (3 feet 3% inches). Here are the wings and their stretcher rods may readily be hours, whereas, by sea, round Cape Horn, the time the offers: completely removed. When the shade is not to be used taken is 12 days. Tenders fo r Bridge of one Span. 246 Feet. as an awning, it is released from the keeper hooks on In the 109 miles of railway there are about sixty the outer ends of the stretcher rods and drawn into bridges and culverts, varying in span up to 246 feet. Price per Deli- Name. Price. Weight. Ton. very. the apartment, then becoming a pendent screen for the We give an engraving of the largest bridge, of 246 feet £ Tons. £ s. d. Weeks. S...... 2,515 156 16 2 0 12 window. By a slight change in the location of the span. The larger bridges are of American construc­ Union Brid e Company, U. Phcenix ' p H H ••••" 2,637 156 16 17 8 8 H " H •.•. ,. 2,493 164 15 3 5 8 awning material the dev�ce may also be utilized as a tion. The reason for this is certainly interesting, as it Edgmoor screen for a door. raises an important point on the relative value of Time, as we have said, was the consideration, and

THE FOOT SPAll ADB.ICAlI BB.mGE OX TD TB.AlISAXDIKE B.mWAl'� 246

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. tituiifit �mtritau. MARCH 18, 1893.) J weight was an important element in view of the dis­ AMERICAN IMPROVED LOCOMOTIVE VALVE. dinary roadway, as well as for a railroad, and is de­ tance the bridge had to be conveyed inland, so that The accompanying cuts show two forms of locomo­ livered with great facility at any desired point, its the Phamix Company got the order, although their tive valves, one with muffler and one without muffler, means of self-propulsion enabling it to be moved at a price was highest. It is interestillg to note that the which were designed and patented by A. P. Kinney, minimum of cost, and saving expense of handling. changing of the material from iron to steel only superintendent of the American Steam Gauge Co., of involved an increase of 5 per cent, the tests being as Boston. The superiority of this locomotive valve lies ...e,. above, and it is further noteworthy that the Phamix in the fact that it can be adjusted on top without re- AN IMPROVED WRENCH. Company wished the truss to be 35 feet deep, and moval from the dome of the locomotive. In order to In this simple and durable wrench, which has been offered to make the price less with it than with a 32 adjust either the pressure or the blowdown, first re- patented by Mr. William H. Kaltenbeck, the lower foot truss. move the muffler, I; this exposes the compression jaw may be made to slide up or down upon the shank The point suggests itself: How could the American screw, G, adjustable nut, M, crosshead, L, locking of the body bar, and be locked at any desired position firms offer to build the bridge in as few weeks as the latch, 0, and check nut, H. By loosening the check. thereon, by means of an easily manipulated lock nut or English firm required months.? The reply is simply nut, H, and screwing down the compression screw, G, sleeve. The small figures show different sections of the hat their sys tern of bridge building enabled it to be the pressure is increased, and the reverse for lessening locking nut or sleeve, a cross section of the body bar for the pressure. As a general rule, from a portion of its length, as shown in one of these figures, 1-6 to ?4 turn will change the pressure of having its forward edge cylindrical and threaded, the valve five pounds either way. By while in its rear edge is a V-8haped groove, in which raising the locking latch, 0, and screw- fits an arm or socket extension integral with the lower ing down on the adjusting nut, M, one or movable jaw of the wrench, the exterior surface of notch, you reduce the blowdown one the extension being cylindrical and provided with a pound, and the reverse increase>' it one . pound. Until the present styles of locomotive valves were placed on the market by this company, in order to adjust the blow­ down, the valve had to be taken from the dome of the locomotive. It was also impossible to adjust while steam was on. The present styles do away with these objections and are a great advance over anything hitherto produced. Although lately placed on the market, a number are in use on the largest rail­ roads of the country. These are giving excellent satisfaction, and additional or­ ders from the companies using them are the best evidence that a trial is all that is needed to secure their adoption. The American Steam Gauge Company, 34 Chardon Street, Boston, who are the sole manufacturers, will be pleased to XALTENBECK'S WRENCH. furnish additional information to any one making application.

A .,.,. thread. The locking nut or sleeve is swiveled upon A LOCOMOTIVE STONE BREAKER. OUTSIDE VIEW WITHOUT MUFFLER. INSIDE VIEW WITH MUFFLER. the upper end of the handle, from which it is readily With the improved means of stone detachable, and this nut is made in two diameters, THE KINNEY LOCOMOTIVE VALVE. ballasting a railway track shown in one greater than the other; at the lower diameter the the illustration, nothing but clean stone, inner contour is circular and at the upper diameter it done. Here the builder gets his drawings from the rail­ SUbstantially free from dust, and with no admix­ is somewhat elliptical, the opposite side walls of the way engineer, who designs every rivet and bolt, if he fure of soil, is placed upon the roadbed. The im­ smaller diameter of the nut having threads. To ad­ does not specify how the rivet or bolt is to be driven. provement forms the subject of two patents issued to just the lower jaw to or from the upper one, a turn of A. B. wishes one style, C. D. an entirely different type, Mr. A. B. Austin, of Fort Wayne, Ind., the machine the sleeve or nut permits the lower jaw to be moved so that the builder must be prepared for anything-the being in the form of a locomotive adapted to run thirty freely upon the body bar, and when the jaw has been advocates of the American system might say for noth­ miles an hour, while it can be changed to a stone properly placed the sleeve is turned in the opposite di­ ing. In America, on the other hand, the builder de­ breaker in five seconds, by raising the drivers .off the rection, when its threads engage the threaded surfaces signs the bridge. or rather he has a standard type, and track. The machine is always ready for use, on tlie of the body bar and the socket extension of the mova­ the engineer only needs to state requirements. The road or in the quarry, and will break from twenty-five ble jaw, firmly locking the latter in the desired posi­ firm can therefore have special machinery for rolling to thirty cubic yards of stOlleper hour, while it willalso tion. The jaws of the wrench may be shaped for use their iron or steel to the standard. sections needed, and haul one loaded car. The rock for ballasting can be either as a monkey wrench or as a pipe wrench. are thus independent of steel makers. They are, there­ handled in large lum).iS, being loaded on flat cars and Further information relative to this improvement fore, prepared in the fullest sense of the word. It may drawn to the place of use, two-thirds of the rock being may be obtained of Mr. W. F. Baker, Middlesborough, be urged that the British system admits of greater undisturbed as it is dropped from the car on to the Ky. choice of design, and therefore suits British needs; roadbed, thus saving the handling of the ballast by ....e," but after all it is to the foreigner we, in large measure, shovels. The distance between the crushing jaws and Electricity is our authority that an electric railroad ha.ve to look for orders, and as a rule he is satisfied the size of the crushed material is regulated by rais­ from Main Street, Orange, N. J., to Montclair, with a with what he can get quickly and cheaply, provided it ing or lowering wedges by means of a rod and nut. brawh running from West Orange to Eagle Rock, is to meets the desired conditions as to load and tension The material is crushed by the machine to a more uni­ be built as soon as the weather will permit the work to and compression tests. We do not enter into the rela­ form size and in a more expeditious manner than the be done. The terminus at Montclair will be at the tive value of America.n and English designs, or as to same can be effected by hand for a macadam or an or� Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad station. whether American or British prices are lowest. Our contention is that there are most convincing evidences that the American practice has its advantages. As to relative prices, it is to be regretted that in the case of the 246foot span quotations were not got from English as well as American firms; but Messrs. Clark's busi­ ness was not to collect proofs on economic points. Fortunately, however, the idea suggested itself, pre­ sumably for other reasons, to get an English firm to quote a price for a 197 foot span from sketch drawings supplied by an American firm who had tendered, so that we have in this case comparative prices: Quotations f01' 197 Foot Span. Price per Price. Weight. Ton. £ d. Tons £ s. d. s. Pencoyd Bridge Company, America ...... 1,679 13 0 117%; 14 5 0 . British ...... 2,025 3 0 138 14. 13 6 firm . . . It will be noticed that the British firm (which need not be named) assumed a greater weight-that is in accordance with practice-and that their price per ton was greater, notwithstanding that material and wages are said to be dearer in the States. Of course the American firm have special machinery. This, how­ ever, one may find in almost all concerns. We are indebted to Engineering, London, for our. engraving and the above particulars.

A SLIGHT earthquake shock was experienced in the northern part of New York City. and Long Island City, N. Y., on March 8, at 12:40 A. M. The shock lasted thirty-two seconds, and was accompanied by I rumbling noises, oscillations from east tQ west. I AUSTIN'S LOCOMOTIVE BALLAST· CRUSHING )lACHINE.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 166 [MARCH 18, 1893. SnoW" PloW"s Needed in HoulIlania-A Chance Cor source of the Kagera, which rises at the foot of the pre­ Sparking oC Dynamo Brushes. AlIlerlcan Inventors. cipitous and wooded hills which form the watershed The Elektrotechniker, of Vienna, contains some use­ We take pleasure in publishing the following letter between the basins of the Rufizi and the Kagera. This ful remarks on this subject which, we feel sure, will from Mr. Ch. Courgoulier, 6O.Calea Victoriei, Bucharest, mountain chain is known to the natives by.the name of prove of interest to our readers. The sparking of dy­ Roumania. The communication speaks for itself: the " Mountains of the Moon," and is held in peculiar namo brushes not only wastes the brushes and the " Every year the snow stops the movement of trains reverence by them. Here Dr. Baumann maintains the commutator prematurely, but also gives rise to a con­ in Roumania for a longer or shorter time. This year real source of the Nile to be, for if "it be acknowledged siderable loss of energy, which might otherwise be pro­ they were obstructed for more than three weeks. Hav­ that the Kagera is the chief feeder of the Victoria perly utilized. This sparking formerly was one of the ing learned through La Na ture and La Revue f}enerale Nyanza, it follows that the headwaters of the Nile can unavoidable defects of dynamos, while nowadays the des Chemins de Fer that rotary plows are used suc­ be none other than those of the Kagera itself in the commutators of small machines mostly run without cessfully on the lines of the United States, it occurred Mountains of the Moon in Urundi, within the bounda· sparking-provided no mistakes have been made in the to me that I would propose a trial of them on the lines ries of German East Africa." construction and treatment of the mach ine-and the of Roumania. My propositio� was accepted. So I sparking of large machines has been reduced to a write to ask you to give me assistance in carrying out The 'rrap Door Spider. minimum. my idea, by furnishing me with all the necessary in­ Mr. D. Cleveland, of San Diego, Cal., contributes to The sparking may be due to various causes. It oc­ formation for the introduction of one Qf your plows Science an article in which he states some curious facts curs when the armature becomes strongly heated, and into Roumania, and making experiments with it. If it regarding the trap door spider (Mygale henzii, Girard), is due to a faulty construction of the latter. If the works su�cessfully, others will be needed. which is widely diffused in California. Behind San ,I pieces of sheet iron ofthe armature are not properly insu­ "I will need to have drawings and detailed de­ Diego there are many hillocks about a foot in height lated from one another, Foucault currents are set up in scription of these plows, and the results obtained by and three or four feet in diameter. These hillocks are the iron and strongly heat it. The armature, therefore, experience. Also dimensions, weight, price, terms of selected by the spiders, Mr. Cleveland suggests, because is tested, before being wound, by making it rotate for payment, time required to deliver, expense of trans­ they afford excellent drainage and cannot be washed several hours between strong magnets. If it has been portation, supposing that the apparatus can be deliv­ away by the winter rains. A suitable spot, which properly constructed, the increase of temperature will ered on a boat at Galatz, a port on the Danube." always consists of clay, adobe, or stiff soil, having been be very slight. The armature may also be heated by We trust that numerous responses will be received chosen, the spider excavates a shaft varying from five too heavy a load. This will occur when more lamps by Mr. Courgoulier. Write him direct. to twelve inches in depth, and from one-half to one are switched on than the machine ought to feed. For •••• • and a half inches in diameter. This is done by means regular working the armature wire must not be loaded HOW SUNKEN VESSELS ARE RAISED. of the sharp horns at the end of the spider's mandibles, with more than 4Yz amperes per square millimeter On the morning of February 27 the United States which are its pick and shovel and mining tools. The (0'00155 square inch), Some manufacturers go as high revenue cutter Washington, Lieut. C. F. Shoemaker, earth is held between the mandibles and carried to the as 6'4 amperes per square millimeter, but this is a very U. S. R. M., was run down by the Brooklyn Annex surface. When the shaft is of the required size, the questionable practice. The E.M.F. , too,. must only be boat No. 3, of the Penn­ I . allowed to rise within cer­ sylvania Railroad Com­ tain limits, which are gene- pany, just opposite the rally specitled by the man­ Barge Office dock, at the ufacturer for e a c h ma­ southern extremity of this chine. If the E.M.F.. at city, where the East and constant current is unduly North Rivers unite. The raised, a much larger num­ cutter's port side was stove ber of revolutions is re­ in amidships, and the ves­ qnired, the ai'mature iron sel sank just inside her slip is heated by the frequent at the Barge Office. changes of polarity, and The Custom House auth­ the shaft runs hot in the orities appropriated $500 to bearings. Sparking also have her immediately rais­ occurs when the brushes ed, and the Chapman do not lie against the neu­ Derrick and Wrecking Co. tral points of the commu­ began the work of raising tator. These neutral her at 7 P. M. Feb. 28. points, in consequence of The derrick boat Reliance the reaction of the arma­ was employed. With the ture current on the field aid of divers a sling of mag�ets, are subject to chains was passed under displacement in the direc­ the boat and attached to tion of rotation of the ar­ the arm of the derrick, as mature when the current shown in our photograph. increases, and in an oppo­ The steam hoisting gear of site direction when the cur­ the derrick was then set in rent decreases. When the motion, and at once the brushes touch at the same sunken vessel began to rise time two segments of the out of the water. The commutator, the latter are Washington was soon com­ short-circuited; this causes pletely raised. The derrick an overload of the respec­ and her burden were then tive convolutions of wire towed to dock for repairs. and gives rise to sparking. The Chapman derrick The commutator must not consists of a strong float or be rough or uneven, and scow provided with several RAISING A SUNKEN REVENUE CUTTER. must have no protruding . watertight compartments, sheets. By protracted

on which a powerful crane is erected, worked by steam spider smooths and glazes the wall with ·11 fluid which use the sheets of the commutator are ground by the power. The machine is capable of lifting weights of is secreted by itself. Then the whole shaft ill covered pressure of the brushes, and in this case the commu­ several hundred tons. The raising of a sunken boat with a silken paper lining, spun from the animal's tator must be turned off, or new sheets must be in­ like the Washington is considered a small affairfor this spinnarets. The door at the top of the shaft is made of serted. machine to handle. This derrick was fully illustrated several alternate layers of silk and earth, and is sup- Sometimes, during the rotation of the armature, a in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of November 8, 1890. plied with an elastic and ingenious hinge, and fits sudden flaring up is noticed at the commutatAr ; this

• t., • closely in a groove around the rim of the tube� This is frequently due to interruptions in the armature Tile Sources of the Nile. door simulates the surface on which it lies, and is dis- winding. A break of current in the field magnets can The report of Dr. Baumann's latest geographical- in­ tinguishable from it only by a careful scrutiny. The spi- also give rise to strong sparking. In the present state vestigation of the Kagera River and the country lying der even glues earth and bits of small plants on the up- of perfection to which dynamos have been brought the between that stream and Lake Tanganyika affords an per side of the trap door, th\lsmaking it closely resemble sparking of the brushes can be altogether avoided, or, interesting and important contribution to the history the surrounding surface. The spider generally stations in large machines, reduced to a minimum. In every of the sources of the Nile and a singular confirmation itself at the bottom of the tube. When, by tapping on case the constructor can ascertain and remove the cause of the ancient myths concerning the Mountains of the the. door, or by other means, a gentle vibration is caused, of this defect. -Electricity, London.

