THE REPUBLIC OF

KAGADI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT DISTRICT RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS STRATEGY 2019/2020-2023/2024 THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

KAGADI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT

KAGADI DISTRICT RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS STRATEGY 2019/2020-2023/2024

Copy right: This document belongs to Kagadi District Local Government. The parties herein reserve the right for the publication or reprinting/ Copying of this document. Anyone who wishes to do so should seek for written permission from authorities of parties mentioned.

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy i FORWARD

agadi District is endowed with a rich natural resource base such as forestry resources(natural and planted), water resources, and energy potential. The natural forestry resources that form part of KKagadi District are the Central forest reserves (CFR) mostly riverine in nature along major water courses. There are equally plantation forests in Rugashari, Burora, Mpeefu, Kyaterekera, and Ndaiga subcounties. The natural forestry patches have been highly degraded in quest for fuel wood given that 99.9% of the district`s households rely on wood biomass for domestic fuel needs. This has culminated in the decrease of the natural biomass base given that the harvesting technologies used in fuel wood processing are rudimentary in nature and not sustainable.

However, the district has had little efforts geared towards increasing wood biomass cover through promotion of tree planting by private tree farmers across the district. Since the district’s inception, over 3,000,000 tree seedlings have been distributed to active tree farmers although a challenge exists on assessing the growth and survival of the seedlings.

The district has limited coverage of grid electricity connection and even with the present electricity transmission across the district, very few households have tapped this opportunity. This has left majority of the people to rely on other renewable energy technologies such as solar kits as source of energy especially for lighting.

It imperative to note is that the utilization of solar energy is faced with major challenge of uncertified distributors which predisposes the community to purchase of substandard solar technologies, in addition to high costs of acquisition and a gender disparity on access.

Thus, this renewable access strategy will address the energy issues in the district if fully implemented by all stakeholders especially in the access, use and efficiency of improved renewable energy technologies and wood biomass coverage. 3,000,000 TREE SEEDLINGS BYARUHANGA STEVEN MFANSHINGABO CHAIRMAN LCV Kagadi District Local Government 99.9% USE WOOD BIOMASS

ii Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

agadi District is honored to present the Renewable Energy Access Strategy. The development of the Strategy hasn’t been an individual effort but has benefited from a participatory process with the Kcommunity, private sector, NGOs, CSOs, the political and technical arms of the District with financial support and oversight from Worldwide Fund for Nature(WWF).

I sincerely thank all individuals and organizations who sacrificed their time, provided data and information that was used to come up with this Strategy. In the same spirit of Private Public partnership, I thank World Wide Fund for Nature - WWF and Kitara Civil Society Organizations Network - KCSON for the financial and technical support rendered towards the development of the Strategy.

My sincere gratitude to the dedicated technical team of Kagadi District Local Government headed by Mr. Bisangabasaija Edward - Principal Assistant Secretary, Mr. Byoona Gerald - Environment Officer, Mr.Gulwetonda George- Communications Officer, Mbabazi Beatrice- Senior Education Officer, Ngondwe Ponsiano- District Community Development Officer and Mr. Tibenda Deo – District Planner.

Its my single honor therefore, to present to all the stakeholders of Kagadi District, this Renewable Energy Access Strategy 2019-2024 as our contribution towards poverty reduction and a supplement to the existing environmental and human development policies

I look forward to your partnership in implementing this Strategy.

NDIFUNA MATHIAS

CHIEF ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICER

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy iii Table of Contents

Forward ii Acknowledgement iii List of Tables vi List of Figures vii Acronyms and symbols viii

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 The major economic activities 2 1.3 The Need for the Strategy 3 1.3.1 Process of Developing the Strategic Plan 3 1.3.2 Contextual Framework 3

2 Renewable Energy Resources and Applications 5 2.1 Definition of Renewable Energy 5 2.2 Biomass Energy 5 2.2.1 Biomass resource in Kagadi 6 2.2.2 Biomass Demand in households, institutions and industry 8 2.2.3 Improved Biomass Technologies 8 2.2.4 Previous experiences 10 2.2.5 Proposed interventions for modern biomass energy usage 13 2.3 Solar Energy 15 2.3.1 Potential Solar Resource for Kagadi 15 2.3.2 Solar energy applications 15 2.3.3 Planned activities 16 2.3.4 Proposed Interventions for solar usage 16

3 The Strategy Vision, Goal, Objectives and Targets 18 3.1 Vision 18 3.2 Mission 18 3.3 Core values and guiding principles 18 3.4 The Energy Access Strategy 18 3.5 The main Targets and Strategic objectives 18 3.6 Strategy Implementation Guiding Principles 22

4 Institutional Framework 23 4.1 Existing Legal Policy and Institutional Framework 23 4.1.1 MEMD 23 4.1.2 Ministry of Local Government 23 4.1.3 The District Renewable Energy Coordination Committee 23 4.1.4 The District, National and International level stakeholders and partners 23

5 The Expected Social, Economic and Environmental Benefits 25 5.1 Current Biomass Energy balance 25 5.1.1 Assumptions taken and issues considered 25 5.1.2 Impact of the strategy on the Energy Balance 26 iv Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 5.1.3 Impact of the strategy on the energy balance 27 5.2 Adoption rates for various technologies 27

6 Financial Implication 30 6.1 Strategy cost items 30 6.2 Overall Strategy Cost 33

7 Financing the Strategy 34

8 Monitoring and Evaluation 35 8.1 Objectives of the M&E 35 8.2 Roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved in the M&E process 35 8.3 Performance indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation 35

9 Communication Strategy 36

10 Risk Management 37 10.1 Potential 37 10.2 Challenges 37 10.3 Opportunities 37 10.4 Constraints 38

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy v List of Tables

Table 21: Central Forest Reserve (CFR) by Location, Area, Encroachment Status 6 Table 22: Major crops grown and production areas in Kagadi district 7 Table 23: Crop production and residue generated 8 Table 23: Estimated Manure production from animals and poultry 8 Table 24: Biomass Energy Utilization Efficiency 9 Table 25: Strategic Plan for Biomass Energy Resources and Technologies 13 Table 26: Strategic Plan for Solar Energy Development 17 Table 31: Energy needs Assessment for health centres 19 Table 32: Energy needs assessment for schools 19 Table 33: Energy needs assessment for households 19 Table 34: Energy enterprises and productive use 20 Table 35: Public infrastructure using RETs 21 Table 41: Roles of other stakeholders 24 Table 51: Current Energy Balance 25 Table 52: Cumulative wood savings in schools over the strategy period 26 Table 53: Cumulative wood and charcoal savings over the strategy period 26 Table 54: Impact of the strategy on biomass energy balance in year one 27 Table 55: Adoption rates for the technologies for social services and households 26 Table 56: Adoption rates for Productive Uses and enterprises 28 Table 57: Expected outputs for productive uses and enterprises 28 Table 61: Strategy Cost for Health Centres 30 Table 62: Strategy Cost for Schools 31 Table 63: Strategy Cost for households 32 Table 64: Strategy Cost for Productive Uses 32 Table 65: Strategy Cost for Public infrastructure 32 Table 66: Overall Strategy Cost 33

vi Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy List of Figures

Figure 11: Map of Kagadi District 2 Figure 21: Uganda’s Energy Supply mix 6 Figure 22: A manual briquetting unit 10 Figure 23: A motorized briquetting machine with a capacity of 1 ton per hour 11 Figure 24: A 40kW gasifier unit that uses maize cobs to produce electricity 12 Figure 25: A solar drier in operation of fruits 15