Moun. the spider runs to the top of its nest, raises the lid, and _ '. - On September 5 last Dr. Baumann's expedition, after looks out and reconnoiters. If a small creature is seen, A Varllish for Collodion Lantern Slides. having crossed Stanley's route a week previously, it is seized and devoured. If the invader is more A correspondent writes : I have been making a seriel> reached the Kagera River, and was received by the na­ formidable, the door is quickly closed, seized, and held of experiments to find out the best varnish for collodion tives of Urundi with such demonstrations of joy and down by the spider, so that much force is required to lantern slides. I have tried nearly all the published respect that he instituted inquiries as to the cause of open it. Then the spider drops to the bottom of the formulre, including Mr. Armstrong's acetic solution of their enthusiasm. He;learnt that Urundi, from Ujiji to shaft.' When the door of the nest is remov;�d, the gelatine, but the best one which I have used is as fol­ Rouanda. had been for ages ruled by kings who were spider-can renew it five times-never more than that. lows : supposed to be lineal descendants of the moon, and From forty to fifty cream-colored spiderlings are Tunny's impervious varnish...... _ • . . • ...... •. . •• 1;2ounces. that the natives believed him to be the last king, who hatched from the yellow eggs at the bottom of the (This is a saturated solution of amher in had died a generation�before and who had no\v come nest. chloroform.) back to them from the moon. When these have attained only a fraction of their full Pure benzoL ...... lX . . . .. • ... 0·0 • • • • • • • •• ••••••• •••••••• l:! On September 11 the expedition crossed the Aken­ size-before they are half grown-the mother drives Gum dammar.. . ounce. yaru, which is not, as supposed, a lake, but a river, them out into the world to shift for themselves. After When dissolved to be filtered through cotton wool. though the name " Nyanza " is often applied to it. Dr. a brief period of uncertainty they begin active life by This varnish runs on the plate as freely as collodion Baumann also discovered that the so-called Lake making nests, each for itself, generally close to "the does, without the tendency to coat your fingers and Mworengo is in reality a river which flows into the old homestead,";li!Ometimes within a few inches 'of it. baeks of the plates like most other varnishes which I Akenyaru, and came to the conclusion that there was These nests are always shallow and slender, and are have tried. It dries hard with a gentle heat, and is no extensive sheet of water in Ruanda or North soon outgrown. When the spider attains its full size, not tacky, and it renders tb\l tUrn quite- bright !Hld On Septem.ber Dr. Ba a arrivedat the constructs a larger glass-like.-Br. Jour. Urundi. 19 um nn it nest.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. titutifit �lUtritau. MARCH 18, 1893.] J IMPROVEMENTS IN BOSTON HARBOR. of mails and passengers are not infrequent, it is Decisions Relatlng to Patents. On our front page we give a bird's eye view of Boston hoped that Congress will take some action in the REISSUE OF LETTERS. Harbor, showing the different channels which have matter. Letters patent No. 171,425, issued December 21, 1875, been widened and States dredged by the United govern- Our thanks are due to Lieut·-Sol. S. M. Manllfleld, to John C. Reed, for a non-conducting covering for ment, and some of the numerous islands which dot U.S.A., who is in charge of this district and under "boilers, steam, water, and other pipes," claimed a the harbor, showing also more in detail some points whose sUI?��sion much of the work has been done, for covering composed of layers or wrappings of paper where the more important work has been done by the many fa l t es afford d u and for much of the data I C h � � � saturated with adhesive material, and compressed United States corps of engineers. for preparatIOn of thIS artIcle. while being fonned into tubular sections "of a thick- The objects of these improvements, which were com- • '.' • ness of one-half inch or more," sUbstantially as de- menced in 1825, is first to preserve the harbor by pro- Prizes Cor Mule Carts Cor India. scribed. A reissue of the patent-No. 8, 752, granted tecting the islands and headlands, and second to im- The Secretary for India has decided to offer five August 10, 1879-'-omitted from the claims the quoted prove it by widening, deepening and straightening the prizes, ranging from $3,750 to $625, for designs and mo- words. The Circnit Court of Appeals rules that this channels. dels best adapted for mule carts for the transport use was an enlargement of the claim, rendering the reissue The projects adopted for this purpose since 1866 of the British army in India, after practical test in invalid, and that this effect could not be avoided on have been mainly in accordance with the recommen · India of a full sized specimen. The competition is open the theory that a covering of less than half an inch dations of the United States commissioners, whose to all nations. Intending competitors wishing for the would not constitute the "thorough non-conductor " labors terminated during that year. fullest details as.to the kind of cart required will be sup- of the specifications; for, while a less thickness might The works of preservation consist of sea walls, plied with further instructions on application to the Di- not be sufficient for boilers and steam pipes, it mani ­ aprons, jetties, etc., which protect the shores of the rector-General of Stores, India Office, Westminster, festly wonld be for " water and othel' pipes." 1. islands and headlands, prevent additional wash into London, or to the Secretary to the Government of ' PATENTABILITY. channels, control the tidal scour, and preserve the full India, Military Department, Calcutta, British India. It is held by the Circuit Court of Appeals that in height of anchorage shelter for vessels in the road- n' Th desI'gns and models,fram��"; needfnldetail, should view of the prior state of the art, as shown by the pat- steads. "I "'� be sent direct to the Secretary to the Government of ent of February 9, 1883, t.o Charles F. Woerd, and pat- Point Allerton, which is at left of bird's eye view, is at Indl'a, MI'II'tary Department, Calcutta. No ,lesI'gns or ent No. 206, 674 ,t o H oyt, there was no invention in the the south easter I yentrance 0f t h e har bI or. S protected models reaching Calcutta later than September 30, 1893, mere introduction of springs in the mechanism for ef­ by a granite sea wall 1,202 feet in l ength. Its concrete Wl' ll be allowed to compete. ,The tI'me of transI't for fecting the winding and hands setting engagement, in foundation for a distance 0f 1,005 f'eet IS protected by . . . pa" cel post from London to Calcutta mav be taken at 1 � J order to avoid babi ity of illJuring th e wheels by the an apron and eigh t s h ort jetties of granite rubble · twenty-four days. The ill' structI'ons for competltors force of the push or pull upon the short stem arbor, as stone. state, among other things, that the object sought is a claimed in letters patent No. 10, 631, granted August 4, The bluff protected by this wall is not fnlly covered design for a military transport cart for a mountainous 1885, to Duane H. Church, for an improvement in stem­ from storm action, and the sea wall should be extended country, with absolutely no local resources in the way winding watches ; but the claims are valid as covering westward for a distance of at least 150 feet, and the of skI'lled labol' or constructI've mate";al.u The few ex- a new and useful combination, the peculiar usefulness foundation should be protected with rip-rap. isting unmet.aled roads are steep, narrow, and rough. consist.ing principally in rendering watches and cases LoVf'U's Island, which is much nearer the city, is pro- Carts would further be largely employed on unbridged interchangeable. 2. tected on the western shore by a rubble stone apron and unmetaled tracks newly opened along hill sides The United States Circuit Court lays it down that 975 feet long, the northern shore is covered by a gran- and stony river beds, to meet the exigencies of military upon the idea of making an improvement, an adapta- ite sea wall 750 feet long and the eastern shore pro- operations. The roughest handling is unavoidable. tion of an 01 d mach ine to th e new purpose was pro- tected by a granite sea wall 800 feet long and by two I The cart must be entirely made of meta or of combi- posed almost simultaneously by three distinct and in- rubble stone aprons, one between the northern and '11 nations of metals. A s the merits of a design WI be ' dependent parties, by an alteration of mechanism eastern sea walls 1,440 feet long and the other south 1 largely judged from its prime cost, competitors WI'11 , slightly different structurally, but the same in principle of the east sea wall 1, 330 feet long. The detail consider how far light and strong, but possibly very ex-I in each ' case, is evidence that such change was obvious, views of Lovell's Island at bottom of front page, show- pensive, metals should be used in place of commoner and did not involve invention. 3. ing the construction of the sea wall and the rubble I material, having a special regard to the importance, in , stone apron, are madelfrom photographs taken especi- EXTENT OF CLAIM. the matter of durability, of the cart itself not being I .. . .. ally for us at low tide. The CirCUit Cou rt of Ap eals deCIdes that If reIssued unduly light with reference to the load it has to carry. � Three prominent bluffs on Deer Island are protected I let�e:s patent No. 11,0?�, Issued Feb uar 25, 1890, to In this connection, 656 English pounds as a maximum, � � . by granite sea walls originally built about 1827. The W lli m R Fo , for an Improvement mIt r cut mg and 492 pounds as a minimum, are indicated as gener- I � .;. x ill ? � north head wall is 1, 740 feet long, the middle head wa machmes, could be held to show patentable IIlventIOn, ally suitable limits of weight for an empty cart. This 840 feet, and the south head w�ll 380 f et long. These t constitutes one of a se ies of improvements, all hav­ � remark, however, in no senlSe need restrict designers' � � walls have been partly rebuilt and m the weakest mg the same general obJect and purpose, and the pat­ in enuity in devising a lighter cart if of sufficient places backed with concrete. ent must, therefore, be limited to the precise form and st ength. The cart is to have only two wheels to be I Long Island is protected on the north head by a ; arr.angement of parts described in the specifications, nroV1.ded with a brake or drag and to be drawn by two granite sea wall 2,081 feet long. Part of the foundation and to the purpose indicated therein. 4. �ules Each designer is to s�te in describing his cart of the sea wall and of the beach at both its ends is Le ters patent N . 261,054, issued .July 11, 1882, o C. whether he is willing to enter into a contract for its � � t protected by a rubble stone apron, aggregating 1,375 I W. SIemens, as aSSIgnee of Frederick Siemens, cover supply, and, if so, within what time and at what cost feet in length. During the last year 1, 100 tons of rub- "a ta k for the continuous melting of lass, having gas he is prepared to furnish a single specimen cart, 12 I � � . ble stone were landed at the beach and used to form and aIr ports, and of the depth herem des rlbed, !or carts, 100 carts, or from 500 to 2,000 carts free on board . � a rip-rap protection for the .b each west of the sea wall. . the purpose of formmg, below the upper flUid portIOn In Lon d on, or d eI' lvere d'In C a1 cu tta , Bom b ay, 0 r AlIa - I . . fl . . This work will be contmued this year. of the metal, a layer of metal m a semI- Uld or partial Iy ha b a d . Th e Eng I' IS h la nguage, aIth oug h no t 0bl' Iga- . . . Boston Harbor consists essentially of an inner and '11 solId condItIOn, as and for t h e purposes d'escnb e. d " I n tory, as Gennan an d F renc h may b e use d, WI neces- . .. . . outer harbor, united by a deep waterway, and each . hIS specIficatIOns the applIcant states that " the sarI'l y have a a d van t age ln th e comPe t't'I IO n. English m � . accessible by distinct channels from the sea, widening . 1 fusion of window or other white glass there is a con- measures, weigh t. s, an d prICes are al one ad mls s'b le. in . . . into a deep and spacious roadstead. tmu?us descendmg and ascendmg �ovement of the the specifications" drawings and models. The inner harbor lies to the north and westward of partIcles throughout the mass, as 18 proved by tlae I Long Island and receives the discharge of four rivers, - .• • wearing away of the bottoms of shallow tanks. The A Beautiful Piece oC Mechanism. the Charles, Mystic, and Chelsea Rivers from the north advantage to be obtained from increasing the depth of and the Neponset from the south. The direct entrance We have recently had the pleasure of seeing a re- the tanks will be the formation of a layer of ehilled from the sea is by Broad Sound. markable model of a locomotive made by Mr. Henry glass at the bottom, at which point the movement of The outer harbor lieR to the southward of Long Case, of Gloversville, N. Y., watchmaker. It runs by particles ceases, whereby the bottom blocks will be Island and ha'3 a fine anchorage in Nantasket Roads, steam upon a track ten feet in diameter. protected from wear, the presence of stone in the glass as well as in Hingham Bay, a well sheltered harbor Weight of engine, 1% pounds, with tender, 2 pounds avoided, and a larger proportion of first quality glass southeast of Peddock Island. It conuects with the 2% ounces ; length of engine, 8% inches, with tender, be produccd." The Circuit Court holds that the in­ inner harbor by the main ship channel through the 12 inches ; height of engine, 3% inches ; gauge of creased depth of the tank was only for the purposes narrows and by secondary channels east and west of track, 1% inches ; diameter of cylinders, 5-16 of an here specified, and did not, and was not intended to, Long Island. It is reached from the sea by Nan- inch ; stroke of piston, ?1i inch. The piston heads are provide for the alleged discovery of the sO'called "ver­ tasket Roads, which lie south of Georges and Great fitted up with sectional or ring packing ; stroke of tical finding " of the glass. 5. Brewster Islands. Weymouth and Weir Rivers empty valve, 1-16 of an inch ; length of main and parallel Letters patent No. 200, 119 were issued February 12, into the outer harbor. The range of tides at the navy rods, 1%' inches, connected up with straps, bolts, keys, 1878, to Henry G. Ashton, for an improvement in safety yard is 9 '8 feet and at the entrance to the outer harbor set screws and boxes around the pins : length of links, valves, consisting substantially of an ordinary spring 9'4 feet. 7-16 of an inch ; width of links, % of an inch ; diameter valve with a pop valve chamber added, in combination The main ship channel before improvement had a of eccentrics, � of an inch : diameter of drive wheels, with a valve seat, an inclosed spring chamber, and an least width of 100 feet and a least depth of 18 feet at 1% inches ; diameter of truck wheels, % inch ; length inclosed discharge chamber. In his specifications he mean low water. The general project for its improve- of whistle, 7-16 of an inch ; diameter of whistle, 5-32 of stated that his combination was very important " in all ment was submitted in 1867, and was to dredge the an inch. The reverse lever in the cab is arranged cases where the steam is prevented in any way from es­ channel 23:feet depth at mean low water, 1,000 feet with thumb latch, click and quadron. Also in the cab caping freely from the hood or casing, as is often the wide at the upper and lower middles and 685 at the there is a throttle lever, deck lamp, safety valve, glass case." In another place he stated that he provides holes narrows. At subsequent dates these figures were water gauge, lazy plug, steam gauge, which registers , or vents in the spring chamber for the escape of such

changed, and on .June 30, 1892, the main ship chan- the pressure of steam. Also a gong in the cab and I steam as may enter it, but these vents were not men­ nel was 23 feet deep at mean low water, 1,100 feet wide many other fixtures too numerous to mention. No. i tioned in the claims, which covered merely the above west of the upper middle, 800 feet wide at t.he upper 60 Coates' cotton thread is employed as wicks for cab I combination, " arranged to operate as described." The middle, 1,000 feet wide at the lower middle, and at least lamp and head light. These lights burn about twenty Circuit Court of Appeals rules that the patent did not 625 feet wide elsewhere. minutes. The driving wheel boxes are loose in the cover the use of the vent holes. 6. I & The total amount of appropriations for Boston frame, fitted up with wedges, springs, hangers and I 1. Am. Heat Insulating Co. v. A . .Johnston Co., 52 Harbor from 1825 to date are $2,304,276.10. equalizing bars. The tender will be found as perfect Federal Reporter, 228. It is now proposed to have a uniform width of the as the engine. 2. Illinois Watch Co. v. Robbina, 52 Federal Re- main channel of 1,000 feet and to increase the depth to The materials used in construction of this midget I porter, 215. 27 feet at mean low water. According to an estimate locomotive are solid gold, silver, steel and brass. There 3. Bromley Bros. Carpet Co. v. Stewart, 51 Federal submitted by Lieut.-Col. S. M. Mansfield, of the corps of are 1,815 pieces, exclusive of screws, bolts and rivets ; Reporter, 912

engineers, the improvement would cost $1,500, 000 ; but 668 screws and bolts, 353 rivets, making in all 2,836 4. Fox v. Perkins, 52 Federal Reporter, 205. & 51 as the present inadequate depth of water in the chan- pieces. 5. Siemens v. Chambers McKee Glass Co., Fede- nel causes nearly all of the deep draught vessels to • • • , • ral Reporter 902. anchor outside Boston Light and await the tide, so AT the beginning of the eighteenth ' century all 6. Ashton Valve Co. v. Coale Muffier and Safety Valve that delays of from three tQ oint! hQurs in the delivery European armies had pontQon tra.ins. Co,! 52 Federal Reporter, 314.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 'tientifit �me�itll. 168 [MARCH 18, 1893. THE GREAT EXPOSITION ENTRANCES TO THE with cat-tails, flags, and other foliated designs inter- graved beneath. Figures symbolic of mining con­ FISHERIES AND THE MINING BUILDINGS. woven for effective completeness. I stitute the relief in the spandrel on each side of the The several entrances to the Fisheries Building at The lower plate shows the south entrance to the Min- arch. The north entrance is the same as this, except the Wodd's Columbian Exposition are of the design as ing Building. This entrance is nearly opposite the Ad- that a flight of half a dozen steps leads up to it. shown in our upper illustration ; but the ornamental ministration Building: This building is painted with .. '.' •.. work is carried out in such detail and is so elaborate as a light, mild yellowish effect. Besides the frieze there Oftlelal Teats fo r New Magazine RUles. to be quite impossible of reproduction on a small scale. is but little ornamentation on the south face or other It will be seen by the advertisement in another Each piece of ornamentation is complete and distinct parts of the building. Directly over the main entrance- column that a board of officers has been ordered to be in itself, and is a study in the lower forms of life. way arch is the word " Mining " in plain Gothic letters. assembled at the Springfield; (Mass.) armory. Arms Fishes, frogs, eels, lizards, and other creatures con­ At either side is the shield of the United States in to be tested must be presented to the board before stitute the conception of each piece of ornamentation, strong relief, with the words " In God we trust " en- March 31.

�HE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION-ENTRANCES �O �HE FISHERIES AND THE MINING BUILDINGS.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MARCH 18, 1893.] l�

GOLD AND SILVER REFINING FROM: JEWELERS' greatly, averaging about $5 per barrel, although it has of unique interest. It is extraordinary to find it oc- SWEEPINGS. been knQwn to run up as high as $500 per barrel. curring in a single family of birds, and in three genera

The illustrations of this subject were taken from the ------.�.. .. ,...... _-- of that family only, and not-so far as has been yet plant of J. Tunbridge & Son, Newark, N. J. The Copper on Bird.. , Feathers. ascertained-in any other allied forms, such as the sweepings from manufacturing jewelry establishments, At a recent lecture at the Royal Institution, London, cuckoos, the woodpeckers, and the hoopoes, which all consisting of paper, dust, old crucibles, etc., are packed Professor A. H. Ohurch, after some preliminary re- belong to the same natural order. in barrels and carted to a refinery, where the material marks upon the obscurity which still shrouds so many The percentage composition of turacin is carbon is first put into furnaces and burned. These furnaces natural coloring matters, and upon the difficulty ex- 53'69, hydrogen 4'60, copper 7'01, nitrogen 6'96, and are about 3 feet square and hold 3 to 4 barrels. The perienced in isolating them, proceeded to give an aC- oxygen 27'74. ----- fire is started with wood and cont.inues to burn until count of turacin, its sources, mode of occurrence, pro- -._.H...... ' �. ------the whole material becomes caktd and brittle. Each perties, and derivatives. j COlllpllcated Relationship tile Cause of Suicide. furnace is provided with a flue which opens into tj. Turacin appears to be peculiar to the plantain eaters, One of our medical exchanges relates the following dust collector, and gold and sHyer dust carried through or Touracos, an African family of birds, which contains as a fact : these flues by the draught drops down to the bottom of twenty-five species. Of these,eighteen species, namely, William Harman, a resident of Titusville, Pa., com­ the collector. After each burning the caked material all those belonging to the three genera, Turacus, mitted suicide a few days ago from a melancholy con­ is taken out and broken up into small particles and Gallirex, and Musophaga, contain this pigment in viction that he was his own grandfather. Here is a placed with the dust from the collector in a grinding from eight to eighteen of the primary and secondary singular letter that he left : "I married a widow who machine. The revolving pan in which the material feathers of each wing. It occurs also in the head had a grown-up daughter. My father visited our house is ground is 3 feet in diameter, % of an inch thick and feathers and crests of some of these birds. It may be very often, fell in love with my stepdaughter, and mar­ about 8 inches in depth. The two cast iron wheels extracted by the most dilute alkaline liquids, producing ried her. So my father became my son-in-law and my which crush the material revolve loosely on the shaft a magnificent crimson solution. It has a perfectly stepdaughter my mother, because she was my father's running across the center of the pan ; these wheels are well defined absorption spectrum. When a single red wife. Sometime afterward my wife had a son ; he was 2 feet in diameter, 6 inches in width and weigh 700 feather is burnt, the green flash of copper is distinctly my father's brother-in-law and my uncle, for he was

GOLD AND SILVER REFINING FROM JEWELERS' SWEEPINGS.

pounds each Running through the center of the pan . seen ; indeed, the pigments when extracted by am­ the brother of my stepmother. My father's wife-i. e.,

is a, vertical shaft which passes through a large gear monia, precipitated by an acid, and then dried, con­ my stepdaughter-had also a son ; he was, of course, wheel connected to the bottom of the pan. This wheel tain seven per cent of copper. One other animal my brother.. .and in the meantime my grandchild. for he connects with the main shafting, and when it is set pigment containing this metal is known ; this is hremo­ was the son of my daughter. My wife was my grand· in motion the pan revolves, causing the large wheels to cyanin, a respiratory pigment like the hremoglobin of mother, because she was my mother's mother. I was revolve and crush the material. After grinding to a blood, not a mere decorative pigment like turacin. It my wife's husband and grandchild at the same time. powder it is run through a 40 mesh sieve, the material contains, however, a very small proportion of copper. And as the husband of a person's grandmother is his not passing through being put back into the grinding Mention was made of turacoverdin, a green pigment grandfather, I was my own grandfather."

machine. The fine powder, with a little lead and flux occurring in the feathers of some Touracos, and appar­ .... , . added, is then put into a crucible and smelted. On ently formed also by the exposure to air and moisture Tllat Is So. breaking the crucible after cooling, the lead button of turacin, or by boiling that substance with caustic Inventors, like most other men, are willing to make taken out contains the gold and silver. The button is soda. When turacin is suddenly and strongly heated, money out of their inventions, but many of them go put into a bone-ash cupel and placed in a mume or it gives off a crimson vapor which condenses into a about their work in just the wrong way. Instead of assaying furnace. The cupels are from 1%, inches to crystalHc substance containing both copper and nitro­ devoting their time to the invention of machines or pro­ 2 inches in diameter and from %,' to 1 inch in height. gen and yet quite distinct in its properties from turacin. cesses, or parts that are sure to be valuable to large The mume in which the cupel is placed is made of fire Sulphuric acid dissolves turacin, turning it into a new numbers of manufacturers or laborers, they stick to the clay and is about 14 inches in length, 7 inches in width pigment, turaco-porphyrin, which presents striking idea that fame and fortune come only to the inventor and about 6 inches in height and oval shaped on top. analogies with the hremato-porphyrinsimilarly derived who makes a revolution. If such men will only look over The mume is completely surrounded by fire when in from hrematin. history carefully they will find that the great fortunes the furnace, and when the fire becomes of a whitish The amount of copper in the turacin of a single bird and fame made of "revolutionizing " inventions are red heat, the lead melts and is sucked up by the is rather less than one-fifth of a grain. As this metal few and far between, while the greater number of suc­ porous bone-ash cupel, leaving the gold and silver is certainly present in bananas, the chief food of many cessful inventors have made their fortunes out of things button. The gold and silver are afterward separated species of Touraco, and is generally distributed, though that are small. simple. and capable of general use. The by what is called parting, which consists in boiling in traces only, in the vegetable kingdom, there . does small things that perfect existing large things are what the alloy after rolling it out to a thin plate in strong not seem to be any real difficulty ill accounting for its should receive most attention.-The Iron In dustry nitric acid. The value of these sweepings varies source. This pigment, turacin, presents some features (Jazette.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. [MARCH IB93. -m 18, Resistance to Cold. AUTOMATIC PHOTOGRAPHY. motion a clockwork mechanism, which drives a main The death of a centenarian Italian in a Norfolk town Of all the many nses to which the automatic selling shaft extending horizontally through the back part of the other day, whose checkered life-history included machine has been put, that of taking photographs the machine, this shaft carrying cams which effect the service in Napoleon's " Grande Armee " during the dis­ seems the most remarkable. And yet this is what is be­ various operations of the several parts of the machine. astrous Russian campaign of 1812, recalls attention to ing done now in several public places in New York and The lens tube is of the ordinary style, and at its front the fact that of all that host the Neapolitan contingent, Brooklyn by end slides vertically the shutter, D, as shown in the 10,000 strong, withstood the cold and privation much means of a nickel­ detail view, Fig. 2. A rack on the shutter engages a better than the other divisions, recruited as these in-the-slot photo­ gear wheel connected with a cable extending backward mainly were from Northwestern and Central Europe. graph machine re­ and downward to a connection with the main driving So interesting and unexpected was this phenomenon, cently patented shaft, a cam on which causes the cord to be pulled to put on record by Baron Larrey, head of Napoleon's by Mr. Pierre V. raise the shutter as the--r>rocess commences with the army medical staff, that the physiologists and hygien­ W. Welsh, of New dropping in of the coin, the shutter dropping back to ists of the time hazarded many explanations of it-ex­ York City. The place of its own weight after the exposure. At the planations revived and checked during the Crimean operation, so far inner end of the lens tube is a swinging fly, C, adapted campaign forty years ago, when again the Italian regi­ as relates to the to swing up in vertical position, the fly swinging in ments of the allied forces were found to sufferless from exposure, devel­ the lower end of a chute, B, th rough which drop the the Russian winter than their French or even British opment and fixing plates from the holder, A. Both the fly and the plate­ comrades. of the picture, is delivering devices are operated from the cam shaft, The view taken of the fact was this : That the entirely automa­ the plates being of the usual kind employed in taking Italians, bornand reared in the sunny South, retained tic, and the little tintypes, and each revolution of the shaft deposits a so much " caloric " in their systems that their supply of picture which the plate in the chute. Immediately below the fly is the it continued long after their fellow soldiers from less machine throws developing bath tank, E, into which the plate is favored climes had used up theirs. In support of this out, after a mo­ mechanically dropped after exposure, the tank being the experience of other Italians was invoked who, as mentary washing, cut offdiagonally at its lower end by a valve, F. The teachers or artists, had settled in English or Scottish appears to be a developing liquid is carried in a tank, G, in the upper educational centers, and whose power of weathering marked success portion of the machine, a tube leading therefrom to a the first northern winter was much greater than during over previous ef­ bulb, H, which holds a charge for the bath tank, the the second and third, by wh ich time, it was contended, forts in this direc­ liquid flowingthrough the funnel and tube, J. The their supply of " caloric " was exhausted and they were tion, as iudged by bulb is charged and its contents delivered to the bath fain to have recourse to the creature comforts for which the . excellence of tank with each revolution of the driving shaft, the at first they had positive repugnance. Australian the work and the exhaust liquid being in a each case conducted to a waste rapi d i t y with tank. colonists and Anglo-Indian officers, on their. return to' PHOTOGRAP.H MACHINE.-Fig. 2. When the plate drops from the bath tank after the mother country, cited their experience in a simi­ whichit is effect- being developed, it passes into a grooved receive_r, K, lar sense, and Claude Bernard's " Uhaleur Animale " ed. The manufacture of these machines is now being which extends down into a fixing bath of hyposulphite (1876) came afterward to translate those popular ind uc­ carried on in a practical way by Mr. William F. Free­ of soda, the receiver with its plate being afterward tions into scientific language. No doubt during those man, of No. 85 Beaver Street, New York City. The raised to horizontal position, as shown in dotted lines, Russian campaigns the Italian troops, new to such a mechanism of the apparatus, as shown in the illustra­ when a pusher arm throws the plate, now a finished climate and to such winters, felt the keenly oxygenated tion, is inclosed in a case suspended by a cord in an picture, forward upon the delivery tray, M. air as a stimulating restorative influence rather than as open frame, a weight on the other end ?of the cord The time required to take a picture is 45 seconds, a depressing one, and · all through the several and the time of exposure is six or seven seconds, weeks of their subjection to the novel condi­ the lifting of the shutter and its dropping being tions the " systemic response " to these declared plainly perceptible to the sitter. In this short itself in a heat production considerably in ex­ period the plate is taken from the plate holder cess of the heat loss. The question, of course, and held in position before the lens tube, then arises, Could that "systemic response " con­ dropped into a developing tank, where the tinue at its maximum of force the second win­ picture is brought out by the application of the ter ? Experience answered in the negative, developer, from thence being passed to a fixing and the testimony of Italian civilians resident bath and finally pushed out upon a recei ving in the British Isles, as-well as of the Australians tray, where an attendant gives it a momentary and Anglo-Indians aforesaid, points to the same washing. The accompanying half-tone pic­ conclusion. One element in the explanation of Sl'ECIIIENS OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS. tures are photographic reproductions of photo- the phenomenon, however, must not be over­ graphs made on the machine. looked, and that is the greater temperance of the forming a connterbalance, so that the case may be The construction of the machine is such that all the southern as compared with the northern European. readily moved up and down by the attendant to bring movements are simple, easy and positive, and there is To the former-and this was especially marked in the the exposure opening to the proper height for the pic­ little liability of the parts getting out of order. The disastrous retreat from Moscow-the abuse, or even ture to be taken. Below the exposure opening, in plate magazine will hold 240 plates, and when emptied the sparing use, of alcohol was all but unknown. This the front of the case, is a delivery tray on which the it may be refilled in three minutes. abstinence put the Italian at a mighty advantage over finished pictures are thrown out, and at one of the 04 .1' " the northern soldiery, who, as Sir Walter Scott has upper corners is a slot for the reception of the coiIl, IMPORTANT DECISION IN ENGLAND.-Ex-Congress , placed on vivid record, flew to cognac man John S. Wise and O. T. Crosby or vodki whenever they could get at went to London some weeks ago as it, and considered th emselves happy if experts in the suit of the National they could purchase "some hours of Telephone Company of Great Britain insensibility " by intoxicating liquors. the Leeds Tramway Company. 'Vs. Then, again, Italians in general, and The question at issue was whether the Neapolitans in particular, inured to tramway company, whose wires work­ the scantiest meals of macaroni and ed injury to the wires of the telephone salad, felt the starvation diet of the company, should not be restrained. forced marches much less than their Electricity says : The English coun­ French or Teutonic comrades. The sel had collected mass of evidence a. same must also be said in the matter showing that the tramway wires did of clothing-the Neapolitans, even in not seriously injure those of the tele­ abnormally cold winters, contenting phone company. Mr. Wise advised themselves with an artificial warmth that all this testimony was irrelevant, in raiment and fuel much below that and that the proper position to take to which the northern races are accus­ was to admit the serious injury, but tomed.-Lancet. to claim equal rights to the earth with

••• the telephone company. His advice BreakIng Up Their Old Ships. was taken, and the court, Mr. Justice The opinion, says the lronmonger, Kekewick, sustained Mr. Wise's con­ is gaining ground in the North of Eng­ tention.