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy vii Acronyms and symbols

CAO Chief Administrative Officer CBOs Community Based Organizations CFR Central Forest Reserves CODECA Community Development and Environment Conservation Agency CSOs Civil Society Organizations EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FMPs Forest Management Plans ISSB Inter-locking soil stabilized blocks LG Local Government LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEMD Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development KCSON Kitara Civil Society organizations’ Network MICOD Midwestern Region Centre for Democracy and Human Rights MOLG Ministry of Local Government NARO National Agriculture Research Organisation NFA National Forestry Authority NGOs Non-Governmental Organisations NUSAF Northern Uganda Social Action Fund PEAP Poverty Eradication Action Plan PMA The Plan for Modernization of Agriculture POCC Potential, Opportunities, Challenges and Constraints RETs Renewable Energy Technologies SPGS Saw Log Production Grant Scheme T/C Town Council UNDP United Nations Development Programme UWA Uganda Wildlife Authority WWF WorldWide Fund for Nature Uganda

viii Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy Introduction Background

agadi District is located in the Mid-Western part of Uganda and is bordered by Lake Albert to the West, to the North, and KDistricts to the East, Kyegegwa, Kyenjojo, Kabarole and Ntoroko districts in the south. With a total area of approximately 1,424 sq. kms(of which 150 square kms is covered by water bodies) and with a total population of 430,200( according to 2020 projections)1, the district lies approximately 215 kms from , the country’s capital. . Key development infrastructure in the district provide an opportunity for its development. There are tarmacked roads traversing the district and with hydropower plants such as Muzizi(44.7MW), Kigwabya(4.2MW), Nkusi(9.6 MW) and Bukinda. Atleast 70% of the total population has access to safe and clean water; and only 65% have access to safe latrine usage and presence of sanitation facilities. Such a rapid population growth has exerted pressure on the available public utilities and other resources. Between 2002 and 2014, population of Kagadi has grown at a rate of 5.54 % per annum. Kagadi District has a total of 73,995 households, giving an average size of 4.7 persons per household.

44.7MW Muzizi 4.2MW Kigwabya 9.6 MW Nkusi

73,995 Households 5.54 % Population Growth

This growth rate is rather abnormal, but can mainly be explained by the continued influx of people from densely populated districts. The total fertility rate is also relatively high due to low levels of birth control mechanisms in the district hence contributing to the high growth rate.

1 Males are 48.7% while females account for 51.3% Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 1 Figure 11: Map of Kagadi District showing population estimates per subcounty 1.1 The major economic activities

Agriculture is the major economic activity in the district employing over 70% of the District population. The major crops grown include maize, bananas, beans, sugar cane, rice, coffee, tea, groundnuts, onions, sorghum, millet, cocoa and cassava. Major livestock kept include cattle, goats, poultry, pigs and sheep. Other economic activities include trade especially in agricultural produce and finished products, capture fisheries at Lake Albert (in Ndaiga Sub county), small scale cottage industries (mainly agro-based), leisure and hospitality as well as businesses in the service sector like educational, health among others. Some people in Kagadi are engaged in the production of alcohol from molasses, sugarcane and bananas collection from sugar cane plantations. This activity is associated with a negative impact on the environment due to unregulated disposal of by-product of the distillation process (vinasse) in the rivers or wetlands without prior treatment. This has resulted in pollution of the water, degradation of the ecosystem services provided by the river systems. Downstream communities suffer air pollution from the terrible stench in the water which is highly contaminated and poses a health threat. The fishes and other biodiversity within the river and the wetlands are also threatened by the pollution. The brewing of alcohol has stimulated the growing of sugarcane in all major wetland and eucalyptus as a source of molasse and firewood

2 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy respectively, hence exacerbated environmental degradation The District is located within the Sub Region of the Albertine graben and it has got very high prospects of development in view of the discovery of Oil and Gas within the sub region. 1.2 The Need for the Strategy

Kagadi District like others in the region, acknowledges the need to use renewable and clean energy sources. The current energy situation is that more than 90% of the district population uses biomass as their primary energy source for cooking and lighting. For the district communities, the use of firewood is estimated at 97%. The situation is exacerbated by the rudimentary methods which are wasteful and a health hazard considering the carbon emissions. This strategy, therefore, provides guidelines on the management and coordination of efforts from different stakeholders towards sustainable management of renewable energy resources.

1.2.1 Process of Developing the Strategic Plan The development of this strategy is based on a consultative process involving various stakeholders including Government ministries, departments and agencies(agencies (MDAs), traditional and religious institutions, non-governmental organizations, private sector/business community and the local communities. The methods used in the formulation of the strategy were a mixed approach involving interviews with relevant stakeholders, review of key and strategic document, focus group discussions with community members and field observations among others. The draft strategy was presented to the District Technical Planning Committee, Sectoral Committee responsible for Environment and Natural Resources, district executive committee and later district council for its approval.

1.2.2 Contextual Framework Despite the high potential for renewable energy resources which include woody and non- woody biomass and solar amongst others, there is limited exploitation and utilization of these resources due to limited technical expertise to exploit and limited coordination amongst the partners. This has hampered the socio-economic development of the district and the country at large. The development of the Renewable Energy Policy for Uganda in 2017 and its current ongoing review process are an elaboration of the path Government sought to develop initiatives to enhance wide spread usage of renewable energy services. This is anchored in the overall country vision of 2040 and the recent National Development Plan III. Other regional and international commitments such as the Sustainable Energy for All, the endorsement of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (SDGs) are another commitment of the government of Uganda. The commitment of Government to develop and promote the use of renewable energy sources is clearly aimed at creating the means of socio-economic development, especially by transforming the rural areas. The implementation of the renewable energy policy’s objectives will, therefore positively respond to the various legal and policy instruments and programmes, which Government has put in place to address poverty issues, catalyze industrialization and protect the environment. The supportive policy instruments and programmes to this Renewable Energy Access Strategy include but are not limited to the following:

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 3 o The 1995 Uganda Constitution provides for equitable development and promotion of energy policies for meeting people’s energy needs in an environmentally friendly manner

o Meeting the objectives of the Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) and, on a larger scale, achieving the Millennium Development Goals. This has led to the adoption and domestication of the Global Development Agenda 2030 (the Sustainable Development Goals).

o The Electricity Act 1999, which set the legal framework for reforms in the Power Sub-sector and the Rural Electrification Strategy and Plan, the regulatory framework for power generation from small renewable energy sources and the establishment of the Rural Electrification Fund.

o The National Environment Act (2019), which obligates all energy projects to undergo an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as a condition for licensing or implementation.

o The Plan for Modernization of Agriculture (PMA), which has one of its main outcomes as “increased access to and use of electricity” to support on-and off- farm economic activities.

o Energy Mainstreaming in District Local Government Planning and Budgeting processes.

o National Forestry Policy, 2001 provides for development of the forestry sector for economic empowerment of the citizens. It calls for increased tree growing and more efficient management and use of energy and wood resources.

o The Energy Policy(2002) focuses on the desire “to meet the energy needs of Uganda’s population for social and economic development in an environmentally sustainable manner”

o The National Renewable Energy Policy, 2007 seeks to diversify the energy supply sources and technologies in the country. It desires to improve already existing procedures within the regions where the cost of connection needs to be subsidized, and acknowledges that bringing electricity to rural and urban-poor population requires special packages to make connection and services affordable.

o The Electricity Connections Policy(2018) aims at increasing the access to cheap electricity and ultimately provide cleaner energy for Ugandans.

4 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 1 Renewable Energy Resources and Applications in Uganda?

Despite the high potential for renewable energy resources in Uganda and the district in particular, there is limited exploitation and utilization of these resources which has hampered the development of the sub-sector. The various barriers preventing steady growth for renewable energy resources development and utilization in Uganda are as follows: a) There is limited awareness of the renewable energy technology options and their potential among stakeholders, which has hindered adoption. b) The high upfront investment costs of the technologies have negatively impacted on the adoption rates. c) There is limited technical and institutional capacity in both the public and private sector to implement and manage renewable energy investments which has hampered their development in the districts. d) The gender disparity where women are not recognized as key participants in technology use and innovations has hindered the deployment of RETs. This Strategy therefore intends to address the above-mentioned barriers alongside improved distribution networks to reach all corners of the district.

1.1 Definition of Renewable Energy The United Nations Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) definition of renewable energy is “energy that is derived from natural processes (e.g. sunlight and wind) that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Solar, wind, geothermal, hydro , and biomass are common sources of renewable energy.” The National Renewable Energy Policy(2007) defines renewable sources of energy as those that are replenished continuously by natural processes. This includes hydropower, solar energy, biomass, wind and geothermal as well as organic wastes. On the contrary, non-renewable energy sources are those that are not replenished and hence get depleted with time. These include the conventional fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. Modern renewable energy means resources that are transformed into modern energy services like electricity, which can be generated from water power, wind power, solar energy, geothermal energy and biomass cogeneration. It also refers to clean fuels derived from renewable energy resources like biogas, ethanol, methanol, hydrogen, or solar water heating. In the context of this strategy, modern biomass technology includes energy efficient technologies, like improved charcoal and firewood stoves for both domestic and institutional applications.