land that, with one million tons of ••• shipping lying idle, much of which Charles H. Haswell. will never be used again because it is The editor of the Engineer, speak­ obsolete and cannot be worked suc­ ing of him, says with truthfulness there cessfully against the economical mod­ is no more striking figure in any pro­ ern type of steamer, it is the duty of fession to-day than that of Charles owners to break it up and put the old H. Haswell, who at the age of 84 + is metal in the market. Much of this still actively at work daily. Notwith­ sort of work has already been done on standing his years he is as erect as an the Clyde, the Mersey, at Belfast, and athlete and apparently as tireless, he at Barrow, and it is probable that goes about, up and down long flights during 1893 a further number of old of stairs to offices where there are no ships will share this fate. Many of elevators, transacts even trivial mat­ the agents who have ships on sale ters, and has, apparently, discovered strongly recommend this course. It the fountain Ponce de 'Leon sought has the merit of common sense in it, WELSH'S NICKEL-IN-THE-SLOT PHOTOGRAPH · MACHINE. for unavailingly. We think it would as, if the ships cannot in future find be hard to find anywhere in the world remnnerative employment, they may as well be con­ the attendant in this instance furnishing, fOJ: an addi­ another professional man who is doing the work that verted into money as soon as possible, and clear away tional nickel, a stamped metal case for the finished Mr. Haswell does constantly, both physical and men­ a vast tonnage which is standing in the way of fur­ picture. tal. We should be proud of the career of this veteran ther legitimate developments in sailing ships and The coin placed in the slot is carried by a chute to a American engineer and honor him while he is still in steamships of modern type. plate connected with a tilting lever adapted to set in the flesh.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MARCH 18, IB93.] J titutifit �mtritau. RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. extra gnmmy, a perforated hot water or 8team pipe may which hold a great many spools of thread, holding it done, and glvmg samples of nnfinished engravings to so thatwill the thread cannot sllde any way, and that the Ilustrate the processes. The characteristic binding in be arranged to p888 water Into the c ts In the in Engineering. cylinder. urran spools may be very easily removed when Iwanted. The full canvas is in accord with the beautiful descrip­ thread may be easily arranged in assorted sizes and colors tion of the work proper. We have said nothing about BOILER.-Harry A. R. Dietrich, South WASHER CUTTER AND CARRIAGE that it may be displayed to great advantage. The case is the text. Hamerton is well known as one of our most Bethlehem, Pa. This is a boiler which may be used for TOOL.-Thomas Thompson, New London, Wis. This i8 making steam or for heating pnrposes. It is constructed revoluble, and thus is easily turned to bring any desired charming art writers, and any work of his requires no an implement which may be conveniently carried in a criticism in these columns. The introductory chapter of a series of sections capable of being connected and dis­ number or color into the right position. is carriage and readily adjusted to hold theshafts in a raised of peculiar interest, in which he touches upon primitive connected, each section complete in itself, the sections FAN.-James H. Irving, Jersey City, position when the carriage is "not in use, which is pro­ drawing, especially, using the ancient Egyptian and being hollowed to form water chambers, and having de­ of wrench to apply to the axle N. J. This is a hand fan in which a shaft is journaledin vided with a handy form Japanese art for his examples. The two examples of pressions in their side faces forming combustion cham­ the onter end of the handle, in connection with swinging nuts, and which has also a washer cutter at one end, Japanese fignre drawing, one of angular type, the other bers, communicating with the fire pot, located between cross arms, a spring, and other features, whereby, upon for cutting washers for the axles and other uses. The in gentle curves, are of special interest, as exemplifying inner ribs around the sides of the sections. 'fhe ribs are pulliug a cord, at the end of which is a ring, the fan may tool is of a simple and inexpensive character. the analvsis to which the author has subjected the sub­ substantially hollow extensions of the hollow sections, be rotated back and forth around the handle end, the jects of his discussions. and when the boiler sections placed in upright posi­ CABLE SUPPORT. -Gustave P. Wern, ring being pulled by one o� the fingers of the hand carry­ are Brooklyn, N. Y. This is a support for cables used for tion, a cement or packing is nsed between the abutting ing the handle. MINERAL SPRINGS AND HEALTH RE­ sections. propelling cars of carrying devices for moving coal to SORTS OF CALIFORNIA. With a com­ furnaces or gas houses, etc., the support being arranged LOADING ATTACHMENT FOR CARTS.­ plete chemical analysis of every im­ to swing ont of position when strack by a car going in Gustav Ch. Haag, New York City. '1'his loader consists Electrical. , portant mineral water in the world. either direction, retnrning automatically to its normal of a wheeled frame supporting an elevator and conveyor Illustrated. By Winslow Anderson. ARMATURE FOR DYNAMOS AND Mo­ cable-supporting position as soon as the car has passed. there being a driving connection between one of the San Francisco : The Bancroft Com­ TORs.-George Hoare, Newark, N. J. This armature core The arm supporting the cable swings on a fixed pivot, snpporting wheels of the frame and the elevator, pany. 1892. Pp. xxx, 384. is constructed in the usual manner, with the exception of and has a hub with inclined surfaces adapted to travel while there is a spring-controlled brnsh capable of lim­ A discussion of the mineral springs of California, and driving pins inserted in the slots in the heads of the arma­ on like surfaces a sleeve turning with the arm in one ited verticai movement near the bottom of the elevator. �m the comparison with those of other resorts, represents a extending over the face of the core, and held in direction, but held in a fixed position when the arm The attachment may be readily applied to any cart, being ture, prize essay to which the annnal prize of the Society of place by the winding, the wire being canied around the moves, in an opposite direction by a collar secured on the operated entirely independent of the cart, from which it California was awarded on April 1889. The work armature in a continuous piece, while the number of pivot. may be qnickly removed when not in nse. 20, contains very numerous analyses, is qulte profnsely illus­ commutstor bars is reduced to a minimnm by diminish­ DISINFECTING DEVICE.-John Picker· trated, and of course takes the form of a panegyric of· the ing the number of sections of the winding. The various Agricultural. ing, New York City. This is a cheap and simple device great State. 'fhere are several indexes, as well as a table portions of the winding are arranged so as to prodnce a HARROW.-Wilber W. Hinkle, Hood's in which disinfecting material may be placed, to locate in of contents and list of cuts, which add materially toits perfect electrical balance, avoiding sparking at the purposes, a sufficient quantity of Mills, and Ira H. Gaither, Cockeysville, Md. This har­ a tankused for flushing value. brushes, while the winding insures perfect mechanical the disinfecting solution being ejected at each discharge row consists of a metal plate having slots through which ATMOSPHERIC RESISTANCE AND ITS RE­ balance and consequent smoothness in running. of the tank to thoroughly disinfect the parts when the protrude curved teeth attached to rock shafts adapted to LATION '1' O THE SPEED OF RAILWAY water is applied. ELECTRIC RAILWAY.-Michelangelo raise and lower tile teeth. The implement is capab:e of a TRAINS. By Frederick U. Adams. Cattori, Rome, Italy. This invention relates to improve­ variety of accurate adjustments, the teeth being self­ Chicago : Rand, McNally & Co. 1892. ments in that class of railways in which a conductor is cleaning by such adjustment, and the harrow is designed Designs. Pp. 89. divided into sectIOns, and a series of circuit breakers are to serve the pnrposes of both a cultivator and clod MEDAL.-Joseph A. Yount, Laclede, ­ arranged1to connect the several sections, and operated by The author of this work is a great believer in the re crusher. Mo. This medal is thirteen-sided, corresponding to the duction of air friction in trains. His method of arriving moving contacts carried by a . The system may be nsed overhead as well as In a conduitcar desired, the im­ number of original States of tile United States, and has at a result involves a system of vestibullng trains and of if Miscellaneous. on the front a head of Columbus and on the reverse one provement relatingprincipally to the circuit breakers and shielding the moving parts, so as to offer a smooth sur­ the means of operating them, the operating contacts be­ PHOTOGRAPHIC REGISTERING DEVICE. of the Chicago Exposition buildings. face to the air. His illustrations of the preseent system, ing made to work easily, be durable, and to operate with­ -Paul Tournachon, Paris, France. The rotatable cylin­ SPooN.-Charles Osborne, New York with the drafts createdby the passage of the airall shown, is really a wonderfully graphic presentation of what can­ out sparklng. der over which the Jllrn passes is arranged in a suitable City. The edges of the shank and of the flattened por­ casing in connection with the other parts of the appara­ not but be considered defects in the existing system of VEGETATION EXTERMINATOR.-Albert tion of the handle of this spoon are formed into raised tns, by means of which a ratchet wheel is tnrned the dis· things. He believes that he can sO reduce resIstance as A. Sharp, Memphis, Tenn. This is an apparatus, in­ rib-like fignres, broken by leaf-like figures, and at the tance of one tooth every time the registering device is to greatly increase the speed of railroad trains, and he cluding a dynamo and engine, or batteries, to be piaced top of the handle is a flower-like fignre in the shape of actnated, the click of the pawl as it passes the tooth holds that atmospheric resistance, and nothing but at­ on a or other vehicle, to cause a strong current of an open fan. giving notice that an impression has been made, while mospheric resistance, fixes the limit of speed. It is im­ electricitycar to be sent through all the adjacent vegetation N OTE.-Copies of any of the above patents will be the pawl also serves to prevent the registering device possible to avoid being impressed by the author's views, when the is moved along the track. It is designed in furnished by Munn Co., for cents each. Please from tnrnlng back. An aiarm is sonnded every time an & 25 and rus presentation of them is quite graphic. this way tocarkill the rank vegetation which grows along send name of the patentee, title of invention, and date impression is made, and the number of impressions made W-Any of the above books may be purchas;,a through railroad beds and highways in tropical countries. The of this paper. can at any time be determined by looking through a win­ this office. Send for new book catalogne just pub­ current is applied to the vegetation by means of a brush, dow in the casing. lished. MUNN Co., 361 Broadway, New York. the same principle being applicable to the weeds and & NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. grasses of a cultivated field. BRIDLE BlT.-James E. Driscoll, St. Paul, MInn. The cross bar of this bit hasthreaded open­ GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI. ingsin its ends, and the cheek pieces have sleeves sliding Arthur Winslow, State Geologist. SCIENTIFIC AMERlCAN llIecbanlcaJ. toward and from each other on the ends of the bar, on VoL II. A report on the iron ores of STAVE TRIMMER AND JOINTER.­ which they are held against rotation. By means of its Missouri, from field work prosecuted William J. Wright, Cooperstown, Pa. This Invention adjnstable parts the bit may be made to fit the month of during the years 1891 and 1892, with BUILDING EDITION. relates to machines in which the billet is firsttrimmed to any horse or mule, and these partsare covered in such a 62 illustrations and one map. By L. a proper width and then automaticaily fed into the ma­ way that theycannot injure themouth of the animal or Frank Nason, assistant geologist. MARCH, 1893, NUMBER.-(No. 89.) chine. The billet in its course through the machine fill up and clog with dirt. Published by the Geological Survey. automatically controls and sets the bevel-cutting and the Jefferson City. 1892. Pp. xxvi, 366. LAMP LIGHTER.-Richard H. Jolly, Bu­ bilge-forming devices, which are operated tocut the bevel VoL III. A report on the mineral TABLE OF CONTENTS. cyrus, IThis invention relatesespecially to an improved and form the bilge Inexact proportions relative to the dif­ o. waters of Missouri. By Paul Schweit­ 1. Elegant plate in colors, showing an attractive dwell­ lighter for locomotive head lights, providing a simple ferent widths of the billet. The machine is of simple and zer, assistant geologist. Embodying ing at Springfield, Mass. Floor pians andperspec­ device that shall light the lamp without raising the chim­ durable construction, of great capacity, positive and also .the notes and results of analyses tive elevations. Cost $9,750 complete. E. L. ney, one that can be operated while the locomotive is effectivein its operation, and easy to manipulate. of A. E. Woodward, assistant geolo­ Chesebro, architect, Springfield, Mass. moving rapidly, and one which can be operated from the gist, from field and laboratory work 2. Plate in colors showing the residence of the Hon. BRICK OR TILE CUTTER.-James cab when desired. In a tnbe is held a spring-pressed conducted during the years 1890 to Cornelius and Edmnnd R. Coll!ns, Brooklyn, N. Y. plunger having a socket to receive the stick of a match, John J. Phelan, at Bridgeport, Conn. Two per_ 1892. With 45 illustrations and one spective views and floor plans. A. H. Beers, Trus improvement covers more especially the arrauge­ there being a friction ring in the forward end of the tnbe Mr. map. Published by the Geological architect, Bridgeport, Conn. An excellent design. ment and operation of the wires for cutting a block of over which the match head rubs when the plnnger is Survey. Jefferson City. 1892. Pp. Cost $6,000 complete. clay into bricks or tiles, there being combined with the withdrawn and then released, the tnbe being so arranged xxiv, 256. cutting table a series of cntters held to reciprocate in the that the lighted match will be projected close to the 3. A dwell!ng at Springfield, Mass., erected at a cost of We note the receipt of the second and third volumes of direction of their length and arranged at an angle to the wick. $4,000 complete. Perspective views and floor Professor Winslow's report on the geology of Missouri. ciay body, tobe forced through and sever the clay. The plans. Messrs. Granger Morse, architects, Spring­ CRYPTOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENT.-Rich­ The third volume is devoted to the mineral waters, and & cutting wires are generally held stationary and the clay is field, Mass. A model design. ard Harte, Croydon, England. Thisan Is instrument for with its numerous illustrations and analyses may be forced through them, but by having the wires move, the 4. translating communications into and ont of cipher in ac­ considered one of special value. The author, Dr. A cottage erected nearBrighton, Mass., at a cost of clay may be more smoothly cut, maklng a nicer quality cordance with an adopted key. is constructed of par­ Schweitzer, well remembered by the old graduates of the $2,800. Floor plans, perspective view, etc. A. W. of brick or tile. It allel strips fixed to a base plate, intermediate sliding School of Miues of Columbia College, speaks of the work Pease, architect. ROTARY STOCK CUTTER.-Isaia;h strips working in grooves alternating with the fixed as havingibeen largelya labor of love. Those who knew 5. Engravings and floor plans of a residence at Green­ Hardee, Burke, Texas. A disk having a flange i. formed strips, normal and key alphabets being carried on the fixed him of old will cheerfully give full belief to this. The wich, Conn. A beantiful design in the Colonial on a hub adapted to be secured to a spindle, a set of cnt­ strips, and a double index on each alternate sliding strip, photogravures of the different springs are exceedingly style of architecture. Mr. W. S. Knowles, archi­ ters seated in the disk abutting against the flange, while a with a double cipher alphabet �on the remaining sllding picturesque, and the whole subject is linked together by tect, New York. middle disk on the first one containsa set of alte"llately strips, and an index on each life the cipher alphabet exceedingly clear and concise chapters on the origin of 6. A dwelling recently erectedat Brookline Hills, ., }o[ass., arranged cutters, and a disk on the middle one also strips. mineral waters, their analysis and composition, their at a cost of $5,300 complete. A picturesque de­ sets of cutters. Thethird several cutters arranged in classification and the therapeutics of the subject. sign. Perspective elevation and floor plans. are CLOTHES LINE DEVICE.-James J. hasseats arranged in a circle, the cntters for one section or Messrs. Shepley, Ruton Coo idge, architects, Kinman, Petersburg, Ind. This invention provides de­ DISCUSSION OF THE PRECISION OF & disk being readily Interchanged to permit of using the Boston. vices to facilitate hanging ont and taklng in clothes from MEASUREMENTS. cutters of one head on that of another head, the cutters Bv Silas W. Hol­ a fixed standpoint which may be nnder cover, the clothes Sketch of a tasteful design for a three-family cottage, being used for right or left hand heads, and being espe­ man, S.B. New York : John Wiley 7. line itself being afterward reeled up or taken in from the & to cost abont $4,500 . cially adapted for URe asmatcher heads, ship lap heads, Sons. 1892. Pp. vii, 176. Price $2. same standpoint. Pulleys monnted on terminal posts, 8. Plans and elvations of an English cottage and ogee bats. are Electricity has been defined as a science of measure­ of quaint and the inner or operating pulley has an attached or con­ ment. This definition may now be extended to all phy­ and pleasing design. TIRE IGHTENE T R.-Michael J. Fitz­ nected with a hook or fastening to engage the line sics. Just as chemistry is a science of weighing, so 9. View of the Fifth Avenue Theater, New York. A geraid, Aravaipa, Arizona Ter. This tightener consists when itdrum is to be wonnd oJ! the drum. physics has now become a science in which the exact de- splendid example of modern architecture in the angle plates in a recess between opposing felly ends, of WATER PROOF SUIT.-Ottee Van Oos- termination of dimensions is all-important. In the pres­ style of the Italian Renaissance. Together with a toggle bars bearing endwise on the plates and also on a trum, Portland, Oregon. This is a close-fitting suit made ent work, we find the measurements treated scientifically. portrait and biographical sketch of Francis H. Kim­ central screw, with a nut for thescrew, adapted to press of macklntosh or other snitable water proof material, The personal equation, the law of deviations, direct and ball, architect, New York City. on the bar ends and spread the plates and fellies, thereby the coat having fastening flaps around the neck, the indirect measurements, and all the important features of tightening the fellies on the tire at any time when the tire 10. Misscellaneons contents : Paving estimates.-World's sleeves having elastic bands at the wrists, while the boots modernpractice are fully developed. It will be seen that items. -Painting the World's Fair buildings.­ becomes loose. The improvement obviates the necessity Fair are hermetically attached to the trousers. the work covers a field of importance increasing daily, instruments of heating the tire affix it in place by subsequent cool­ Drawing for colleges, etc., iIIustrated.­ to bOOk should be in the hands of all physical tsstefnl ing and contraction, and also permits a removal and re­ VEHICLE AXLE.-John D. I A fireplace design, iIIustrated.-An improv­ Wi son, Belle �:����. placement of the tire, or the substitntion of a new one, Plaine, Iowa. The wooden body of this axle has a central ed steel spring hinge, iIIustrated.-Vegetable growth water mains.-American machinery in London. without the employment of skilled labor. longitndinal bore in which is held a metsl tnbe through DRAWING AND ENGRAVING: A BRIEF in which extends a rod, whereby the wooden axle is EXPOSITION OF TECHNICAL PRINCI- -A foot radiator valve for hot water radiators, il­ PUMP.-Elijah R. Hill, New Albany, strengthened against strain brought upon it in any direc- PLES AND PRACTICE. By Philip lustrated.-New tin plate plant.-An improved fur­ Miss. This is an improved double-acting pump, very tion. The rod has threaded ends on which nuts Gilbert Hamerton. London and nace, iIIustrated.-Cincinnati woodworklng ma­ simple in construction and effective in operation, and ar­ are bearing against the outer ends of the skeins on the spin- Edinburgh : Adam and Charles chinery.-An improved door ljanger, ilIustrated.­ ranged to cause a steady flow of water while the pump A big heater company. die portion of eftCh axle end, and the improvement is de- Black. New York : Macmillan & Co. is in use. Its main piston is made hollow, with a valve signed to be a great advance over wooden axles strength- 1892. Pp. xvii, 172. Price $7. The Scientific American Architects and Builders seat at its bottom and Inlet openings at its upper reduced ened by metalbrac es. Edition is issued monthly. $2.50 a year. Single copies, end, wrule a piston valve sliding in the hollow piston has Mr. Hamertonhas made up this book from matter con- cents. Forty large quarto pages, equal to about a valve adapted to be seated on the seat in the main pis­ tributed to the 9th edition of the " Encyclopredia Britan­ 25 CHILD'S CARRIAGE.-George B. Best, two hundred ordinary book pages ; forming, practi­ ton, the pi�ton valve being also provided with a piston Englewood, N. J. This is a device which may be readily nica " on the subjects of drawing and engraving, pre­ serving the style and treatment of the Encyclopredia. The cally, a large and splendid OF ABCHITEC­ adaptcd to close the inlet openings in the reduced end of �ttached to the running gear of any child's carriage, the MAGAZINE author has .revised it and added a little to it. The work TFRE, richly adorned with elegant plates in colors and the main piston. forward axle being pivotally connected with the side is produced as a veritable A number of with fine engravings, illustrating the most interesting bars, a lever pivotally connected with the handle bar and edition de luxe. MACHINE FOR CLEANING CURRANTS, Iates, in the present edition on drawing paper, ilIustrat­ exanlples of Modern Architectural Construction and normally pressed upon by a spr;ng, while chains or � ETc.-William Vickers, Jersey City, N. J. Combined mg often examples from the early engravers, are g ven, allied snbjects. cables connect the ends of the lever with the forward with a revolving screen cylinder and a reversely revolv­ a d on the thin p�per gnard le opposite ach plate is The Fullness, Richness, Cheapness, and Convenience axle. The device facilitates the easy steering of the - ? . � � ing interior spiral agitator or brush, a shaking prepara­ given the descnption of the subject matter, red letters. of this work have won for it the LARGEST CIRCULATION Is riage, and when the device Is releaser, it automaticallycar '? tory cleaning sieve at the feed end of the cylinder, and a The text, on very large and heavy paper, an elegant of any Architectural Publication in the world. Sold by returns the wheels to normal position 18 finishing, shaking, and cleaning sieve at its rear or de­ . example of the printer's art. The work treats not only all newsdealers. livery end. The machine is also adapted for cleaning THREAD CASE.-Samue H. Boone, of the art aspect of the subject, but "also of the mechani­ MUNN & CO., PuBLISHERS, other small fruits in a dried state, or, should the fruit be DOuglas, Canada. This isa slmple andl Inexpe llllive cal,telling how engravings of the different cl888es 361 Broadway, New York. caseI are

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. rMARCH 18, 1893. copper tubes brazedinto it? Would you recommend this on arc lightcarbons, without injury the same ? A. stroke. The cylinders of the early-timers were bored and to form of boiler for the purpose? A. Your engine issuita­ You cau_remove the copper from carbons by means of faced with boring bars, and may have been done by hand ble for a 16 foot boat with a inch propeller, with which nitric acid. Afterthe copper is dissolved wash the car­ power. The reboring of cyilnders with a boring bar Is 15 charge 1m- lnsertioo Dollar a line • The _ this head isOne you may make 7 miles perhour • You will llnd di1IIculty bons thoronghly with water. 2. How is insulated cop­ now accurately done by hand power. 'l'he men that in· 1m- uu;1I tnsertioo ; alxmt eiA;1It a lme. Adver­ words to in makinggood lines for your boat with metal, uuless you tistmtJntB recewed at publicatioooffice early per wire wound on curved field magnets, the outside vented and built the first steam engines were equal to must be IU as morning to appeariln the loUowing have the proper dies to press the metai into form for a being so much �ter than the inside curve ? A. The­ designing and building the necessarytools for doing the '1 'll'UTBda1i week's issue boat. No. 18 will be thick enonglL Your boiler shotlld coil of wiJ:e-i5-a1Iowedto spread on the outside. work. have 24square feet of fire surface. Yon cannot make a Acme engine, 1 to r.H. P. See adv. next Issue. ) .T. B. D. as� : How can I con­ (4745) Machinist writes : Please advise porcupine boiler by brazing In the tubes. Itmakes the S." metal polish. Indianapolis. Samples free. t an inexpensive telephone for communication be­ of the result from using a boring bar under the following ., U. metai.soft and the joints will not be reliable. See SCIEN­ Improved Iron planers. W.A. Wilson, Rochester, N.Y. een a couple of roolllS? A. Over two short tin tubes conditious : The work to be fastened to the carriage of TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 702, for illnstra 1� inches in d!anteter stretch moist diaphragms of engine lathe and fed forward to the single cutting point Universal and Plain Milling Machines. description of small pipe boilers. Pedrick Ayer. Philadelphia, Pa. parchment, and secure them by means of lIne copper of a fixed cutter in a horing bar, revolving on centers of & lathe, as often used in machine shops. The lathe to bein Handle turning machinery. Trevor lIIfg. Co., (4724) .T. J. G. writes : If I fill a tub say wire or strongthread. Pierce the diaphragms at the �en­ Lock­ port, N. half fnll of water and place it on the scales, and then ter, connect them by a strong thread passing through the a IlOl1Ilalcondition excepting the tail stock, which will be Y. set mOre or less, within the capacity of lathe, pro­ Steel fingers hold and qnlcklygrlnd drills true. "Ideal " put into the tub a fish weighing say twenty pounds, will perforations and knotted on the inside of the diaphragms. over, as Drill Grinder. T. Broadway, New York. the tub, fish, and water weigh any more than the tub This will fonn an efl'ective acoustic telephone. vided for oy set over screws on tail stocks of lathes. Will HalI,85a and water did before the fish was put into it ? I mean a hole bored under ahove conditions be cylindrical or Steam Hammers, Improved Hydraulic Jacks, and Tube (4734) Y. M. C. A.-Hard-drawn iron Expanders. R. Dudgeon. Colnmbla St., New York. to take a live fish. A. 'r he tub and water will weigh as otherwise ? A. A ho.e bored under the conditions named 2.f wire hasmore resistance than soft iron wire. Taking much more as theweght of the fish, whether it be allv" will not be a cylinder, and with the angle attainable Screw machines, milling maChines. and drilI presses. the resistance of copper as 1, the resistance of iron would small or dead. Anything that has weight, if placed in the in lathes for variation in line from the center, the amount The Garvin Mach. Co .. Laillht and Canal Sts., New York. be a little more than 6, and of Gennan silver 13. We water, adds its own weight to the water. 2. Will a log or of distortion will be mathematically small, yet It will be Centrlfllllal Pumps. CapaCity, 100 to 4O,M gals. per can furnish copies of recent patents at cents each. To boat drifting in tide water go faster than the water that 25 elliptical in fonn, with its longest axis in the vertical. minute. AlI sizes In stock. Irvin Van Wle, Syracuse, N.Y. become an electrical engineer, you should attend one of propels it ? A. The boat or log may drift slightly faster The plane of revolution of the cutter being at right angles Portable engines and boilers. Yacht engines and theelectrical scliools, or the electrical department of one the surface current, for running water does not vertically and at angle horizontally, the differen ce in boilers. W. Payne Sons, Elmira, N. Y., and Dey than of the colleges. A mixture of litharge and boiled oil an B. & 41 move with the same velocity throughout its depth, but the two diameters may be readily computed from the Street, New York. makes a cement which there is no moisture. Oxide In elements of a right-angled triangle, or demonstrated geo­ To Let-A sulte of desirable offices, adjaceut tothe moves faster just below the surface than on the surface of zinc mixed with a solution of chloride of zinc makes a metriC8..tly by increasing the angle In a diagram. A deli· Selentlfic American Offices, to let at moderate terms. and at the bottom. With anything fioating with some hard cement which is practically dryas soon as .tsets. cate calipers should show the difference with a consider­ Apply to Munn Co., Broadway, New York. depth, the faster undercurrent will propel it faster than & 361 able set-over of the back head. Hydrocarbon Burner (Meyer's patent) for burning the surface current. 3. Will you please tell me how to (4735) N. L. asks : What solution is crude petroleum under low pressure. See adv. page braze iron with brass or copper ? A. For brazing iron, best topreserve wood from warping or drawing when ex. (4746) L. H. asks how to temper springs Standard Oil Fuel Burner Co., Fort Plaln, N. cut small strips of sheet copper or brass, make the sur­ posed to rainland weather ? A. Nothing better than 38L Y. for shotgnn locks. A. For hardening and temperinggnn Fine Castings In Bras., Bronze, CompOsition (Gun faces to be brazed clean, and rub the surfaces with borax thorough oiling with linseed oil to keep wood from warp­ lock springs, a oharcoal fire ehould be used with very lit­ or wet them with borax gronndto paste in water. Wire ing. Metal), German Silver. Unequaled facilities. Jas. J. tle blaet, so that the temperature of the fire will be low McKenna ro., and East St., New York. the parts together, apply a strip of the copper or brass to & B 42.f 426 23d (4736) F. J. O. asks : Which consumes enough to prevent overheating the thin parts. Take the the edge of the joint on the upper side, and apply borax '15,Mstock for sale In the McKinley Air Engine Com­ the mostpower-a bevel gearOr a mule stand ? They are Ipring by its shank in a light tongs and dip It in a pan of to the solder. Heat slowly to the melting point of the pany at par, If taken at once. Full particulars by mall. lard oil, place ttover the heat gradually until the used to transmit power from one shaft to another acting fire, 011 Lyman, Paine Co.. 1013 Tacoma Building. icagO, copper or brass, which will draw entirely through the & Ch Ill. at right angles. A. " Mule " loses more power than good takes then carefnlly cover with the live charcoal and joint. fire, For the original Bogardus Universal Eccentric Mill, bevel gear. Friction of the two pulleys, friction of belt heat to a fnll cherry evenly over the whole spring, Foot and Power Presses, Drills, Shears, etc., red address (4725) C. A. R asks : 1. How many and creepage is the cause of loss of power. theu plunge edgewise in the pan of oil ; remove before it G. Simpson, 26to36Rodney St., Brooklyn, N. Y. J.S. & F. volts does it taketo run a 16 candle power EdIson lamp? is quite cold andplace over the fire and heatslowly until The cook for electricians and beginners In elec­ (4737) .T. R W. asks how to make soft bes' A. The standard EdIson lamp is 110 volts. 2. Can you the oil takes fire, then plunge in the pan of oil. tricity Is "Experimental Science," by Geo. M. Hopkins. solder taketo chilled cast iron. And also how to soften tell me of some cheap book that tells how to make a By mail. U; Munn Co., publisbers. Broadway, N. Y. chilled cast iron. A. Use pure tin, o� 2 parts tin, 1 part (4747) W. P. S. asks how to cast lead & 361 storage battery that willrun a 16 candle power lamp? A. Canning machinery outfits complete, oil burners for lead for solder; fiux with muriate of zinc and ammonium type. I want to eet Ip a quantity of typeand make a Any storage battery will run a 16 candle power lamp, soldering, air pumps, can wipers, can testers, labeling chloride. It is well to rub the rough surfaces, if it is mould and €!U!t the metal so itwill print well as the provided you have enough cells to produce the required II. as machines. Presses and dies. Burt Mfg. Co., Rochester, fracture, with abrass wire brush, so as to give a coating type. Let me know how to make type metai. A. Yon electromptive force. It will require cells run one N. Y. 26 to of brass. The soldering is apt to be very unsatisfactory. will find the process of stereotyping and the necessary or two volt 16 candle power lamps. You willllndsuch Competent persons who deSIre agencies for a new 50 (Tinner's soldering acid.) Soften chilled iron by long an­ machinery illustrated SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLI!I­ a storage battery described in "Experimentai Science," In pOputar book. of ready sale, with handsome profit. may nealing in an iron box charged with pulverized charcoal. MENT, Nos. 191 and 310. A good metal for stereotyping also in the SUPPLEMENT. 3. Can you run a lamp with apply to Munn Co., Scientific American Office, 361 is made of 9 parts' lead, parts antimony, and parts bis­ & bichromate of potash for any length of time, and how (4738) L. S. says : We have a set of f:I A Broadway, New York. F. muth. This makes a very fiuid metai for runateur work. prSend for new and complete catalogue of Scientific many cells would it take ? A. You can run a lamp by hay scales and sometimes we have to weigh wagons that and otber Books for sale by Munn Co.. Broadway, bichromate batteries, but it is an expensive and trouble­ are too long to go on them. Can we get the correct (4748) D. L. G. writes : I say that bi­ & 361 New York. a pli on. some method of making light. Can an electroplat­ weight by weighing one end at a time and then adding chromate of potashbatteries and gravity batteries are sec­ Free on p r.ati 4. ing dynamo be used fOl running a lamp with success ? the two weights ? A. Weighing a wagon as you propose ondary batteries. B. says that they are primary batteries, A. The electromotive force of an electroplating dynamo will be_approxinlately correct. and that a Burnley drybattery is a secondary battery. A. is too low for electric lighting purposes. Can you tell Bichromate of potash batteries, gravity batteries, and the 5. (4739) A. R P. asks : Where can I . me of any cheap book that tells how to make and cast Burnley battery are all primary batteries. It Is stated, learn somethingabout the formation of dust balls in old carbon plates ? A. You will find a des cription of a however, that the Buruley battery may be recharged or violins ? A young friend of mine has found such a ball method of making carbons in " Experimentai Science." restored by submitting it to strong current for a time. in his violin, and thinks he has heard they are not un­ a (4726) W. O. S. asks how the windows common in old instruments. Are they mentioned in any (4749) J. E. E. writes : Please state HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. of a store can be kept clear from steam in cold weather. scientific book or treatise ? A. We have no literature re­ through your paper what is beet to use for active material NalDes and Address must accompany all letters, A. Inorder to have clear glass in show wmdows, the air ferring to dust balls in violins. Otie of the oldest dealers to put on the lead plates in a storage cell. Also what to or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our in violins in New York thinks it a mere accident from use to dip the incandescent lamp in to color the glassvari ­ information and not for publication. behind the glass must beof about the same temperature ReCerences to fonner articles or answers should as the outdoor The windows may be made com­ allowing the violin tobe exposed to dust, and the vibra­ ous colors. A. For your platea nse paste of lead air. It red give date of paper and pft!(e or number of question. pletely clear by a second window to completely inclose tion gathering the dust that accumulates on the inside, mixed with a dilute solution of sulphuric acid (acid 1 part, Inquiries not answered m reasonable time shonld a ball. water 10 parts). Incandescent lamps can be colored for be repeated ; correspondents will bear in mind that the show window back of the goods. The inclosure to in time forming temporary use by dipping them in colored lacquers or into lOme answers require not a little research, and, have small ventilators-at bottom and top, which can be (4740) D. C. writes : We are located in though we endeavor to reply to all either iii" letter closed when necessary to prevent the entrance of dust. colored aniline. or in department, each must take his turlr.' the vast gently undulating prairie, have lIne spring this and (4750) E. E. W.-The experiment with Special \V rUten InCorlnatlon on matters of (4727) T. B. P. writes : One night dur­ water, generally found in the slight depressions. Oftenwe personal rather than general interest cannot be the dog conducted at the Edison laboratory, to which yon ing the recent cold spell, ongoing tomy window, I noticed need to locate the origin of these springs, but find It next expected without remnneration. refer, was made with magnets steadily excited from con­ Scientific AlDerlcan SupplelDents referred that considerable moisture was collected on the panes. toImpossible. Will you kindly instructus how to, without tinuous current ; but experiments have been tried with to may be had at the office. Pnce 10 cents each. Nearly opposite the house is an arc lamp. When I extensive digging? Except for these gentle undulations, Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of alternating current and with alternating magnets on the truned my head in its direction, I was astonished to see we must go one or several miles from the spring to find price. head of a person, without marked results. an elevation of to 100 feet above them. A. The slight Minerals sent for exantination should be distinctly tltree separateand distinct rainbows, seemingly clustered 50 marked or labeled. around the light as a center. Each bow was clearly de­ depressions in the land where springs occur are ouly the (4751) H. H. N.-T become a first-class fined_and there was a clear space between each one. I seepage points from the local surface water ot the im­ electrician, one of the first reqnisitesis a good knowledge (4719) H. H. B. asks : What is it that hav" never seen or heard of a rainbow of this description, mediate neighborhood. It is seldom that they have a of mathematics. Without this you cannot expect pro­ makestelegraph wires hum on a cold stonny daywhen to and had never supposed that snch a fonnation was pos­ deep origin, although considerable elevation of land at a ceed very far. Of course, the better way to gaina practi­ there is no apparent wind blowing? A. There is wind sible on a plane surface. A. If the moisture was frozen, moderate distance will add to the fiow of sprlrgs along cal knowledge of electricity is to take a course in one of blowing across the wiressomewhere in the neighborhood, the phenomenon to which you refer was that of diffrac­ the valley lines of depression of the land. the technical schools ; but if this is Impossible, you might or the striking of the wires by the rain makes the hum­ tion. The colors are caused by the passage of light over study electrical works and at the same time demonstrate ming. (4741) S. T. writes : I have a house the fine edges of the crystais. You will find this matter every problem as you proceed by an experiment. painted and sanded. It has at least 8 coats of paint and (4720) W. H. T. writes : Please give rule described in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, vol. 64,page 281, sand on it. It has begJill to hlister. Will you please let (4752) L. H. D. asks : 1. How is oak for setting a carriageaxle, and what receipt can you give also in H Experimental Science." me know the best way to get the paint off. the wood­ for heating'iron through in the shortest time ? A. The sawed tobe quartered ? A. Quarter-sawed oakIs made work so that I can lepaiat It and make it look nice ? Some bottom of the taper axle should be horizontai or parallel (4728) I. H. L. asks how steel is blued. by sawing across the center at right angles, cutting the of our paintershere say burningis best. That Is a very slow to a straight line through both axles. For very light car­ Snch as watch and clock hands, ri1Ie barrels, etc. A. log into four quarters. Then saw each quarter into boards The bluing of watch and clock hands is"'done by polish­ process. Would it not be best to take It off with some at to the quartercuts and across the rings. 2. DoC£! riagessome prefer to have the underside droop a little, so 45° kind of acid ? A. Probably the burning process is best that the wheels tend to toward the shoulder. Iron ing the surface and heating upon a hot iron plate and theprocess incur much waste ? A. There is greateJiwaste run cooling in water as soon as the proper color is obtained. and quickest. The blowpipe burner with a broad fiame than by the ordinary cuts. 3. Is oak inches in diame­ should not be heated in the shortest time for its good. 30 SOIENTIFIC AMERI­ should be used, and with a broad scraper the paint will We have no receipt but a forge for heating iron in For the bluing of ri1Ie barrels see ter better than 12 inch or 15 inch . for that purpose ? A. fire CAN SUPPLEMENT, No. "Gun Wrinkles." be quickly removed. Potash lye may be used, but is The largest logs give the least percentage of waste and the shortest time. 830, not so satisfactory as burning. (4721) W. C., Wichita, asks : Can soft (4729) .T. M. R-The object you de­ make the best quarter-cut lumber. 4. Is sound, large white oak less hard in the heart than near the outside ot pine fioors be polished to look like hardwood, so that scribe is a fungus known to science as Oory niles Rave­ (4742) E. P. W. writes : I wish to know the tree ? A. The heart wood harder and more dur­ rugsmay beused instead of carpets, and how ? A. Soft ndii. It belongs to an order which includes several the exact horse power It will take to pump water in a Is able. Is there any objection in forcing water up hill pine iffreshiy laid makes a good surface for polishing, genera, the species of which are popularly called " stink suitable sized cylinder, with an o�nlng of one-half inch 5. to have the pipe fo:low the undulation of the ground, or and according to the selection of the wood by its grain horns," on account of their shape and their offensive coustantly open, and maintain a pressure in cylinder of must It be a gradual rile the highest point, a distance may be made quite ornamental. A fioor that has been odor. one thousand pounds pressure per sqllare inch. Will a to of 1,1>00feet A. There no obJection to following the used should be made perfectly clean, a�d possible dynamo of onA hundred horse power run an electric mo­ � IS . if (4730) H . .T. D. asks if the electric mo- l:rDund grade ln laying water pipe, provided it is well \llaned. Then a coat Iof boiled linseed oil, well rubbed . tor of one hundred horse power ? Suppose they were a ' tor SUPPLEME T, No. 1, can be used as a dynamo. protected against frosVand Jl1.U1:8 put in at low points intothe fioorand dried, gives a good surface for waxPOl o m ;, � side by side, what loss would there be in horse power be­ to I flo fast shouldlt be dnven ? If so, what po er of an facilitate drainage ifreqUIred. Ishing, which may be made by dissolving a pound of ,: . ,:" tween dynamo and motor ? A. You will require 12 horse half engme would be reqUired and what electro o ve force, beelwax in a qnart of turpentine. With this rub the :n � power in maintaining the jet under the pressure named. (4753) N. B. T. asks : How large a meter and how many amperes ?f current would It give ? A. fioor to a polish with a hard brush or a coarse fiannel The friction of a pump to do the work will require at least shall ·r want for thirteen 3 foot burners and a gas stove The electric motor to which you refer can be nsed as a rubbe r. horse power more, or 16 horse power in the steam cylin­ with four holes and an oven and broi]."r ? Is 5 light dynamo by substituting a cast iron field magnet for the 4 a der of the pump. There will be from 10 to 15 per cent large enough ? A. You would do better to use a 10 light (4722) M. B. asks where he can get wrought iron one, but we would advise you to follow difference in the horse power of the two motors as de­ meter. If all your burn"rs, stove, and brOIler were going alnminum steel or nickel steel, also state if it is adapted some other fonn of machine for a dynamo. No calcula­ scribed. at once. the 10 light would be none too large. for tune (musical instruments). A. Aluminum and tious have been made to show what electromotive force nickel steel are not as yet regnlarly on sale. Their manu- or current the motor would yield ifused as a dynamo. (4743) F. G. S. asks : What capacity (4754) E. S. asks : Is there any way to facture so far been experimental, and with steel have large steruners or vessels for pumping water out of prevent the soft water from condensed steam dissolving has plate. A [ (4731) S. K. G. asks What causes the works supplying steel for ordnance and annor � the hold in case of leakage, or about what amount of the iron of steam heating pipes? }.am having tronble with - burning out" of an incandescent lamp ? Is it few trials have been made for tools, bnt manufacturers so calied " water in gallons per minute ? A. The large ocean steam­ my pipes leaking from this cause. A. The water of conden. do not enough in it to induce its introduction to the I always the result of the burning and breaking of the fila­ 3,000 8,000 see ers have pumping capacity for to gallons per sat.on Is to a considerable degree-e solvent of iron of the by its life limit being reached, or is it market as tool steel. Probably it will make good music ment, caused minute. used lor making Such Iron Is not pure, con­ quallty pipe. wire, it is said to be slightly harder than carbon steel. sometimes caused otherwise ? Also, does this burning 8@ (4744) W. H. C. says : In the South taIning slag and particles ot some unknown s�bstance out destroy r pa ly destroy the vacuum in the glass (4723) H. H. says : I would like to ask ? n: Kensington Museum, London, there are some old steam that seems to have a !;alvanlc acbon, producin.!'( pock ? A. '1' bulb, or doe� it remam as perfect ever he burn- ln from three to now large a boat an engine with a cylinder 2� by 3 � engines over one h1llldred years old. Could you infonn lloles that sometimes eat through pipes out of mcandescent lamps generally due tothe inches stroke would move at the rate of about 8 or 9 In!: 18 me in your columns how the cylinders were bored, as five years. where the water runs along the bot­ disintegration of the carbon by the current. It is how- Agam, milils �r hour. I would like to make the boat of sheet . .'there were no slide rests nor boring machines in those tom wroughUron pipes. channels are cut partly by so­ ever, sometimes caused by a lea� the bulb and the 01 metai It will not be too heavy. I expect to carryabout m days, and as they are qulte large, they would be difficult lunon "nd partly by attrttJOn, WhiCh are known to cut if b mg out or actual consumption of the carbon due rsons. Do you think No. 18 iron would be too urn . to hore with a hand tool? A. Cyl inders for steam en­ through pIpe in rom or five years ; while, on the other six pe to the presence of oxyge�. The f8.1lure of the carbon a light for the sides of the boat. it were wetl bra ced? gines were made of considerable size nearly two hundred hand, the vast bulk steam heating pipes are in use all if liIament does not necessarily affect the vacuum. 01 state what would be best for a boiler for such a years ago. The first one America.. the copper the way up twenty-liveyears with only an occasional Please used In ln to What is the mine Newm-k,N. J•• preVIous to the RevollltiOn, and leak .rom Internal causes. The cause IS Jarflely In the boat. Would � sheet copper beheavy enough if Imake (4732) .T. E. Q. asks : 1. new: and,qnlckest way ove the copper coating in Newm-k, 80 Inches diameter by . feet qualltythe of iron 01 whichthe plpe Ia made. TIle a polCllpine 8lnboUer withthe8heIl ches Indiameter and easiest to rem DOW IS abOut lI/Ie

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MARCH 18, 18c}3.] ',itutifit �tutritau. 173