1.1.1 Biomass Energy Biomass is the predominant renewable energy used in Uganda, accounting for 94% of the total energy consumption (National Biomass Survey, 2016) and supply (Figure 2-1). Of the total biomass consumed, wood fuel accounts for about 80%, charcoal 10% and crop residues 4%. Firewood and crop residues are majorly consumed in rural areas while charcoal is consumed in urban areas. Limited storage space in urban areas, high standards of living, higher calorific value of charcoal than for wood and easier handling by vendors makes charcoal the favored fuel over firewood in urban

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 5 areas. Biomass will continue to provide the basic cooking and water heating needs of the country due to its relatively low cost, ease of accessibility, availability and familiarity and convenience with its use.

Charcoal 5% 4% 1% 6% Biomass

Petroleum

Wood fuel 84% Electricity

Others

Source: MEMD Energy Balance Report, 2010.

Figure 21: Uganda’s Energy Supply mix

1.1.2 Biomass resource in Kagadi i) Forest Resources/Woody biomass The Table 2-1 below show the natural forest status in Kagadi District

Table 21: Central Forest Reserves (CFR), their acreage and location in Kagadi district

CFR Area (ha) Sub counties Kanaga 650 Kyanaisoke

Ruzaire 1,160 Kabamba and Mabaale Kagombe 131 Kagadi, Muhorro, Bwikara and Kyaterekera Kagadi 8 Kagadi Rwengeye 329 Kiryanga, Paacwa

Kasato 2,691 Kiryanga Kyamurangi 417 Kiryanga

Total 8,501 Source: NFA- Kagadi Sector Office, 2009 Forests on private lands continue to be degraded as they are harvested for timber, agricultural expansion and yet reforestation and afforestation are very limited. The conversion of aboveground biomass for charcoal continues with limited control . The relative cost of charcoal in the district is 25,000/= for a sack.

ii) Vegetation There are three broad categories of vegetation in the District namely: the modified equatorial type, the wooded savannah mosaic and savannah grassland. The modified equatorial vegetation covers a greater of the District especially in the Sub counties; Kiryanga, Kicucuura, Pachwa, and Kabamba. This type of vegetation used to be equatorial in nature but has been modified as a result of human activity.

6 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy The wooded savannah mosaic covers a greater part of the district and forms a transitional zone from the modified equatorial vegetation to the open savannah grassland. It is common in the sub Counties of Kyanaisoke, Isunga, Kamuroza, Kyenzige, Mabaale, Nyabutanzi, Kinyarugonjo, Kagadi, Ruteete, Muhorro, Galiboleka and Bwikara, Mairirwe, Nyakarongo and town councils of Kagadi, Kyenzige and Muhoro. The savannah grassland is typical in areas where human activity has modified the wooded savannah mosaic and is common in Rugashari, Buhumuliro, Nyaburora, Kyakabadiima, Mpeefu, Kyaterekera, and Ndaiga subcounties and town councils of Mpeefuyasande and Kyaterekera iii) Agricultural crops/crop residues The livelihood of people in the district is dependent on agriculture which employs over 80% of the total population. Fertile soils and suitable climate combine to support the cultivation of a number of crops in most parts of the district (Table 2-2) and the estimated quantities of agricultural residues available for energy uses are shown in Table 2-3.

Table 22: Major crops grown and production areas in Kagadi district

Crop Type Major producing sub-counties

Coffee Kiryanga, kicucuura, Rushkere, Kabamba, Paacwa, Mabaalenyabutanzi, Kinyarugonjo, Isunga, Kamuroza, Kyanaisoke, Ruteete, Rugashari, Buhumuliro, Burora, Kagadi Kyaterekera, Mpeefu, Muhorro, Kyakabadiima subcounties and Town councils of Muhoro and Kagadi Maize Kiryanga, Kabamba, Paacwa, Mabaale, Kyanaisoke, Ruteete, Rugashari, Burora, Kagadi S/C, Kyaterekera, Mpeefu, Muhorro, Kyakabadiima, Ndaiga Sugar canes Kiryanga, Kabamba, Paacwa, Mabaale, Kyanaisoke, Ruteete, Rugashari, Burora, Kagadi S/C, Kyaterekera, Mpeefu, Muhorro, Kyakabadiima –All sub counties and town councils iv) Estimation of bagasse from distilled waragi The annual volume of waragi distilled is 54,720 jerrycans2. Basing on empirical data from a case study in Kyenjojo, seven jerrycans of cane juice give a yield of one jerrycan of waragi. Thus, the volume of juice required to produce 54,720 jerrycans of waragi is 54,720 x 7 jerrycans of cane juice=383,040 jerrycans. Each 20-litre jelly can of juice is extracted from 14 sugar canes. Thus, the number of sugar canes used is 383,040 x 14 sugar canes per jerrycan of juice=5,362,560 pieces of cane. The weight of a piece of bagasse from each sugar cane was found to be 2 kg. The total weight of bagasse generated is equal to 5,362,560pieces x 2kg =10,725,120 kg or 10,725 tons.

2 A jerrycan is estimated at 20 litres Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 7 Table 23: Crop production and residue generated for potential energy sources

Crop Estimated Estimated number 50% residues tar- production of residues (tons) geted for energy (tons_ (tons) Coffee 396 119 60 Maize 1,140 232 116 Sugar cane bagasse 10,725 10,725 (derived from 54,720 jerrycans of waragi)

Totals 10,844 10,901

iv) Animal and Poultry waste Estimation of amount of animal and poultry manure. The daily manure production per animal (World Bank Group) is given as; Dairy cow manure 45-50 kg Beef cow manure 25-30 kg Local breed 15kg Swine manure 4.5 kg Goat and sheep 2.7 kg Turkey, duck, and chicken 0.15 Kg

Table 23: Estimated Manure production from animals and poultry

Animal type Number of Average manure per Annual manure yield animals day (ton) (tons) Local cattle 17,500 0.015 95,813

Swine - - Poultry - - Total - - 95,813

An assumption shall be made that 30% of the generated manure (95,813 tons) is available for biogas production considering that all animals are on free range and manual can only be collected over night stay. Available manual=28,744 tons.

1.1.3 Biomass Demand in households, institutions, and industry Biomass is predominantly used at the household level for cooking and boiling water. The main source for the biomass is firewood, charcoal, agricultural crop residues and wood wastes. A considerable amount of biomass is used in the services/commercial and industrial sector. The high usage of biomass in these sectors has been attributed to being cheap compared to alternative energy sources; locally available; and the limited penetration of electricity coverage.

8 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy The national per capita consumption is estimated at 680 kg/year for firewood and 240 kg/year for charcoal firewood, in the rural and urban areas, respectively. Kagadi has a total population of 352,815 people. Considering that 80% of the population is rural and 20% urban, it can be deduced that the rural population is 282,252 people and urban is 70,563 people. Thus, the annual firewood demand for the households in the rural areas stands at 191,931 tons and the annual charcoal demand for the urban population is approximately 16,935 tons. Introduction of improved stoves with a potential to reduce these demand figures by at least 40% (76,7724 tons of wood and 6,774 tons of charcoal) is an attractive option.

Institutional demand: The institutional demand for biomass especially for cooking in schools, barracks, restaurants, and hotels is quite significant. For example, a boarding school of 500 pupils consumes about 50 tons of wood per term of 90 days. At the national level, 2 million tons of wood is attributed to institutional cooking.

Industrial demand: There are a number of traditional industries in the district that consume a lot of biomass due to inefficient technologies in use. These include charcoal burning, brick burning, tobacco curing, bread baking, and others. At the national level brick burning solely consumes 7.0 million tons of wood.