4112.9:12 .....•...•. •.• 492 815 •...... 492.936 of homogeneous or'steel pipe is probably the only rem­ Car safety !!'uard,N.& C. Bassett...... •.....•.... 492.882 1 Lamp. electric ar'i\C. K. MacFadden • •••••••..•.•• 492.828 Steam bOiler. G. A. Crane...... 492,970 to Car. street. Adsn Wickham . . Lamp filler.L. R. akes ...... 1 Steamer. oyster.W.A. Ramage .. . edy. The same pitting and cuttirg is known affect Car wheel. H. W. Libbey. . :...... 492.907 Lamp hanger. adjustable. N. Jenkins ...... 492,800 Steamel. wheat. H. B. Sha�fi ...... 49.'1.225 iron boiler tubes. and is a 'OUl'Ce of much trouble with car u e l g m 1 : a n ' 493,090 fni, f�6w������ ���" . ��� � . ���.���.. ��� 492,918 t::g'l��g���e:{;�;it,.}T 3� �gi!g:���·::: ::::: ::m �:::�;� :�t:::�� fO:-s:bm�y�e· 'vessels, J. P. vertical tube. with internal circulation, although the •• 49.'1.165 1 49.'1.109 ...... 492960 Carburetmg apparatu aIr. P. H. Irgen ...... Lamp socket�mcandescent. J. F. McLaughlin...... 492,896 Holland. . 493,000 is not pure and soft from condensed Card setting machInes, feed mechanism for, W. Lantern, A. �ohner ...... SteerIng gear, electnc, L. S. Van Duzer . water as .team. :: .::: : '::::: ':'.: 1�:� C a l : !�'m Sto atus r manu urI I (4755) Z. asks : How can I remove the 49.'1,141 Car�r� &�tche;.: ·Ei:WilcoX·::::. .492,982.. 492.98:1 t:t�� �����:n�� \J. R�e �.� ���.�:::::::::::::::: 4�3,041 ��r�rf� . �� ��,: �.... .����?� �I: ..�: . 49.'1,111 casg regIster. R. T. Houk ...... 492.974 Lathe tool rest. A. MUIr ...... 493.018 Stool, Plano"C. O. Par.ons...... 492,981 acid from beef tallowso that it will not corrode iron when Cash regIster, �'. A. L. Sneckner ... I Lathe. turn mg. H. Dreses ... Stramer" corree. R. N. Harrls ...... 492,897 ...... 49.'1,019 & 1 1 Strap. Me W .....on box .trap. u.ed asa lubricator ? A. Boil or melt and .tir into very Ca.h regIster and mdlCator. H. G...... C. F. Walter. 492,924- Lathe. turret, H. Dry.dale ... ..•oa... ..• 493.193 Caster wbeel. M. Lachman .. . 49.'1. 7 Lawn traverser and sprmkler. H.& Schwelm Sulphur bearmg ores. roastmg, C. W. StIckney al o 04 e I. Iley SU u o c ri l hot watera .mall quantity. Te.t the water with litmus 8:g� aJ'a��r!'!,siJ'�� c�ie� ��'fI�� Reu';cii ' & t�:�: ��,� ��i'i�r��1 B�?!� .�� : ::::::::::: ( i���Il;.t.,�Ef.�: ,.. : �. � .��.. ��:� . �.��;.�: 492.903 paper to see if it containsacid. If so, then treatthe tallow . j�:�;\t e e n m S e at C Electr c c : . ��'fr �g�:��i r.- �� � ':: 493. W1�.!:i �; �:i�'h� 1 SWItch. l ,wltch. beforeyou use it in the same way, adding a .light exce •• cenr;�oard: J: C· ou h·:·::.::.::::::::···:::.:: :::.. 493.223 t�rt:, bo� � a . �...... � ::::::::'::': 49.'1,061 w s 49:1.208 of can.tic .oda to the water,and heating and stirring Check. draugh\Jor the like, J. F. Schafer ... . Llftmg devlCe. W. L. Brown . .. Syringe. vaginal. A. B. CrUlckshank ...... r ....•••••••• c r l l bI Se O 2g�l�f:�s �ie� c��3� 1�� 8E�, w. Grau 493,161 tg��m���e g��I-;��. �I. �c ��an ...... 493, thoroughly. The tallowwill separateon cooling. 49.'1. �: :nd ::P��!����. :&:�':t�� �����: ...... 493,086492.789 Chuck. A. MUIr ...... •.....•...... ••.. 49.'1.231 Loom let-otfmecbanlsm. J. C. Bill...... Teregrapg • •peakin .... T.A. EdIson ...... (4756) .T. S. asks : Is water absolutely Churn,E. Alpauflb. . 493,006 Loom sheddlDjit mechanlsm�O. W. Schaum...... Telephone transmitter, C. T. Bloomer...... •. Churn,J. Phegley ...... 492.945 LO'lm weft .top motion. T. Thacker ...... 492 Tele.copmg cu . F. H. Chtford...... non·compressible ? Or can its bulk be reduced by any Cigar cutter and electric lIghter. combined. A. LubrIcator. See Axle lubricator. Pulley lubri- Tbermometer, PC. J. Taghabne ...... Huot ...... 493,030 cator. - Thra.hing ....• 492,807 ...•..••...•...•....•. 492,999 cylmder. W. W. Dmgee ...... 0.000 •• ••...00. .. known method ? A. Water is .lightly compre ••ible . No CUCUIt breaker, automatIC Insh &; WIlliams Luminous fountain, G. Trouve TIle !astener, A. M.�trusholm •• ....•. • • sub.tance is non·compressible at existing temperatures. CIstern•• deVIce for remov !ng debrl. from. G. D. Mandrel attachment. L. W. Bosley...... 492.775 TIle. illuminating. H. Haustein...... WIlson ...... 49:1.1:19 Match safe. F. Boardman ...... '" ...... 49.'1.227 TIle machine and cutter. J. Fernald...... 493.077 Clamp. See Basm clamp Hose clamp. Matching machme glumg attachment, B. G. TIme lock. N. B. Rees ...... 49.'1,115 Replies to Enquiries. Clamp. W. H. Roblllson ...... 49.'1.118 Luther ...... : ...... 49:1.101 TIre. rubber. W. Golding ...... 49.'1,160 Cleaner. See BOller tnbe cleaner. Window Mattress. woven wIre. E. R. Bilhngton ...... 493.147 TIre. wagon. C. Z,mmerman...... 49.'1.14:1 Mea.unng and dehvering apparatns. hquld, A. T. 49.'1.181 The following replies relate to enq1rlrie.published in cleaner. 492,8l:l ...... 492.1:18 Tobaccodre.smg•• andfeedlllgdevice. W.J. Payne•• SCIENTIFIC Clock, A. M. Lane ...... J...... 492.971 Wllkllls .. Tobacco dre mg and feedmg machine. H. Bohl 49:1,14:1 AMERICAN, 492.886 49.'1, the and to the numbers therein Clock, electnc program. A. Reams ...... Measurmg in.trument... H. Gohrt ...... 492.816 Tobacco PIpe. F. O. Chorley...... •. J.J. gIVen. Close See Water closet. & ..... 49.'1.215 Measurmg mng. beer .. A. S. Mackintosb ...... 492.957 Tobacco pIpe. F. J. KaldenbergJ...... Cloth nappmg machme� Leech Himelspark Measurlngvessel. E. L. DetrlCk ...... 492.781 'l'ongue support. vehIcle McGinl. (4655) In query No. 4655, where X. Y . Clotbes lines. clothes Iastener for wire, Rice & Meat press. F. A. Clark...... •...... Tool. combmatlon. F. W: Heinke ....:::::::::: :·::. s W. G: !�:m I . . :: TO a or i I gt p i t clolh�� pounde'r, Beave·r:::::::::::::::::::::. ::r:tt�:�h� �a����e, J. Baum·····: : ::: : �:� asks for an acid or spirit that will soften glass so he can ��"l:ll';::::::.::::::::::::::: �;� Me te • a f st algh l �et?r��� ��� � �?:��� .� . �� . ?�. :?� .�::�: borebole. it " well, hardly;" but your ad· • 492.951 in withan awl, 8g��c�':i���'i\';,"d roc�; t,t�k��� �.���.�:��.. �: . � .���. ��:.�: 49.'1.151 ��:in:e�o��:"A�'l!ruiio:::::'::"::::::::::::' .:::: vice is good as to a diamonddrill or glas.tube and emery. Comb. See Curry comb. .• Metal .haping machine. C. A. Collord ...... Trolley WIre support, F. E. Head...... : ... . Composite board or stnp for...... wall•• ...... etc E. Stripp-..... 492.849 Meter. See Grain meter. Trough. See Feed trough. But please allow me, for the benefitof X. Y. and others, ...en . . ... MIll. See Grinding or pulver zing mill. Sawm1l1. Truck brake, C. C. HI... ham ...... 492.99:1 Concentrator. J. A. Coombes ...... 493.0'10 Wmdm1l1. i Truck. car. W. F. Bradley ...... 492.776 togive a cheap and simple receipt (if we may call it such) Condenser. L. Schutte ...... 49.'1.123 mach me. timber. C. P. Tnrner...... 400.1:l:l . .. .. 49.'1 089 49.'1.091 MortISing 492.976 Truck for electric locomotIves J .....C. Henry.. : : 49.'1'234 of drilling holes in glass with a common .teel drill by COOkl� apparatus.steam. A. J.lden ...... 49.'1,192 Motive powe£,..producmg. C. TellIer ...... Truck. motol\Brill & Adam • . .'...... • Core drIver. G. W. Stewart ...... 492.846 Motor. See weight motor. Tub See Bath tub. using turpentine, the same as yon wonld oil in drilling J. lawn, A. E. MilIer...... 49.'1 015 I % Cork cuttmg and facing machme. A. Snyder.. .. Mower. Type wrIting mach me WM. Clark ..::.:::.. .:'::::. 49.'1;016 iron or .teel. have bored some holes aslarge as inch Corn cutter. T. S. Valentme. Sr...... 49.'1,1950192.86'1 Mowing macnme cutter bar. !. F. Bassford...... Type wrItmg macblne: J. Crary: .. Cotton chopper. E'. S. Hyde . MUSIC board. H. S. Sbarpe ...... by this process and have never had any trouble when my • 'l'ypewrltm ... macbme. E. E. Hills ...... 492,812492.800 PRETTYMAN, CouplIng. See Car conplIng. Shaft couplIng. MUsical Instrument attachment, W I.Jetner..... Type wrItmgmacbIne, N. H. Lamb...... drills were hard high.-J. T. r o i r • n jO and speeded Cou���� f�� :���?;Pi���es, J. S. Johnson ...... 49.�.16e ��:l��� g�t ��;:\>� .;:� {:� �i����.��:·::::::: �!�:ufo ;!atc n M.E., Portland, Ore. 492.987 , ...... 49.'1,144 ��r;e1� ��� �. ��'1.'Sch e ck. Crematlllgfurnace. V. E. C. Morse...... 492,968 Nail. J. B Adler ...... &. .. Vapor burner. A. Gateau.. .. ' ...... qutfholder. J. Pllcher...... 493,124 Nall machmljwife. Roth Blspham...... 49:1.222 Vapor generatin ...burner. G. LIttlefield...... g IV�I\·!i.;c���J! cup: · ...... ··· ..• � � 19 i: WH"c"�!� P b TO INVENTORS, ��. · · ··· ·· ·· ·· · ·· 49:1.029 � ��: . S ··:::::::::·::::::::::::::::::: �� �r;:!>,\�gu fte� r�: Patten'.:::::::::::::::::::::: Currycomb. G. M. Hubbard ...... Nut lock. S. J. Stevens...... vetcle runmng gear,--L. M. Smith ...... Cutter. See Buttonhole cutter. Cabbage cutter. Nut. on bolts means for lockmg. T. C. Palmer... VehlOle spring J. N. '""stwood ...... An experience of forty-four years, and the preparation Cigar cutter. Corn cntter. PIpe cutter. Vega- OIl, process of aDf1apparatu8 for thlckemng lm- VebICle. two wbeeled. J. F. Ketter...... 492.984 of more than one hundred thousand applIcations for pa­ table cutter. .eed. E. Schaal ...... & ...... 49:1.187 VelOCIpede. W. H. E'auber...... 492.959 Cycle. J. G. Xander ...... 49.'1.201 breech-loadmg Noble Henderson ... 492,9£2 ...... 492.9>-8 tents at home and abroad, enable us to understand the ...... 492.854 Ordnance. , 49:1,014 VeloClpede,C. F. Pea.e... .. Damper. pIpe sectIOn. A. W. Walker ...... Organs ••010 attachment ror reed. J. P. Can field. VeloClpede pedal C. �' Pease ...: 49.'1,149 I 492.9:18 : ..::::: ::' 492492:827 9!lO laws and practIce on both continents9 and to possess un­ Damper regulator, F. L. T. Carlman ...... 492.800 Oven. bakmg. F. Eberhart ...... 492. Vessel unloadin... ·device. S. B. Nllse,; : plugger. E. , 804 492.819 equaled faCilIties for procurmg patents everywhere. A Dental A. Peck ...... Packmg. method of.. . H. C. Hnnter...... 492.....803,. 492,806 Veterinary operating table. J. C. MIlne...... DeSIgns on bottles, vases, or SImilarly shaped packin vessel, H. \;. Hunter ...... 493,020 .ynop.ls of the patent law. of the Umted States and all artIcles and means therefor, prodUCIng raIsed PaD. ee Grmdmg pan. VIOlin chIn rest, G. H. Eames ...... � at 492,92'1 VIolin support, J. F. Boyer...... 492,884493 005 foreign countrIes may be had on applIcatIOn, and persons metallIc. J. H. Scharilng ...... 492.840 Paper oard. R. B. McEwanet ...... Wagon box.trap G. W• Bauder ...... De.k. bureau. and book and dres.mg ca.e. com- Paper holder and cutter roll. E. B. Weston ...... 492.856 Wagon jack S. S· Joy .....: ..: ..: :: 49.'1'001 contemplatmg t b.e.ecuring of patent •• either at home or bined wrItmg, N. P. Shulm ...... 492.877 Paper holder. tOilet. G. W. Reed ...... 492.894 Wagon. road, C. ::.. ::49:1:082 abroad, are inVIted to write to thIS office for prIces Desk, school, A. Maucbain ...... 492,940 Paper. machIne for cutting Into strips and reel... Glllett:·::·:::::.::...... 49.'1,128 Washer. See Barrel w8sher. 492.823 which are low, in accordance WIth the tImes and our ex... DIsplay stand. W. E. Stow ...... 49.'1.112 ing or windmg. F. MeIsel ...... 492.964 Washing machllle W. H. McIntosh ...... Door check, J. S. Patten...... Paper. etc .. method of and apparatn. for mar 492 947 ten.ive faCllltlesfor conductmg tbe business. Addres. 492.9:19 - 492 9:l:l Water closet W Smithj, 492:946 & • Draught equalize':! W. LeWIS ...... 4 ,995 bling or coloring. C. H. Bellamy ...... Water clo.et·couphng. J. 'R;ckett;':"::'::::::::: MUNN CO • officeSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN,:I81 Broad­ Draught evener. L. W. SmIth ...... p Paper roll holder and cutter. knockdown. N. R.. 49.'1.180 ...... 4W'85.� ...... 492.975 Water elevator. wlndla.s. W. B. Parri.h...... 49.'1,022 way New York. Draw bar, G. D. Wadley ...... 4.3.226 Streete,r ...... 492.989 Water heater. portable. C. Galle ...... Dredge� E. S. Bennett...... Pedal. C. F. Pease ...... 492,80'2 ...... 492.906 Waterwbeel, C. A. Cbase ...... 493.05:1 Drill. "eeJ. Seed drlll. Seedlllg...... drll!...... 492,388 Pe... gmg machme. R. Ley...... 492.871 WeIght motor J. G. Ball ... Earmark. A. Roger...... 492.892 Perforatmg and cuttmgN. machme, W. LIddell... 49.'1,172 Wheel. See Buffing wheel. Car wheel. Caster /{ separator, M...... actIOn. H. re ... E g J. Lucas. PIanoforte Moo 49.'1,02'1 wheel Water wheel INDEX OF INVENTIONS ETectrlc drop lIght hanger. balanced...... T. E.. Stev-....•• 492,847 Plano or organ keyboards. making. S. J. Ho... gson WhIstle, incycle, F. J. Hidl...... ens...... Pigment, maJung .. .sublimated .. .•••.•••..•• lead. C. V... 492, 2 WIDder, quIlL. C. Jones...... fae�s ...... ••...•..... • 83 ...... •..0 ••••• For wblcb LeUen Paten' o� tbe Electric machIne and...... motor, dynamo,. .... R. M...... Hun... 492,888 Pet Wlndtm� machine. cone, I. Walker ter ... Pipe. See robacco pipe. 492.8 Wmdm1l1 C R Bowm n . : : : : Electflc machllle.dynamo. W. M. Mordey ...... 49.'1.104 P!pe cutterj,J. Porter ...... :l:l Wmdmlll: L: B·Denton.a : . : .::: :::: ::: ::::::. United State. were Granted Ele n al u m . C. W · .. .. :' 1fa:� eg J. H :::: : : �\i;'d ��������. � .�. �: .. ��� ��'� �: 492,866 �:f�h {;:r 'iI ,'C�G':v!ri'1r,;t I,;e.::::::·:·: :&·: · ;:��::,,! I�� 'M���i:: ��.� ... :: :: :: ::.: 922 Electnc SWitch and ¤t reverser, combined Planter and cultIvator, comblned, Burke Bad" 493. Wmdow clftiner, Y. J. Becker ...... 492.899 IndICating, A. B. W. S. Strowger ...... 492,>50 ger ...... 063 Wire. barbed D C. Funcheon ...... 49.'1,210 Electnc SWItch, automatiC, A. M. Coyle ...... 4:92,786 Planter, seed, J. Hansson ...... •••• .. ... 492,920 492,811 March 7, 1893, 492,773 .• Wire connector. W. S. Kisinger...... • Electro-magnetIC brake. A. D. Ayres ...... 493.001 Plated ware. etc manufactureof oval or oblong 493,108 Wool cleanSlllg, A George ...... 49.'1•158 Electrode. secondary battery. I. H. Bartholomew .hellsg. for" W. McAusland ...... n PIpe ...... "-ND EACH BEA.RING THAT DATE. 49.'1.030 Wre ch.•• See • wrench:.. 49:1,051 Elevator. See Water elevator. . 49.'1.229 Plow, H. tierrard...... Wrench W A Aberg ...... Elevator .afety gate. i'. E. Cryder ...... Plow, Jli. A. Koch...... 49.'1.168 EngIne. See Fire engine. Pumpmg engIne. Ro.. / Plow, reverSIble, M. M;y:ers...... 492,821 J. [See note at end of hot about copIes of the.e patents.) tau; engine. Rotating cyllllder engme. Ro- Pocketbook protector. A. S. Bohlin ...... • 492.91149:1068 t <.-�.it� �e po ;.: ...... D ESIGNS. 492,868 Extt;:.�r.fr� '§a,,'::�::�Xtr actor. 49.'1. �g�ei' ':ee we · · · •• Acid componnd alicyllC. H. Jans.en ...... 493.117 Eyeglas.es. A. J. �ndry ...... Press. See Meat press. Printing pre... 492.902 22,260 Addmg or reglstermg machme, W. A. RitchIe FabriC. J. F. Palmer ...... Prllltingmachine. OIlclotb. G. F. Ei.enhardt ...... Bad ge, T . E v en ...... 22,259 493,036 Badge, G. B. Smith ...... Air Circulating and coolIng deVICe. R. LesIle ...... Ifabricturfing machIne, M. Cameron...... PrIntIng press, S. J. Murray ...... • .... 492893 Al . m ress r. t o 492.915 F: C: Pn s f t G . Tt�'n �� �� � .� �'�l� .��,:,� �.��:. �' ..?���� ����;�����·e!ie�a:.i �ri'�"er: Pere';':::: :.::: �;�lial:�� . ��� ������. �::������. :. �'.. �: 794 ����·�l::n�B.a���.��.�� :·:.::::::::·.:::::::::::: : �:�22.258 49:1, Breastpm. H. Houston...... Alarm. See Burglar alarm. Feeder. time stock. D. McQueen ...... Pulley. P. H. Holme...... •...... Alk o a e 'c��{;?,':'3���::::::: ::: : :: :: ::::::::::: j�:� r ...: . . . :: ...... o :; �T;s��. �b\�rn�: �Yi\��:a: :;rt��� SibT1i% ���:: 't. : : : ::: ���"l.���� ":'i? w��:r�y .�:.:.������ ... :�i :::::::: '!!:��.� n .. . :.:::::::::::: .....: �:� e k �i 22.277 Ani!i:l ;e�:rS:·X:Me Chior: . ����1elf�:���lt w-,n8:Got·tw8.iS ·:::::::.. :::::::: :i:� ���l�� :':i�: r.� ¥::nd;8::::::::":·:::::::·:::.: .::: Electricm3tor frame. A W. Me.ton...... u a t I S C e p .. 8�i:iw:.!:'�f.:fj�i�·.: �:�t 1� : e ler �:�t�� �!����:'':1;isi'' �:Ws22.265 Antographlc regi.ter. Boyer DIXon ...... S. Culver ...... Railway. elevated. J. G. D. Tucker...... 49.'1,132 Pnzzle board. C. K. Leedy...... I 492.E63 :::::::::::::::. t:i:?M O e , 1�::m t· :::: : .::: :: ���g::::�:� :�1:��.�. 7I� '3:le�L�·.�·. �'.��::.::: �lg: �gU: �. 'i!:8� :��.::::::"··::: : �!l::� ��:ft"rlg��� t1!�ja'it:, ��B�J>8cl);�:f.�:: ��gg�: ���:fllot:' : : :: : ::::::. �:�.:� 2'1�:�.252 Awning. J. Morem ...... 49.'1 Flour compounds. W. F. Patnam M .. 492.969 RaIlway rail jomt, S. F. Stever ...... 492,848 Spoon handle. H. A. Welhman ...... 4if ...... ;�� • . . y wning R. D. Tho ton ...... • ...... • t l l a :': :: :::::: : 1�:n§ A , rn ) . • • • JI�::�;������� B'f �;;��· �'.�: ��� � ::::: 1� �::::� :�:l�k,1i � � � � • . . ��le�i�Et frop n G: F: chroe e :::.::::::::. � . • v . . . :: . a h � :::::::: : � �fn�Hill S d r . 22.262,� . • ::: • :: •::: • : • : 49.'1: 493,066 & 492.790 Umbrella camero P...... ��l�'l!��: �..;. .s:tf.ltlJ. ;v�fl:::: . ::: :: : 49.'1.121 Flute. rub. B. Carpiglani...... RaIlway SWItch. automatIc.& Em.ele De Grasse .. 492.895 . Axle lubricator. W. Schoaf ...... 49.'1.0:19 Fountain. See Luminous fountain. 492.952 RaIlway tie. H. V. T. Slutz ...... 49.'1.08:1 Axle, wa... on. C. F. MIlbnrn...... Frnitgatherer. S. E. Ball ...... •..••.... RaIlway time .Ignal. A. C. Gordon ...... Ax o I e M L Ral a , for automatIcally stop- 837 �.. � �.. �� :� .�� •��?��� .. �: .�:.���: 493,038 J�ni�]��i� �� �:ch�ne f ti��sdiiei-··········· �• � �r:: � �8 �ggr�:��8 .... 492 TRADE MARKS. Badge.\;�mm:t:ln B. S. Whitehead ...... • ...... 49.'1.003 Fu�ace. See B01ler f;unace. cremaiing 'i:nr� Railwai., construction of; ·i:l�:d ' . :'.:::'.::: :: : MedICInal purposes, celery tea for, P. C. Melrose. v L n P: In , ��:m e e a c ur ...... 493,183 Me n s g 22,600 16��;� de:V I� ��r �'t�i lIig. crate'

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. 174 J citutific �lUttitall. [MARCH 18, 18c}3. A Practical Litlle Book. PERFORATORS OF ALL METALS ONLY co HOW TO MAKE A l H.P. For Cotton, Oil and Rice Mills, Sugar Houses, Distilleries, Phosphate and Fertilizer 26 MOTOR OR DYNAMO." Works, Minin_g and Concentrating, Gas and Water Works, Elevators, 'l'hreshers. Sepa­ C E N T S lliu.tratedwith plan. aDd ..all detalla. ORDINARY RATES. rators, Corn Shellers. and all klnd� of Grain Cleaning Machinery. Heavy .�teel and Iron Stamps Addre.. Plates and Cylinders for Screenmg Ore, Coal, Stone. For Filters, Stramerl!!Ventila­ Accepted. rk Y. Iu.dde Page, each insertion - ,.:icents a line tors, Oil, Gas and V:apor Stoves and all specialpurposes. Speelal slzes for CorreeClean­ I 18 Pa Row, N. ElectncaI Renew - ing and Roasting Machinery. Perforated Tin and Brass. Back l'nare, each insertion --- 81.00 line 'l' be Ha ington & - n KinK PerforatinK Co .. ChicaKo, and � PearI St.,N.Y IT For some classes of Advertisements, Special ana Hiaher rates are required. The above are charges per ""ate line-about eight .... words per line. This notice shows the width of the line. and is set in agate type. Engravings may head adver­ tisements at the same rate per agate line. by measure. 1D.ent. as the letter press. Advertisements must be received at Publication Office as early as Thursday morning to appear in the following week's issue. BOATS. A COL- ScrewCut­ lection of interesting letters to the editor of the SCIEN­ tingAuto­ TIFIC AMERICAN on the question of the speed of ice matic CrOS8 boats, demonst ratill" how and why it i& that these craft Feed, etc. sail faster than the wind which propels them. Illustrated with 10 explanal ory dhtgrams. Contained214. in lSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. Price 10 cents. To be had at this office and from all newsdealers.

_.. ill �� Co � -FOR- 'r1'\....l"Vr rtLNE:W8cE YOSSRK£_R " NICKEL �� s:: AND AND CHICAGO. FREE SITES TO SUBSTANTIAL Patent Triangular and tlat i ELECTRO - PLATING Par""on Scales, the best and Apparatus and Material. most convenient. Boxwood § MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISES ICE-HOUSE AND COLD ROOM.-BY R. .i!; ';: THE in the rapidly growmg towns of Virginia and West Vir­ :�::'t��¥J�r'!�C:-e�fne;�� : Hanson & VanWinkle Co. G. Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four . . Newark 1\. JZinia. situated alon� the lines of the Norfolk & Western  ----�uu � , J. engravings.;; 9.Contained in SCIENTIFIC'AMERICAN SuP .. Y. Railroad, possessin� CHftAP IRON� CHEAP LUMBER. PLE�IENT, Price 10 cents. To be had at this office ;a" 81 LIBERTY ST., N. CHEAP FUEl.. and R.AILROAD FACILITIES Address and from allnewsdealers. 23 S. CANAL STREET, J. H. DINGEE. Pa. SPECIAL NOTICE I � CHICAGO. 333Walnut St., Philadelphia, - Two handsomephoto-engraved display sheets The SebastianMay Co MECHANI CS' TOOLS. Improved Screw Cutting ����:gi Improvements in Air Comp,ressors," ou Tools "Recent Improvements in Rock Dnlls," Ify areIntereste d In as a manufacturer or mailed free to any one who will cut out this amateuroUr you should have a copy of onr new cata­ advertisement and mail It to us with his name logue. 1892 edition Is a very elaborate a,ndcom- e and address. �g!"b����%7� ����o":���.::;rr���� o'Jd�I���: INGERSOLL-SERGEANT DRILL CO. t y �:�l �LATHESu No. 10 Park Place, New York, U.S. A. �� lrh��:f'i:'���� �llJ're'e"tfr� t ��r;,y.��� "!'��n�l'J� ::ri � r.�:rLathes�i��, on��d trial.D1������:; to $10.00 or over. Every manufacturer and amateur Outfits. Cata­ h on e o not In loaneR16li mailedto 16" Higapplication.hland Ave., ��;;�Igu��ri: �g!;1r��6 r::::idsri':,'p\ 1e; o'r u� - MONTGOMER\· CO., "' ille Tools, DEl.!\NEY'S !;lInNEY, OHIO. Fulto Street, New& York City, N. Expansion Packing" lOa n y, for Steam, Water & Ammonia • are best and cheapest. LIGHTNINGMACHIIEIY MAlurWELLICTURERS. -SINKING Met and HyrdauBc, Jetting, Revolving, �lt���:i.��: Diamond AriesianJBoilers, Esttm!ltesgiven .0. for the mannfac�ure,,..... in quantities, of. Pr ting Tools, Engines, MODEL. �..WO RK make efe�Y-�fi�� joints. ind any artIcle In metal or wood. Com operated slot rna- H: Delaney "'.C o. Mfr�. W M Wmav:: ; �tt�c :;�� :t ., .I. �� :: � J �� !� chinesVending a specialty. Mach. Co.,Send stamp for catalogue.New Amer'York. Thlld &: Fowler Mliwaukee, nation quality water;mailed,25c. 29Murray Street, Sta., WIS. The A.merlean Well Works, l Aurora, Ill. ALCOHOL, INFLUENCE OF U.PO.N T:E:E [ 11 '" 13 B. CaDal the Human System.-By N. S. Davis, M.D. An Inquiry St., elite_go, UL s e l :ri;�:3i�:;:f���C�h�1�1f����!o!8�.,!t�:d�� 8��I ::�r:I� l:ti\,:� DaUae, T .... ICAN i'UPPLEMENT, No. Price 10 cents. To be had at thiS officeand from all newsdealers.

EST H].IISHED 1!o!4li. A OIL�l WELL& 92 WATER SUPPLY STREET , CO. Pa., Electmal and The Most Popular Scientific Paper in the World Pittsburg, FIl'rperimental Wll'rk.Ex­ Mannfacturers of everything needed for Gwn8mtths Tool Only $3.00 a Year, Including PostaKe. .A.�'X':E_Z.A.1V �ELX._ •• r.&,;l� �!al,!,,; &: a! •• s:i;� ,:�; Weel. Price 10 cents. To be plications. A valuable and interesting article by G. L. had at this officeand from all newsdealers. REGISTER, �uitdinQ �dition. A I.ab r Sa i g THE SClENTI1!'IC AMERICAN ARCHITECTS' AND Addenbrooke. Contained8�9. in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN o - v n $2.50 SUPPLEMENT, No. Price 10 cents. To be had at "ECONOMY IS WEALTH." Business lSysteln. BUILDEBS' EDITION Is Issued monthly. a year. wanted the f'W this officeand from all newsdealers. nforcing Honesty Single copies, 25 cents. Forty large qnarto pages, equa del.Canv!l8Iera Hall Typewriter,tosen NWhy Mo. wUl E people buy a .100 a h e w and Accuracy. to about two hundred ordinary book pages: forming a m c in when tao ill & bett�r one! Send for illustrated Chicago Autographic Register Co. large and splendid Magazine of ArchiteCture, richly pnrchas4tcatalope and County elegant plates in colors, terms to Agents. 1� E. DIonroe 8treet, adornedwith and with other fine Addre 0 N. TYPEWRStJreet.BostoITERD, CO. :\1 CHICAqO, ILl .. engravings; Illustrating the most Interesting examples 611 W8llMentionbin�n .... Sendjor catalogue price Ii.t. of modernarchitectural construction and allied subjects. Scu.".ntiftc American, &: .. A special feature is the presentation in each Dumber Howard -Allard Scr w Driver. of a variety of the latest and best plans for private resi­ e PrIce dences. city and country, Includllll< those of very mod­ Hliiliiil\l!� ���, a�d. �:l�!Sp l- erate cost as well 88 the more expensive. Dra.wings in � 031 �a.tent perspective and in color are given, together with full .., . ral Clutch TrI- � ple Bit. Quality Plans, Speelflcatlons.Sheets of Details, Estimates. etc. screw.Wrlte for � bOX, with three sizes'l' HE bits. AL F01tYou press& forwardBERKELE on "andle, CO ..the "a spIral bamb turnser th�:,it., New York. The elegance and cheapness of this magnificent work ..'�,.".-.�- ..- SOLE AGENTS. !> t .. have won for It the I,argest Circulation of any Architectural publication In the world. Sold by all news­ dealers. �.50 a year. Remit to MUNN & CO., Publishers, 361 Broadway, New York. dent. only need know how read and write. Du'LOMAS Awarded. A!�9ECH!!'§f!9ato�1!!nie8 �fJ!!'!ere. be!�Jl Low Send for FRD CI10Ular toThe 001'1'espondence'1 School Price.. Pian Organa, 833 up. Hines Scranton. Pa. (Jat'lf •••free. Want agents. MINING of , BEATTY Dan'IF.Beatty,Wash'tODo N. J.

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. MARCH 18, I 8<}3.] J titutific !mttitau. 175

Carev, STATIONARY NO Founded by Mathew 1785. and PORTA8LE BENZINE HENRY-CAREY BAIRD de. CO. PETTheROLEUM most Reliable, Compact, andMOTOR Economical S. Practically Developed. ELECTRIC CUTTER CO., 166 Indllst.rial Pllblishers, Booksellers, and Importers. Motor for all Industrial Purposes. ElmIN Street,VE New York NT(E. D'AMOUR,IONS Supt.), Machinists, 81" Walnut . . Philadelphia. l'a . U. S. A. Pattern and Model Makers. nrour newand e- Revised Catalogue of Practical. and Scientific Books, pages, 8vo, and our other Catalogues and Circulars. the88 whole covering every branch· of Sci­ ence applied to the Arts. sent free and free of postage any one in any part of the world who will furnish his addre!ls.to ROPER'S PRAOTIOAL HAND ...BOOKS EPHEN ROPER, Engineer. By !S'l' TITLES AND PRICES. No Soot, No Smoke. No Coal, No Engineer. A gh r C Model We al�o manufaclure IMPROVED GAS ENGIN I(S. Shipped S�:!:��ri'!. �� . . ��������.. � . ��� ���.����2.00 1892. Our Motors be exhibited at Columbian Exposition, ChicagO, in Section F, No. 744. Engineer's Handy BOOk ...... � ...... 3.50 P"' will prSend for illustrated Catalogue and Price List, Free. J M C ... a, LEIPZIC-EUTRITZSCH (C ERMANY). ��t�gg� gi �����t::�i�r:�::e8� ��':::.::: i:?,g . • , R 0 B §I. CO Mfrs. Hand-Book of the Locomotive...... _...... 2.50 PROPOSALS. Instructions Suggestions for Engineers. Firemen. .. . 2.00 Questions and& Answers for Engineers ...... & ...... 300 S B F 'i'heSteam BOller. ; Its Care and Management ...... 2.00 STEEL TYPE FOR TYPEWRITERS IATES 20,��'l.I�!:i�d0 :'����ls g�1g:'f���n �� B Stencils, Steel Stamps, Ruhher and Capacity up to 200tons perhour. U. .• S : : et l e plies, delivered at Long Island, Boston Harbor, �ass fi::ln�" i!f,:s';,�nt"� S?:.'in -3g�e;.::·.:: '. ::::::::::: �.&l will be received at this office until noon of March Any oj the above books be sent to any pu,'t oj the ll[o(l�l �� I�Y��X'::l:[ll�'e����i �\�.rk. Has produced more ballast, road and then publicly opened : Ten thousand (10,000)20, United Stl�� �� �t�d wiUe e Small :\facbinery, Novelties, etc., man­ metal, and broken more ore than barrels1893, American hydraulic cement; four thousand S i e ����:�!d:j ¥� bY ufactured by special contract. all other Breai!Ia booksellers. orsent, postpaid, l>!I ITSend for new catalogue. SpeCificationand Conditions of Contract, etc., can be * * U RADIl OF CURVATURE GEOMETRI- obtained from, and Plans seen, at the fol1owing place8� call¥"Determined.-One of the fleries of papers on this OFFICES OF THE COMPANY, Chickens by Steam-;' l�ietermnl·ltzbnrJl, Natal ; Hatch SUbJect. by Prof. C. W. MacCord, Sc.D. 10 this contri­ CHARLES Broadway,SCRIBN ER'SNew YOl·k. SO NS, butIon the conchoid i� considered. 'Vith 4 figures. Con­ e b can Republic "43-"4� tained in SCIENTIFIC AMBRICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. o '}:�v�;: £��'Jo��ui� �:� : EXCELSIOR INCUBATOR 884. 10 W:. �:�;id Will do it. Thousandsin 8ucceesfuloper .. Price cents. To be had at this Officeand from AND AT ation. Sim'Pl�. PerfectandS�'f_Regulating. all newsdealers. Johannesbnrll'(Messrs. Redwood & W ) Loweet-prlced first�c1as8Hatcher made. \t�'lr. :hox, CHANDLER'S Capeto 500; ����tft!e::g�Oai t�� c� �ft1::f:;�egt�:: n (E. R. Syfret, Esq.), 39, st. George's St.; QUiOClt ilL AND IN AMERICA AT OFFICES OF Beud 60. for Dius. Catalog. - 6£0. ll. STAHL, MessrR.w C01"lIer Bros. Co •• No. 128 Pearl Street, Micrometer Holder r h &n e !�8tOn, Messrs. V8u USE GRINDSTONES? allows the hand to be free ��s:p�� ; & ����:W�.B� ����� �l�e If so, we can supply you. All sizes It e e st c Tenders, together with Specification and Conditions uU1nounted, �b N: t� 0�gt� h�1 : �t� of Contract. etc , duly s ,;ed. attached thereto, must be monnted and always t d :r t kept in stock. Remember, we make a work. Price ;;:Ocents. :li�t��g:�.!:ra' , tI:�o�n ge � specialtyof selecting stones for all spe­ & a Duplicate Copy must�:; be lodged�.i';nJ' witht�:'���� the London cial purposes. prAsk for cataloffUe. OHANDLNo. 179 WashingtonER FARQUHII.R Street, Office, Old Jewry, E. C.. by the same time. The CLEVELAND STONE CO. BOSTON, MASS. A Fee8, of Three Guineas will be charged for Copie� of 2d Floor. Wilshire, Cleveland, O. SpeCification,Conditions of Contract, etc., and inspec­ Send for Catalogue of Tools. ....on of Plans, which will be returned on receipt 'pf a bona Tender. The lowest or any Tender not nace.­ sarilyfide accepted. By Order of the Board of DirectorS, C. MACFARLANE, SecretaJ·Y. The MOSBIU Improved Water Heater Moodie's GoldJ. Mining and Exploration Co. (Limited . GAS OR GASOLINE BURNERSa SURPASSES THE OLDER MACHINES ) Combustion Perfect·-No Ventilating THE DENSMOREin manyways, but in non.. Pietermaritzburg, Natal,January, 1893. Flue Required. Specially adapted for more thanin its true and unimpairable alignment. Stationary Baths,Laundries,etc. May THE FAMOUS CARNEGIE STEEL CO., Pittsburgh, are among the be used in connection with water serv­ great concernsthat have adopted It, and have just purchased the fifteenth. S T ER EOPTI CON S. ice or otherwise. Send 2c. stamp for Their chief stenographer, after subjecting a number of these machines to catalogue giving fu ll exp,'anation, also months of hard work, says! "The alignment is still perfect." Our operators MAGIC LANTERNS AN D illustrating 18 Styles of the celebrated ACCESSORIES, SEND FOR CATALOGUE. Mosely Self.Heating Folding Bath Tub. everywhere corroborating this, call the Densmore " THE WORLD'S GREAT EST TYPEWRITER." TO 181 M. So. Canal St.. Chicago, Ill. CHAS BESElERMAKER218CENTRE ST. Densmore Typewriter 00., 202 Broadway, New York .NE.W YORK . ANUFAOTURERS and INVENTORS • for home-made Soda Water, etc., $4.50and up, Family Ice Machine $10 and up. Filters, ATTENTION ! SELTZATEURS $1.25 and up. Cookers, $L L. DERMIGNY, 126 West 2iithSt., New York. MWe are prepared to deSign, give estimates on, and manufacture Light Machinery, Electrical Appliances, andMetal SpeCialties of every description. Also Mod­ els, Dies, Special Tools and Patterns. WE ALSO MAKE GEAR CUTTING A SPECIALTY. G.\ R])N�:R SEWING MA('HIN �: CO., Factory and Main Office,cor. State Claim Sts., Aurora, Il c r & a hir��i�'if°c�:e s�o����� f� �!r:3���� I����, Ilia CANE CONTRIVANCES. - TWENTY- •' THIS two illustrations, with brief descriptions, of inventions THE PEARY EXPEDITION : AN IN- I $11MACH TO $1INE7 relating to walking canes. The photogra.phic cane, the teresting narrative of.-With 8 illustratiuns. Contained Il: �� toSE examineWING In any home. SentFREE any_ brazier cane, tbe camera stand cane. the watercolorist's In SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT. No. 882. whel"6 without one cent In advance. h s o d JAMES LEFFEL &. CO" Price 10 cents. be had at this Officeand from all Warrantedthe beAt sewlll&" machine r����1 ;a���f�:1�ti:f; \�rl:� ������al�� ����: SPRINGFIELD, OHIO,U.S.A. newsdealers. '1'0 ever ma.de. conditions and the revolver cane, the gung:;;:,' cane, the picnic cane, the ft. gut' terms, onr1tbin& cigu.r Jigbter cane, the cigarette mould cane, the cigar W' .-r ER . . -'. mont�a:rmfo�e out i�tr;�:�:�l� and send to us�! :�.::r!�� Addrel8��Te�:::�� hOlder cane, the candlestick cane, tbe inkstand cane, _ hMf�. ()o.,Dpt,to-dal. Chl_DL the tmuffboxcane, the spyglass cane. the lantern cune, ;Ii Alv .. CZ91 the match safe canet the physician's canea Contained I in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUFPLEMENT, No. 882. /::::ed:1�O;�HAVEi!;�; YOU.W READHE ELS FOR SA I,E.-Patent No. 447,611on Improved Calf De­ Price ]0 cents. To be had at this office and from all C. newsdealersa horner. For terms, address T. Ingraham, DWight. III. PHOTO · SMOKE CIGAR HOLDER Most wonderful novelty of tbe day. Takes your pic­ ture while you smoke. Agents wanted everywhere. �perilY1ental Sam{lle, terms, etc., 25 cents. ParIsian N elt Vo., 60Cortlandt St., New York ov y This new book, by Geo.§CienCe M. Hopkins, is just what? you need to gi ve you a good general knowledge of -Representatives in every city: to Physical SCience. No one having the spirit of the THO PSO N'S times without the kind ANTED wholesale III can afford to be of scien­ HYGEIA WILD CHERRY PHOS­ tificinformation contained in this book. It isnot PHATE. A delicious bevera�e in condensed forma A fortune for live men: For free sam­ only instructive, but entertaining. Ie and terms, address THOMPSON MANFG. W80., l05 c Fullon Street, Chicago, III., U. S. A.