1.1.4 Improved Biomass Technologies In Uganda biomass stoves are utilized in households and commercial sectors whereas kilns and ovens find application in several economic activities including lime and brick burning, fish smoking and drying, charcoal production, and bread baking, among others. Most of these applications use inefficient technologies leading to wasteful consumption of biomass energy which causes negative impacts to the environment. The Strategy in a bid to counteract the negative impacts, will promote the use of the efficient biomass energy technologies. Table 2-4 gives the comparison of biomass consumption values for the traditional and improved technologies.

Table 24: Biomass Energy Utilization Efficiency

Technology Traditional Improved Household wood stoves 680 kg per cap- 340 kg per capita ita Household charcoal stoves 240 kg per cap- 120 kg per capita ita Baking 1 kg loaf of bread 2 kg wood 0.25 kg of wood Brick burning (one 2-kg brick) 1.3 kg wood 0.25 kg of wood Lime burning per ton 1 ton of wood 0.3 ton Charcoal production per ton of wood 100 kg 250-400 kg of charcoal Institutional stoves (500 students per 50 tons 30 tons term) Fish curing per ton 2 tons 500 kg

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 9 1.1.5 Previous experiences i) Cookstoves Several initiatives at varying geographical scales have been undertaken by various renewable energy sector stakeholders such as Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development(MEMD), Civil Society Organizations and development partners in promoting and dissemination of households and institutional stoves. However, the adoption rates are still low as exhibited by the national level at only 13% (MEMD reports).

ii) Charcoal Production Improvement No study has been conducted in the district in relation to charcoal production, utilization and marketing and the common practices by households on charcoal use. However, it is imperative that the district takes a stride through strong and coordinated efforts, towards sustainable charcoal production by embracing efficient technologies. Climate change mitigation efforts must be supplemented by a range of adaptation strategies to reduce vulnerability. Innovative practices such as use of seasoned wood fuel whose emissions are much lower than for the unseasoned should be adopted. The planting of fast-growing multi-purpose trees that provide the role of fuel as well among others shall be embraced.

iii) Briquettes as alternative fuels to charcoal Briquettes are compressed coal, charcoal dust or other biomass particles used as a fuel. Some of the briquetting technologies on the market as shown in Figure 2-2 and Figure 2-3. A transition from reliance on charcoal as an energy source can be achieved through briquetting non-woody biomass hence reducing the pressure on trees. The potential materials include surplus agricultural residues e.g maize cobs, husks from groundnut/rice hulling and forestry residues e.g sawdust and wood shavings from carpentry workshops, bushes, and shrubs. As a rule, when calculating the available crop residues for energy, consideration is given for 50% of the total value. This is to allow for what is put back in the fields for soil regeneration. Briquetting technology will be embraced under this strategy.

Figure 22: A manual briquetting unit 10 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy Figure 23: A motorized briquetting machine with a capacity of 1 ton per hour iii) Biomass Gasification Technology Gasification is a thermo-chemical process, which converts biomass materials into gaseous components (producer gas), containing carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, and some other inert gases. This process uses gasifying technologies like the one shown in Figure 2-4. The gas can be used to generate electricity in combustion engines. The cost of generating electricity from gasification is equal to that of hydro-electricity and it is lower than that from fossil fuels and photovoltaic cells. Producer gas can also be used in thermal applications which include cooking, ceramic firing, crop drying and industrial uses, among others. The dual fuel technology (80/20) producer gas/diesel is currently being used at Nyabyeya Forestry Collage where a 50kW unit is in use. The power generated from the gasifier unit is used by the college to support the lighting needs. The raw material feed is off cuts from the saw mill at the college although a wide range of biomass materials (wood, charcoal, groundnut and rice husks, among others) can be used to fuel gasifiers. High system efficiencies (60 – 70%) are achievable through the use of systems of combined cycle gas turbine. Typically, 1kg of air-dried biomass gives 3-3.6kWh heat, or 0.7-0.9kWe electricity plus 1.4kWh heat. The advantages of this technology include higher efficiency, ability to use multiple feed stocks, expandable as a modular system and can be economically operated at a small scale. In view of these, gasification can help raise incomes through provision of cheap energy for agro-processing leading to value addition and employment opportunities. The cost of the gasifier system is estimated at USD 1,000 per kW. The existence of the gasifier unit at Nyabyeya Forestry College will be utilized in promoting the technology to potential investors in the district.

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 11 Figure 24: A 40kW gasifier unit that uses maize cobs to produce electricity iv) Biogas Biogas is produced through anaerobic breakdown of biodegradable material (animal dung, agro-waste, abattoir, and municipal waste) in a digester. It is a mixture of

methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as the principal constituents, but it also

has traces of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), ammonia (NH3), oxygen, hydrogen, and water vapor. Biogas is used for cooking, electricity generation, and refrigeration and as fuel for vehicles in highly developed economies. The resultant slurry from a biogas digester is rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and humus material which can be sued as an organic fertilizer among other uses. The following benefits are derived from using the biogas technology:

o The slurry is rich in nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium and humus material. It has good applications in aquaculture, agriculture, and horticulture.

o Methane burns very well, therefore biogas can be used as a substitute of kerosene, charcoal, and firewood.

o Biogas production uses biodegradable wastes which could otherwise present health concerns that arise from poor waste disposal and poor hygiene.

o Biogas technology is a zero-waste technology. o Biogas is a clean non-poisonous and non-toxic gas which burns with blue flame, without soot or any offensive odour.

o Burning biogas reduces emission of methane to the environment which is a highly destructive greenhouse gas. Initiatives by both Government and private sector have been made to introduce the biogas technology in Uganda since the early 1980s. There is limited awareness on the technology in Kagadi district with a few installations made. The most common digester design used is the fixed dome due to its durability, construction using locally

12 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy available materials and doesn’t have moving parts. The average cost of a domestic biogas digester is USD 1,000. Under the Strategy, biogas will feature as one of the clean cooking technologies to be adopted. v) Tree planting initiatives Over 90% of the population of Kagadi depends on biomass from trees. The district is richly endowed with forestry resources compared to other regions of the country. It has both natural forests and plantations under the management of different responsible bodies. However, the resources are facing management challenges to the extent that their regeneration potential is much lower than the rate of their exploitation which is bound to create an energy deficit. Besides, the existence of the refugees from the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and South Sudan has aggravated the situation. To address this energy gap, the District developed a biomass restoration project which established one community tree nursery at the district headquarters and the charged the lower local governments(e.g subcounties) to establish tree nurseries. It has also developed partnership with various conservation agencies such as National Forestry Authority (NFA) under the National Community Tree Planting Programme, the tobacco companies e.g Alliance One amongst others.

1.1.6 Proposed interventions for modern biomass energy usage In order to promote the development of the biomass energy sub-sector, various interventions are proposed (Table 2-5) in response to the various challenges that have been raised. The expected outputs are also shown presented.

Table 25: Strategic Plan for Biomass Energy Resources and Technologies

Challenge Intervention Expected outputs High upfront costs • Develop financial in- • Line of credit for bio- centives for value chain mass energy invest- stakeholders ments in place. • Develop special credit • Tax relief packages. • Subsidies Lack of awareness • Sensitization of the pub- • Increased invest- lic on efficient utilization ments efficient and of biomass cost effective energy conversion technolo- • Establishment of gies demonstration sites. • Increased adoption • Hold regular and target- and use. ed exhibitions • Have interactive radio talk shows • Flyers • Newspaper supplements • Quizzes

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 13 Limited technical and • Promote the transfer of • Stakeholder associ- institutional capacity to knowledge and technol- ations on different develop biomass energy ogy through actionable technologies set up. technologies training • Increase in number • Strengthen inter institu- of installations tional collaboration • Artisans trained • Create a platform for stakeholders • Local potential to troubleshoot and • Organise training of repair artisans in construction and fabrication of the different technologies and related equipment with support from Civil Society Limited Research and • Collaborate with re- • Local manufacturing Technology Develop- search institutions ment through engaging in- • Reduction in product terns on energy issues prices at the district • New innovative prod- • Encourage local manu- ucts on the market facture • Research coordination desk set up. Lack of adequate sector • Strengthening collabo- • regulatory framework policies and regulatory ration with key stake- for biomass produc- framework holder in developing tion and utilization policies and regulatory in place framework. • Biomass production, • Develop a legal frame- licensing, and mar- work to regulate bio- keting regulated mass production and utilization. • key stakeholders identified • Implementation of a Biomass Energy Strat- egy, by-laws and other policy instruments

14 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 1.2 Solar Energy Uganda is endowed with plenty of solar energy giving an average solar radiation of about 5.1kWh/m2. This level of insolation is favorable for all solar technology applications. However, utilization of solar produced electricity remains very low. In Kagadi district there is no data for the adoption rate. A data base creation is an activity that will be captured under the Strategy with enhanced collaboration between the suppliers and the district administration. Kagadi District receives relatively good direct solar radiation which lies in the region of 300-400 W/m2 during the months of February, April, and June. The radiation peaks up in the months August, October on to December reaching levels of 500-600W/m2. During this period longer hours of direct radiation are experienced. The implication is that one may need a back- up during the months of low direct radiation.

1.2.1 Solar energy applications Solar energy applications can cover the following areas: i. Electricity generation for lighting and other services such as powering home devices e.g televisions, radios, phone charging, and agricultural production like water pumping, irrigation among others. ii. Water heating systems for domestic and small and medium enterprises e.g hotels. iii. Solar cooking where two types of cookers could be adopted. These are box solar cookers and parabolic solar cookers. The parabolic solar cooker produces higher temperatures and can be used to cook most foods in Uganda. iv. Solar drying of crops, fruits, and vegetables for longer shelf life and value addition. An example of a crop drier is shown in Figure 2-5.

Figure 25: A solar drier in operation of fruits

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 15 However, solar usage in Kagadi has been limited to mainly lighting. This situation needs to change during the implementation of the strategy so as to diversify and include production areas such as water pumping especially for irrigation and domestic and institutional water supply, water heating for hospitals and hotels and industry and crop drying. The use of biomass solar hybrid systems for crop drying will also be considered.

1.2.2 Planned activities As part of the package under the Strategy, the following activities will be put in place i) Introduce incentives for the companies dealing in solar technologies that may include a waiver of some taxes and levies, ii) Support institutions and schools to access innovative financing approaches to acquire solar technologies iii) Conduct public awareness campaigns on the need and use potential of solar units iv) Setup demonstration systems and pilot end-user credit systems in villages v) Ensure efficient distribution networks and quality products through emphasis on last mile delivery. vi) Strengthening collaboration with key actors - specialized technicians, MEMD, private investors, NGOS and CBOs - and the communities

1.2.3 Proposed Interventions for solar usage In order to promote the development of the solar energy sub-sector, various interventions are proposed, and the expected outputs as summarized in Table 2-6.

16 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy Table 26: Strategic Plan for Solar Energy Development

Challenges Intervention Expected Outputs High upfront cost of • Creating financing • Line of credit for end the systems and mechanisms users and vendor companies • Establish financial incentives for solar energy • Increased number of Low financial capacity technologies. vendor companies of local companies. • New solar energy technologies on market Existence of poor • Engage the UNBS to • Certified dealers and quality products and enforce standards and products installations. codes of practice • Solar energy products • Training of technicians inventory and artisans in product design, fabrication, and • Trained technicians installations. • Increased systems • Routine monitoring and reliability evaluation of market • Established standards product • Continuous public awareness on quality products • Establish required standards

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 17 2 The Strategy Vision, Goal, Objectives, and Targets

The Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy sets out the District’s Vision, Goals, Objectives, and interventions for promoting and implementing renewable energy investments.

2.1 Vision Kagadi District realizing clean energy use in all aspects of life

2.2 Mission To provide quality and sustainable clean energy resources for the people of Kagadi

2.3 Core values and guiding principles Kagadi District’s core values according to this Strategy are conservation, accountability, transparency, integrity, community participation, efficiency, effectiveness, and good leadership. The guiding principles shall include facilitating community participation, promoting stakeholders’ participation, delivery, integrated, comprehensive and coordinated services, decentralization of services to lower local councils and sustainable use of the environment.

2.4 The Energy Access Strategy The formulation of the Strategy was premised on sectorial approach to energy needs for; community services including schools and health services, households, enterprises and for productive uses. Consideration was accorded to the available resources which were matched with the technologies and the most appropriate were selected. Special attention was given to high energy consuming activities which include brick burning, charcoal productions amongst others as well as income generating activities and energy generation. The potential technological demand was established for all sectors and targets set and costed.

2.5 The main Targets and Strategic objectives Main Target 1: Increase energy access for basic energy needs for health centers and schools. Strategic objective: Increase the number of institutions accessing Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) by 20% annually A representative health unit is expected to have the following elements. i. An out -patient ward ii. Maternity ward iii. Administration office iv. 4 Staff quarters v. Laboratory vi. Vaccine refrigerator vii. Water pumping unit

18 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy viii. Improved cookstoves (a battery of 10 litre wood/ charcoal stoves with a food preparation tiled tabletops) ix. An incinerator for burning medical waste. x. Solar Water Heaters for the maternity ward

While the model school is expected to have the following.

i. Classroom block ii. Administration office iii. Staffroom iv. 5 units of staff quarters v. Water pump vi. Security lighting vii. Cookstoves (A set of 3 stoves 200-250 litres capacity) viii. A woodlot (at least 0.5ha) ix. Incinerator Data was collected from existing and planned community services energy needs for schools and health centres. The strategic objective of an annual increment of 20% was used to generate the implementation plan as shown in Table 3-1 and Table 3-2.

Table 31: Energy needs Assessment for health centres

End of Potential Implementation Plan Strategy demand Item status Year Year Year Year Year Total 1 2 3 4 5 Lighting & other 40 8 8 8 8 8 40 appliances Cookstoves 33 7 7 7 6 6 33 Bio-latrines 40 8 8 8 8 8 40 Incinerators 40 8 8 8 8 8 40 Woodlots 35 7 7 7 7 7 35 Solar Water Heaters 40 8 8 8 8 8 40 Solar Water 40 8 8 8 8 8 40 pumping Rainwater 40 8 8 8 8 8 40 harvesting

Table 32: Energy needs assessment for schools

Item Base Implementation Plan End of Strat- egy Status Demand Year 1 Year2 Year 3 Year4 Year 5 Lighting & other 371 37 37 37 37 37 185 appliances Cookstoves 610 61 61 61 61 61 305

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 19 Bio-latrines 286 29 29 29 29 29 145 Incinerators 150 30 30 30 30 30 150 Solar driers 150 30 30 30 30 30 150 Woodlots 619 124 124 124 124 123 619 Rainwater har- 619 124 124 124 124 123 619 vesting tanks Solar water 619 37 37 37 37 37 185 pumping

Main target 2: Increase household energy access for energy services for the modern society There is need for an improved access of modern renewable energy for households in order for meet the domestic energy services such as cooking, heating, and lighting.

Strategic objective: Increase number of households accessing modern renewable energy by 20% annually

This target numbers are summarized in Table 3-3 below.

Table 33: Energy needs assessment for households

Poten- tial Item Implementation Plan End of De- Strategy mand Status Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Household Wood 65,375 6,538 6,538 6,538 6,538 6,538 32,688 stoves Household 3,440 344 344 344 344 344 1,720 Charcoal stoves Liquified petroleum 200 20 20 20 20 20 100 gas (LPG) Biogas 200 10 10 10 10 10 50 Tree planting 51797 10360 10360 10360 10360 10357 51,797 Lighting & other 14,799 2,960 2,960 2,960 2,960 2,959 14,799 appliances 10%

Main Target 3: Increase number of enterprises and productive uses for RETs The Strategic Objectives: Increase number of enterprises and local industries using RETs by 5% annually.

20 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy Table 34: Energy enterprises and productive use

End of Poten- Implementation plan Item Strategy tial Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Status Solar driers 120 24 24 24 24 24 120 Solar pumps for 741 75 75 75 75 75 375 water supply Biomass gasifiers 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 Automated Interlocking Soil 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 Stabilized Block (ISSB) machines Manual ISSB 160 16 16 16 16 16 80 Medium scale 4 1 1 1 1 4 bakeries Small scale 132 26 26 26 27 27 132 bakeries Refrigeration units 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 Solar wax extractor 11 3 2 2 2 2 11 Solar Mini Grid 2 1 0 1 0 0 2 Briquette making 175 18 18 18 18 18 90 Energy crops 3705 370 370 370 370 370 1850 growing (<2 acres) Energy crops 1482 296 296 296 297 297 1482 growing (>2 acres) Fish smoking 5 1 1 1 1 1 5 Charcoal making 28 6 6 6 6 4 28 kilns

Main Target 4: Increase number of public infrastructures using RETs The Strategic Objectives: Increase number of public infrastructures using RETs by 10 % annually.

Table 35: Public infrastructure using RETs

End of Poten- Implementation plan Item Strategy tial Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Status Lighting & other ap- pliances (Subcounty 364 36 36 36 36 36 180 headquarters) Solar street lighting (Town councils/ 13 2 2 2 2 2 10 trading centres) Tree planting 332 66 66 66 66 66 330 Rainwater harvest- 364 72 72 72 74 74 364 ing

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 21 Solar water pump- 182 18 18 18 18 18 90 ing

Main Target 5: Increase community awareness of RETs Strategic objective: Increase community awareness about the availability, use and efficiency of RETs by 50% In order to achieve the above target, several interventions for the district administration have been proposed. i. The district shall make a pronouncement to replace all inefficient lighting fixtures from all public buildings (40W and 20W florescent tubes being replaced with 5W Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)). This will be used as demonstration to inform on power bills reduction. The savings should be ploughed back into other energy saving measures. ii. Engage Architects and Engineers on including RETs in architectural drawings of all building plans (Solar water heaters, improved stoves, water harvesting, solar PV among others)

iii. Encourage households to grow trees for their domestic energy needs on their plots iv. Encourage resorts with sauna and steam baths to wood lots which can provide firewood. v. Encourage households and institutions with zero grazing to adopt biogas with a toilet port (bio-latrine) to eliminate space wastage on digging new pits vi. Introduce incentives for households, commercial and industrial buildings adopting RETs in their plans. vii. Organize demonstration of technologies during public gatherings, market days and spot clips on FM stations. viii. Organise annual exhibitions that will attract suppliers of various renewable and clean energy technologies in the district, the users and other stakeholders along the value chain that support the energy sector.

2.6 Strategy Implementation Guiding Principles The following key principles will guide implementation of this Strategy. • Stakeholder participation • Effective accountability, transparency, and good governance • Environmental sustainability • Gender equity and equality • Political will and commitment at all levels in the District • Effective use and management of information for decision making • Establishment of effective Public Private Partnerships • Effective documentation and information sharing, and lessons learned

22 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 3 Institutional Framework

3.1 Existing Legal Policy and Institutional Framework

3.1.1 MEMD MEMD shall provide the leadership and will undertake the normal activities under its mandate which include;

o Provision of policy and strategic guidance and support o Coordinate especially public sector partners o Support and facilitate awareness activities and market development events. o Work with other government agencies, development partners to develop standards for clean cooking.

o Facilitates demonstrations, exhibitions, and awareness campaigns

o Promotion of improved cooking technologies and fuels. 3.1.2 Ministry of Local Government Ministry of Local Government (MoLG) is already working with MEMD to implement the energy mainstreaming guidelines which were approved as a planning tool by the National Planning Authority in Local Government in 2015. Therefore, the Local Government (LG) shall strengthen coordination arrangement between LG-MEMD and departments at the district including Education, Health and others for effective monitoring and evaluation of progress in order to enhance energy mainstreaming.

3.1.3 The District Renewable Energy Coordination Committee The technical team on energy will be constituted at the district. It will include the Chief Administrative Officer, heads of departments, members of the District Production and Natural Resources Committee Environment and Natural Resources forum (stakeholder forum). Its objective will be to provide policy guidance to the renewable energy programmes.

Roles of the Committee shall be to: i) Oversee and coordinate implementation of this strategy with various stakeholders and partners ii) Ensure the effectiveness of the activities

3.1.4 The District, National and International level stakeholders and partners The overall responsibility for implementation of the strategy lies within Kagadi District Local Government who are charged with overseeing and coordination of activities through Private Public Partnership. WWF the key development partner and other district, national and international partners/institutions shall work hand in hand with District particularly to:

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 23 • Identify new sources of energy to be developed in the District • Collect and process the information concerning renewable energy resources • Mobilize technical assistance and funding for development of the sources • Supervise projects in renewable energy The roles of the different stakeholders are shown in Table 4-1.

Table 41: Roles of other stakeholders No Institutions/organizations Role played

1 NGOs, CSOs, FBOs, and Community mobilization and awareness cre- CBOs ation Lobbying and advocacy 2 Private sector Provision of inputs and financing 3 Local Government Resource Mobilization, Coordination, Plan- ning and budgeting, Technical backstopping Fundraising and Policy direction 4 Communities Direct beneficiaries, Provision of inputs in kind, Information dissemination and Change agents 5 Religious and cultural institu- Community mobilization and Awareness tions 6 District Renewable Energy Coordination, Capacity building, Planning, Committee budgeting and policy direction 7 Large scale energy users Provision of inputs/ mass production, fi- nancing Role model

24 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 4 The Expected Social, Economic and Environmental Benefits

4.1 Current Biomass Energy balance Consideration has been put on the biomass resource supply and sectoral demand to come up with an estimated biomass energy balance. As more data gets captured during the course of the strategy implementation, a better picture will be obtained.

4.1.1 Assumptions taken and issues considered i. Health centers’ biomass demand. Each health centre has 10 stoves (10- liter capacity) equivalent to household units: The intensity of cooking for each stove is pegged on a maximum of two people; the patient and attendant leading to a number of 66 people per health centre. If we take the average household number for Kagadi at 4.6 people, the households equivalent for each health centre will 66/4.6 =14.3 households. This can be taken as 14.0 households. The total equivalent for households in the 33 health centres will 14 households equivalent x 33 health centres = 464 households. Basing on the per capita consumption for firewood for households of 3.7 tons; the total firewood consumption for health centres will 3.7 tons of wood x 464 household equivalents = 1,717 tons ii. Animal manual has been given as a biogas equivalent. There is a huge potential for domestic and large-scale systems for electricity generation iii. There is inadequate data to cover commercial demand; restaurants, bakeries, alcohol distilling, database can be built. iv. Several other sources like available biomass from planted forests, bushes and shrubs have not been considered under this estimation. v. Standing stock for CFR 70 tons per ha vi. Mean annual growth 2% vii. Available biomass for energy (8,501 x 70 tons’ x 2%) =11,901 tons

Table 51: Current biomass Energy Balance in the District

Biomass supply (tons) Biomass demand (tons) Natural forests (Mean 2,976 Households annual growth 2%) • Firewood 120,945.6 • Charcoal (6,774) Wood equivalent 22,360

Agro-residues 10,901 Health centres 1,717 Animal manure 28,744 Schools 45,750 The biogas equivalent* 1.15 mil- lion m3 of biogas Total 42,621 190,773

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 25 * 1 ton of manure yields 40,000 litres of biogas (biogas potential =28,744 tons of manure x 40,000 litres of biogas per ton of manure= 1.15 million litres of biogas)

4.1.2 Impact of the strategy on the Energy Balance Consideration has been put on the areas of potential big savings. These include schools and households as indicated in sections below. Savings accruing have been calculated over the strategy period and impact shown in Table 5- 4

Schools: Under the strategy, 305 schools are expected to benefit with improved cook stoves which will yield at least 50% fuel saving. Using a model boarding school of 500 pupils that uses 50 tons of wood per term while using the traditional stoves (MEMD), the annual consumption for the model would be 150 ton. Considering that all the schools are non-boarding, the annual consumption is estimated to be 75tonsThe total annual wood consumption for all schools using the traditional stove will be 75 x 610 =45,750 tons. The annual wood savings over the strategy period are as shown in Table 5-2.

Table 52: Cumulative wood savings in schools over the strategy period

Implementation Year Annual Wood Sav- Cumulative wood sav- ings (tons) ings (tons) 1 4,575 4,575 2 9,150 13,725 3 13,725 27,450 4 18,300 45,750 5 22,875 68,625 Cumulative wood savings 68,625

Households: In the course of the strategy implementation, 32,688 wood stoves and 1,720 charcoal stoves are expected to be disseminated. Using the per capita consumption of wood and charcoal per family at 3.7 tons and 1.3 tons respectively, the fuel savings for a household wood stoves and charcoal are estimated at 40%. The annual increment for wood stoves and charcoal stoves disseminations is 6,538 and 344 respectively. The cumulative wood and charcoal savings over the strategy period are 145,140 tons of wood and 2,684 tons of charcoal as shown in Table 5-3.

Table 53: Cumulative wood and charcoal savings over the strategy period

Implemen- Annual Cumulative Annual Char- Cumulative tation Year Wood sav- Wood sav- coal savings charcoal savings ings (tons) ings (tons) (tons) (tons) 1 9,676 9,676 179 179 2 19,352 29,028 358 537 3 29,028 58,056 537 1,074 4 38,704 96,760 716 1,790 5 48,380 145,140 894 2,684 Cumulative Savings 145,140 2,684

26 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy The wood equivalent of the charcoal can be estimated at 26,840 tons taking a conversion factor of wood to charcoal at 10%. It follows that the total biomass saving can be 171,980 tons.

4.1.3 Impact of the strategy on the energy balance The demand side of the energy balance is considered taking the savings accruing after the 1st year of the strategy as summarized in Table 5-4

Table 54: Impact of the strategy on biomass energy balance in year one

Biomass sectoral demand (tons) Savings in year Net biomass demand 1 (tons) (tons) Health 1,717 687 1,030 Schools 91,500 4,575 86,925 Households Fire wood 120,947 9,676 111,271 Wood equivalent 22,360 1,790 20,570 of charcoal

236,524 16,728 219,796

The impact of the strategy is reduction of biomass demand in year 1 from amounts to 236,524 toms to 219,796 tons of biomass which is equivalent to 7% of the total biomass demand. It should be noted that this biomass energy balance is incomplete and lacks some inputs like biomass needs for industrial and commercial sectors as well as biomass supply from savannah grasslands, bushes amongst others.

4.2 Adoption rates for various technologies Using Tables on potential needs for the institutions, implementation plan and end of strategy status, the expected adoption rates were calculated as shown in Table 5-5, Table 5-6 and Table 5-7.

Table 55: Adoption rates for the technologies for social services and households

Adoption rate % Health Services Schools Households Item Lighting and other applianc- 100% 50% 100% es Cook stoves wood 100% 50% 50% Cook stoves charcoal 50% Incinerators 100% 100% Solar water heating 100% Refrigeration Bio-latrines 100% 51% Wood lots 100% 100% 100%

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 27 Solar water pumping 100% 30% Rain Water harvesting 100% 100% Solar driers 100% LPG 50% Biogas 25%

Table 56: Adoption rates for Productive Uses and enterprises

Technology potential demand Adoption rate (%) Solar driers 100% Solar pumps for water supply 51% Biomass gasifiers 100% Automated Interlocking Soil Stabilized Block (ISSB) machines 100% Manual ISSB 50% Medium scale bakeries 100% Small scale bakeries 100% Refrigeration units 100% Solar wax extractor 100% Solar Mini Grid 100% Briquette making 51% Energy crops growing (<2 acres) 50% Energy crops growing (>2 acres) 100% Fish smoking 100% Charcoal making kilns 100%

Table 57: Expected outputs for productive uses and enterprises

Technology potential demand Expected output Crop driers (Solar/Solar-Hybrid) Increased value addition to crops Reduced post-harvest losses Solar water pumps for irrigation and Increased availability of clean water water supply Increased hectarage for crop production under irrigation Biomass gasifiers Increased electricity supply for productive use and rural electrification Inter locking soil stabilized blocks Reduced use of biomass for rick burning (ISSB) Improved bakeries Reduced firewood consumption and better- quality bread Charcoal kilns Improved charcoal yields Biomass saved Better quality charcoal

28 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy Briquetting technologies Increased renewable energy enterprises Reduction in charcoal consumption Energy Crop production Increased renewable energy business Fish smoking kilns Tons of fish smoked. Reduced biomass use Street lighting Improved night security Office appliances Reduced UMEME bills

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 29 5 Financial Implication

The financial cost of the Strategy has been defined as the cost attributed tothe technology plus that of the administrative cost to implement the proposed interventions as indicated below.

5.1 Strategy cost items The cost of the Strategy(S) = Cost of technology (T) + Cost of Administration (A) The Administration may include: • Radio talk shows and barazas • Cost of training materials • Report writing • Monitoring and evaluation In most of the cases project managers are allowed a maximum of 5% of total project cost for administration. Thus, an administrative cost of 5% technology cost shall be adopted for the Strategy. The ensuing calculations have been done based on the Strategy targets developed in in Chapter 3. The unit costs used have been taken from dealers in these technologies. In the case of lighting and other appliances for all targets, the government commitment to extend the grid was recognized. Thus 40% of all proposed connections was attributed to the grid while 60% was considered for solar. In the case of grid connection, the unit cost was taken as that of wiring the buildings. The current connection fees of UGX 50,000= is insignificant compared to the installation costs. In the case of household wiring, the minimum charge was found to be UGX 300,000=. With a connection fee of UGX 50,000-, the total cost is UGX 350,000=. The estimated Strategy costs for health centers, schools, households, and energy for productive uses are summarized in Tables 6-1 to 6-5 respectively.

Table 61: Strategy Cost for Health Centres

Strat- egy Technologies Cost in UGX millions Tar- gets Total Administra- Unit Technol- tive Cost, Strategy

Cost ogy Cost Cost S=T+A (T) A=5%T Lighting & other appliances 40 30 1200.0 60.0 1260.0 - Solar Cookstoves 33 10 330.0 16.5 346.5 Bio-latrines 40 32 1280.0 64.0 1344.0 Incinerators 40 15 600.0 30.0 630.0 Woodlots 35 2 70.0 3.5 73.5 Solar water heating 40 12 480.0 24.0 504.0 Water pumping 40 12 480.0 24.0 504.0

30 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy Rain water harvesting tanks 40 4 160.0 8.0 168.0 Total 4600.0 230.0 4830.0

Table 62: Strategy Cost for Schools

Strat- Technologies egy Cost in UGX millions Targets Total Administra- Strate- Unit Technol- tive Cost, gy Cost Cost ogy Cost S=T+A (T) A=5%T Lighting & other applianc- 371 30 11,130.0 556.5 11,686.5 es – Solar Cook stoves 305 12 3,660.0 183.0 3,843.0 Bio-latrines 145 32 4,640.0 232.0 4,872.0 Incinerators 150 8 1,200.0 60.0 1,260.0 Solar Driers 150 6 900.0 45.0 945.0 Woodlots 619 2 1,238.0 61.9 1,299.9 Rain water harvesting 619 4 2,476.0 123.8 2,599.8 tanks Solar Water pumping 185 10 1,850.0 92.5 1,942.5 Total 27,094.0 1,354.7 28,448.7

Table 63: Strategy Cost for households

Strate- Technologies gy Tar- Cost in UGX millions gets

Total Administra- Strate- Technol- tive Cost, Unit Cost gy Cost ogy Cost S=T+A (T) A=5%T Lighting & Other ap- 14,799 1,200,000 17,758.8 887.9 18,646.7 pliances – Solar ICS Wood 32,688 30,000 980.6 49.0 1,029.7 ICS Charcoal 1,720 30,000 51.6 2.6 54.2 LPG 100 450,000 45.0 2.3 47.3 Biogas 50 3,600,000 180.0 9.0 189.0 Total 19,016.0 950.8 19,966.8

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 31 Table 64: Strategy Cost for Productive Uses

Strate- Technologies gy Tar- Cost in UGX millions gets

Administra- Total Unit tive Cost, Strategy Technolo- Cost Cost S=T+A gy Cost (T) A=5%T Solar driers 120 6 720.0 36.0 756.0 Solar pumps for wa- 375 10 3750.0 187.5 3937.5 ter supply Biomass gasifiers 1 150 150.0 7.5 157.5 ISSB 5 22 110.0 5.5 115.5 Manual ISSB 80 4 320.0 16.0 336.0 Medium scale Baker- 4 12 48.0 2.4 50.4 ies Small scale bakeries 132 3 396.0 19.8 415.8 Refrigeration units 5 3 15.0 0.8 15.8 Solar wax extractor 11 2 22.0 1.1 23.1 Solar Mini grid 2 185 370.0 18.5 388.5 Briquette making 90 10 900.0 45.0 945.0 Energy crops growing 1850 2 3700.0 185.0 3885.0 (<2 acres) Energy crops growing 1482 10 14820.0 741.0 15561.0 (>2 acres) Fish smoking 5 1.5 7.5 0.4 7.9 Charcoal making 28 3 84.0 4.2 88.2 kilns Total 25412.5 1,270.6 26,683.1

Table 65: Strategy Cost for Public infrastructure

Strat- egy Technologies Cost in UGX millions Tar- gets Total Administra- Unit Technol- tive Cost, Strategy Cost

Cost ogy Cost S=T+A (T) A=5%T Lighting & other ap- 10,920.0 546.0 11,466.0 pliances (Subcounty 364 30 headquarters) – So- lar

32 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy Solar street light- 2,400.0 120.0 2,520.0 ing (Town councils/ 10 240 trading centres) Tree planting 330 4 1,320.0 66.0 1,386.0 Rain water harvest- 1,456.0 72.8 1,528.8 364 4 ing Solar water pump- 900.0 45.0 945.0 90 10 ing Total 16,996.0 849.8 17,845.8

5.2 Overall Strategy Cost The overall Strategy cost is the aggregate of the costs for health services, schools, households and that of productive services as shown in Table 6-6.

Table 66: Overall Strategy Cost

Item Technology Cost Administrative Strategy Cost cost UGX Millions UGX Millions UGX Millions Health services 4,600.0 230.0 4,830.0 Schools 27,094.0 1354.7 28,448.7 Households 19,016.0 950.8 19,966.8 Productive use 25,412.5 1,270.6 26,683.1 Public infrastruc- ture 16,996.0 849.8 17,845.8

Total 93,118.5 4,655.9 97,774.5

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 33 6 Financing the Strategy

The financing of the strategy takes a form of public-private partnerships(PPP) which shall involve the private sector, development partners, religious institutions, households, schools, health centres, small scale energy enterprises and traditional industries like bakeries amongst others. This bulk will constitute about 97% of the Strategy (i.e. UGX 94,841.2 million). The balance of UGX 2,933.2 million will be met by the District Local Government in following key areas. i) Enhanced awareness for RETs efficacy in potential end users ii) Ensuring efficient distribution net-work of quality products iii) Linking with financing institutions for introducing smart financing mechanisms for vendors and end-users iv) Ensuring that managerial and technical skills are available to administer the RETs industry. v) Effective coordination of the stakeholders.

34 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 7 Monitoring and Evaluation

The main purpose for Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) is to strengthen the process of implementing the RE strategy through provision of information in regular progress reports to the district and other stakeholders. It will also provide analysis of concrete achievements and challenges faced in the implementation of the RE Strategy activities.

7.1 Objectives of the M&E The objectives of the M &E systems are:

o To enable all stakeholders involved in the implementation of the Strategy to track performance and to draw from lessons learned and integrate them into the decision-making process.

o To provide a tool for reporting and for taking corrective actions in the implementation process

o To report to the stakeholders for accountability

7.2 Roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders involved in the M&E process The M&E process shall be reflected in the work plans, budget and implementation of energy related activities in the various sectors and subsectors at the Higher and Lower Local Government Levels. The District Energy Focal Person, working together with the District Planner, shall spearhead the Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) activities on behalf of the CAO. In order to compile the M&E reports, the District Energy Focal Person relies on the cooperation of all relevant sectors and sub-sectors. To facilitate the process, energy issues shall be included in the Monitoring and Evaluation checklists for all sectors in the district. Quarterly reports shall be submitted to the CAO for endorsement who endorses them. They shall be shared with the District Planning Unit, the Technical Planning Committee, the PNER committee and District Council. Thus, the reports can give guidance to further planning processes.

7.3 Performance indicators for Monitoring and Evaluation The following performance indicators shall be monitored and evaluated by the district throughout the implementation period. A mid-term review will be conducted halfway through the strategy implementation to track progress, identify gaps and challenges and devise means to address them. a) Technology adoption: The proportion of households, schools, health centers, SMEs and industries adopting and using renewable energy technologies. These will be evaluated against the targets set in the baselines other commitments. b) Technology Supply: The number of different renewable energy technologies being supplied in the district. This includes mapping different stakeholders involved in renewable energy value chain. c) Awareness creation: The proportion of population that is aware of renewable energy technologies and fuels. d) Technology performance and usability: The efficacy and benefits of the technologies to the end users

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 35 8 Coordination mechanism for the Strategy

At the district level, the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) is the technical head responsible for the administration in the district. The District Energy Focal Point person will identify, analyze and integrate the energy issues into the work plans and also play the coordination role between the District and MEMD. The proposed structure is as given below

It is worth-noting that the coordination mechanism proposed to enable the effective functioning of the Energy Mainstreaming Guidelines to deliver its intended results are premised in already existing structures within the Local Government system. The CAO as head of service is conventionally responsible for everything in the LG. The Energy Focal Point person will play a coordination and follow-up role just like the Focal Points for other crosscutting issues in the LG such as Gender, Environment, among others. The District Planner maintains his/her coordination and quality assurance roles. The participation of the Lower Local Governments is provided for through the quarterly meetings that are held between the district and sub-counties. The District Energy committee shall provide for the participation of other actors in the Energy field within the District. Galvanizing political leaders into the structures will be necessary. Hence effective communication of the Strategy and renewable energy technologies shall be built within all the district activities for the political as well as technical staff during routine activities and when an opportunity arises.

36 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 9 Risk Management

The district has carried out the Potential, Opportunities, Challenges and Constraints (POCC) analysis on the Strategy implementation as illustrated below.

9.1 Potential The district has the following strengths that facilitate the smooth implementation of the Strategy a) Presence of competent and trainable staff to spearhead renewable energy interventions b) Presence of civil society organizations involved in energy issues. c) Other NGOs which are not directly doing energy related interventions are strong in community engagement as well as advocacy to mobilize masses d) Availability of active women groups who are good agents of change e) Political will of the District

9.2 Challenges a) The current structure does not accommodate recruitment of an Energy Officer b) Absence of strategic plan and budget to provide for renewable energy interventions c) Lack of grassroots structures responsible for renewable energy d) Low adoption rates of local people to new technologies e) Wasteful use of energy f) Limited technical and institutional capacity to manage the dissemination and implementation of RETs in public and private sectors. g) Inadequate sector policies and regulatory framework to enable smooth operation of the strategy. h) Limited awareness by the people in the district on renewable energy resources availability, benefits and opportunities. i) Inefficient utilization of biomass in households and institutions which makes it unsustainable. j) Inappropriate financing mechanism to support investments in renewable energy projects

9.3 Opportunities a) Presence of partners in Kagadi with keen interest to support local structures with stake in renewable energy technologies. They include but not limited to WWF, KIIMA Foods, KCSON, CARITAS, World Voices, Meruda etc

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 37 b) Availability of renewable energy resources which are cheaper and more readily available than their counterparts in the long run. c) Availability of solar stockists in Kagadi town d) Fertile land which can support a range of energy crop/plant growing e) The creation of the Trade, Industry and Local Development department in the district that can implement most of the energy technologies for productive uses Kagadi district is confident that; given the high level of political will coupled with the presence of strong civil society organizations involved directly in renewable technologies dissemination, carrying out advocacy for clean energy can overcome the threats and weaknesses enumerated.

9.4 Constraints a) The discovery of the non-renewable energy, oil and gas in the Albertine Graben in the recent past has captured the attention of most people in the region. b) The dependence syndrome of LG on donors entirely to initiate and support initiatives may affect sustainability c) High poverty levels in the District who still look at the biomass as the only option to use d) High tariffs per unit of power consumed e) High population growth rate

38 Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA

KAGADI DISTRICT LOCAL GOVERNMENT KAGADI DISTRICT RENEWABLE ENERGY ACCESS STRATEGY 2019/2020-2023/2024

Kagadi District Renewable Energy Access Strategy 39