UsefManufacturers, AgricultUrists,ul Books Chemists, Engineers,! MechaniCS, Builders, men of leisure, and professional men, of all classes, need good books in the line of their respective callings. Our post officedepartment permits tbe transmission of books through the mails at very small cost. A comprehensive catalogue of useful books by dilferent authors, on more than fifty different subjects, has recently been published for free circulation a_he officeof this paper. Subjects classifiedwith names of authors. Persons desiring a copy have only to ask for it. andIt will be mailed to them. Address, MUNN &< CO., 361 Broadway, New York.

CHAPMAN VALVE Caveats, MANUFACTURERS OF Trade Marks, V'al:ves an.d. G-a1ies Copyrla;hts, For STEAM, WATER, GAS, AMMONIA, OIL, ACID, Etc .; also DeSigns, etc. G-.A.TE FX:El.E �YX>:El..A.1'IIrTS. Over 700 pages : 680 fine cuts ; substantially and beautifully mail, 4 Handbook and information 1 00 bound. Price by $ .00. We make a Specialty of Valvesfor Superheated and High Pressure steam, Pounds jor concerning Patents sent free of " J:]rSena illustrated circular. charge. Oldest bureau for securing Patents in Genernl 08lcean

W 0 R K I rI G MOO E L S �c LIGHT MACH'N�RY. INVENTIONS I1 EVFLOrr:: n Sr rl I'" r,�nt1�' ril'Ctli;t l- ltlf1PS Grn� [_ "0. em ;1. 0

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC. Ititutifie �ttitall. rMARCH 18, 18<)30

ORDINARY RATES. DIAMONDHIGHEST GRADE. CYCLESLOWEST PRICES. Inside Page, each insertioll, - '11S cent" a line Uack Page, each in"e. .tion, -- $1.00 a line FOR LADIES OR GENTLEMEN IT For some classes of Advertisements. Special and Pneumatic 'l'ires. $111S. $100, $SIi. Higher rates are required. Cushiou Tires, lOIS, 90, '11i. Do The above are charges per agate line -about eight words per line. This notice shows the width of the line.. t John P. Lovell Arms 00., Manufacturers ti��:e��: !¥ �: �f �ate�rr��f:  �;�e��� e S d rt��e�s BOSTON, MASS. You ��fv e� �r Pl:'£fi'&.tr�� tffi� � 'g:::!�; morning to appear in the following week's issue.T Cycle Cat.alo(fUl! AGENTS WANTED Free. Know THE ColTo knowumbia Columbiass ? A perfect pulveriGRIzer of allF refractoryFIN substances MIL by eitherlr is to own them-there the wet or dry process. It works better and at less expense are other good bi­ III than any other Mill, and is conceded to be the only perfect cycles, but the Colum­ pulverizing Mill manufactured. bia guarantee is as For FREE Illustrated PaJDphlet addres8 solid as theColumbias mint. Book about free at FERTILIZER 00., 92 STATE ST, BOSTON. Columbia. agencies. By mail for two Ii ---,.. -, -- - .------� t,-;�ie�ayg:k, J�S- !.,!I SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ __ n u f h C I '$ijjjfj&&!LfE�If!.ci. • OVERMAN WHEELfiJi_�� CO �:;:licA� SU'i!'; �� E�i �� �.!' t"a g at &fl. ��� ��� OSTOH. DENVER. I • cents. Also to be had of newsdealers in all parts of WASHINGTON. SAN FRANCISCO. 10the country. A. G. SPALDD'G " BROS., SpecialAgents, ------CHICAGO. NEW YORK. PHILADELPHIA. D IN WANTE r TOOLS EmrtSHOP. TOThe value BU of theSI SCIENTIFICNE AMERICANSS MEN as an adver. A oll. FINE tlsing medium cannot be overestimated. Its circulation u. ,. ECAT�NTS T��R (j.H.BESLY &. (j0. G CHICAGO, I LL.U.S.A.-, is manytimes greater than that of any similar journal AND AGENCY. now published. It goes into all the States and 'l' errito. ries, and Is readin all the principal libraries and readinR Snnr'PoPatentedllltun May" WoJuly on Sernws.Oct. rooms of the world. A business man wants somethlnl! Aug. oct. 10, April19.1887 May ; �. 181l9 ; K 0 D A K more than to see bis advertisement in a printed news­ July 19, 21. 1890; 7. 12. 1891 ; paper. He wants circulation. This he has when be ad· Its Ad19. vantages1892. are : vertises In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. And do not lei I the advertising ap:ent Infiuenceyou to substitute soml Stronger than a common screw. 1. , other paper for the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, when seo 2. Uniform and wide slot. lectinA'a list of publications in which you decide it Is fOI Requires the use of but one bit In hard FILMS. your Interest to advertise. This Is frequently done fm wood.S. Our New Films are giving perfect satisfaction. the reasonthat the agent gets a ,arger commission from 4. Inserted easier. They are highly sensitive, and repeated tests Mistakes in AdditIon. pape1'll havtng a small clrcul&tion than is allowed CentralizedpOint. Office Headache, the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. OD 5. Superior holding power. show that they retain this sensitiveness as well and mistakes in 6. carryingfo rward For rates see top of first column of this page or The screw being Cold Forged. instead as glass plates. No other films are so free from don't occur where the Compto. ad­ of7. Vut. leaves on its entire surface a meler is ueed. It the MUNN &; CO., Publishers. metallic skin. Imperfections; none so uniform; none so reliable. time in doing the sa.veswork and ha.lt dress 361 Broadwav. New York time looki g for errors. Solvesall Send for samples to Our 111m doesn't frill. great nrapidity and absolute or accurawith � all arithmetica.l prob- lems. rle1�� '����t!� �ne wr t I AMERICAN SCREW CO. Eastman Kodak Co., A A FELT 6. T RR NT MFG CO. THE •• (f)JtfETCR UStiER PROVIDENCE, R. I. Rochester, N. Y. 52-S6 ILLI"O •• ST CHIOAGO· BALLAST \N DORE BREAK[R " IMPROVEMENT THE ORDER THE AG:£." G REATS NO 0.11' o C' FOR ,'..""!;" ,-f,,, FR ASER&Fl'LCHAlMTON ERS - . '. 1 , 10 " -1' �TAL G"'o:, � _"""-�':.....""- ' J" , ;:, 0"'- c_,,", � W.CHICAGO :LL TheEmbodies theSmith most Progressive Premier Mechanical Principles. Typewriter �- 8< 2.WA LLST NEW YORK the Essential Features Greatly Perfected. - 6 -3-& 00 - Ali Perfect and Permanent Alignment. t;'_" \. ' I • I I � Easiest Running. and Nearly Silent. All type cleaned In Ten Seconds without Soiling the Hands. The Smith Premier Typewriter Co., Syracuse, N. Y., U. S. A. f We have branch o1lIOO8;.tntlUl principal cities �o ut States. TheAmer!�&D Bell Te!e�hane �alll�&D7 20 .!b theUnited r2J.M1LK ST., 81JSTOf;MASS" This Company owns the Letters Patent 'N'�--�"��;;--;����--''' r ' ---l: r ----��--'H-��;:"-"--""-"'f, No. 186, 787, granted to Alexander Graham an that is. unless they: tirsto'owrote oone and thenette- copied the restson ( Bell, January 30. 1877, the scope of which has been defined by the Supreme Conrt of r the United States in the following terms : Invented by Tho... A. Edi8on. For Dally Office Use in dupli""tingboth handwriting and typewriting AnybodyED can operateISON it. Simple-Compact MIMEOGRAPH-Cleanly-Cheap. �.lldOl· ed by over 911,000 uoer ... "The patent itself is for the mechan­ "'" of "ork sent free upon application. Manufactured.. only by th� B. C K Catalogues and Samples A. D I ical structure of an electric telephone to l1i4 St. Vhicngo. Branch Offices,47 Nassau St., N. Y. City. So. F.fth St•• Phil&. , CO., E. I.ake ______--, __ _ ---_---_---_-.-¥ ___¥---,- --,--__--__ --__ --v-_,___ ,---_---,--_, '� _" __ ,, __, ___ , ____ _---�-. _ - --.....__ ,- --¥--.�---,-�_,--,_--, ____---_---�---,---,-- 117 �"'./s�.f.t,., --- _ --_,--__ -.__ __ J:�""', - be nsed to produce the electrical action �III , on which the first patent rests. The third "",,. .., . ""' Wanted 5O.IW Sawyers claim is for the use in such instruments ( S and Lumbermen to "'"�;;;:,",:�q " S AsendW us their full address for a copyS ofA Em-W of a diaphragm, made of a plate of iron � erson's ITBook of SA WS. new edi- S or steel, or other material capable of in­ LARGE CONTRACTS SOl.ICITED FOR AUTOMAT1C.HEA.� tion. We are first to introduce NATURAL189'l Y & DIF.ICUl r SHEET MET AI. A GAS for heatillJ(and tempering Saws with A dnctive action; the fifth, of a permanent BLANKED, STAMPED IIDRAWN WORK,TUBES BRIDGEPORT,&,. NICKEL & BRASS PLATING.CONN. wonderful etfect upon improvtng their qua- TlNNING.JAPANNING "DIE MAKING. lity and toughness, enabling us to reduce magnet constructed as described, with a W prices. Address E1UERSON. SIUITH W coil upon the end or ends nearest the CO. (Limited). Beave.. Falls. Pa. S &; S plate; the sixth, of a sounding box as de­ The Risk scribed ; the seventh. of a speaking or hearing tube described for conveying as the sounds; and the eighth, of a perma­ of carrying fine goods is part of A GENTLEMAN'S LAUNCH nent magnet and plate combined. The the cost. Ever}!' time you bump a claim is not for these several tbings in high-priced watch it costs youfour and of themselves, but for an electric tel­ dollars. Don't you realize that ephone in the constrnction of which these you LIFE SAVING DEVICES.- A COL­ would be better off with an n things or any of them are used." every­ t,:��� ;'�� s�i��N�;�d\t��gt�: day watch for the wear and tear London��: Daily�ro�� Graphicl��� o!t�:riby va.r����ious correspondents. Wit.h This Company also owns Letters Pa­ 1 illustrations. Contained in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN tent No. 463, 569, granted to Emile Ber­ -as an accurate jeweled timepiece, 100SUPPLEM IllNT, Nos. 84S. 849. SISO. 8a l, 8li2. 81S4. 861. 8112. S64. S69, S71. 8'14 and 8S4. liner, November 17. 1891, for a Combined and equal in looks with the other, Price cents each, or for the series. be had YOUR OWN ENGINEER. at this10 office and from all$1.30 newsdealers. '1'0 Telegraph and Telephone; and controls can be bought for down to Launches to feet In lengt.h,with automatic $1 5 $4: chinery.19 60No Smoke. No Engineer. ma­ Letters Patent No. 474, 231, granted to the new, at quick-winding W er­ No Danger. No Dirt. Thomas A. Edison, May 3, 1892, for a bury, winds in D t PA DDI.E YOUR OWN (!ANOE. Speaking Telegraph, which cover funda­ jive seconds. on' Canoes,Family Row and Sail Boats. Fishing and Hunt­ forget the name. ing Boats. Manufacturedby mental inventions and embrace all forms THOM.AS KANE CO., Chicago, III. of microphone transmitters and of car­ &; ar Send for cataloR:uespecifying line desired. .tiljewelers keep It: In all styles: bon telephones. GoI<2. tille<2. b4-karat.) JSilver. etc. Boih ladies'coin­ all. centlemen's watches. 33 LATEST IMPROVEMENTS. �' NEW STYLE. '. , ' MESSRS. MUNN CO. In connection with the publication&; of the SCIENTIFIC NEW PRICES. AMER]CAN,AT continueEN to examineTS improve­! ments, and to act as Solicitors of Patent. for Inventors. GROWING RA;PIDLY in FAVOR this line of business they have fOTt1J..!ive years' MANUFACTURE OF-GLASSWARE.- experience,In and now bave nuequol-edhad facilitits for the A det.ailed �cription of the various too]s used by the preparationof Patent Drawings. Spec\fiC&iIOlJll,and the jllass worker. With illustrations. Contained in SCIEN ... prosecution of Applications for Patents In the United TIFIC AMERICAN SUPPI,EMENT.75 No. S81. Price states, Canada, and Foreign Countries. Messrs. M.unn centRo To be had at this officeand from all newsdealers.10 Co. also attend to the preparation of caveats, Copy­ ri&;ghts for Books, Labels, Reissues, A Bl�ments, Rod Reports on Infringements of Patents. SAll business in­ EDIS ISONTHE ONLY INCAINCANDESCENTNDE LAMPSCENT LAWFULLY ' MADE.LAMP tru.ted to them Is done with special care and prompt­ All other" the Edison Patents. and .. ecounte .. fe its. on very reasonable terms. Infrinlre n ness,A pam phlet sent free of charge on application. con­ tainIng fllll Infonnation about Patents and how to pro­ THE RICHT OF THE EDISON COMPANY TO AN IN.JUNCTION AOAINST them ;. directions concerning Labels, Copyril;rhts, INFRINOERS HAS BEEN DETERMINED BY THE U. S. CIRC\lIT COURT OF cure e i g APPEALS. COPIIES OF DECISIONS SENT ON APPLICATION. �::1�e:�� R�i�l �::Set«' ii�f8 J�ih':, e,::s'.,nt,;'i Patents. GEN:El::a...A.:r....:ElCTEJ:C :El:r.... CO�J?.A..NY. etc. alsosend. free of charge. a Synopsis of Foreign P B�.A._OlE3l: C>FFXOlliJa . We Laws, showing the cost and method of semIring.... tentPatents in all the principal countries of world. Street...... , ...... Ne.. YOrk. Atlantic Avenue ...... Boston. M8.8s. the « Broad e Ph i M.UNN CO .. !'Oolicito Patent ... , :" Jtroor:::::::::·: JM.�£� �l� & 361 Broadway,.... ·of New York. �'*'Gould:J7�t �ag' �r::r.·.·.::·.:::::C!At���ta,�l.Ig:Ga. N...... Wuhington. D. C. J'lfttBnlldlng ...... 8treet ...... 81m lan W...... Denver. Colo. BRANCH OJI'FICBS.-No. and IItI J' IItN8t. .... 16 J'raocllOO, ()a). 0 pie . ... . eIIIc Building 'ftIl 622WMlllqI(lD; D. C. ' AD IIUIII8II41 01ltII tile United8tatII br tnmIaoted Tb--..HollSton IntlrnatioIlllU)O "BIoa48t.,New York. •.., Street. ..

© 1893 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC.