BEHAVIOR AND PERCEPTION OF THE URBAN REDEVELOPMENT IN SUANLHUANG - SAMYAN NEIGHBOURHOOD, BANGKOK

BY

MR. NATANONT IEMPOOLSUB

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF URBAN DESIGN URBAN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM) FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ACADEMIC YEAR 2018 COPYRIGHT OF THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY

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BEHAVIOR AND PERCEPTION OF THE URBAN REDEVELOPMENT IN SUANLHUANG - SAMYAN NEIGHBOURHOOD, BANGKOK

BY

MR. NATANONT IEMPOOLSUB

A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF URBAN DESIGN URBAN DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT (INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM) FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING ACADEMIC YEAR 2018 COPYRIGHT OF THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY

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Thesis Title BEHAVIOR AND PERCEPTION OF THE URBAN REDEVELOPMENT IN SUANLHUANG - SAMYAN

NEIGHBOURHOOD, BANGKOK Author Mr. Natanont Iempoolsub Degree Master of Urban Design Major Field/Faculty/University Urban Design and Development (International Program) Faculty of Architectural and Planning Thammasat University Thesis Advisor Assistant Professor Jaturong Pokaharatsiri, Ph.D. Academic Year 2018

ABSTRACT

Suanlhuang-Samyan has been known as one of the prominent communities in Samyan District, with distinctive cultural elements and transformation through times. Chulalongkorn University had redeveloped this area for several times. The current redevelopment was built as row houses provided tenure period of 15 years approximately ended around 2010. Most of the row houses were uses as auto- parts shops and also famous for foods. The objectives of the study were to study both perception and behaviour from two groups of people from existing area and the new development. The landlord appointed new redevelopment of the whole neighbourhood which includes sport complex, community mall, themed- redevelopment, and the century park. The study area is from Chulalongkorn soi 12 to Chualongkorn soi 16, comprised of 11 blocks in total of approximately 51,000 square meters, and examined using questionnaire and physical observation as methods of data collection. The observation within the 11 blocks was noted down each elements on paper map and images. The behavioural study showed that the neighbourhood have differences public space usage and approach to transportation between the two study areas while perception data showed study people in the existing area were more

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV (2) connected to each other and engaged in social activities more than people in the new development. The design proposal process provide both design recommendation and solution recommendation to improve community assets and prevent obstacles from spreading. There are five main areas to the design improvement, mainly improving community urban space and distribute users throughout the study area equally. Existing urban space were transformed into community gathering areas which eliminates obstacles from vehicles and poor community design. Design intervention were intervened inside the community to bring users across the study area and distribute density volume equally. The design were extracted from different case studies to mimic similar design elements which were adapted to fit urban context of Suanlhuang – Samyan Neighbourhood.

Keywords: Behavior, Perception, Place Development

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am gratefully acknowledge the support and guidance from the UDDI programs member, most importantly my thesis advisor, Dr. Jaturong Pokharatsiri. Without his thoughtful encouragement and guidance, this thesis would never have taken shape. I am also grateful to Dr. Supitcha Tovivich and Dr. Chulawadee Santad for taking times reviewing my thesis and provided handfuls of important advises. My thanks go toward the member of UDDI Master Program and the Pre- Workshop Team who so kindly participated in this research giving generously help and provide access to wonderful team. I am thoughtful to these students, who have exchanged thoughtful knowledge and tools while conducting data collection. Finally I extend my deepest thanks to my family and friends, for staying with me and provided huge support over these period of times. Thank you for all the help and kindness when I needed a hand or when I’m running late and everybody is ready to take care and look over me. They all kept me going, and this book would not have been possible without them.

Mr. Natanont Iempoolsub

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page ABSTRACT (1)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (3)

LIST OF TABLES (9)

LIST OF FIGURES (10)

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction and Problems 1 1.2 Research Problems 4 1.3 Research Objectives 4 1.4 Boundary of the Research Problem 5 1.5 Research Procedure 6 1.5.1 Primary Sources 6 1.5.2 Secondary Sources 6 1.5.3 Analysis Procedure and Research Conclusion 6 1.6 Keywords 6 1.7 Conceptual Framework 7 1.8 Expected Benefits 8 1.8.1 Entrepreneur 8 1.8.2 Design Recommendation and Solution Recommendation 8 1.8.3 Elevate Local Significance 8 1.9 Research Process Timeline 9

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10

2.1 Concept of Place 10 2.1.1 Different Scale of Sense of Place 11 2.1.2 The Concept of Place Attachment 12 2.1.3 Factors Influence Place Attachment 14 2.2 Placemaking Theory 15 2.2.1 Quality Places with a Strong Sense of Place 15 2.2.2 Four Type of Placemaking 17 2.2.3 Successful Placemaking 18 2.2.4 Eleven Principles for Creating Great Community Places 20 2.3 Identity Process Theory 22 2.3.1 Distinctiveness 22 2.3.2 Continuity 23 2.3.2.1 Place-referent Continuity 23 2.3.2.2 Place-congruent Continuity 24 2.3.3 Self-esteem 24 2.3.4 Self-efficacy 25 2.4 Theory of House Form 26 2.4.1 Material, Construction, Technology 27 2.4.2 Site 27 2.4.3 Defense 28 2.4.4 Economics 28 2.4.5 Religion 29 2.4.6 Socio-Cultural Factors 29 2.5 Pedestrian Activity Observation 30 2.5.1 Pedestrian Desired Line 30 2.5.2 Activities in Public Space Analysis 31 2.5.3 Demographic Classification 32

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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 35

3.1 Research Proposal Guidelines 36 3.2 Population and Sample 3 6 3.3 Research Methods 36 3.3.1 Research from Documents and Findings 36 3.3.2 Preliminary Investigation 38 3.3.3 In-depth Questionnaire 38 3.4 Collection of Data 39 3.4.1 Source of Data 39 3.4.1.1 Primary Sources 39 3.4.1.2 Secondary Sources 39 3.4.2 Data Instrumentations 40 3.4.2.1 Map 40 3.4.2.2 Photograph 40 3.4.2.3 In-depth Questionnaire 40 3.5 Variable Scopes 41 3.6 Data Analysis 42

CHAPTER 4 GENERAL CONDITION AND DATA INTERPRETATION 43

4.1 General Condition of Study Area 43 4.1.1 Neighbouring Area 44 4.1.2 Important Places and Network System 46 4.1.3 Socio-Economic Background of the Study Area 47 4.2 Physical Data Collection 48 4.2.1 Building Types 49 4.2.2 Building Programs 51 4.2.3 Network Systems 53 4.2.4 Nodes and Socio-Economic Activities 55

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4.2.6 Religious and Cultural Elements 58 4.2.5 Street Elements 60 4.2.6 Greenery 63 4.3 In-depth Questionnaire Data 66 4.3.1 General Information 66 4.3.2 Results and Analysis of Community Contribution 69 4.3.3 Results and Analysis of Relationship of Local and Place 71 4.3.4 Results and Analysis of Identity Process 75 4.3.5 Great Place Evaluation 80

CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH ARGUMENTS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION 87

5.1 Summary of Research 88 5.1.1 Summary of Physical Data Collection 88 5.1.2 Summary of questionnaire Data Collection 89 5.2 Arguments and Variable Analysis 89 5.2.1 Behavioral Study 90 5.2.2 Perception Study 105

CHAPTER 6 STUDY CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION 123

6.1 Conclusion of Behavior Study 123 6.2 Conclusion of perception study 125 6.3 Suanlhuang-Samyan community recommendation 6.3.1 Sociability 128 6.3.2 Use and activity 128 6.3.3 Comfort and Image 131 6.3.4 Access and linkage 132 6.4 Conceptual Masterplan 134 6.5 Masterplan and Detailed Design 135

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6.5.1 Site Plan 138 6.5.2 Detailed Design 140 146 REFERENCES 154 APPENDICES

158 APPENDIX A 159 BIOGRAPHY 171

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LIST OF TABLES

Tables Page 1.1 Research Process Timeline 9 3.1 Population Samples 37 3.2 Variable Scopes 41 4.1 Data Group Information 66 4.2 General Information 67 4.3 Community Contribution 69 4.4 Relationship of Local and Place 71 4.5 Identity Process 75 4.6 Sociability Evaluation 80 4.7 Use and Activity Evaluation 82 4.8 Comfort and Image Evaluation 83 4.9 Access and Linkage Evaluation 85 5.1 Use and Activity Mean Value 100 5.2 Access and Linkage Mean Value 103 5.3 Sociability Mean Value 117 5.4 Comfort and Image Mean Value 120 6.1 Behavior Study Conclusion 124 6.2 Perception Study Conclusion 126

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figures Page 1.1 Location and Zoning 2 1.2 Area Location 5 1.3 Conceptual Framework 7 2.1 Four Types of Placemaking 17 2.2 The Place Diagram 19 2.3 User Classification 32 3.1 Guideline for Research Proposal 36 4.1 Study Area 44 4.2 Satellite Image of Study Area 45 4.3 Important Places and Network System around Study Area 46 4.4 Building Types 49 4.5 Image of Abandoned Building 50 4.6 Commercial Building in New Development 50 4.7 Building Programs 51 4.8 Network Systems 53 4.9 Image of Type of Roads 55 4.10 Nodes and Socio-Economic Activities 55 4.11 Images of Node and Socio-Economic Activities 56 4.12 Religious and Cultural Elements 58 4.13 Religious and Cultural Elements 59 4.14 Street Elements 60 4.15 Community Symbol in New Development 61 4.16 Light Pole and Electric Pole in Existing Area 61 4.17 Light Pole in New Development Area 62 4.18 Greenery 63 4.19 Group on Main Road 64 4.20 Greenery on Local Road 65

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4.21 Greenery on Community Avenue 65 5.1 Physical Integrated Analysis of People Behavior 90 5.2 Urban Realm Concentration 92 5.3 Low Concentration Urban Realm 94 5.4 High Concentration Urban Realm 94 5.5 Transportation Flexibility 96 5.6 Dense Vehicle Parking 97 5.7 Mass Transportation Corridor 97 5.8 Mode of Transportation Bar Chart 99 5.9 Quality of Households 106 5.10 Moderate Community Area 108 5.11 Quality of Community Area 108 5.12 Greenery and Social Gathering 109 5.13 Planned Greenery with Social Nodes 110 5.14 Dynamic Greenery with Social Nodes 111 5.15 Socio-Cultural Elements and Social Gathering 112 5.16 Socio-Cultural Elements with Low Gathering 113 5.17 Socio-Cultural Elements with High Gathering 114 5.18 Community Uniqueness 116 6.1 Zoning Diagram 127 6.2 Conceptual Masterplan 136 6.3 Detailed Design Boundaries and Area 139 6.4 Site Plan of Study Area Before Proposal 140 6.5 Proposal Design Site Plan 141 6.6 Ridge Avenue Pocket Park 142 6.7 East Village Street Scape, Calgary, Alberta 143 6.8 Pedestrian Zoning 144 6.9 Section Cuts 146 6.10 Existing Condition Section A-A 147 6.11 Proposal Design Section A-A 147

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6.12 Existing Condition Section B-B 148 6.13 Proposal Design Section B-B 149 6.14 Comparison Before – Perspective A 151 6.15 Comparison After – Perspective A 151 6.16 Comparison Before – Perspective B 152 6.17 Comparison After – Perspective B 152 6.18 Perspective Reference View 153

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction and problems

City and districts were built from human being to reinforce cultural activities that are desired by them, continuously changing to support current physical aspects, economic, and social factors. The city as a whole tends to develop in a similar pattern according to the policy and planning law of accordance with basic structure and city development. These factors, more or less, affect the urban growth respectively to the values of each place. (Deekaew, 2017) In past Thailand had always supported the factors that drive the economy forward in which this economy is driven factors contribute to the many policies of development to create value in place and enhance the economy to rival with the national standards. When asked about Samyan, many people may think about Siam or different commercial development that are according to shopping. The place also linked with a separate important area such as Silom-Sathorn, one of Thailand biggest economic hub. Chulalongkorn University with TCC Land, was responsible for the many development projects and upcoming projects that will reform the land in Samyan. Samyan is located in Bangrak district and directly adjacent to Sathorn district and Sampanthawong district, which the following regions mainly comprise of commercial land-use, high-quality large size buildings, and many leading educational institutes. According to the Bangkok Comprehensive Plan 2556, these land areas are used for commercial purposes (red) and public and educational use (blue).

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Figure 1.1 Location and Zoning. Source TeraBKK

Samyan is in the middle between the heart of commercial development and existing communities in which grant full conveniences for the people who are living in this area. Not only the place is full of business development, but the transportation method is also very efficient and economical with MRT and BTS, or vehicles that can use the road Rama VI to avoid significant traffic routes when traveling to designated destinations. Samyan also comprises of different local food stores and known to have more than 600 rai of open space for people to use, due to these factors Samyan maybe with one of most suitable area for urban living. (TeraBKk, 2015) With six leading commercial and building development along Banthat Thong Road, Chulalongkorn had to transform the Suanlhuang-Samyan neighborhood into many development projects. The cost of this development came after the eviction of existing communities that are living on the desired development block. Dated back around the year 2484 Samyan area had known to be the home of many Chinese people in which the house was built from timber. These settlements by Chinese people can be considered as the same issue as Khlong Toey of informal settlements. Later on, some of the Samyan land area were rented by investors and built two floors buildings and allowed previous residences to rent the house. After the

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 3 fire broke out around Chula Soi 15 people moved out of the place in which destroyed many timber houses. Although soi 15 were mostly demolished Soi 16 still exist, Chula Soi 16 is known to be one of the areas where many restaurants came and first open their store. This is the beginning of the origin of a well-known food neighborhood along Banthat Thong Road. The Suanlhuang-Samyan community is also known to be the home of a different auto parts manufacturer. Odien roundabout auto parts manufacturers move from the roundabout to the Samyan area due to the new development in which draws more shop to invest within the Samyan area, known as Chiang Kong 2. These Thai-Chinese people, later on, construct “Jao Mae Tubtim Shrine” as respect toward the prosperity that they gain within this area. They often hired traditional Chinese opera to play for the people around the shrine, in the present day all the houses were demolished to build new commercial development. Around the year 2533 Chulalongkorn University built shop houses for rental and conduct tenure agreement with renters. In 2013 there were several development projects in which Chulalongkorn ended different tenure contracts with their renters so that they can gain back the land within the block and redevelop. The local market that helps foster the local economy was also forced to move out; Samyan Market, Suanlhuang Market, Saphan Lhueng Market, this hugely affect the area in terms of the local economy and cultural activities. According to an interview conducted with a resident, Mr. Patchapon Poksathien said that with the demolition of the market and many shop houses there were no local economy nor local people to generate both local economy and local activities. The new development was abandoned, and local customers were confused by the new programs that were proposed in the area. The new development did not fit in with the existing local community in which causes the characteristics of this area to fade away. Mr. Patchapon suggests that the new development should be integrated with the old characteristics and program so that both new development and the existing program would benefit each other. (VoiceTV, 2017) A good place is a place where people who come want to stay and want to come back, a great sense of place includes a sense of welcome, sharing, the

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 4 pleasure of sharing, and pride of stay. A great place comprises of both tangible and intangible aspects to create a sensory of place that is memorable. Place-making is an essential aspect of a great design because it helps reduce margin error and solve design problems may need to meet the need of users. Placemaking help to create a mixture of social, cultural, environment, and economic sustainability of the place. (Place Leader Asia Pacific, N.D.) The theory of house form effect the urban communities and the people on how they shape their living space and place. The form that housing takes is related to the culture in which the housing is. Focusing on primitive and vernacular housing, creating a sense of monumental without the help of architecture. The theory generates around finding the meaning of the house, factors of criticality and choice, factors of basic needs, factors of site and choice, and factors of constancy and change. (Rapoport, 1969)

1.2 Research Problem

What are the similarities and differences between the two areas in the community, and what can be done to redevelop the area while maintaining the community’s elements?

1.3 Research Objectives

1. To study the different behavior between the two different groups inside the community. 2. To determine the factors that influences the perception between the two study groups inside the community. 3. To provide the design recommendations in the community together with the solution recommendation on maintaining a great place.

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1.4 Area of study

Suanglhuang-Samyan area is located on Banthat Thong Road in Bangrak District, Bangkok. The Banthat Thong Road is approximately 1300 meters in which connect directly to Rama I Road and Rama IV Road. However, the study area only ranges from Soi Chulalongkorn 12 to Soi Chulalongkorn 16. The whole study area comprises about 11 blocks, including both new development and existing development. The gross study area is about 51,000 square meters.

Figure 1.2 Area location. Figure made by researcher, 19 April 2019

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1.5 Research Procedure and Data collecting method

1.5.1 Primary Sources Determine the variable by studying and reviewing the associated information about behavior and perception and find information by site survey and interview from sample groups in the Suanlhuang-Samyan area. 1.5.2 Secondary Sources Collecting field data of the Suanlhuang-Samyan area, which are shape, size, and density of built form characteristic of the urban fabric, land area and vacant area, route, others, and intangible assets. 1.5.3 Analysis Procedure and Research Conclusion Analysis of the perception of people and their behavior between the two different groups toward the character of the area with the idea of a great place.

1.6 Key Words

Behavior refers to a way in which someone conducts oneself or behave, and it can also mean how something functions or operates and anything that an organism does involve action and response of an individual, group, species to its environment. (Merriam-Webster, 2019). Perception means the thinking process in which associate with the process of choosing stimulus factors, analyzing stimulus subjects, and concluding stimulus factors in which is the process that includes remembering and connecting experience with memory (Lumen, 2017). Place Development refers to the process of economic and social transformation that is based on complex cultural and environmental factors and their interactions. The method of adding improvements to the parcel of lands, such as grading, subdivision, drainage, access, roads, and utilities (BusinessDictionary, 2018).

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1.7 Conceptual Framework

Figure 1.3 Conceptual Framework. Figure made by researcher, 19 April 2019

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1.8 Expected benefit

In the following study, the expected benefit can be clarified into three groups

1.8.1 Entrepreneur The local entrepreneur can interpret the information from visitors so that they can intervene in their business to fit with place characteristics and create a sustainable economy in the study area where there are define customers. 1.8.2 Design Recommendation and Solution Recommendation Enable to bring the knowledge and information from the findings to suggest the design in the study area where it would be suitable for both existing residential and new residential. Find the most efficient method leading to the mixture between development and characteristics elements. Provide solution recommendations to implement guidelines on community regulations. 1.8.3 Elevate Local Significance The findings elevate and help people understand the values of the local in which some benefits are hidden, or some essential elements are currently not visible.

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1.9 Research process timeline

Table 1.1 Research Process Timeline. Table made by researcher, 19 April 2019

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CHAPTER 2 RELATED CONCEPT, THEORY, AND LITERATURE REVIEW

A place may have different components to comprise with each other, making people remember and value the realm as a place. During the developing economic world and the rapid growth of urbanization causes the land area to develop into many development projects that contribute to the growth of the city. These projects shift their position according to the development trend and the demand of the people. The rapid development and introduction of new urban elements may not answer the need of people within the area. The built form needs to shape the living characteristic of the actual residence while creating an active component to welcome city dwellers and convey a sense of place to them. The literature review revolves around the concept of home and a great place and the observation of both households and its users. The literature review can be divided into the following subchapter: 2.1 Concept of Place 2.2 Place Making Theory 2.3 Identity Process Theory 2.4 Theory of House Form 2.5 Pedestrian Activity Observation

2.1 Concept of Place

The place is the dimension in which formed by people related to the physical setting. The three elements; place attachment, place identity, and sense of place are concepts that related to the quality of peoples relationships with the site. Sense of place usually associated with human-place bonding, the preservation of a sense of place is crucial to a home because it can preserve the quality of the environment, and the integrity of life.

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The place can be considered as a mixture of both human values and principles. Places play an important value in human life and contribute to each social science value. Not only place is it significant to creating value and social identity, but it also plays a role in human mental health. Amos Rapoport argued that place besides physical elements also includes a message such as roles, experiences, expectations, and motivations. Sense of place is a particular feeling that different person feels about a place based on their feelings (Rapoport, 1990). The different review stated that in contemporary society, due to the growth of human society, change in human lifestyle, and technology place convey no meaning anymore and suffer from a sense of placelessness. Placelessness is a term explained as the physical characteristics of nonplace, which are culturally unidentifiable environments that are similar anywhere (Sime, 1986). Edward Relph argues that designers who are ignoring a certain sense of place that comes to people minds can result in destroying authentic places and make inauthentic ones. (Gustafson, 2001) Scholars suggest that one of the main goals of urban design is to create a sense of place; different people who are involved should take into consideration.

2.1.1 Different Level of Sense of Place A sense of place is a collection of symbolic meanings, attachment, and satisfaction with a spatial setting help by a group or individual. From the literature review it showed that there is level through the sense of place mainly on community sentiment including; rootedness, alienation, relativity, and placelessness. The factors such as satisfaction, identification, and attachment help vary the sense of place among different people (Hummon, 1992). Cross, however, defined the sense of place as a combination of relationships with place and social activities. He clustered the relationship with the place in biographical, spiritual, ideological, narrative, commoditized, and dependent (Cross, 2001). Shamai determined three major belonging to a place including place attachment and commitment, toward a place stages. Later on, they were categorized into seven levels:Not having any sense of place

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4. Knowledge of being located in a place: people are familiar with place in this level, they can identified the symbol of place but have no particular emotion connected to the symbol. The people do not integrated themselves with the place at this stage. 5. Belonging to a place: people are emotionally connected with the place and they can distinguished the symbol of place. The symbol of place are respected by the people in comparison with previous phase. 6. Attachment to a place: people have strong emotional relationship with the place. Place is meaningful and significant to the people, it has unique identity and character to the users via tis beloved symbols. 7. Identifying with the place goals: people are integrated with place at this level, and the goals of the place are recognizable by the people. Users are satisfy with these goals and feel attachment to the place. 8. Involvement in a place: people have an active role in the place at this level. They are keen to invest their own resource into the place, this phase based on real manners of the people not only the attitude. 9. Sacrifice for a place: the highest level of sense of place. Deepest commitment to a place by the people, people would like to sacrifice important attributes and values. 2.1.2 The Concept of Place Attachment The attachment of people can with place can come from many factors. The source of place attachment examined a mixed-use area in order to study what are the pull factors that draw people to a place and predict reaction of people toward place. Altman and Low published their comprehensive discussion upon place attachment in 1992 in which defined place attachment as an emotional connection between people and surroundings. Place attachment comprise of interactions between affect and emotions, knowledge and beliefs and behaviours and actions. Hummon argued that whilst place focus on surrounding the main point of attachment is affect (Hummon, 1992). It was revealed that affect, emotion, and feeling are the

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 13 most frequently reported central ideas of place attachment. Furthermore, attachment includes cognitive and behavioural aspects, people hold a certain memory and act a certain way toward a place and discusses about the attachment as the accumulation of memories and experience in place. Place attachment is a state of psychological well-being coming from accessibility to a place or a state of distress upon separation or remoteness from a place (Giuliani&Feldman, 1993). Manzo and Tuan agree that place attachment can be form quickly by attaching memory to place, linking the memory of an important event to a specific place. Manzo called these terms flashpoint moments, these meanings connected to a particular place form the foundation for place attachment (Manzo, 2005). Farnum argued that people do not need to have physical interaction with place to make a strong emotional bond with these places. They can relate a place by strong mental representative although they never been to the place, judging these places on how these places fit in with their expectations. Altman and Low show how place attachments involve culturally shared affective meanings and activities associated with place that came from socio-political, historic, and cultural sources. The six process of culturally based place attachment are as below (Altman&Low, 1992): 1. Genealogical bonding through history or family: genealogical place attachment refers to linkage of people and land through historical identification of place and family or community. This type of place commonly occur in traditional village or communities where the relationship were established long time ago. 2. Linkage through loss of land or destruction: breakdown of genealogical bonding creates another kind of place attachment based on loss or destruction of place. 3. Economic bonding through spiritual or mythological relationship: economic place attachment while retaining temporally aspects that refers to relationship between people and land.

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4. Cosmological bonding through spiritual or mythological relationship: refers to culture’s religious and mythological conceptions of the world and the correspondence of these idea with the landscape. 5. Linkage through religious and secular pilgrimage, and participation in celebratory cultural events: the desire to visit a place and participate in an event, these special events attract people and is usually transient while the idea of the place and its religious long for long time. 6. Narrative ties through storytelling and place naming: family histories and political accounts, can be considered as cultural place attachment. People link to the land through the vehicle of story and identified through place naming and language. 2.1.3 Factors Influence Place Attachment Place attachment is affected by factors as follows: - Socio-demographic characteristics - Environmental experience: - Peoples type of involvement with place - Degree of familiarity with place - People expertise or knowledge about place - Culture, the key to understand the nature of human interactions with built environment. The term topophlia is used to describe an affective bond between people and place. Place may not be able to convey a strong emotion with people unless the place is significant personal. Place can act as symbols for abstract ideas. - Place satisfactions, the level of people place satisfaction also can effect on place attachment. - Preference and attachment, Preferences as the degree in which one like a particular type of scene, while attachment is a deeper emotional connection.

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- Activity, place are associate with activities in which activities connect human to each other but may or may not influence people attachment. - Place itself, physical setting with characteristics and attributes may influence whether people develop an attachment for it or not (Najafi, Shariff, 2011).

2.2 Place Making Theory

“Place making is another way to improve the quality of places in a neighbourhood, or by extension the region of the community.” The terms may be confusing and contradictory to some people but the main concepts is trying to help neighbourhoods and communities imagine and create a better place. According to the MSU Land Policy Institute place making was explored in details in November 2010, within the article and other documents create a typology that comprised four type of place making. Targeted to people that understand the concepts when there is a place for everything and everything is in its place. Successful public spaces are used by many different people for different purposes at different time of the year. Public space harbour many uses and users to come to the place, and can also be used for negotiating the interface between home, business, institutions, and broader world. It deals with how we go to work and how we travel to different destination, many different activities take place in public space such as buying and selling, playing, and meeting. Placemaking can have the most transformative impact on issues such as: equity & inclusion; streets as place; architecture of place; innovation hubs; market cities; place governance; sustainability & resilience; rural communities; creative placemaking; and health (PPS, 2016).

2.2.1 Quality Places with a Strong Sense of Place The term “placemaking” is the process of creating quality places that people want to live, work, play, and learn in. In which there are three type of place making which are; strategic placemaking, creative placemaking, and tactical placemaking. The final goal of place making is to create a quality of place, and helping

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 16 people understand what quality of places they are in. Usually places that people care and want to be in have a strong sense of place, in which usually people feel that way toward their home. Quality place usually are active, unique locations, interesting, visually attractive, and contain creative activities, these are the characteristics of place that people and business want to be in. The key elements of quality place are as shown: - Mixed-uses - Quality public spaces - Broadband enabled - Multiple transportation options - Multiple housing options - Preservation of historic structures - Community heritage - Arts, culture and creativity - Recreation - Green Spaces The quality places, have characteristics that are the result of good form which includes: - Mass, density and scale are appropriate to place on transect - Human scale – designed for people - Walkable – pedestrian oriented; and bikable These characteristics resulting in a quality in place that will be grant which are: - Safe - Connected - Welcoming - Allow authentic experience - Accessible – easily to circulate within, along and between place - Comfortable – cleanliness, character and charm

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- Quiet - Sociable – have physical realm where allow people to be connect with each other - Promote and facilitate civic engagement There are a simple formula that is critical to understand the ingredient in which made up a quality places which are the mixture of proper physical form with proper mix of land uses & functions and proper mix of social opportunity resulting in quality activities in quality places and a strong sense of place. The analogy that were used to resonate with people includes; form, activity, response, economic, and sense of place. 2.2.2 Four Type of Placemaking There are four types of placemaking which the figure below show the relationship of three specialized type of placemaking from the broader, generic or standard form. The relationship to physical form, land use, function, and social opportunity are creating quality places.

Figure 2.1 Four Types of Placemaking. Source MSU Land Policy Institute

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Place making can be used for many different purposes, it is used as a way to improve the quality of place over a long period of time. Placemaking also be used to create and implement larger scale projects and activities that convert place in relatively short period of time to a place with a strong sense of place that draws people to the development. There are three varieties of specialized placemaking: - Strategic placemaking - Creative placemaking - Tactical placemaking These three type of placemaking will focus on quality of life improvement, achieving larger or smaller benefits, trying something before committing resource on. The three form of place making required stakeholders to design projects and activities. Standard placemaking is the process of creating a quality place that people want to spend time in, requires engaging and empowering people to participate in. 2.2.3 Successful Placemaking Great public space are space that is a mixture of different elements, which include elements such as accessible, activities, comfortable, and sociable. Figure 4 shows that the center circle on the diagram is a specific place, can evaluate that place according to four criteria on the following colors. The outside ring are the main criteria which is the number of intuitive or quality aspects by which to judge a place, the outer ring shows the quantitative aspects that can be measured by statistics or research.

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Figure 2.2 The Place Diagram. Source Project for Public Spaces

The first criteria is access and linkage, which can judge the accessibility of a place by its connection to the surrounding, visually and physically. Successful public space will be easy to go to and very visible both from distance and up close. The edge of space is also very important as stated when a space is accessible it will have high parking turnover and, ideally, are convenient to public transit. The second criteria is comfort and image, the key to success of a place need to be comfortable and present itself well to be able to achieve a good image. Comfort includes the perception toward safety, cleanliness, and availability of place to sit. This means that people will feel comfortable on space that they have the power to occupy. The third criteria is uses and activities, activities are the basic building blocks of a place. Activities grant a task to the people and giving them to do which is

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 20 one of the main purpose people come to a place. If certain space have nothing to do then the space would be empty that generally means that something is wrong. The fourth criteria is sociability, the criteria is the most difficult to achieve but once attained it becomes an unmistakable feature. When people are engage with the familiar people that they know including friends, family, or neighbors they will also feel comfortable to interact with strangers. They will feel a stronger sense of place and place attachment to their community with the place that make these types of social activities. 2.2.4 Eleven Principles for Creating Great Community Places Effective public space are difficult to accomplish, because it is hard to understand. Whyte identified 11 key elements in transforming public spaces into vibrant community places. The elements are define the placemaking movement and these elements are: 1. The community is the expert: the key point of analyzing and developing a public space is understand the assets that the community possess. Community usually contain historical perspective, valuable insights, and understanding of critical issue that is meaningful to the people. These information will help create a sense of community ownership in the project that can be profit. 2. Create a place, not a design: the goals is to create place, in which the design may not be enough. To transform under-perform place into a vital place making a comfortable and welcoming environment. The goal is to create places that has both strong sense of community and comfortable image. This is easy to stay but hard to accomplish. 3. Look for partners: partner is a critical elements to a successful image of public space. Partnership are invaluable in providing support, they can be local institutions, museums, schools, and others types. 4. Observation is a method that we can learn a lot from. By observing you can observe on methods that may work or not work on the space, and through observation can find the missing factors or what might be incorporated.

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5. Have a vision: Essential vision for any public space is the idea of what kind of activities might take place in the space. The vision help convey what activities might be happening in the space, comfortable and have good image. It should have a sense of pride in the people who live and work in the surrounding area. 6. Start with the petunias: Lighter, Quicker, Cheaper, best space experiment with short term improvement but with long term effect. Improvement that can be done in short time, cheap, but give long term benefits. 7. Triangulation is the process by which external stimulus provides a linkage between people and strangers to talk to other as if they knew each other. In public space the choice and arrangement of different elements in each other can put the triangulation process in motion. 8. Creating place always encounter obstacle, it said that no one in either public or private sectors has the job or responsibility to make places. Starting with small scale community-nurturing improvements can demonstrate the importance of places and help to overcome obstacles. 9. Form support functions: understanding of how space function, experiment, and overcoming obstacles. Design is important but the form need to accomplish future vision for the space. 10. Money is not the issue: This means that when basic infrastructure is added then other elements and small decorations may not be expensive anymore. If community and partners are involve in creating space then the cost can also be further reduce. People would have more enthusiasm with the project that cost many not be important is the whole benefits. 11. You are never finished: good public spaces respond to the needs, the opinion and the ongoing change of the community. Being open to the need of change is an advantage to the management flexibility to enact that change is what build great space to the city (PPS, 2014).

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2.3 Identity Process Theory

The theory is based on Breakwell’s theory that identity should be conceptualized through time which developed according to the evolution of the social world (Twigger-Ross and Uzzell, 1996). The information is governed by three main principles: the two process work to produce uniqueness or distinctiveness for a person, continuity across time and situation, and the feeling of social value and personal worth (Brealwell, 1986). The forth principles was added by Breakwell in 1992, relating personal perception with ability to achieve their goals. Social theory suggests that self- esteem is the only motivation for action with respect to identity (Abrams, 1992). Breakwell gives equal status of the fourth principles to the previous three primary principles and does not regard it as exhaustive list (Breakwell, 1993). The principles he established were quite similar to Korpela’s work on place and identity which provide principles that could guide actions. He defined the three principles as: the need to maximize the pleasure/pain balance, the need to maintain a coherent conceptual system and to the need to maintain a favorable level of self-esteem (Korpela, 1989). Breakwell’s identity principles will now be reviews and discuss in the following framework.

2.3.1 Distinctiveness The first principle focus on the identity and desire for a person to maintain their distinctiveness or uniqueness. According to settlement identity research (Feldman, 1990) and community identity (Hummon, 1990) suggest that distinctiveness associate itself with being a city or a country person. Distinctiveness can be clarified as a lifestyle and relationship with home environment, which help distinct them from other type of environment. Urban enthusiasts were used to distinguish between city people and the suburban people and their association with living in the urban environment. The benefits were compared between the two groups and the lifestyle that they have. The city people felt highly positive valence attached to them. City identity represents do have strong positive affect regarding to their lifestyle, usually

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 23 they use self-referent in order to represent themselves in order to distinguish them from others (Hummon, 1986). Cognitive mapping is commonly used to create boundaries and perceiving neighborhood, villager s from Highgate Village associates themselves a give values to their address on being a Highgate residential. Highgate Village is known to be one of the fashionable part of London in which people associate the address as if they are smart if their address is in Highgate Village (Eyles, 1968). People do use place identification to distinguish themselves from others, sense of place function is similar to social category in which people use them to identify and compared to social identification. 2.3.2 Continuity The need to preserve continuity of the self-concept is a second motivator of action and is defines as continuity over time and situation between past and present. There are two type of self-environment relationship which focus on the maintenance and development of continuity: place-referent continuity and place- congruent continuity. The two are not mutually exclusive, suggested that they are related to distinct patterns of residence (Breakwell, 1986). 2.3.2.1 Place-referent Continuity Place-referent is heavily discussed by various researchers in which shows that place act as a referent to their past, for some people maintaining a relationship with a place can provide a sense of identity and place continuity. The place itself or the object in the place can remind one of their post memory can offer concrete background, which can be able to use and compare oneself a different period of time. Creating a coherence and continuity in self-conceptions (Korpela, 1989). Using the term place-referent continuity will conceptualized as a reference to the past actions and experience. This existing in both individual and group level, historical site do play a heavy role in maintenance of national identity (Devine, 1994). Senior citizen of an Appalachian community did not want to move as the environment remind them of the past (Rowles, 1983). The boundaries in which town provides for a person with continuity in relationship with their personal past was related to a general identification measure (Lalli, 1988). The concept of moving can be able to relate to relate to the

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 24 concept of self-concept, suggesting that old place can be a representation of the old- self and that the new place can be a representation of opportunity to develop new identities. This shows that place is a part of personal identities construction and personal identity can change (Hormuth, 1990). Unwanted and personally uncontrollable change in the physical environment resulting in the loss of the principle of continuity, may cause a grief reaction (Fried, 1963 and Speller, 1988). Inhabitants of a village that were forced to move can feel the emotion of distress over 40 years later. 2.3.2.2 Place-congruent Continuity The concept talks about the way in which the environment is used to maintain the continuity of the self-concept. The concept is differ from place- referent continuity in which that place-referent continuity refers to maintenance of continuity using specific places that have emotional bonding with the people but place-congruent continuity refers to the maintenance of continuity using characteristics of place that can transfer from one place to the others (Twigger-Ross and Uzzell, 1996). This means that people may seek to relocate themselves to a place that is congruent to themselves settlement identification. To preserve the continuity of self, people will look for a place in which to live that seems to represent their values (Feldman, 1990). The physical environment can be modified in order to represent present selves and to represent a new self (Duncan, 1973). The result in absences of place-congruent continuity can lead to general dissatisfaction and possibly a desire to leave the place that find a new place that may be congruent to them (Feldman, 1990). Place is able to inextricably linked with the development and maintenance of continuity of self. Self can also be threatened by unwanted disruptions to emotionally salient places. 2.2.3 Self-esteem The concept refers to a self-evaluation of oneself or a group with which one identifies, concerning with people feeling of worth or social value. The desire to maintain positive conception of oneself has been stated as central motive by many papers about the self. Specifically with social identity theory. It shows how favorite environments can support self-esteem (Korpela, 1989). Children describe the motive of self-esteem when they are staying in their own room in time of distress.

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Through living in historical town a person can feel the sense of pride which differs from just positive evaluation of a place. They gain boost to their self-esteem from qualities places, means that if a person live in their favorable and desired living place they can feel good about themselves. It is also possible to evaluate a place positively but this may not impact individual’s esteem, though they may be related (Twigger-Ross and Uzzell, 1996). 2.2.4 Self-efficacy This defined as one’s believes in their capabilities to meet situational demands. Self-efficacy theory was developed in the framework of social learning theory (Bandura, 1977), when the individual believes that they are able to perform an act or complete a task. Following that an individual would want to maintain a reasonable of self-efficacy. It is important in the psychological well-being (Leibkind, 1992), the feeling of self-efficacy are maintained if the environment facilitates or hinder their personal everyday lifestyle. The concept of manageable environment discuss about information management with personal socio-physical environment in a way that they can develop a predicative system that allow them to judge whether a setting is supporting their goals and purposes or not (WInkel, 1981). In manageable environment a person may feel personal self-efficacious with respect to their daily functioning in that environment. They believe that they are able to carry their daily routine in their chosen activities in that environment. When an environment is perceived as unmanageable it is a threat to self-efficacy (Twigger-Ross and Uzzell, 1996). From the four concept in social psychology but with a modification and development of environment context it is suggested that: 1a. Respondents who are attached will express place identifications; they will try to distinguish themselves from others using these identifications. 1b. People who do not have place attachment will not express place identifications or the identifications will not be congruent with the local area.

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2a. Local environment will be discussed by people who are attached to it in ways that will maintain both place-referent and place-congruent continuity, or promote conscious discontinuity of both types. 2b. People who are not attached to the area will have no sense of continuity with the local environment but may or may not have continuity with other places. - Respondents who are attached to the local area will express positive self-esteem from the attachment. The people who are not attached will express negative or neutral self-esteem associated with their relationship with the area. - The local environment will be discussed in ways which show how manageable a person feels their local environment to be referring to functional aspects of the environment, such as relationship of work place and the evaluation of facilities in the area.

2.4 Theory of House Form

The form that housing takes is related to the culture in which that housing is built, focusing on the monumental while much of the built environment is housing, and most of this is done without the benefit of architects. Rapoport is the first author that list cultural aspects about house form, examine using anthropological discipline. Modifying factors to point on non-architecture aspects that determine architecture form and function which divided into two parts; modifying factors of house form and socio-cultural factors and house form. The type of housing is divided into two types; primitive housing – produced by societies defines as primitive and vernacular housing – which involve of tradesmen. Vernacular housing, state that the owner is the participant which lack of theoretical or aesthetic pretensions. Mainly it works with site and climate which respect other people and their environment. There are fewer building types in vernacular housing but they are culturally accepted model. The tradition disappears because of three main issues; complexity, loss of shared values, and originality. The

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 27 production of built form changes in primitive which talks about few building types and variations, preindustrial vernacular which have greater number of building types and more variations, and high-style/modern which specialized building types with original design and creation. The differentiation of space; Jung talks about the lack of sharp boundaries between man and animals in the primitive world while Kabylie talks about man and animal in same room, Switzerland – under same roof but separate spaces, French farmhouse – separated but close. They are all similar in urban space living, working, and workshop spaces but widely separated. The first modifying factors of house form talk about aspect such physical, social, and climate. Physical deals with climate and the need for shelter, looking upon materials and technology and site. The social values deals with economics, defense, and religion. While climate talks about climatic determinism talking about how house keep in consistent climate to keep out predators. Ceremonial and religious beliefs, prestige and status will often override climatic requirements (Rapoport, 1969).

2.4.1 Material, Construction, Technology The theory that forms develops as man learns to master complex building techniques. However, even within one housing may be primitive while ceremonial buildings are elaborate with better roof structures. Technology may be available but not be used, social values take precedence over technological advances such as piped water vs. well water. Object such as wood and stone can be used to create many different kind of structures, form of which will be more by culture than material (Rapoport, 1969). 2.4.2 Site The theory that topography can be a form determinant, site is frequently considered after economic importance of crops cultivation and the presence of living sources. Fenghui considers many aspect of geography in determining the orientation of built form. Siting can take on mystical importance which lead to

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 28 persistence of site. The choice of good site will depends on cultural definition. Sometimes form will not change even though the topography has (Rapoport, 1969). 2.4.3 Defense Defense has been cited to account for tight urban patterns more than explaining the dwelling forms. The concept of defense is traditional society, formulated in consideration of society as a survival unit, with their survival features. a. To protect food storage: - They gather the food and belonging to each house in higher places, so that in the case of fire it won’t disturb the food storage. - They put granaries along the village boulevard, to raised gathering space for younger people while guarding the granary above. b. Against enemy or animals: - The dwelling in most Southeast Asian house has obvious defense component against people, insect, and animals. - Lock and door design are often equipped with hot water or oil to hold enemies to enter the building. c. Spiritual defense - Putting center as the scared points after layers of concentric zones which gradually profane as it recede away the center. - In some place spiritual defense is mount to the building to resemble meru, or power of preservation, in India is represented by void (Rapoport, 1969). 2.4.4 Economics In sedentary agriculture village, granary still play the main role in conserving economical assets. These were well-supported by designed features such as water reservoir, water management systems, and properly management that is conducted by the village chieftains. The concept of weekend market is introduce in Asian cities people in one village can gather for shopping. Hierarchy and systematic zoning for heterogeneous classes of society based on wealth which coincided with

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 29 castes. Rapoport mention Annam, Vietnam, that peasant build house as soon as having money (Rapoport, 1969). 2.4.5 Religion Some religion value taken the view that physical determinants are not nearly as important as symbolic and religious determinants. Religions usually are interfere as set of believes, from which socially rules and order. Religion affects different elements including form, plan, spatial, arrangements, and orientation of house it also defines if shelter is needed or not. In Southeast Asian cities house place or house is the origin of ancestral, sometimes house is left inhibited while the family live somewhere else or adjacent to the ancestral home. The house is appear to be more like a temple or religious values (Rapoport, 1969). 2.4.6 Socio-Cultural Factors The socio-cultural forces refer to the societies share certain generally accepted goals and life values. According to Rapoport the three types of meaning are: - High level meaning: high level meanings mean that a place have high symbol in both vernacular and the sacred high style. - Middle level meanings: concerned and connect with things like identity, power, status, wealth that can communicate. - Lowe level meanings: every day and instrumental meanings tells only where to walk, talk, and sit down. The factors of criticality and choices result in the greater the number of possibilities, the greater the choice, depending on the value system. As when the criticality increases along the different scales-climatic, economics, technological consideration, the fewer choice to be taken. Which the factors of basic needs include six types; personal or collective some basic needs, family, privacy, position of women, social intercourse, relationship between house and settlements. The house cannot be seen in isolation from the settlement, but must be viewed as part of a total social and spatial system.

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When selected the site and choice of place there are three factors that need to keep in mind. They have been historically performing various interrelation between site and people, individually and collectively: 1. Religious and cosmological – environment is considered as dominant and man is less than nature. 2. Symbiotic – man and nature are in the state of balance 3. Exploitative – man is regard as completer and modifier of nature Factors of constancy and changes refer to the fact that along the time architecture in any scale would undergo changes, transformation, and alteration. An assumption of habit assume that the architecture will not change (Rapoport, 1969).

2.5 Pedestrian Activity Observation

There are two types of pedestrian observation theory that will be used to identified and observe. Pedestrian includes both visitors and residential who made up the activity and the characteristics of the neighborhood. Within a neighborhood there may be high density of people but not every place that the pedestrian will have an engagement with the place.

2.5.1 Pedestrian Desired Line It is important to ensure that pedestrian desire line and their interaction with vehicular traffic are properly assessed. Built environment that have no consideration with pedestrian movement can lead to potentially dangerous conflict and discourage walking. Pedestrian movements can be discuss using simple counts. The relative number of pedestrian turning from one street to another can be easily counted. Pedestrian movement of crossing can also use to assess, this type of assessment is only suitable for very simple intervention. Pedestrian tracing is highlyrecommended in order to capture desire lines correctly. Pedestrian tracing technique involves recording pedestrian path and pedestrian movement. It is more

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 31 precise as footage can be from CCTV and secondly pedestrian will not feel like they are being observe. Pedestrian compliance should be measured in terms of crossing: at or away from designated point and during the green or red pedestrian phase. The total number of observation required will depend on the complexity of observe pedestrian movement. Simple assessment can be measure at the rate of 100 observations per day, sufficient number. The range of potential crossing movement increase when the complexity of the area increase. The desired time to record all crossing over one or two week days are preferable around 07:00 – 19:00. At some busier site it may be possible to achieve the required number from a shorter period of every hour, 10 to 15 minutes per gate. Gates should always be rotated around the hour in order to account for periodic pattern. Survey hours that is recommended for busier site is usually around 07:00 – 22:00. Some site are sufficient on weekday, however, location that is near major leisure destination the pedestrian pattern may vary substantially on Saturday or Sunday and should be measured separately. Area with strong night time economy pedestrian may be walking in larger groups therefore, further late evening sample is recommended (Buchanan, 2007). 2.5.2 Activities in Public Space Analysis The methods to quantify the use of public spaces are increasing and being employed as tools both in the design of spaces and to monitor the effectiveness of design solutions. Jan Gehl and PPS, have produced a similar method, although the term is employed here. Recording the use of public space can take place on site using footage. The technique involves recording ‘snapshots’ of all the stationary person in public space is use both over time and spatially. It is recommended to record the activities in a standard activity classification for benchmarking purposes and a place- specific classification of actions deemed to be of interest in the area. The figure below elaborate different type of criteria for recording: There are three key indicators of the popularity and inclusiveness of a space that should always recorded which are: - Gender – women are more selective and less likely to dwell in an area that feels uncomfortable and insecure.

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- Age – population inclusive space encourage mix of ages to dwell. - Groups – people in groups indicate that a space successfully fulfils a social function. 2.5.3 Demographic Classification The demographic classification use user characteristic in which should be recorded when observation and survey is taken. The limit to certain complexity of information that can be recorded by sight which will associated with errors. While recommending the following classification:

Figure 2.3 User Classification. Source Colin Buchanan

It is advisable to record the person with an obvious mobility impairment or pushing a pram, although the numbers may not be sufficient for comparison over time. Additional information such as business or casual dress may be used as an indicators of journey purpose. Walking and cycling survey can be done in parallel, in which cycle movement should also be recorded (Buchanan, 2007). The classification of literature review can be classified in three types; which are sensual, built form, and pedestrian. These three categories group together to form a connectivity with each other so that the review of the theory would be easier to digest and understand. Sensual, comprise of placemaking theory and sense

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 33 of place, in which talks about how people feel with the place, physically and mentally. Built form, comprise of Rapoport theory both modifying factors of house form and socio-cultural factors and house form. Pedestrian, comprise of pedestrian observation theory, to observe, record, and analyses the purpose and category of pedestrian using public space and space interactions.

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CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This research is considered mixed method research which uses both quantitative data collecting technique and quality data information. Quantitative data can be classified as data that was received from the questionnaire on the households and residential, to find the desired information, and to determine the importance of different elements. Qualitative data are data such as observation from pedestrian activities, and existing details are used to receive information that will benefit the understanding of community and place values. The research methodology can be broken down as the following subchapter: 3.1 Research proposal guidelines 3.2 Population and Sample 3.3 Research Methods 3.4 Collection of Data 3.5 Variable Scopes 3.6 Data Analysis

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3.1 Research proposal guidelines

Figure 3.1 Guidelines for Research Proposal. Figure made by researcher, 19 April 2019

The framework was conducted to help classified different literature reviews and thinking ideas into three main aspects, which all connected to the Suanlhuang-Samyan neighborhood. It was shown that these three factors are related in terms of creating a great place and redeveloped place zoning so that both new development and existing elements could be able to blend within the neighborhood. The need to answer the different needs to create a practical method such as generating income, improving physical condition, and enhance the aesthetic health of the space. These three topics are classified as the quality of place, factors that affect forms, and the observation of the site. In which all three issues will work together to form a sense of place according to the code of Suanlhuang-Samyan neighborhood. 1. Elements of quality place elaborate on three mains literature review; Project for Public Space great place criteria, characteristic of the right place, and identity process theory. The requirements will frame and benchmark different

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 37 methods of sites and use as variables to find whether the area contains the elements according to the theory or not. The character of a good place talks more on the physical image in which can be used to create imagery criteria. While the identity process theory will talk about different measures that will apply in the questionnaire. 2. Factors that affect form based mainly on the book house form and culture (Rapoport, 1969) on the two theories; direct factors and indirect factors. The factors can be used to evaluate newly construct development and existing condition to see the difference and bring out elements that can. 3. Place observation discussed the different types of inspection that can interpret different data from space. These theories; pedestrian desired line, activities in public area, demographic classification can be used to analyze space usage between new and old development and understand the different intentions from pedestrian once they enter the public realm.

3.2 Population and samples

Table 3.1 Population samples. Table made by researcher, 19 April 2019

Census Sampling Order Population Sample Census Sampling 1. Local residential 50 Specific in different living unit 2. Shop owners or full 56 Specific in different time employee commercial unit

3.3 Research methods

3.3.1 Research from documents and findings The study of several reports helps understand the basic understanding of the study area before performing other procedures. These

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 38 documents are classified as news, thesis, and images. Story and different types of sources done with the local people elaborate on the problems that currently the area is facing, such as lost in characteristics, lost in residential units, and economic downturn for the local economy. News source such as (TeraBKK, 2015) publishes news about Chulalongkorn University concept towards the Suanluang-Samyan neighborhood and also published different articles where there are petitions and lawsuits made by people who came and rent the land in which they face problems such as; under the standard built form, market decline, and high tenure cost. Existing local people who were facing issues such as evacuation and lost in cultural values also came out with different negative statements toward the new development plan (VoiceTV, 2017). Thesis on “The Changing Role of Samyan District, Bangkok” by Ampica Pornprompratan 2550 also elaborates the changing in values of the area in which help understand what the values represent from past until present times and help understand the area continuity. 3.3.2 Research from documents and findings The data collection on characteristics and current space usage will be classified into seven categories according to elements of a quality place The data collection on characteristics and present space usage will be classified into 7 categories according to elements of quality place - Building Types - Building Programs - Network System - Nodes and Socio-Economic Activities in Study Area - Religious and Cultural Elements in Study Area - Street Elements in Study Area - Greenery in Study Area 3.3.3 In-depth Questionnaire Given out questionnaire to two groups of samples; existing residential, shop owners and employees which will be handed out to every building within the site that was selected between Chulalongkorn Soi 12 to Chulalongkorn Soi

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16, following census sampling. The questionnaire will only be given out to respondents who are willing to participate determine by the amount and the quality of answer that they have provided on the questionnaire, decline respondents who are not willing to participate. The number of respondents may be lower or higher due to the amount of census on the survey day.

3.4 Collection of data

3.4.1 Source of Data The data were divided into two types, which were primary sources and secondary sources. 3.4.1.1 Primary sources Primary source data are from site study that deals with the characters and the existing condition of the Suanlhuang-Samyan, which were divided into three parts: field survey, observation, and in-depth questionnaire. (1) Data on existing condition done by observation, documents researching and preliminary investigation. (2) Data on type of activities and specific characteristics done by observation and questionnaire. (3) Data on perception done by questionnaire. 3.4.1.2 Secondary sources Secondary sources are data from the gathering of documents, thesis, maps, and statistical data that are related to the topic. These secondary data are gathered from (1) Pathumwan District Office (2) Chulalongkorn University Office of Academic Resources (3) The Library of Faculty of Architecture and Planning Thammasat University (4) VoiceTV articles and media (5) Other relevant sources and research did by researchers in the relative fields.

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3.4.2 Data instrumentations 3.4.2.1 Map Use as a base map for physical data collection such as existing elements, land usage, and building programs, help determine place behaviour and measurement of a great place. 3.4.2.2 Photograph Use in relative to the method of breaking down pedestrian activities and elements in different period of the day. 3.4.2.3 In-depth Questionnaire Use for survey and data gathering on recognition of place and place characteristic in the Suanlhuang-Samyan neighborhood.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 4 1 Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV Variable scopes. Table made by researcher 19, April 2019 19, April made by researcher scopes. Table Variable 3.5 Variable Scopes 3.5 Variable 3.2 Figure 42

3.6 Data analysis

After gathering information from field surveys, questionnaires, and observation, the following procedure is integrating information to variables that can present in terms of quality. The method uses to show the analytical data would be elaborating on the analysis result using tables and maps to convey a direct message and easy to understand findings. The researcher uses information from both the preliminary investigation and in-depth questionnaire findings to do cross analysis and find standard results between the two sets of data. Arguments can be made before each objective and use integrated analysis and qualitative information to discuss and interpret data. These elements then can be elaborate and extract to find design elements that would be the most appropriate solution for the neighborhood, granting a local-oriented place and also supporting the development by the landowner.

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CHAPTER 4 GENERAL CONDITION AND DATA INTERPRETATION

This chapter elaborates the findings from data collection in both physical data collection using tools such as mapping and images to display the results. The physical data will be used to conduct an integrated analysis of the study area to study upon findings that will correspond with the objectives of the thesis. The chapter can be divided into three parts, which are: 4.1 General Condition of Study Area 4.2 Physical Data Collection 4.3 In-depth Questionnaire Data

4.1 General Condition of Study Area

The study area is located on Banthat Thong Road in Bangrak District, Bangkok. The study area range from Soi Chulalongkorn 12 to Soi Chulalongkorn 16. The gross study area comprises about 11 blocks, including both new development and existing development. The total study area is approximately 51,000 square meters. The study area is examined and divided into two sections to demonstrate the boundaries between different parts, as in figure 4.1. Although there are no physical boundaries marking install in the study area, the change in pavement and building style are tools that help differentiate between both regions. , and there are significant differences between these groups, such as lifestyle, age group, and perception. The study of general conditions can be examined and divided into nine major categories which are; neighboring areas, Important places and network systems around the study area, building types, building programs, transportation systems, node, street elements, and greenery. The data are collected and displayed in a graphical mapping method using symbol and color as guidance for data interpretation in the following chapter. Images of community help showed specific data or scenarios in which cannot explain through

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 44 visual mappings such as differentiating element types or cultural elements that are not commonly known throughout.

4.1.1 Data instrumentations

Figure 4.1 Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 19 April 2019

North, a community, located adjacent to row houses that are utilized to sell sports facilities and Chulalongkorn learning building or Chulapat13. Massive development such as Stadium One and Nap Lab is also located in the northern part of the study area. Suphachalasai Stadium is located far north of the study area. South, the southern portion is adjacent to the existing conditions and also new development such as ZY Walk and CU-IHouse. Further down is the century park and I’m Park, ranging for expansion and new redevelopment projects in the future such as Samyan Mitrtown.

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West, western side on the study area is Banthat Thong Road, across the road lies the existing condition of the community. The community across Banthat Thong Road hasn’t been, and people are still living in the area, emerging new culinary destinations. East, the eastern side of the study area, is Chulalongkorn Soi9 Road, and across the street include private buildings and facilities owned by Chulalongkorn University such as; Chulalongkorn Tennis Court, Sasin Business School, and Chulalongkorn Dhamma Centre.

Figure 4.2 Satellite Image of Study Area. Source Google Earth, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019

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4.1.2 Important Places and Network System

Figure 4.3 Important Places and Network System around Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher 17 December 2018.

In the present day, the study area is surrounded by different vital places that are linked with the urban fabric and the urbanization of Bangkok. The existing study area reflects the past development, which reflects the characteristics and history of the area. However, the Suanlhuang-Samyan district from the past to the present days developed itself into a sports facilities center with different culinary destinations. It is also close to various famous places in terms of social gathering areas or urban facilities. The area is connected with different significant roads and different modes of transportation ranging from rapid transport such as MRT and BTS, local transport such as public bus and private transportation. The network system around the study area comprises of four main roads which are; Phaya Thai Road, Rama IV Road, Rama I Road, and Banthat Thong Road. The road that is adjacent to the study area is Banthat Thong Road in which acts as a corridor to transfer from Rama I Road to Rama IV Road and vice versa. The mode of transportation that people mainly used are rapid mass transportation such as BTS

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Siam and MRT Samyan. While stakeholders inside the community may use mass transportation such as the public bus or private vehicles to go to their destination. Vehicles such as bicycle and motorbike are also preferable in the community to commute to short distance places within the region. Suanlhuang-Samyan neighborhood is located among different significant facilities, both commercial and natural components. There are in total of three significant parks situated around the study area with one dedicated to the community itself. Lumpini Park is known to be one of the most visited and well-known parks in Bangkok, contribute to the air purification within Bangkok downtown. Furthermore, it is also located near RBSC a private sports facility and other small greenery areas both private and public, where the people residing in the community can reach with local mass transit. There are also mix scape facilities such as the National Stadium in which contribute to the identities of the study area in terms of sports facilities. The various commercial aspects around the study area lead to significant development and contribute to the increase in land price in the Siam area. Siam Square and MBK Center add to the economic activities around the study area, bringing in more people and contribute to the growth in the economy. 4.1.3 Socio-Economic Background of the Study Area The area comprises around 300 active row houses in which can be divided into two different sections; new development and existing condition. The new development aims to attract new visitors and transform Suanlhuang-Square into a community mall that serves food, sport, and lifestyle. There is a public space that was planned to held particular events inside the new development. The project consists of different symbols to represent the characteristic of the community using red color and motor parts to display the history of the community. Commercial activities inside the new development may not be prosperous as other places, but the majority of the stakeholder that rent the row houses are own private companies; however, there are also some shops that sell food and café to answer the need of only certain amount of users. The existing area comprises of mostly Thai-Chinese ethnic groups that are known to be auto-parts of sale and sports equipment. People are staying inside their

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 48 row houses and conduct local businesses on the first floor in which engage in the local economy and provide goods and services for the people within the community. There are more dynamics inside the existing area in terms of both social and economic factors; people are more engaged with each other and tend to know each other.

4.2 Physical Data Collection

The physical data collection on the preliminary investigation was conducted during December 15 and December 17, 2018, throughout the day. The data collection process tries to follow the variable from the literature review using placemaking, the concept of place, and the theory of house form to measure and examine the data upon built structure and urban realm. While using the theory of pedestrian activity observation to observe and investigate data on daily activities and specific activities. The physical data can be divided into a total of six collective parts; building types, building programs, network system, nodes and socio-economic activities, religious and cultural elements, street elements, and greenery. Each data is displayed and presented using graphics presentation and images to correspond with the data. Information on socio-economic activities is before a specific date and time that is collected, in which the data may vary if received on another period.

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4.2.1 Building Types

Figure 4.4 Building Types in the Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

The building type can be classified into three different major types; residential, mix-used, and commercial. Furthermore, building types can be deeper classified into a different subset to explain the other kind even more. The buildings in the new development are mainly commercial use with now residential functions, and it means that workers only come during opening hours and leave after the shop close. Night time activities are inactive contrasting with the existing condition in which will be active throughout the day. The existing condition comprises of both residential usage and mix-used between residential and commercial. Some of the row houses are used as storage or purely residential, and some are part-time residential while some always have people staying. There are vast differences between new development and the existing condition in the study area in terms of programs and public space usage.

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The residential usage is mostly visible in the existing condition area in the community where there are no developed yet. Most people who are staying in the area are partly people that move from the old development area, received an offering from Chulalongkorn University to relocate themselves within the community area. Some of the residents have been living in this area for more than 30 years and never move to other places. Usually, this group of residential usual set up local businesses within the community area ranging from selling auto-parts to opening a minimart. Abandoned buildings are mainly found alongside Banthat Thong Road while there are few abandoned row houses inside the community. In the new development, area abandoned buildings are due to no rental or under construction.

Figure 4.5 Image of Abandoned Building. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

Figure 4.6 Commercial Building in New Development. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

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The abandoned building can be found alongside Banthat Thong Road in which abandoned building will usually have Chulalongkorn notice flyer or rental advertisement on the shop front. The building that is not abandoned in the existing area usually are used, but the condition is not well maintained. However, commercial building in the new development area is only used for commercial use where the second floor is not allowed for staying. The outer part of the existing area is mainly abandoned, however in the new development building use is scattered throughout the boundaries. 4.2.2 Building Programs

Figure 4.7 Building Programs in the Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

The building programs can be classified into seven main categories; food, sports equipment, grocery store, service, a private company, garage, and car materials, and others. These programs are mainly visible throughout the study area;

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 52 however, there are significant differences between the programs in the existing condition when comparing to the new development. The new development only attracts new stakeholders in which these stakeholders are more likely to function new businesses inside the community. On the other hand, the existing condition and its’ programs associate with the old renter and the business that they conduct during the period long before the new development established. The programs located in the existing area comprise different types of programs each of the programs associate mainly with the people residing inside the community because these people are the target group for the business. Business, like selling sports equipment or selling car auto parts, are incredibly prosperous during the period before the establishment of the new development. Suanlhuang-Samyan community is known to be one of the hubs for sports equipment and sports facilities as well as auto parts establishing itself as the second Chiang Gong living the legacy from the Chinatown area. The culinary program between the two regions is very different in terms of the target group and appearance to the outsiders. The culinary programs in the new development tend to lean toward a new type of food business such as foreign food and fusion food, while culinary programs in the existing area aim to attract the local people and do not have much store decoration nor a wide range of menu selection. The food store in Suanlhuang Square tends to attract outsiders, and newcomers such as Chulalongkorn University’s students and people are pass by the area. The building programs can show and describe the varieties and lifelines of the community, the more variations in the program the community has there is a higher chance that there will be more public space engagement and network activities. There are more chances that people may circulate from certain destinations to another due to the desire to use another function that may not be located in one single area. There are repetitive programs found in the new development, which mainly are food shops and café, the same attractive user's group. The repetitive in users and usage will not contribute to vibrancy and lifelines of the community; users will not commute or circulate throughout the area because they have no intention to

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 53 go to another area in the community. The main attraction that draws people to new development are mainly shops rather than the community’s identity.

4.2.3 Network System

Figure 4.8 Network System in Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

1. Road The transportation network comprise of two type of roads 1) Two way road with pedestrian walkway 1.1) Banthat Thong Road 1.2) Soi Chulalongkorn 12 Road 1.3) Soi Chulalongkorn 5 Road 1.4) Soi Chulalongkorn 9 Road 2) One way road with informal parking

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1.1) Soi Chulalongkorn 1 Road 1.2) Soi Chulalongkorn 3 Road 1.3) Soi Chulalongkorn 7 Road 1.4) Soi Chulalongkorn 14 Road 1.5) Soi Chulalongkorn 16 Road The road network is surrounding the study area in which apart from informal parking on the roads, there is also a parking area for both visitors, stakeholders, and people who work inside the community. Mainly shop owners will be parking in front of their house, and for people who do not live in their respective shop, they drive away after closing hours. There is also a public bus stop in a total of two bus stops inside the community in which community residences can use to navigate around their neighborhood. 2. Pedestrian Network The pedestrian network can be divided into the bicycle network and pedestrian walkway in which pedestrian walkway mainly function within Suanlhuang Square where vehicles are prohibited to enter the area. The bicycle lane is found on Soi Chulalongkorn 5 which is the main arterial that cuts through the community, dividing between the new development and the existing condition in the study area. People are also encouraged to walk in the existing condition of the study area but there are no well-conducted pedestrian walkways or the separation between vehicle and pedestrian so it may be discouraging for the pedestrian to way.

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Figure 4.9 Images of Type of Roads. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018.

4.2.4 Nodes and Socio-Economic Activities

Figure 4.10 Nodes and Socio-Economic Activities in Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

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The following graphical presentation corresponds with the resulting images showing different types of nodes in the community, such as; selling, gambling, resting and sitting, drinking, and shopping. The preliminary investigation is noted respectively to the data on December 17, 2018. The information was collect and noted down from the preliminary investigation that was conducted within the study area from 10:00 AM – 5:00 PM. The activities node that is mostly found within the data collection is sitting and chatting in which these type of activities is mostly found within the existing condition of the study area. Local are gather along the alley and in front of their house to chat and engage in the public realm. While activities in the new development are only visible in the public realm that is provided by the project developer, there are more unique activities to be found in the existing condition area such as gambling, drinking and participating in sports within the community. Although, the public realm within the current area is shared with vehicles ways there are socio- economic activities that are much more visible than in the new development area.

Figure 4.11 Images of Node and Socio-Economic Activities. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018.

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The images above correspond with the activities mark on the graphical presentation in which showcase different kinds of activities performs by mainly locals in the public realm. The main public realm within the study area is located on Chulalongkorn Soi 14 in which span from Banthat Thong Road to Chulalongkorn Soi 9, through the study area from the new development to the existing condition area. However, most of the public realm that is active throughout the day all located inside the existing area due to highly engaged users from the residential that engage in front of their shop. There are low to none interaction, and usage of the public realm in the new development people only engage in open spaces that have facilities for them. Facilities that are provided by the project manager are benches are mainly facilities that associate with resting in which the only activities that are primarily visible in the new development are sitting and resting. Although, within the new development have a much higher number of newly opened food shops but most of the public, commercial activities are conducted within the existing area people do businesses and engage with each other within the boundaries more rapidly than in the new development. People in the existing area sit and rest throughout the community boundaries and can be mostly found an alley in which they have a high enclosure where they feel free to gather, avoiding both the sun and also newcomers. Usually, commercial activities like shopping are found in the junction in the existing area while in the new development are found along with the shops, depending on whether which shop opens their shop front for public engagement. Unique activities that are conducted in the public realm within the existing area is drinking alcohol as a group and also gambling as a group. People from a different area within the community will gather at a specific spot and perform these activities. The people inside the community also conduct activities such as Takraw by using each side of the wall in the alley to set up the net and gather to play the sport. During the morning period and afternoon, Tuktuk is a park around junctions and the entrance of the community that faces the Suanlhuang-Square gate. Tuktuk’s driver park and stop by the different spots in the community usually will

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 58 engage in social interaction such as chatting or eating breakfast. Motorcycle taxi and motorcycle parking can be found throughout the existing area because it is the primary mode of transportation for the locals. 4.2.5 Religious and Cultural Elements

Figure 4.12 Religious and Cultural Elements in Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

The religious and cultural elements can be divided into three categories within the study area; local Chinese decoration, modern Chinese installation, spiritual elements. Local Chinese decorations are Chinese cultural installation in front of the house in the existing area. Existing local group hang different types of decorations in front of their house to reflect prosperity by using red color and lantern. Modern Chinese installation is installation within the new development area in which focuses on displaying modern Chinese elements. This lead toward the sense of ownership and strong sense of place in the area where local people are willing to spend their time and money on the modification of households. The installation is a

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 59 high red arch to represent the Chinese community in the area. The arch is placed throughout the new development area as a symbol of the community in the urban realm, and there is no modern installation in the existing area. The religious elements are various types of elements that display culture and belief within the study area. Religious elements that can be found are bagua mirror, Chinese talisman, door god spirit, tree spirit, and household spirit. These religious elements are a mixture of both Thai and Chinese culture reflecting the cultural mix between the two ethnic groups, and there are no religious elements inside the new development area.

Figure 4.13 Religious and Cultural Elements. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018.

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4.2.6 Street Elements

Figure 4.14 Street Elements in Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

Street elements and infrastructure can be found throughout the study area; from preliminary investigation, both sides are similar in terms of lighting infrastructure, both sides have street light throughout the area. The street light in the new development are commonly found and located throughout the area while Chulalongkorn Soi 1 and soi three may lack street light in some part and the distribution may not be even to provide enough lighting during night time. There is much more electric pole found within the existing area, which may not be aesthetically pleasing. The electric pole is found throughout the existing area, which intervenes with the street furniture that each house put out. There are decorations placed in Suanlhuang-Square to represent the old community before the replacement of the new one. The Chinese arch installation reflects the Chinese ethnic groups that have

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 61 settled in this community. Within the project boundaries, they also place the monumental structure to create a symbol for the project by using the same elements, color, and symbol throughout the area to represent Suanlhuang-Square. In terms of sanitation, there is in place along the main axis of the community, mainly on the new development side — the community lack of public garbage collection area in which can lead to sanitation problems for newcomers. There is no particular area for garbage collection in the community so the informal pile of garbage bags can be found inside alleys and along pedestrian walkways in the community.

Figure 4.15 Community Symbol in New Development. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

Figure 4.16 Light Pole and Electric Pole in Existing Area. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

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Figure 4.17 Light Pole in New Development Area. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

There are physical symbols install in the new development area that the project developer is trying to push and create a characteristic for Suanlhuang Square. The idea of the symbol came from the area before demolition where it is comprised of various auto-parts shops and is mainly owned by the Thai-Chinese ethnic group. There is also a significant change in lighting pole between the two development areas was within the new development there will be no electric pole, and the lighting pole can grant more lighting. However, lighting infrastructure in the existing area is not a great plan throughout the boundaries resulting in some area to be very dark during night time.

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4.2.7 Greenery

Figure 4.18 Greenery in Study Area. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

Green elements inside the study area can be classified into three different groups, group one represents greenery on the main road alongside the pedestrian walkway, group two represents greenery on the local road, and group three represents greenery on the community avenue. Trees that are planted in group one are more significant and can provide a greater amount of shade to foster a pedestrian who walks along Banthat Thong Road. Group two is the most common type of greenery installation in the study area, where the installation in the new development and the existing area are entirely different. There is no pattern on installing greenery and green elements that are found in the existing area; most of the green elements are scattered. Unlike green elements in the new development, they are well plan and space evenly to cover the whole project. The plant species are the same throughout the project

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 64 boundaries in which shows that a single authority may manage the project area. The last greenery group is located between the new development and the existing area. Most of them are tall trees and some planter alongside the pedestrian walkway. The trees are evenly spaced and well plan to create a boulevard type of road for the pedestrian to walk and conduct activities along the road. Large tree and greenery pattern cannot be found in the existing area, common elements that can be found are rooftop greenery, and small trees usually use as decoration within the different groups that also change in the pavement to mark boundaries of different area. The pavement in the new development is cladding pavement creating a bumpy texture walkway and has a darker color, spanning from the parking area to the community avenue. Both walkways on the avenue are made out of cladding but in a lighter shade than within the new development, including of different stripe from dark to light tone swapping with each other. The pavement in the existing community area is normal concrete that is used within the whole area, it shows what the community pavement looks like before the renovation on the new development plot of land.

Figure 4.19 Group on Main Road. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

Greenery on main road consist of large trees and pavement are brick cladding in earth tone that is used throughout the Bangkok area. Trees are constantly

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 65 cut down if they grow too big that may interfere with the electric pole and electric chord which the function of providing shade may not be maximum utilize.

4.20 Greenery on Local Road. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

The differences in the community greenery within the local road are that the trees on the existing area are not planned in which it is planted and install by the local people so there will be varieties in trees type and installation method. However, trees on the development area well planned and tree species are chosen to be the same throughout the area.

Figure 4.21 Greenery on Community Avenue. Source Google Street View, 2019, Retrieved 19 April 2019.

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4.3 In-depth Questionnaire Data

The data was collected inside Suanlhuang-Samyan community using questionnaire and in-depth interview question to extract out information that was needed. The study was conducted from April 12 to April 14, 2019, collecting data from around 09:00 to 17:00 approximately. There were in total of 106 respondents that participate in the study by answering the following questions. The study area was divided into new development areas and existing space in which the data in both areas were given out to each participant one household at a time, and declining participants that refuse to participate. There are 5 sections into the questionnaire hand out which are; general information, community contribution, the relationship between local and place, identity process, and excellent place evaluation. The questionnaire includes rating, in-depth question, and short answer, extracting out particular information to tackle ideas and cognitive mindset of participants.

4.3.1 General Information *General information describe the information of respondents and basic association with the community* The data table below elaborate the total number of respondents who have been participate during data collection. There are total of 106 respondents divided into male and female, age group that divided into 4 range, and study area location that divided into new development and existing area.

Table 4.1 Data Group Information. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

Sex: M = 44 respondents (41.5%) FM = 62 respondents (58.5%) Total = 106 respondents (100%)

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Table 4.1 Data Group Information. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Age: 16 – 25 = 48 respondents (45%) 26 – 35 = 38 respondents (36%) 36 – 45 = 18 respondents (17%) 46 and above = 2 respondents (2%) Total = 106 respondents (100%) Location of respondents: New development = 56 respondents (53%) Existing area = 50 respondents (47%) Total = 106 respondents (100%)

Table 4.2 General Information. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

1. General Information New Existing Do you live inside Yes 20 (35.7%) 44 (88%) Suanlhuang-Samyan No 36 (64.3%) 6 (12%) community? Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) If no, where did you live? - Bangna - Thonburi - Ladprao *most common* Do you live in this Yes 2 (3.6%) 34 (68%) community since you No 19 (33.9%) 11 (22%) were born? Cannot remember 35 (62.5%) 5 (10%)

Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) If yes, when did your - Cannot remember ancestors settled in this - Since ancestors community? *most common* If you did not live in this - Samutrprakarn community since birth, - Chonburi where did you live - Nonthaburi before? *most common*

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Table 4.2 General Information. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Are you Thai-Chinese? Yes 13 (23.2%) 31 (62%) No 43 (76.8%) 19 (38%)

Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) Do you do business inside Yes 8 (14.3%) 25 (50%) the community? No 48 (85.7%) 25 (50%)

Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) If yes, what type of - Food shop business are you doing? -Sport equipment - Auto-parts *most common* If no, what type of job are - Office worker you doing? - Student - Business owner *most common* What are the mode of - BTS/MRT 18 (32.1%) 13 (26%) transportation that you - Private vehicle 27 (48.2%) 23 (46%) use? - Mass transit 5 (8.9%) 7 (14%) - Motorbike 1 (1.8%) 7 (14%) - Walkable 5 (8.9%) 0 (0%) Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%)

Respondents who are not living inside the community tend to live in other areas such as Bangna, Thonburi, and Ladprao, most common among respondents. Most respondents who have lived inside the community since birth cannot remember when their ancestors have settled inside the community. While respondents who have lived somewhere else mostly live in Samutprakarn, Chonburi, and Nonthaburi before moving to this community. Respondents who conducted business inside the community usually make general trade such as selling sports equipment, opening food shop, or selling auto-parts. For respondents who are working outside the community often work as an office worker, business owner somewhere else, or students. The most common transportation mode is private vehicle followed with BTS/MRT. Cars can be found along the road inside the community parking both

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 69 ways. According to the table, walking is the least chosen method by the respondents may due to the lack of proper walkway and walkway improvement. 4.3.2 Results and Analysis of Community Contribution *Understanding and measuring community contribution to the study area* Community contribution are used to measure problems and help that the people in the community receive. The questionnaire was design to understand and people and how they faces obstacles while staying inside this community. It is also a tool used to measure weather certain place have strong quality or not.

Table 4.3 Community Contribution. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

2. Community Contribution New Existing What type of problems Traffic 25 (44.6%) 17 (34%) did you face in the Waste management 11 (19.6%) 16 (32%) community? No problems 15 (26.8%) 12 (24%) Parking 2 (3.6%) 3 (6%) Lighting 0 (0%) 1 (2%) Eviction 2 (3.6%) 0 (0%) Crowded 1 (1.8%) 1 (2%)

Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) 1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 1.71 frequently do you find SD = 0.75 these problems?] New group mean = 1.85 Existing group mean = 1.57 1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 3.13 much help did you SD = 0.7 receive from any New group mean = 3.19 organizations, both Existing group mean = 3.07 public and private?] What type of help did - Traffic control they contribute? - Improve circulation - Improving public transport *most common*

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 70

Table 4.3 Community Contribution. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

What type of help do - Parking you need? - Traffic - Walkway *most common* 1 = Least 5 = Most [Do Sample mean = 2.23 you find any obstacles SD = 0.83 to the development of New group mean = 2.39 this community?] Existing group mean = 2.07 How much does this - Cannot find parking obstacle effect you? - Late to work - High density *most common*

The most common type of problems that respondents stated is traffic followed with waste management in which equals to the number of respondents who reported that there are no problems within the community. According to the table above, respondents have found traffic issues to be low and very low in terms of frequency. In which respondents who have answered 1 and 2 made up of 89 respondents in total in which is 83% of the total response. According to the mean value, most of the respondents do not find the problems frequent, and the value is 1.7 which is ranges from very least to least. However, the SD value is at 0.75 showing that there might be some respondents who do not agree with the overall findings. Most respondents have received help from different organization both public and private. In terms of help frequency, it is on a medium scale ranging to high. The type of support that the people in the community received includes; traffic management, circulation improvement, and engagement on using mass transportation. Respondents have stated that there are low to average obstacles to the development of the community. In which these obstacles affect the development process in terms of increasing density in the community, newcomers and visitors are unable to find parking, and the people inside the community may be late to work if they need to commute outside their community using private vehicles.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 71

Respondents have received moderate help according to the mean value in an SD value of 0.7 shows that are either respondent that have to receive very much support or receive very least support. Most of the respondents do not find any obstacles in the development of the community but the SD value is at 0.83 showing that there are respondents who may have found great obstacles or some respondents may oppose that obstacle. 4.3.3 Results and Analysis of Relationship of Local and Place *Measuring the relationship of local people and place with place that they associate with and method to measure place identity from people cognitive* The relationship of local and place examine the relationship by using level of opinion and place attachment to understand the cognitive level of the people. This part of the questionnaire is also trying to understand the culture and history of the community in the local mindset in which transfer six level of place attachment and seven scale of sense of place into question.

Table 4.4 Relationship of Local and Place. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

3. Relationship of Local and Place 1 = Least 5 =Most [Do Sample mean = 3 you think that his SD = 0.78 community is unique New group mean = 3 from other Existing group mean = 3 communities?] How is it different than - Culinary destination other communities? - Old community with modern mix - Community artistic value - In the heart of the city (close to other places) - Rich in culture *most common*

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Table 4.4 Relationship of Local and Place. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

What is the first thing - Culinary destination that come in your mind - BACC and art when you hear the - Samyan Market name of this *most common* community? Which place in the - Samyan Market community that you - BACC think represent the *most common* community cultural values? What place in the - Hualumpong Temple community that is use to *most did not participate* conduct religious activities and did you participate? Which place in the - Chulalongkorn Century Park community is most visited by visitors? Which area in the - Low lighting area (old community at night) community that you do - Crowded area with new visitors not want to visit? - Gambling and drinking area *most common* 1 = Least 5 = Most [Rate Sample mean = 1.66 how much you don't SD = 0.75 want to visit the New group mean = 1.76 particular area?] Existing group mean = 1.56

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 73

Table 4.4 Relationship of Local and Place. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

New Existing Select the most suitable - No identity 5 (18%) 2 (11%) choice as a - Notice community 19 (70%) 14 (74%) measurement for value but did not measuring place participate in any activity identity? - Acknowledge community value and 1 (4%) 2 (10%) have emotional bond to it - Acknowledge community value and 1 (4%) 0 (0%) the community is special to you - Participate and acknowledge the 1 (14%) 0 (0%) goal of the community - Participate and ready 0 (0%) 1 (5%) to give help Total 27 (100%) 19 (100%) In what way are you Trading 30 (53.6%) 20 (40%) bonded to this Belief 15 (26.8%) 15 (30%) community? Ancestors 11 (19.6%) 15 (30%)

Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) If you are bonded - Inherit family business 2 (50%) 6 (60%) through trading, in what from ancestor way is it? - Conduct business inside 2 (50%) 4 (40%) community for long

Total 4 (100%) 10 (100%) If you are bonded - Binding through belief 11 (92%) 9 (90%) through belief, in what and religious figure way is it? - Binding through belief 1 (8%) 1 (10%) and have participate in religious activities

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 74

Table 4.4 Relationship of Local and Place. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Total 12 (100%) 10 (100%) If you are bonded - Ancestor live in the 10 (91%) 13 (87%) through ancestors, in community since birth what way is it? - Ancestor contribute to 1 (9%) 1 (6.5%) the establishment of the community - Lost family member 0 1 (6.5%) while staying in the community

Total 11 (100%) 15 (100%)

In terms of uniqueness, respondent’s score are on average where low and high are equally answered, 51 respondents think that the community is not unique from others while 25 believe that it is unique and 25 respondents believe that it is not unique. Community assets such as culinary destination, artistic value, and the mixture between new and old buildings are elements that people think make the community unique. People associate culinary destination, BACC, and Samyan Market with the community name. In which people only choose Samyan Market and BACC to represent the community values. Places that community people go to conduct religious activities are Hualompong Temple, and the place that visitors most frequently visit is Chulalongkorn Century Park. The area that people do not want to go within the community is low lighting areas in the existing community area, a crowded area with visitors, and community nodes that were used for gambling and drinking. However, people are not much concern about this area since the scoring on how much they don’t want to go relatively stays at very low with 52 respondents and low with 38 respondents. Respondents does not find the community very much unique from other places in which both newcomer and local group have found that the community is on moderate in term of uniqueness and from SD value shows that although most of

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 75 the respondents have found the area moderate there are also some respondents who have found that the area is either highly unique or lowly unique. According to place identity measurement from 7 choices, most people select “Notice of community value but did not participate” with 33 respondents, “No identity” with seven respondents, and “Acknowledge community value and bonded through emotion” with three respondents. The following “Acknowledge community value and bind with the community, the community is special to you,” “Participate and acknowledge the goal of the community,” and “Participate with the community and ready to give help” equally chosen with only one respondents. 4.3.4 Results and Analysis of identity Process *Identity process aim to interpret the four main factors; distinctiveness, continuity, self-esteem, and self-efficacy into use, extracting information according to these factors* The identity process transfer identity process theory into variables that can interpret information. The variables associate with the relationship with home environment, place referent and place congruent, concern of person feeling or worth, and capabilities to meet situational demands.

Table 4.5 Identity Process. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

4. Identity Process 1 = Least 5 =Most [How Sample mean = 3 much impact do you SD = 0.71 think that you receive New group mean = 3 from this community?] Existing group mean = 3

What kind of impact - Food that you receive? - Study area - Community bonding *most common* 1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 3.47 much do you notice SD = 0.84 unique aspects of this New group mean = 3.45 community?] Existing group mean = 3.50

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 76

Table 4.5 Identity Process. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

What unique aspect that - Friendly neighbourhood makes this community - Mixture of old and new culture unique to you? - Community artistic *most common* New Existing Do you considered Yes 30 (53.6%) 30 (60%) yourself as a member of No 26 (46.4%) 20 (40%) this community? Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) Why do you considered - Conduct business inside the community yourself as a member of - Been living here for many years the community? *most common* New Existing Do you feel proud to Yes 39 (69.96) 36 (72%) live in this community? No 17 (30.4%) 14 (28%)

Total 56 (100%) 50 (100%) Why do you feel proud - Well known to live in this - Well developed community? - Rich in culture *most common* If you have seen the - Old building community since the - Old food shop past, what remain the - Community same? - People *most common keyword* If you have seen the - More developed community since the - Technology past, what changes? - Clean - Tourists attraction - Traffic - New building *most common keyword* 1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 2.63 well do you associate SD = 0.72 yourself with the New group mean = 2.55 establishment or the Existing group mean = 2.72 history of the community?]

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 77

Table 4.5 Identity Process. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Associated through what - Family have lived here for many generations medium? *most common* 1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 3.81 much does the SD = 0.94 community environment New group mean = 3.70 important to you?] Existing group mean = 3.86 In what way does the - Living standard environment important? - Convenient - More tourists - Community economic *most common keyword* 1 = Least 5 =Most [How Sample mean = 3.21 well do you think that SD = 0.66 the community is New group mean = 3.17 suitable to you?] Existing group mean = 3.26 What aspect are you - Community suitable with the - Food community? - Trading *most common* 1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 3.50 much does living in this SD = 0.83 community affect you?] New group mean = 3.46 Existing group mean = 3.54 Positive impact inside - Better living standard the community? - Aesthetic pleasing and charming atmosphere *most common*

1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 3.55 much help did you SD = 0.79 receive and how well do New group mean = 3.50 you feel at ease to live Existing group mean = 3.62 in this community?] What type of aid did - Taking care of shop when away you receive? - Provide parking space *most common* 1 = Least 5 = Most [How Sample mean = 3.98 well is your relationship SD = 0.90 with the community or New group mean = 3.90 workplace inside the Existing group mean = 4.00 community?]

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 78

Table 4.5 Identity Process. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

What are the positive - Well manage community but less old residential from the past relationship? *most common*

Most respondents believed that this community had impacted them on an average level, and some people thought that they had not been impacted and they have been impacted. The type of impact that they receive is on food, study area, and community bonding. Thirty-two respondents have been noticed the unique aspects of this community on an average level were 20 respondents have seen the unique aspects on a higher level. The aspects that they notice are the neighborhood and its' people, the community's culture, and the artistic value that the community has. Respondents overall have received moderate impact from the community from both newcomers in the new development area and local people from the existing area. SD value is at 0.71, which shows that there are moderate to low data correlation. Most people do notice unique aspects of the community in which local people slightly knew a more unique point than the newcomer's group about 0.05. SD value is 0.84, which shows that are both respondents who do see exceptional value and group that does not. Sixty people have considered themselves as a member of this community while 46 people denied the membership. The reason that they associate themselves as members of the community is that they have been living in the community for many years, or they have been doing business here in the community. Seventy-five respondents felt proud to live inside the community where 31 does not feel satisfied. The reason behind the pride is that the community is rich in culture and well known, it is also well developed and located in the middle of the city. People stated that things that remain the same in this community from past to present are some old food shops, old buildings, and the community. Elements that have changed

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 79 are the community is more developed with advanced technology and improvement of transportation; besides, the area has to turn into a tourist's destination. Some of the respondents associated themselves with the establishment or the history of the community with 42 respondents at a lower level and 49 at an average level. They associated themselves with history through the medium of the family that has stayed in this community for many generations. In term of a community environment, the people believed that it is averagely important to strongly crucial with the total of 95 respondents ranging from average to very high. The respondents believe that a better environment is more livable for their community, improving both living standard and economic activities, and also draw new visitors and tourists into the community. Most people think that they are well suited with the community with 58 respondents at average and 34 at high. Community assets that are suitable to them include; food, the people, and business. The people believed that living in this community strongly affect them with the total from average to strongly effect of 96 respondents. They believed that living in this community will improve their living standard and the community provides a pleasing aesthetic environment for them. The people of this community found much help within the community with a total of 97 respondents from average to highest, where 46 people have picked high. The kind of support that they have received are taking care of their shop while they are away and provide parking area. The relationship between the people and the community, in general, is positive where they think that the community, but lesser people are staying than in the past. Respondents do not associate themselves with the establishment of the community at a high level, and the mean value is on 2.63, where the mean value in the local group is slightly higher on 2.75. SD value is 0.72 showing that there are respondents who are well associate and poorly associate themselves. Most respondents strongly agree that the community is essential to them, which the mean value is 3.81, which is on moderate reaching high. SD value, however, is on 0.94, which means there are highly various respondents who may not respond according to the mean value. Most respondents found that the community is moderately suitable with

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 80 them with the mean value of 3.21 where local people found that the community is more appropriate to them with the mean value of 3.26 in comparison to 3.17. SD value is at 0.66, which is relatively low in comparison with other SD values showing lesser varieties of answers. Living in here affect the respondents moderately to high. 4.3.5 Great Place Evaluation *Great place evaluation table is adopted from PPS great place diagram, where it is divided into four categories; sociability, uses and activity, comfort and image, and access and linkage* Great place evaluation is divided into 6 categories which range from very poor to very good and no opinion is for respondents who do not wish to answer. The evaluation is examine using PPS great place diagram. Great place evaluation table was used as a measurement between the quality of place and the local people. The red color illustrate respondents from the new block while blue illustrate respondents from the existing block, the total respondents is 106 people as a combination of two blocks. The percentage displayed comparison measures among different rating level.

Table 4.6 Sociability Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

To what extent is this public space marked by or conducive to friendliness or pleasant social relations?

Sociability: Red = New block respondents Blue = Existing block respondents Black = Total number of respondents To what extent is this public space marked by or conducive to friendliness or pleasant social relations Very poor Poor Average Good Very good No Valid Responde opinion nts Diversity 0 3 (75%) 28 (59.6%) 14 (36.8%) 11 (64.7%) 0 106 1 (25%) 19 (40.4%) 24 (63.2%) 6 (35.3%) 4 (100%) 47 (100%) 38 (100%) 17 (100%)

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 81

Table 4.6 Sociability Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Stewards 0 5 (71.4%) 27 (57.4%) 21 (48.8%) 3 (33.3%) 0 106 hip 2 (28.6%) 20 (42.6%) 22 (51.2%) 6 (66.7%) 7 (100%) 47 (100%) 43 (100%) 9 (100%) Cooperati 0 5 (62.5%) 26 (56.5%) 18 (46.2%) 7 (53.8%) 0 106 on 3 (37.5%) 20 (43.5%) 21 (53.8%) 6 (46.2%) 8 (100%) 46 (100%) 39 (100%) 13 (100%) Neighborli0 3 (75%) 29 (56.9%) 21 (48.8%) 3 (37.5%) 0 106 ness 1 (25%) 22 (43.1%) 22 (51.2%) 5 (62.5%) 4 (100%) 51 (100%) 43 (100%) 8 (100%) Pride: 0 4 (66.7%) 25 (51%) 21 (58.3%) 6 (42.9%) 1 105 2 (33.3%) 24 (49%) 15 (41.7%) 8 (57.1%) 6 (100%) 49 (100%) 36 (100%) 14 (100%) Friendline0 4 (57.1%) 29 (54.7%) 21 (53.8%) 2 (28.6%) 0 106 ss 3 (42.9%) 24 (45.3%) 18 (46.2%) 5 (71.4%) 7 (100%) 53 (100%) 39 (100%) 7 (100%) Interacti 0 5 (71.4%) 39 (52%) 11 (52.4%) 1 (100%) 2 104 ve 2 (28.6%) 36 (48%) 10 (47.6%) 0 (0%) 7 (100%) 75 (100%) 21 (100%) 1 (100%) Welcomin 0 4 (66.7%) 28 (60.9%) 20 (44.4%) 4 (44.4%) 0 106 g 2 (33.3%) 18 (39.1%) 25 (55.6%) 5 (55.6%) 6 (100%) 46 (100%) 45 (100%) 9 (100%)

Respondents have positive feedback on sociability in which most respondents chose average to good. There were only a few respondents who chose to not have opinion on certain topic, pride and interactive in particular.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 82

Table 4.7 Uses and Activity Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

To what extent is this public space marked a rich variety of uses and activities?

Uses and Activity: Red = New block respondents Blue = Existing block respondents Black = Total number of respondents To what extent is this public space marked a rich variety of uses and activities Very poor Poor Average Good Very good No Valid Responde opinion nts Fun 0 3 (50%) 24 (55.8%) 21 (46.7%) 8 (66.7%) 0 106 3 (50%) 19 (44.2%) 24 (53.3%) 4 (33.3%) 6 (100%) 43 (100%) 45 (100%) 12 (100%) Active 0 3 (75%) 30 (52.6%) 19 (52.8%) 4 (44.4%) 0 106 1 (25%) 27 (47.4%) 17 (47.2%) 5 (55.6%) 4 (100%) 57 (100%) 36 (100%) 9 (100%) Vital 0 2 (50%) 30 (56.6%) 20 (48.8%) 2 (40%) 3 103 2 (50%) 23 (43.4%) 21 (51.2%) 3 (60%) 4 (100%) 53 (100%) 41 (100%) 5 (100%) Special 0 2 (40%) 32 (57.1%) 14 (45.2%) 6 (54.5%) 3 103 3 (60%) 24 (42.9%) 17 (54.8%) 5 (45.5%) 5 (100%) 56 (100%) 31 (100%) 11 (100%) Real 0 3 (75%) 35 (54.7%) 13 (48.1%) 3 (37.5%) 3 103 1 (25%) 29 (45.3%) 14 (51.9%) 5 (62.5%) 4 (100%) 64 (100%) 27 (100%) 8 (100%) Useful 0 3 (75%) 31 (55.4%) 17 (45.9%) 4 (57.1%) 2 104 1 (25%) 25 (44.6%) 20 (54.1%) 3 (42.9%) 4 (100%) 56 (100%) 37 (100%) 7 (100%) Indigen 0 2 (50%) 31 (51.7%) 19 (52.8%) 3 (75%) 2 104 ous 2 (50%) 29 (48.3%) 17 (47.2%) 1 (25%) 7 (100%) 60 (100%) 36 (100%) 4 (100%)

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 83

Table 4.7 Uses and Activity Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Celebrato 0 5 (83.3%) 32 (58.3%) 12 (37.5%) 3 (50%) 2 104 ry 1 (16.7%) 25 (41.7%) 20 (62.5%) 3 (50%) 6 (100%) 60 (100%) 32 (100%) 6 (100%) Sustainab 0 3 (50%) 25 (50%) 21 (53.8%) 7 (63.6%) 0 106 le 3 (50%) 25 (50%) 18 (46.2%) 4 (36.4%) 6 (100%) 50 (100%) 39 (100%) 11 (100%)

For uses and activity data range from average to good while there are higher number of respondents who have no opinion greater than sociability table. Corresponding to sociability in term of rating on very poor scale, in which there are no respondents who gave both sociability evaluation and user and activity poor.

Table 4.8 Comfort and Image Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

To what extent does public space offer comfort and public image to users?

Comfort and Image: Red = New block respondents Blue = Existing block respondents Black = Total number of respondents To what extent does this public space offer comfort to its users and does it have a good public image? Very poor Poor Average Good Very good No Valid Responde opinion nts Safe 0 1 (100%) 31 (59.6%) 22 (45.8%) 2 (40%) 0 106 0 (0%) 21 (40.4%) 26 (54.2%) 3 (60%) 1 (100%) 52 (100%) 48 (100%) 5 (100%)

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 84

Table 4.8 Comfort and Image Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Clean 0 2 (33.3%) 26 (54.2%) 19 (50%) 9 (64.3%) 0 106 4 (66.7%) 22 (45.8%) 19 (50%) 5 (35.7%) 6 (100%) 48 (100%) 38 (100%) 14 (100%) Green 0 2 (66.7%) 29 (50.9%) 18 (51.4%) 7 (63.6%) 0 106 1 (33.3%) 28 (49.1%) 17 (48.6%) 4 (36.4%) 3 (100%) 57 (100%) 35 (100%) 11 (100%) Walkable 1 (100%) 1 (25%) 30 (56.6%) 17 (47.2%) 7 (58.3.5%) 0 106 0 (0%) 3 (75%) 23 (43.4%) 19 (52.8%) 5 (41.7%) 1 (100%) 4 (100%) 53 (100%) 36 (100%) 12 (100%) Sittable 0 2 (50%) 32 (57.1%) 20 (47.6%) 2 (50%) 0 106 2 (50%) 24 (42.9%) 22 (52.4%) 2 (50%) 4 (100%) 56 (100%) 42 (100%) 4 (100%) Spiritual 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 32 (54.2%) 20 (52.6%) 3 (50%) 0 106 1 (100%) 1 (50%) 27 (45.8%) 18 (47.4%) 3 (50%) 1 (100%) 2 (100%) 59 (100%) 38 (100%) 6 (100%) Charmi 0 (0%) 1 (33.3%) 21 (60%) 12 (63.2%) 22 (45.8%) 0 106 ng 1 (100%) 2 (66.7%) 14 (40%) 7 (36.8%) 26 (54.2%) 1 (100%) 3 (100%) 35 (100%) 19 (100%) 48 (100%) Attractive 1 (100%) 0 (0%) 20 (55.6%) 14 (60.9%) 21 (47.7%) 0 106 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 16 (44.4%) 9 (39.1%) 23 (52.3%) 1 (100%) 2 (100%) 36 (100%) 23 (100%) 44 (100%) Historic 0 1 (33.3%) 22 (55%) 22 (48.9%) 11 (61.1%) 0 106 2 (66.7%) 18 (45%) 23 (51.1%) 7 (38.9%) 3 (100%) 40 (100%) 45 (100%) 18 (100%)

Comfort and image, however drift toward good and very good in which the data still remain to range from average to good but charming and attractive the data peak with 48 and 44 respondents, higher than the entire row. It is the first evaluation categories where there are no respondents who mark the evaluation as no

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 85 opinion. However, also the first evaluation category where respondents mark lower evaluation for spiritual, charming, and attractive.

Table 4.9 Access and Linkage Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

To what extent is this public space accessible to all users and how well does it link up with the rest of the city?

Access and Linkages: Red = New block respondents Blue = Existing block respondents Black = Total number of respondents To what extent is this public space accessible to all users and how well does it link up with the rest of the city? Very poor Poor Average Good Very good No Valid Responde opinion nts Continuit 0 4 (66.7%) 35 (50.7%) 15 (53.6%) 2 (100%) 1 105 y 2 (33.3%) 34 (49.3%) 13 (46.4%) 0 (0%) 6 (100%) 69 (100%) 28 (100%) 2 (100%) Proximity 0 0 4 (36.4%) 15 (44.1%) 37 (60.7%) 0 106 7 (63.6%) 19 (55.9%) 24 (39.3%) 11 (100%) 34 (100%) 61 (100%) Connecte 1 (100%) 0 4 (33.3%) 17 (47.2%) 34 (59.6%) 0 106 d 0 (0%) 8 (66.7%) 19 (52.8%) 23 (40.4%) 1 (100%) 12 (100%) 36 (100%) 57 (100%) Readable 0 1 (100%) 10 (43.5%) 43 (55.8%) 2 (40%) 0 106 0 (0%) 13 (56.5%) 34 (44.2%) 3 (60%) 1 (100%) 23 (100%) 77 (100%) 5 (100%) Walkable 0 1 (100%) 23 (46.9%) 31 (62%) 1 (16.7%) 0 106 0 (0%) 26 (53.1%) 19 (38%) 5 (83.3%) 1 (100%) 49 (100%) 50 (100%) 6 (100%) Convenie 0 1 (100%) 18 (48.6%) 23 (50%) 14 (63.6%) 0 106 nt 0 (0%) 19 (51.4%) 23 (50%) 8 (36.4%) 1 (100%) 37 (100%) 46 (100%) 22 (100%)

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 86

Table 4.9 Access and Linkage Evaluation. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 (Cont)

Accessible 0 1 (50%) 11 (47.8%) 29 (53.7%) 15 (55.6%) 0 106 1 (50%) 12 (52.2%) 25 (46.3%) 12 (44.4%) 2 (100%) 23 (100%) 54 (100%) 27 (100%)

Respondents seems to have good perception toward access and linkage in which in term of proximity the data peak at 61 respondents, the highest in the entire evaluation following connected at 57 respondents, overly seems to range within average to very good.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 87

CHAPTER 5 RESEARCH ARGUMENTS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

The following chapter provides a summary of the research, and findings of the study are discussed and interpreted. Data interpretation will be shown to address arguments that would lead to the result of the research objectives. The chapter focus on using physical data integrated analysis to answer the objectives and the whole research problems. The integrated physical analysis will be presented alongside with great place evaluation to determine the quality of place and how the respondents view the study area. Furthermore, qualitative data such as quotes and wordings of respondents will be used alongside other data to present a solid finding for each particular argument. The integration lead toward the finding of the answer to the research question, “What are the similarities and differences of the identities between the new development and existing area?” The scope of the following summary is limited to the context, people, and characteristics of the study area. Thus, applied to other situations, these conclusions may yield incorrect assumptions. Still, these conclusions are relevant to the process of finding design variables to conduct design recommendations in the study area. There is two main part of this chapter, a summary of research recapitulate the findings and data presentation within chapter 4. Arguments and variables can be divided into two parts which are behavior study and perception study, both illustrating and showcasing integrated analysis that will correspond with the arguments that have been made. The two-part are divided into the following sub- chapter: 5.1 Summary of Research 5.2 Arguments and Variable Analysis

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 88

5.1 Summary of Research

The physical data were collected during both December 15 and December 17, 2018, from 10:00 – 17:00. There were in total of 11 blocks inside the study area from Chulalongkorn Soi 12 to Chulalongkorn Soi 16, and the total gross area is approximately 51,000 sqm. The questionnaire collection was conducted from April 12 to April 14 from 09:00 – 17:00 with a collection of 106 respondents in total. The sampling method is designed to ask every respondent from different respective row houses that are available from both sides of the community. The objectives of both physical data collection and questionnaire collection are to study the different behavior on public space usage between new and old residential groups and study the factors that influence place perception between the different groups. The study will likely lead to design variables that may use as a design suggestion to improve place identity inside the community.

5.1.1 Summary of Physical Data Collection The data were mainly divided into eight parts in which each piece showcase the ideas and information that were important in its field. The study area is generally located near many famous places in the size of the neighborhood, district, to province. It is well connected to many famous landmarks, nodes, and transportation routes that bring people together. The building inside the community was mainly used for commercial or residential only, mix-used were mainly found in the existing area where local people use the ground floor for commercial use and the upper floor for residential use. There are mostly two road systems within the study area; two-way road with a pedestrian walkway and one-way road with informal parking. In some particular area pedestrian walkways are shared with bicycle lanes and in the new development area cars are prohibited from entering. The pedestrian node can be found in the study area, especially in the existing areas where there will be a gathering place for local people at nearly all alleys. Motorcycle taxi node is visible only at the beginning of the road, a prime location for people to find them. Street elements that

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 89 are mostly found are electric pole and light pole where a light pole in the new development area is more precisely installed. Green elements are found within both parts of the community; however, green areas in the existing area are more dynamic in terms of types and installation. 5.1.2 Summary of Questionnaire Data Collection Most of the data shows that people have quite a good relationship within the community. People are helping each other, and they also receive much help from other people. The main problems that they face are issues of traffic, cleanliness, and overcrowded. Main community assets that people tend to cherish are community artistic value, culinary destination, an old building. People are proud of living in the community, and they believe that the mixture of old and new cultures is what makes their community unique. They are also pleased with the development to a certain extent, in which it helps them in terms of community economic and developed a better environment bringing in more visitors. Most people pay much attention to the environment, which they think that it played a significant role in improving their community. Most people evaluate their community to be average and very good at best, where data on comfort and image and access and linkage are well responded.

5.2 Arguments and Variables Analysis

This part of the chapter will be focusing on cracking down thesis objectives and stated arguments that will be important to the findings of the thesis. The first objective is to study the different behavior between the two different groups inside the community, while the second objective is to determine the factor that influences the perception between the two study groups. The following subchapter will be presenting and elaborating an integrated physical analysis to state an argument that can justify the objection. Furthermore, statistical tools will be used to cross analysis between different variables, finding the significance between two variables and stating the importance of information.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 90

5.2.1 Behavioral Study An argument stated that “The behavior of people from both new development and existing area depends on the location that they associate with.” The behavioral study focuses on the difference between behaviors in different places. Overall integrated analysis explain the overall physical behavior within the study area. The overall behavior of the study area can then be broken down into socio-economic behavior and transportation associated behavior. The behavior study aims to present information associated with arguments and answer research question which find the differences and similarities in the behavior between places.

Figure 5.1 Physical Integrated Analysis of People Behavior. Figure Made by Researcher, 14 May 2019

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 91

The integrated analysis shows the relationship between the three sets of data, building use, network system, and node and social activities. When layering different sets of data together, it is clearly shown that there are many more social activities happening inside the existing area and that most of the activities that occur in the existing area tend to occur on a local road which is also used for parking by the local people. There are various social and economic activities happening in front of the building throughout the existing community area. This shows that there are more social engagement from people who do business inside the existing area in comparison with the people who do business in the new development area. Throughout the existing area, the road was used for parking as the purple dotted line elaborate, while the red dotted elaborate line walkway where the project developer omits cars from entering. However, from the integrated data above it is shown that most of the social and economic activities choose to happen on a condense road with a high volume of vehicles rather than a design walkway that does not have to interfere with vehicles. This shows that social and economic activities can happen despite obstacles and factors that mainly contribute to the activities are not only chosen by the environment but also demographic characteristics. The integrated analysis can be broken down into socio-economic behavior and transportation associated behavior in which will shed light upon the mentioned topic and shows more in-depth information upon the idea of behavior in term of similarities and differences. The integrated analysis crosses both social and economic aspects together, displaying how activities are occurring associated with the environment.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 92

Figure 5.2 Urban Realm Concentration. Figure Made by Researcher, 14 May 2019

Integrated analysis of urban realm concentration was made by integrating building use with socio-economic activities and street elements. The integrated analysis focuses on to examine the urban realm that has high concentration and the factors that contribute to it, vice versa with the urban realm that has low concentration. The urban realm that has a high concentration of social activities is usually located in the existing area, in a total of three main areas. Activities that are mostly found in these areas are sitting and chatting and some other unique activities such as; sports recreation, gambling, and drinking. Most of the activities happen in a small alley inside the community that is close to their home. The local people may find the gathering area enclose and suitable for social gathering. Unique activities such

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 93 as gambling, drinking, and sports recreation are conducted at a particular place and time and do not change the location due to the environmental factors that the location provides. Each location has unique characteristics that are suitable to a different type of activities, for example, places that they choose to play Takraw is between two building that has a length long enough to hang the net. However, in the new development area, the urban realm with high concentration is mostly due to the building programs. According to the integrated analysis above, it is shown that a high concentration area in the new development is in front of the building block that is fully occupied by a food shop. Showing that people who come and use this particular area are people who have been drawn by specific programs, and they do not associate themselves with the other area of the community. The urban realm that has a low concentration in the existing area is the urban realm that has no connection in terms of building programs or building orientation with public space. The building is not faced with the public space, which results in no connection between the people and the public space. Local people use this particular space like the back of their house and once they finish their activities they go inside. However, the urban realm in the new development that has low concentration is the main area that was provided by the project developer, including the area that has community symbol installed an area that has street furniture installed. These public areas are mainly significant in terms of scale in comparison with the area inside the existing community. It will decline the local people because space has no sense of enclosing and does not provide community space that is suitable for social gathering. To further explore the topic of social gathering an integrated analysis of social gathering and greenery can be made to look at the relationship of people and their home and how they feel attached to it.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 94

Figure 5.3 Low Concentration Urban Realm. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018.

Figure 5.4 High Concentration Urban Realm. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018.

Respondents from the existing area have mentioned that the social environment surrounding them contribute much to their quality of life: “Living in this community heavily contribute to my quality of life, having the chance to meet friends and neighbors are the most common activities that I do every day. We like to gather in one spot and talk to each other sometimes we eat

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 95 together. Usually we don’t like to go to other places we just want to stay together. I’m pretty lazy because I’m old already.” This shows that respondents are more likely to gather in one place, as shown in the integrated analysis and perform social activities. This contributes much to the social and economic activities in the existing area because although the area may not be as well maintained as the new development, but there are more frequent social activities in which contribute to the liveliness of the area. However, respondents from the new development have mentioned that they don’t know what to do in the area they do not eat with friends or spend time after work: “I sometimes eat at the opposite side (existing area) but sometimes I brought food back to eat here, I don’t usually eat with anyone. After work I usually go eat with my friends at Rama IX I don’t really go anywhere. At lunch time when I buy food back to eat at my shop I usually play on my mobile phone sometimes I go sit at the public space but most of the time I sit in front of my shop.” The following qualitative data show that respondents do not interact within the public realm or contribute to the act of social activity in the public realm. They do not associate themselves with the boundaries or areas that they stay. This lead to the research question in which to point out similarities between the two areas is that the two study area uses the same area for food. It is commonly known throughout the research process that the existing area provides cheaper food prices than the new development area, which helps foster throughout the whole community. The difference between the two development areas is that within the existing area, there are more social interaction and economic activities that are visible in public. People engage with each other daily, with the relationship that the local people have together, it helps generate both economic and social activities. The topic of transportation associated behavior focus on the behavior of people from both side of the study area and find the similarities and differences between the two groups.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 96

Figure 5.5 Transportation Flexibility. Figure Made by Researcher, 14 May 2019

The primary mode of transportation for people inside the community are the private vehicle and mass transit in which usually for people who own private vehicle either motorbike or cars they will park in front of their house. This results in very high congestion and vehicle volume inside the existing community. Local people will park along one side of the road throughout the community and refuse to use parking property provided by the new development due to parking fees. There is a private parking area adjacent to the new development area where sometimes the area is turned into a festival ground. Usually, people who rent land area inside Suanlhuang- Square can park for free and for people who come to visit need to pay parking fees. Local people inside the existing area find it more convenient for them to park in front

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 97 of their houses because it is quicker for them to commute to other places. However, mass transit that is used by some local people group only comes at a certain, and there is only one significant node for them to use, apart from that they need to walk further. In some cases, the local people also use local motorcycle taxi to commute to different places, but most of the time local people already own a motorcycle of their own.

Figure 5.6 Dense Vehicle Parking. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018.

Figure 5.7 Mass Transportation Corridor. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 98

Respondents from the existing area have found that the problems of traffic, parking, and walkway is crucial within the existing area: “In some day the traffic is really bad, sometimes I will be late to appointment due to the traffic condition. There are also limited parking space, sometimes the people who live next to me also park in front of my house and sometimes motorcycle always park alongside the road. When there are cars coming in the road it even amplified the vehicle volume on the street making the street not walkable. It is also very hot and humid, I don’t really like to walk if I want to go somewhere I would go by motorcycle taxi.” From the respondent's answer, it shows that people have found traffic as the main problems within the study area. Due to bad traffic management and bad parking management, it affects the respondent directly because vehicles will be a park in front of their house. This led to the issue of a bad environment and can lead to discouraging in quality of life. As mentioned before respondents have high concerns about their quality of life and the environment that they live in. With inadequate transportation, the behavior comes with problems that the well-being of the people. Respondents from the new development have mentioned problems like high traffic volume and difficulties such as they cannot reach the area within time: “Someday I am unable to reach Suanlhuang-Square within time, the traffic is really bad, and you can’t estimate the time properly. I usually come here by BTS and MRT but it’s quite a long walk from the station to here so I take motorcycle taxi.” The stated quotation shows that respondents who are working inside the new development area find hardship in reaching their workplace. The limited transportation mode affects their lives massively, although there is parking space available for using it is not preferable by the working class due to the shortage of

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 99 budgets. The similarities between the transportation behaviors between the two study groups within the two areas are that they struggle upon the same problems, which are traffic issues associated. Both groups of respondents found that there is a hardship on circulation, which they found it difficult to go somewhere else due to the bad traffic management. The difference between the two groups is that the respondents who stay in the new development may not associate themselves with parking problems due to parking facilities that they have inside their boundaries. However, respondents who remain in the existing area have found that parking is, and informal parking affects their household. Informal parking also leads to a decline in walking by the local people while the people in the new development area tend to walk still. The bar graph below illustrates the mode of transportation is are preferable by the respondents.

Figure 5.8 Mode of Transportation Bar Chart. Figure Made by Researcher, 14 May 2019

The bar graph above illustrates the usage of transportation between two groups of users. Overall usage of private vehicles and BTS/MRT of the new

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 100 development group are higher than the old existing area. The factors that contribute to the results may associate with that there are parking spaces and pedestrian walkways that are designed to serve the needs. Behavior findings can be summarized that the similarities of behavior are mainly upon the topic of transportation and public space usage. Both study groups have found hardship in traffic issues such as high traffic volume resulting in slow circulation, and they use same transportation service, which is a motorcycle taxi. Both study groups use local avenue public space as a place to conduct social activities as well as local daily activities. However, the volume of social and economic activities are profoundly different between the two areas. More socio-eco activities are happening inside the existing area than in the new development area, and in terms of activities diversity, the type of activities are more varieties and engage by a different group of people. Public space engagement is more visible and consistent in the existing area where there is a specific group using a specific space for particular activities. There is difference in parking and walking problems which in the new development did not face problem such as sharing walkways with vehicles and shortage in parking supply. Great place evaluation were used within the arguments to understand cross analysis data between physical data and cognitive data. Where the respondents will be evaluating their respective area, the data then will be used to look at the association between two types of data findings in terms of behavior. To match behavioral data the evaluation of uses and activity and access and linkage will be use:

Table 5.1 Uses and Activity Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019

Sample mean of all SD respondents Fun 3.59 0.76

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.61 3.57

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 101

Table 5.1 Uses and Activity Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019 (Cont)

Max (Very Good) 8 respondents 4 respondents Min (Poor) 3 respondents 3 respondents Active 3.47 0.70

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.43 3.51 Max (Very Good) 4 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 3 respondents 1 respondents Vital 3.45 0.65

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.56 3.34 Max (Very Good) 2 respondents 3 respondents Min (Poor) 2 respondents 2 respondents Special 3.46 0.75

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.39 3.53 Max (Very Good) 6 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 2 respondents 3 respondents Real 3.37 0.68

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.18 3.56 Max (Very Good) 3 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 3 respondents 1 respondents Useful 3.45 0.68

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.33 3.57 Max (Very Good) 4 respondents 3 respondents Min (Poor) 3 respondents 1 respondents

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 102

Table 5.1 Uses and Activity Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019 (Cont)

Indigenous 3.38 0.62

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.39 3.37 Max (Very Good) 3 respondents 1 respondents Min (Poor) 2 respondents 2 respondents Celebratory 3.36 0.68

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.19 3.53 Max (Very Good) 3 respondents 3 respondents Min (Poor) 5 respondents 1 respondents Sustainable 3.51 0.75

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.57 3.45 Max (Very Good) 7 respondents 4 respondents Min (Poor) 3 respondents 3 respondents Average Mean Average SD 3.44 0.69 *Where 1 is very poor and 5 is very good*

For uses and activity data are still ranging from average to good while there is a higher number of respondents who have no opinion more significant than the sociability table. Corresponding to sociability in terms of rating on the minor scale, in which there are no respondents who gave both sociability evaluation and user and activity very poor. Most respondents mostly found that the area is considered fun with the mean value 3.59 highest in the whole category. The average mean is at 3.44, and

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 103 the average SD is at 0.69, showing that mostly the people considered uses and activity as moderate to good and there are mix Responses. From the evaluation, it shows that respondents have found the area in proper use and well activated. When looking at the information with the integrated physical data, it shows that the area within the new development may not be high activities volume nor high public space usage respondents still have found that the area is well utilized. They may be considered the area is highly used for activities may due to the reason that in some day the parking space is turned into the festival ground which provides a celebratory feeling for the people, both, and the existing group.

Table 5.2 Access and Linkage Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019

Sample mean of all SD respondents Continuity 3.24 0.58

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.26 3.22 Max (Very Good) 2 respondents 0 respondents Min (Poor) 4 respondents 2 respondents Proximity 4.47 0.67

New Group Existing Group Mean 4.32 4.62 Max (Very Good) 37 respondents 24 respondents Min (Average) 4 respondents 7 respondents Connected 4.39 0.76

New Group Existing Group Mean 4.48 430 Max (Very Good) 34 respondents 23 respondents

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 104

Table 5.2 Access and Linkage Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019 (Cont)

Min (Very Poor) 1 respondents 0 respondents Readable 3.81 0.51

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.82 3.80 Max (Very Good) 2 respondents 3 respondents Min (Poor) 1 respondents 0 respondents Walkable 3.57 0.61

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.57 3.57 Max (Very Good) 1 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 1 respondents 0 respondents Convenient 3.83 0.75

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.89 3.77 Max (Very Good) 14 respondents 8 respondents Min (Poor) 1 respondents 0 respondents Accessible 4.00 0.74

New Group Existing Group Mean 4.00 4.00 Max (Very Good) 15 respondents 12 respondents Min (Poor) 1 respondents 1 respondents Average Mean Average SD 3.9 0.66 *Where 1 is very poor and 5 is very good*

Respondents seem to have good perception toward access and linkage in which in terms of proximity the data peak at 61 respondents, the highest in

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 105 the entire evaluation following connected at 57 respondents, overly seems to range within average to very good. Proximity is mean the highest within the category of access and linkage and the highest out of all evaluation variables with the mean value of 4.47. This shows that people think that the community is very close to other places, and they also believed that the community is well connected to different sites with a mean value of 4.39. The average mean value of access and linkages is at 3.9, which is the highest in the evaluation process showing that people view this particular topic on positive feedback. The average SD is at 0.66, which is the lowest within the evaluation process, showing that there is mix response but also a large portion of respondents answer in the same direction. Respondents view the area as easy to access and well connect alongside with the behavior analysis that was shown earlier. It shows that users are aware that they are living in the heart of the city and they find it profoundly affecting their lifestyle. They think that it is easy for them to go to different places since the area is connected with other famous places. However, although respondents believe that the area is well connected and well link, they still face problems such as lack of parking facilities and high traffic volume every day. The connection between the surrounding is visible, but the obstacle to it is also a big challenge. 5.2.2 Behavioral Study An argument can be stated that “The perception of people toward the community is associated with the location that they stays.” The perception study aims to study the behavior motive and the thinking of the respondents on how their perception shapes the community. The study will look upon the relationship that respondents have toward their household and the relationship that they have toward the community. The perception of the respondents lies in the activities that they do and the movement that they make within the community. It shows the connection between the results or the need for engagement

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 106 rather than the behavior or physical activities that they perform. The perception can be broken down into the quality of household and gathering space with greenery and gathering space with religious and cultural elements.

Figure 5.9 Quality of Households. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

Household’s quality can be divided into moderate and quality areas in which are measured by measuring the amount of greenery, amount of lighting, cultural and religious elements, and public space within a particular area. Greenery and lighting facilities can be counted as street furniture in which combined to mark the boundaries of households. It shows that specific households do have specified boundaries, making users feel more attached to their home by being involved in the modification. Socio-Cultural elements can be count as household decoration in which

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 107 add cultural value to the building. Usually, the quality community area is located in the community junction where there is more frontal space to different structures. Not only frontal space that provides spacious area but also there is a higher number of installment of lighting equipment and greenery placement. Due to these street furnitures, it draws people to gather around this area and contribute to making this particular area in the community a strategic point. The quality area inside the new development uses the same standard although most of the area in the new development can be considered quality area due to the evenly planned greenery and lighting facilities, not all area has enough frontage space to become strategic. These quality areas are already planned by the project developer in which they place community symbol and bench along the corridor to correspond with the users. When looking at a moderate area, it’s an area where there are low to none lighting facilities, which means that the only light source is individual lighting. The moderate area in the existing community does not have enough greenery and is the mostly shabby area. However, moderate within the new development area may lack lighting facilities at some part, but they still planned green elements throughout the development. There are shabby alleys within the new development such as the area behind row houses and service area where the entrance seems small in width and does not have facilities. Housing that has frequent socio-cultural elements are mostly counted within a quality community area which shows that people have a relationship with their house on both their greenery installation and socio-cultural elements that show the connection between the owner and their house. However, this does not apply within the new development area where urban realm that has many modern Chinese installations is not counted as a quality area since it lacks both street infrastructure and it is not a strategic point where people can gather. Physical aspect within the study area includes transportation facilities and network system inside the community. To measure the quality of place, one needs to look at the relationship and integration from both building use and transportation within the study area to determine the flexibility of the network system. The flexible transportation system result in ease for local to commute where else and also an

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 108 outsider to come to the study area. It is essential to outsiders since the community programs attract tourists to come, tourists can affect the community economic at large and also support local businesses. Transportation flexibility includes the study of the parking area, public transportation usage, and also the demand to commute between different building blocks.

Figure 5.10 Moderate Community Area. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018

Figure 5.11 Quality Community Area. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 109

To amplify the quality area integrated analysis can be made on the topic of greenery and social gathering and the topic of socio-cultural elements and social gathering. The following data elaborate the motive of people to gather in particular area in relate with the idea of how greenery and socio-cultural elements effect the gathering.

Figure 5.12 Greenery and Social Gathering. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

Greenery can be mainly divided into two main types of installation, which are dynamic and planned. Dynamic greenery can mostly be found inside the existing area of the community in which most of them are installed and planted by

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 110 the local people themselves. Planned greenery can be found within the new development area and on the main road, which is planned by either the project developer or local government authorities. There are more significant amount of social nodes happening inside dynamic greenery area despite these activities happening inside building and in alleys, aside from that social activities happen along the greenery area. High volume of greenery is mainly installed on the junction which social activities can be found. This can help explain an act of turning junctions into the urban realm for people to use. People are more likely to gather within space that they feel familiar, or they have a relationship toward a specific place. They feel like when they gather within the area that they install the greenery by themselves, it feels like they are staying at home in a place where they choose and desire. However, when looking at planned greenery on both main roads and within the new development area, there are least to none social activities that are strongly visible. People have no feeling of attachment to the place since users do not have part in the planning or the orientation of greenery. Unlike the greenery in the existing area where the local people contribute to the planning of greenery showing that they are contributed to the house form and the modification of their home. Users who are drawn in using urban realm with planned greenery are more likely to be drawn by street furniture.

Figure 5.13 Planned Greenery with Social Nodes. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 111

Figure 5.13 Planned Greenery with Social Nodes. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018

Respondents from the existing community have shown that they are contribute to the installation of greenery and that the modification lead to the relationship that they have toward their house: “I install the tree pot in front of my house alongside with the bench in front of my house because I like to sit outside and relax. Sometimes friends come along and we gather here, I feel like I am use to this place, I like to make it beautiful the frontage of my house.” The quotation shows a strong relationship between the people and their house. They do not view the place that they stay in as a commercial area or workplace, although they open the bottom floor as a grocery store and they live on the upper floor. They still view this as their house, and they invest their own money to the modification such as buying street furniture and tree pots to install in front of their home. However, this is not visible in the new development area, and users only use facilities provide by the project developer. There is no strong bond between the building and the people who stay. They don’t have a particular place that they use as a gathering point. This point out that the similarities between the two areas are that people are more desired to gather outside in the urban realm rather than in buildings, but the difference between them is that there are no particular places that the same group of people often or differences in greenery elements in the new development.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 112

Furthermore, an integrated analysis of socio-cultural elements and gathering space can be made to understand the relationship that these two data have with each other.

Figure 5.15 Socio-Cultural Elements and Social Gathering. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019

Socio-cultural elements and gathering place integrated analysis look upon the data of building programs with social activities and cultural and religious elements. It shows the relationship that people have toward their household along with the decoration that they put out to resemble their cultural values and religious belief. Ample gathering space was presented in the red bubble that overlays many various social activities such as shopping, sports recreation, shopping, and gambling. While the low gathering area in the yellow bubble only overlays two types of social

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 113 activities which are shopping and sitting. The analysis shows that when there are more frequent social and cultural elements in a particular area there are also chances that people will gather around that specific area. This is because people associate themselves with the house that they stay in. When they modified or put the decoration on their house it shows a sense of ownership that the respondents have toward their house. With the full range of building programs in the existing area, it evens extends the impact of the household further. The people would feel even more well suited to the place because not only they can be modified and stay within their household boundaries but they can also find what they need or things that they want within community boundaries that they are familiar with. Within the community boundaries, these houses also put on similar cultural and social elements in which the people may feel connected throughout. The low gathering space that is present in the new development is an area that is provided by the project developer in which they use red arch and modern installation to attract people along with benches. People will not remember or understand the cultural value that these arch tries to represent, but instead, they will view it as a landmark that catches attention and a place where they can sit. Social activities that were performed here were sitting and shopping, which does not show any particular relationship that people have toward building nor other people.

Figure 5.16 Socio-Cultural Elements with Low Gathering. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 114

Figure 5.17 Socio-Cultural Elements with High Gathering. Took by Researcher, 15 December 2018

Respondents from the existing area have perceive the area as a community where they know each other and an old community where it is unique to have new development and old community close to each other: “The people in the community know each other we give help to each other like when I need to go somewhere else the aunty near my house will look after my shop or sometimes we meet up after closing the shop at each other house. I think that what makes the community unique to me and also I don’t really see community that is a mixture between new and old buildings.” The following quotation shows that the environment that the respondents want to associate with is the environment that they are familiar with and associate with. To make the respondents associate and feel familiar with the environment they need to be able to take part in the modification or have a specific area where they can associate as well as have a healthy relationship within the community boundaries to conduct these relationships. However, when asking new development respondents, the answer that receives related to the symbol of the modern installation:

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 115

“The community area is known for its red arch it is an easy place to meet people because it is easily spotted and place in an open area. Sometimes I sit under the red arch because the area is wider and there are plenty of seating. I don’t know the meaning behind the red arch but it sure attracts people when they enter Suanlhuang-Square.” The respondents show that they did not associate themselves with the community symbol nor associate themselves with the community that they are in. They don’t have background information on what the symbols mean to them only by appearance; they notice that it is eye-catching and is good to use as a landmark or meeting point. The things that draw the new development group to the urban realm is the street furniture and tree that provide shades. This is similar to the attraction factors that bring the people in the existing area. You can see that people are drawn to stay in public space that they are familiar with that have seating area and shading. However, it is a little different within the existing area that the people are the ones who modified the public space to suit the need that they are using. People who are in the existing area did not have a solid knowledge of the cultural values but the activities that they associate with the show that they are performing an act of social significance that creates a keen perception of the community. The graph below illustrates the idea of uniqueness that the respondents have toward the community.

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 116

Figure 5.18 Community Uniqueness. Figure Made by Researcher, 13 May 2019 The bar chart further explains that the people from the existing area have moderate aspect of the uniqueness of the community in comparison with other communities. This shows that they lack knowledge of cultural assets in their community and they do not have strong bond or cognitive relationship with the community. Communities do not have long relationship with a certain plot of land that they stay in although they are moving in the boundaries of the existing area the cognitive process that relates to the house form may be weakened. Respondents from the existing area stated that Chulalongkorn allows them to move around when they need to renovate or demolished particular buildings: “I have moved before moving to this building, Chualongkorn provide different choice of building for me to choose where I want to move when they want to renovate or demolish the buildings. The people who stay here before me move out long time ago already when Chulalongkorn want to developed the buildings. I am currently thinking about things I should do if they ask me to completely move out.” The summary of the findings of perception study can be made that that respondent who is staying in the existing area do have a stronger perception

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 117 toward the community and spiritual bond to their households. This was shown throughout the study process in which there are also similarities and differences in terms of perception between the two study areas. The main similarities that both groups share are that the cultural assets of the communities are the culinary destinations where both area come to the same place. The people also perceive the area as somewhat Chinese oriented in which within the existing area people put on Chinese element and decoration but in the new development although the modern installation was installed by the project developer people still use it as public space and engage within these installations, even though the social activities volume were weak. However, the main differences between the perceptions of the two study areas were that the existing area people contribute to the social activities and these activities are consistently happening every day in the very same area. It shows a prominent social pattern in which the users perceive the area as their home and associate themselves with the community while the new development area does not have consistent social activities nor the relationship between the users in their boundaries. Great place diagrams on sociability were used to cross analysis between integrated physical data and the questionnaire that the respondents answer. The process help explain cognitive mindset of respondents and to understand motive and ideas behind different study group. Comfort and image look upon the ease of respondents within the study area and the image that they perceive toward the community in comparison to the integrated analysis.

Table 5.3 Sociability Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019

Sample mean of all SD respondents Diversity 3.64 0.79

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.60 3.70

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 118

Table 5.3 Sociability Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019 (Cont)

Max (Very Good) 11 respondents 6 respondents Min (Poor) 3 respondents 1 respondents Stewardship 3.50 0.74

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.40 3.60 Max (Very Good) 3 Respondents 6 Respondents Min (Poor) 5 Respondents 2 Respondents Cooperation 3.53 0.80

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.50 3.56 Max (Very Good) 7 respondents 6 respondents Min (Poor) 5 respondents 3 respondents Neighborliness 3.51 0.69

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.32 3.71People in the Max (Very Good) 3 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 3 respondents 1 respondents Pride 3.55 0.79

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.50 3.60 Max (Very Good) 6 respondents 8 respondents Min (Poor) 4 respondents 2 respondents Friendliness 3.43 0.71 New Group Existing Group Mean 3.38 3.48 Max (Very Good) 2 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 4 respondents 3 respondents

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 119

Table 5.3 Sociability Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019 (Cont)

Interactive 3.15 0.53

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.14 3.16 Max (Very Good) 1 respondents 0 respondents Min (Poor) 5 respondents 2 respondents Welcoming 3.53 0.73

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.43 3.63 Max (Very Good) 4 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 4 respondents 2 respondents Average Mean Average SD 3.48 0.72 *Where 1 is very poor and 5 is very good*

Respondents have positive feedback on sociability, in which most respondents chose average to good. There were only a few respondents who decided to not have an opinion on a specific topic, pride, and interactive in particular. Respondents overall respond the most to diversity in which is on 3.64, which means people have found that within the community, there is a high diversity inside the community. The average mean is at 3.48, showing that overall sociability is on moderate to good. Average SD value is at 0.72, showing mix responds for sociability in which respondents may have a mixed range of answer from 1 to 5. People have found that in terms of sociability the area is on moderate to high in which when looking at it with the integrated analysis, it would be understandable. The two areas are completely different in terms of the neighborhood and how the people within their own boundaries act. The people in the existing area know each other, perform activities in the public realm, and circulate to their friends

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 120 while the people within the new development only stay within their safe zone, when they commute to other places they will be back quickly. People in the existing area seems to be more welcoming and friendly with the people in the new development area. They are more eager to give help since they already interact in the urban realm while the people in the new development are conducting personal activities.

Table 5.4 Comfort and Image Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019

Sample mean of all SD respondents Safe 3.53 0.60

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.44 3.62 Max (Very Good) 2 respondents 3 respondents Min (Poor) 1 respondents 0 respondents Clean 3.56 0.79

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.66 3.46 Max (Very Good) 9 respondents 5 respondents Min (Poor) 2 respondents 4 respondents Green 3.50 0.72

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.57 3.43 Max (Very Good) 7 respondents 4 respondents Min (Poor) 2 respondents 1 respondents Walkable 3.51 0.75

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.50 3.52 Max (Very Good) 7 respondents 5 respondents

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Table 5.4 Comfort and Image Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019 (Cont)

Min (Very Poor) 1 respondents 0 respondents Sittable 3.43 0.63

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.42 3.44 Max (Very Good) 2 respondents 2 respondents Min (Poor) 2 respondents 2 respondents Spiritual 3.44 0.64

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.44 3.44 Max (Very Good) 3 respondents 3 respondents Min (Very Poor) 0 respondents 1 respondents Charming 4.04 0.96

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.98 4.10 Max (Very Good) 22 respondents 26 respondents Min (Very Poor) 0 respondents 1 respondents Attractive 4.01 0.93

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.96 4.06 Max (Very Good) 21 respondents 23 respondents Min (Very Poor) 1 respondents 0 respondents Historic 3.73 0.77

New Group Existing Group Mean 3.76 3.70 Max (Very Good) 11 respondents 7 respondents Min (Poor) 1 respondents 2 respondents

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 122

Table 5.4 Comfort and Image Mean Value. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019 (Cont)

Average Mean Average SD 3.63 0.75 *Where 1 is very poor and 5 is very good*

Comfort and image, however, drift toward good and very good in which the data remain to range from average to excellent but charming and attractive the data peak with 48 and 44 respondents, higher than the entire row. It is the first evaluation categories where there are no respondents who mark the evaluation as no opinion. However, also the initial assessment category where respondents score lower evaluation for spiritual, charming, and attractive. The overall respondents have found the area the most fascinating in which it receives slightly higher than okay with the mean value of 4.04. The overall average mean for comfort and image is at 3.63, which is marginally higher than other divisions in the evaluation process. The average SD value is at 0.75, which shows a mix response. People have found the area attractive and charming; people have found that living in a pleasant environment has affected them very much. It helps improve their quality of life and perhaps improve their productivity. Respondents still rate safe and clean on a moderate level to high since the average mean on how much do these problems affected them are only on 1.71, which is not as much changed. It also shows that although the people in the existing area do not associate themselves with the new development when they need to consider the community upon the topic of charm and aesthetic they view the community as a whole and considered the new development beautiful.

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CHAPTER 6 STUDY CONCLUSION AND RECCOMENDATION

The following chapter concludes the findings of the study from arguments that were stated in chapter 5. Two arguments were stated referring back to the objectives which were to study the behavior and perception between the two study areas. The section aims to conclude the factors that the two study areas have toward each other in terms of similarities and differences. Findings of how where the two are different, the same, and the overall picture as a whole. Extracting these factors into keywords to implement into design recommendations, which were based on Project for Public Space’s great place diagram. The diagrams are broken down into four headings; sociability, use and activity, comfort and image, and access and linkage. Extracted keywords will be integrated into these factors to provide design recommendations for the community and create a sustainable urban redevelopment area where local and new development can stay together. The content in this chapter will be divided into the following topics: 6.1 Conclusion of Behavior Study 6.2 Conclusion of Perception Study 6.3 Suanlhuang-Samyan Community Recommendation

6.1 Conclusion of Behavior Study

The conclusion of behavior study can be divided into two parts, which are transportation behavior and urban realm usage. These were the two behaviors which are urban realm usage and transportation-related behavior that commonly have the most similarities and differences among the two study areas. The urban realm usage between the two study areas is similar in terms of gathering types in which sitting and chatting are the most common, while the differences lie in the gathering area and varieties in gathering types. More socio-economic activities are happening inside the existing area than in the new development, and mostly these

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 124 activities were to occur in front of houses or small alley instead of designed public spaces like in the new development. The similarities in transportation behavior were that both study areas found high traffic volume and hardship in going to other places and that both groups most common mode of transportation is the private vehicle. However, the differences were that both groups do not have the same proper parking facilities and that there are enormous differences for pedestrian networks inside the area. The pedestrian network in the new development area was car prohibited, but in the existing area, the pedestrian must share the route with vehicles. These factors can then be described as the table below illustrated:

Table 6.1 Behavior Study Conclusion. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019

New Development Area Existing Area Similarities - People sit and chat at in urban realm - People have hardship in going to other places - They cannot control or managed arrival time when they travel from the study area to other places and vice versa - Most common mode of transportation is private vehicle Differences - Only one most common type - Varieties types of socio- of activities in urban realm: economic activities in urban sitting & chatting realm - People gathered in designed - Gathering space associated public spaces with households: small alley - There are parking facilities or in front of their house provided - Limited parking spaces, - Pedestrian walkway and people park in front of their circulation inside the area are house cars prohibited - Pedestrian shared walkway with all types of vehicles

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6.2 Conclusion of Perception Study

The conclusion of perception study mainly associated with the relationship the people have with each other, the relationship they have with their households, and Chinese related symbols. The perception that people have toward the study area within the two sides are similar in term of a community symbol. They associate the community with Chinese culture in which people in the new development used urban realm that has the installation of Chinese arches while people in the existing area placed Chinese decorations in front of their houses. This showed that the common understanding that these two groups of people have in common is that the area is Chinese cultural associated. However, there are no similarities between the study area in terms of the relationship between community and relationship of households. People in the new development area do not engage with their neighbors, and in fact, these people conduct private activities in the urban realm alone. There is no relationship among people in the new development area, they do not help each other take care of one another shop, and people only interact with the people within their shops. People in the existing area as mentioned, conduct various types of activities that were based on the relationship between one another. The activities repeatedly happen at specific places showing a secure connection with households. Residential placed decorations such as trees, religious figures, or Chinese decoration in front of their house and usually gather in this particular area. However, there are no additional installation or any modification in the new development area. The following factors can then be described as the table below illustrated:

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Table 6.2 Perception Study Conclusion. Table Made by Researcher, 6 May 2019

New Development Area Existing Area Similarities - People associate the community with Chinese cultural elements - Same understanding on Chinese ethnic groups

Differences - No modification to the - People put greenery buildings installation, religious figures, - People only gather in front of Chinese decoration in front of their building along or with the their house people in their shop - People gather in front of - People do not go to other their house with their shops neighbors - People know each other, they commute to other houses

To conclude the study of both behavior and perception, a statement can be made that the perception of the people leads to their behavior. The perception of the people is the main key attribute to make them engage with each other in which design can come to play on making the area approachable by the users. Without property design, users will not be able to achieve some aspects despite a reasonable perception that they possessed. People are engaged outside of their houses; selling foods and sitting chatting while in the new development these activities were not visible. The urban realm in the new development was more maintained, but there were fewer public interactions while the urban realm in the existing area was less maintained, but public interaction was high. This was due to the relationship that people have with each other, bringing them out to meet one another in public space

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 127 and ownership toward their houses which public activities were not likely to happen inside of the building instead of on the front where there were awning used for shade. A zoning diagram were made to the summarized issues from the analysis, the diagram helped guide through the design process where area that are prominent were highlighted to label as area to keep. Area to keep referred to area that have high gathering volume where it needed to be carefully designed, to preserve the volume while improving the atmosphere. Area where there are low gathering volume were areas that must be modified to improve the area condition and improved the function of the place, it is also important that the design must be able to generalize the area where it highlighted important area but also help spread people throughout the community.

Figure 6.1 Zoning Diagram. Figure Made by Researcher, 5 June 2019

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Main area like junctions and enclosed gathering space in alleys are to be improved in the existing area, maintaining the same functions but provide conveniences for users. Community plaza, local-avenue, and modern Chinese installation area in the new development are promising area where design implementation need to be made to engage local people to use these public space. Low gathering area in the community are to even out newcomers and local people to create a vibrant neighborhood while vehicle parking and passage are for the improvement in transportation flexibility, providing the ease in travelling and access to public transportation.

6.3 Suanlhuang-Samyan Community Recommendation

The recommendation is the integration between design recommendation and solution recommendation prior to each great place objectives. The vision is to create a sustainable community that integrated both new development and economic activities with the local people. By doing so will create a sustainable community where local people can stay and keep the community relationship while attracting newcomers and visitors, improving the community economically. There are four objectives on proceeding, using great place diagrams as guidelines and recommendations it is divided into sociability, use and activity, comfort and image, and access and linkage for solution recommendation. The design recommendation will be used in addition to the findings of the study that we have found to achieve the best solution for the design recommendation. The following subchapter will be providing design recommendation within each guideline, solution recommendation, the overall conceptual design of the study area, and an actual design with detailed.

6.3.1 Sociability Sociability, the criteria are the most difficult to achieve but once attained, it becomes an unmistakable feature. When people are engaged with the

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 129 familiar people that they know including friends, family, or neighbors, they will also feel comfortable to interact with strangers. They will feel a stronger sense of place and place attachment to their community and to the place that fosters these types of social activities. Variables that were used for evaluation were: diverse, stewardship, cooperative, neighborly, pride, friendly, interactive, welcome. These variables were used to conduct place evaluation, which can determine the perception of people toward the study area in terms of sociability. Sociability's measurement will be used as strategies to conduct design recommendations that would achieve great results for each individual topic. The measurement for a great place in term of place sociability can be listed as: - Number of women, children, and elderly - Social networks - Volunteerism - Evening use - Street life These measurements can be achieve through design recommendation and also suggestion that can be made to guide the users toward them. Conceptual diagrams on measurements are made to achieve the master plan design of the study area. The following figures show the conceptual ideas on transforming these measurements into strategies that could be implemented into the overall master plan. These are measurements that can be implemented through design recommendation to be able to achieve high rating and positive statistics. The following recommendation explained the strategies on transforming measures that could be implemented and followed: 1. Number of women, children, and elderly: Aims to promote pedestrian usage in which can aid all kinds of users ranging from perfect strong men to handicap users. Promote junction usage as a

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 130 gathering space to create a friendly environment for all. Design Local Street to be pedestrian friendly, which provides parking space for local vehicles but does not interfere with the pedestrian. 2. Social networks: Social network aims to generate physical connection and behavior between neighbors and between communities. The consistent performance will lead to the perception of people and the relationship between each other, and the strategies aim to create a bond throughout the community in which the people can be able to share and understand the community’s vision. 3. Volunteerism: Volunteerism can be further developed from the social networks in which when the bond and network of people were established a promotion on giving help can begin. However, for people in the community to be helping each other, they must develop social bonding within the community first so that they can provide help. Recalled back from the findings that people in the existing area give support to each other by helping taking care of each other shops when they are not available or provide parking areas in front of their houses. 4. Evening use: Evening use aims to promote nighttime activities throughout the area, solving both low night time activities in new development and low lighting facilities in the existing area. The strategies aim to turn junction, and the street turns to a walkable area at night time by improving lighting facilities to avoid the shabby area. Engaged in the new development by allowing residents to stay on the second floor which will provide an actual user that can contribute to nighttime activities. 5. Street life Street life aims to generate varieties of socio-economic activities throughout the study area, learning and understanding the mechanism of social engagement in the existing area and apply it in the new development.

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6.3.2 Use and Activity Use and activities, activities are the basic building blocks of a place. Activities grant a task to the people and giving them to do, which is one of the primary purposes people come to a place. If certain space has nothing to do, then space would be empty, which generally means that something is wrong. Variables that were used for evaluation are fun, active, vital, special, real, useful, indigenous, celebratory, and sustainable. These variables were used to conduct place evaluation, which can determine the perception of people toward the study area in terms of use and Activity. Use and Activity's measurement were used as strategies to conduct design recommendations that would achieve great results for each specific topic. The measurement for a great place in term of place use and Activity can be listed as: - Local business ownership - Land-use patterns - Property values - Rent levels - Retail sales These measurements can be achieve through design recommendation and suggestion that can be made to guide the users toward them. The following figures show the conceptual strategies on transforming these measurements into strategies that could be implemented into the overall master plan. These are measurements that can be implemented through design recommendation to be able to achieve high rating and positive statistics. The following recommendation explained the strategies on transforming measures that could be implemented and followed:

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1. Local business ownership: Local business ownership promotes local people to conduct businesses on the ground floor, understanding mix-used buildings in the existing area and support them in the new development. 2. Land-use patterns: The land-use pattern creates the wholeness of land-use in the study area where building programs and building use are equally spread throughout the boundaries in terms of varieties. Maintaining the existing areas by redeveloped the current buildings, keeping cultural elements and users. 3. Property values: Improved buildings structures and maintain cultural elements to add property value while preserving the community. Creating and implementing on community sense of place while having a better buildings to stay. 4. Rent levels: Rent level aims to stabilize rental amount and tenure period evenly, giving the most benefit to the local people or the original local. This helps creates a sustainable neighborhood where it is affordable for the local people. 5. Retail sales Retail sales aim to promote local business, attracting newcomers which create a sustainable local economy for the local. When local people conduct business on the ground floor it is essential to support local businesses. The existing area can adopt new business methods from the new development area while new development areas can cater to goods and services for the people in the community. 6.3.3 Comfort and Image Comfort and Image, the key to the success of a place need to be comfortable and present itself well to be able to achieve a good image. Comfort includes the perception toward safety, cleanliness, and availability of a place to sit. This means that people will feel comfortable in space that they have the power to occupy.

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Variables that were used for evaluation are: safe, clean, green, walkable, sittable, spiritual, charming, attractive, and historic. These variables were used to conduct place evaluation which can determine the perception of people toward the study area in terms of comfort and Image. Comfort and Image’s measurements were used as strategies to conduct solution recommendations that would achieve great results for each individual topic. The measurement for a great place in term of place use and activity can be listed as: - Crime Statistic - Sanitation Rating - Building Conditions - Environmental Data These are measurements that can be implemented through solution recommendation to be able to achieve high rating and positive statistics. The following recommendation explained the strategies on transforming measures that could be implemented and followed. 1. Crime Statistic: Implement street design and engage eyes on the street to avoid crime in the neighborhood, promote street activities, and installed nighttime facilities. 2. Sanitation Rating: Provide a waste collection center for the neighborhood, garbage bin along the walking corridor, and regulates garbage truck to pick up trash twice per week. 3. Building Conditions: Maintained building conditions in the existing area, including abandoned buildings transforming the building to an up to date condition that can attract new stakeholders.

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4. Environmental Data: Installed greenery elements along the walkway, maintaining serene walking corridor which aids ventilation. Create an axis on main roads and local roads to achieve scenery vista. 6.3.4 Access and Linkage Access and linkage, which can judge the accessibility of a place by its connection to the surrounding, visually, and physically. Successful public space will be easy to go to and very visible both from a distance and up close. The edge of space is also significant as stated on PPS that: “A row of shops along a street is more interesting and generally safer to walk by than a blank wall or empty lot.” This means that when space is accessible, it will have high parking turnover and, ideally, are convenient to public transit. Variables that were used for evaluation are continuity, proximity, connected, readable, walkable, convenient, and accessible. These variables were used to conduct place evaluation, which can determine the perception of people toward the study area in terms of access and linkage. Access and linkage’s measurement were used as strategies to conduct solution recommendations that would achieve great results for each topic. The measurement for a great place in term of place use and activity can be listed as: - Traffic Data - Mode Splits - Transit Usage - Pedestrian Activity - Parking Usage Patterns These are measurements that can be implemented through solution recommendation to be able to achieve high rating and positive statistics. The following

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 135 recommendation explained the strategies on transforming measurements that could be implemented and followed. 1. Traffic Data Prohibit informal parking along the walkway and local streets to avoid high vehicle volume, connect local with public transportation. 2. Mode Splits Provide different modes of transportation for local to use, ranging from providing proper parking areas to give a pleasant walkway between the community and rapid mass public transport. 3. Transit Usage Promote mass transportation usage within the study area and installed bus stops on Banthat Thong Road for local to directly enter the community. 4. Pedestrian Activity Implement design recommendations to promote pedestrian activity in the urban realm, using both sociability strategies and use and activity strategies. 5. Parking Usage Patterns Provide proper parking for every local people in the community and integrated parking facilities in the community to the followed traditional lifestyle of the local people.

6.4 Conceptual Masterplan

The conceptual master plan integrated both design recommendation and solution recommendation from the objectives into masterplan to be able to achieve the vision for the community design as mentioned before. The illustration bellowed were adapted from strategies that were mentioned earlier in this chapter integrating sociability, use and activity, comfort and image, and access and linkage into one illustrative plan. Conceptual master plan elaborates the design implementation

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 136 into the area using symbols and color to explain the different significance in the development. It can be clearly illustrated as followed:

Figure 6.2 Conceptual Masterplan. Figure Made by Researcher, 5 June 2019

The conceptual master plan, as shown above, was divided into four key areas: existing area, community main-avenue, new development area, and recreational area. These key areas have different characteristics and design integration to improve and create community wholeness in which each particular area elevates one another. The description upon each separate area can be described as followed:

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1. Existing Area The key development inside this area is on creating gathering space for local people in which they will not be exposed to newcomers or the outside environment. Adding courtyard in the middle different blocks so that each block can have a repetitive gathering area. Second, is on implementing a new street design where mainly improves street facilities, street width, and urban realm usage. Street development leads to the gathering point in each junction where it acts as the heart of the community. Existing will be maintained and regenerate, keeping the original characteristics but in a better condition. 2. Community Main Avenue The key idea of this area in the conceptual master plan is to refurbish the already developed area to be more successful. By doing so all the buildings in the existing area must face toward the avenue, not only the local will conduct daily activities but they can also use the space in front as recreational space and interact with newcomers. The wide pedestrian footpath was focused on using it as a common ground between newcomers and local people where newcomers can visit the site by using mass transit or park bicycle at the node center on both sides of the streets. 3. New Development Area The new development area conceptual master plan is an integration between the existing redevelopment in which already provides a positive environment; however, implementing local elements can improve the sense of neighborhood. The main key point in this area is that all buildings will be allowed to stay by the people who work in each building. Bringing in the setback of the building from open space to create an enclosure for the people. The vista must be maintained to develop community wholeness and an aesthetic approach for newcomers. Most of the community facilities such as garbage collection centers were placed on the outside

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 138 borders of the community to avoid vehicle volume and to maintain a car-free community. 4. Recreational Area The recreational area was used as a parking area and part-time festival ground however, it can be used at its fullest potential. The parking space that was given within the boundaries were never fully occupied by both visitors and the people staying in the new development area. Parking space can be divided for both new development users and the existing area users. Events such as Art Box that were held multiples times on the parking area can be held more often to attract newcomers and showcasing the development area. Holding these types of events can engage in both the local economy and community bonding, it can be used as an interaction ground where new users and the local people can interact.

6.5 Site Plan and Detailed Design

There are two parts to the following subchapter, site plan is the design implementation that was made from conceptual masterplan following detailed design. Detailed design are areas that were chosen to be shown in the community, showing section, elevation, detailed plan, and perspective of the selected area. Detailed design help explained and described the change that was made upon the study area and how it affects both sides of the community. There are five part to the detailed design in which are chosen from important areas that would improve the community once gone through design process. Different area boundaries and description were provided in the illustrative below:

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Figure 6.3 Detailed Design Boundaries and Areas. Figure Made by Researcher, 5 June 2019

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6.5.1 Site Plan

Figure 6.4 Site Plan of Study Area before Proposal. Source Google Earth, 2019, Retrieved 9 June 2019

The following site plan of the study area was used as a comparison between the two conditions, propose detailed design and the existing condition. Main elements that were change were road, junctions, building blocks, and intervention of art and park. There were also better management and installation of infrastructures including street lighting and greenery along the roads. The designed site plan were provided in comparison with the existing plan to point out differences that will be made once applied the proposed design. Design plan mainly focused on different activities at different period of time during the day, showing different characteristics among the proposed areas. Design plan was comprised of different small detailed design that were divided into different areas to create a network of new design interventions that will be done throughout the study area.

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Figure 6.5 Proposal Design Site Plan. Source Google Earth, 2019, Retrieved 9 June 2019

The proposal site plan during the day time can be divided into 5 important area including both design proposal and solution recommendation. The area are explained as followed: 1. Linear Pocket Park Intervention: Integrate pocket park into existing high volume gathering space, the following gathering space is mostly done by local people in the existing area in which some respondents from questionnaire responded that the area are shabby and sometimes they feel not safe to walk by. An implementation on turning local allies that are linear to the gathering space into linear pocket park will provide sense of enclosure for the local people while improve the aesthetic level of the areas. Linear pocket park will also grant more gathering space for local people where local can gather in design open space adjacent to their households, improve gathering volume and create more interaction between local. A conceptual image from “Ridge Avenue

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Pocket Park” can be shown to use as a design reference where it made use of the small alley and implement with different functions.

Figure 6.6 Ridge Avenue Pocket Park. Soruce Groundswell Design Group | Courtesy of Roxborough Development Corporation

2. Joint Junction Open Space Joint junction open space is a combination between two junctions that have the highest social and economic activities in the community. The design aim to join to junction together and prohibit cars from entering the boundaries between the two junctions. The junctions will also be elevated to slow down vehicles speed provide a more pedestrian safety environment, having the same pavement as the enclosed area will help create a wholeness in open space and a connection for pedestrian walkways. Junctions were designed to create a curve on the streets providing barrier between cars and pedestrian, which the curve areas is 2.5 meters in width, providing a space for vehicles parking throughout the site. By having vehicles parked throughout the study area it is a tools to help slow down incoming vehicles due to the carefulness they need to intervene while driving. The junctions can be shown in the following case study from “East Village Street Scape, Calgary, Alberta” done by Tanya Goertzen where she introduced the mechanism of junction

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 143 development to address community value, raised pedestrian awareness, and provide opens pace for the community.

Figure 6.7 East Village Street Scape, Calgary, Alberta. Source https://www.behance.net/gallery/288451/East-Village-Streetscape

3. Community Avenue The community avenue aim to create vibrancy in the open space in which currently the open space are not well utilized. People only gather to perform some activities such as sport recreational activities or daily activities such as washing clothes and dishes. It showed that people does not acknowledge the significance of the space that were provided. By integrating in pedestrian zoning different kind of activities were proposed to be done in the open space. 2 meters that is adjacent to the building were dedicated as shop front zone, shop front zone is used for shop front

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 144 activities mainly are economic activities and sitting and chatting. The second zoning is pedestrian walkway which is 1.5 meters in width, it is used for pedestrian walkway mainly to divided pedestrian who engage in public activities with pedestrian who are determine to travel to certain location. The third zoning is street furniture zone which is 3 meters in width, providing street furniture including: street lighting, bench, trees, and garbage bin. This zoning will use for gathering space such as outer gathering activities for users who are not engage with shops. The zoning repeated with pedestrian walkway with width of 1.5 meters to provide walking space for newcomers. The rest of the footpath were conduct by the local people such as sport recreational activities. With the shades that are provided by trees in the street furniture zone, local can enjoy various types of activities while receiving shades. The illustration below explain the concept of pedestrian zoning from National Association of City Transportation Officials:

Figure 6.8 Pedestrian Zoning. Source https://nacto.org/publication/urban-street-design-guide/street-design- elements/sidewalks/

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4. Food Zone with Connection to Open Space The food zoning in the new development area is known to drawn in newcomers and attract tourists due to its programs and diversity in food varieties. However, the volume of newcomers did not distribute within the new development which lead to the unutilized open spaces in some area. There are a connector between the food zone and open space under the building, which can be used as a passage to travel from one place to another. An intervention such as art intervention or change in pavement can be done between these two areas to lead the people to another place. By doing so, it created an awareness leading to designated places that the designer wanted to. The open space in front of the plaza currently is installed with modern Chinese installation but there are no specific characteristics or use toward the community nor the users. The open space are encourage for sport equipment shops to use as an open space to conduct sports related activities ranging from: kick boxing, soccer, and other types. 5. Hawker Open Space Hawker open space encourage hawker from pedestrian walkway and hawker from the existing area to move and conduct economic activities in this open space. Due to the lack of usage and there are no interaction between the open space and the people who stays inside the building that surrounded it, it is important to create a space where people can use to engage with each other and to participate in the community growth. Hawkers will be allowed in the boundaries at a specific period of time to avoid over-crowded and to regulates open space usage. By doing so the urban space will both be well utilized and create a distinct characteristic for the specific area, while having a good space management where the aim is to keep clean and well organized. 6.5.2 Detailed Plan The presentation in detailed design are divided into comparison sections where sections from both existing and propose design are compared and

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 146 contrast, and before and after perspective where it give visual explanation to the development. The following diagrams mark the different section cuts in the community: 6.5.2.1 Comparison Sections

Figure 6.9 Section Cuts. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

Section A-A cut through proposed pocket park, community alley and the joint junctions where it is proposed as the main gathering space for the community. It aims to show the transition between small community open spaces to larger community open space. Section B-B cut through proposed joint junctions, local road, and community-avenue. It aim to demonstrate the difference between different type of roads and the pedestrian network inside the proposed design, ranging from pedestrian, cars, large and main open space, and mass transportation.

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Figure 6.10 Existing Condition Section A-A. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

Figure 6.11 Proposal Design Section A-A. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

The section demonstrate the existing condition in the study area of section A-A which can be divided into 3 zones. The orange zone marks small gathering space for local people, there are no street decoration and gathering types

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 148 are temporary means that there are no street furniture installed, once local close their shops there were low to none public interaction. Orange area were marked as shabby and not attractive by respondents due to low lighting infrastructures and small and dark atmosphere. The green zone mark the area that local use as small walking alley with no public interaction. The blue zone is the main junction where local use as main gathering space. Interaction between locals from the different corner of the junction is strongly visible, and social activities happen within these space repeatedly every day. The proposed orange zone marks small gathering space for local people, where the gathering types in can be label as informal gathering which the proposal design transformed into linear pocket park. The park provide shading and formal gathering space while also preserving enclosure for the local people. Trees are use as barrier and boundaries between the local streets and local alley, local can still perform same activities within better condition. The proposed blue zoning change from local streets where there are vehicle parking along both ways into car free joint junctions. Street furniture are installed in this area to draw more users, and to provide an ease to the local people who already gather in this area. The middle part of the open space are dedicated to recreational activities with greenery to provide privacy for the local.

Figure 6.12 Existing Condition Section B-B. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

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Figure 6.13 Proposal Design Section B-B. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

The section demonstrate the proposal design in the study area of section B-B which can be divided into 3 zones. The pink zone mark the area of local streets where there were vehicle parked alongside of the road, both sides. The local street is also used to conduct both social and economic activities and for pedestrian walkway. This means that pedestrian need to share walkway with vehicles way, where it leads to the undesirable to walk for the local people. The purple zoning mark the main gathering area of the community ranging from one junction to another. Most of social activities and unique activities were happened inside the purple zoning and the activities area daily repeated. However, vehicles also park along the road in front of the buildings which can lead to obstacles in social gathering. The yellow zoning mark the boundaries of the designed pedestrian walkway and a part of the community- avenue. There are no specific use in this particular area, local people conduct unique activities such as sport recreational but only at certain period of time. It is also use for daily activities such as dish washing or clothes hanging, showing that the local does not acknowledge the significance of the space. The proposed pink zone mark the area of local streets where there were vehicle parked alongside of the road, both sides. The

Ref. code: 25616016123066SBV 150 design proposed to keep only one of the parking lane for local, encouraging them to use parking facilities and discourage visitors to use mass transportation. Therefore there are only one circulating lane in the local street which came from widen of pedestrian walkway. Proposed purple zone connect two junctions together, creating a car free area also connect the junction by having the same pavement level to reduce the speed of cars and create a wholeness in open space. Open space that were produced from joint junctions were installed with street furniture to encourage social activities such as trees and lighting facilities. Local can still engage in daily activities but with an integration through design. Proposed yellow zone was improved by integrating pedestrian zoning, creating more varieties in open space programs and create a define boundaries between local activities and outsiders. Street furniture zone were installed with bench and trees to encourage public activities throughout the day. The modification on building was been made in this area to provide an interaction between open space and building orientation, creating an acknowledgement toward public space. 6.5.2.2 Comparison Perspectives The perspective aim to provide a comparison between the existing conditions and the proposed design. It provide an alternative methods on problem solving and how to engage in public space. There are two area that were illustrated according to the conceptual and zoning diagram. These two areas go through mild design proposal with heavily solution recommendation. Both areas were aimed to be the main gathering space within the new development area. The following diagram illustrate the area that were proposed on both design recommendation and solution recommendation.

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Figure 6.14 Comparison Before – Perspective A. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

Figure 6.15 Comparison After – Perspective A. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

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Figure 6.16 Comparison Before – Perspective B. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

Figure 6.17 Comparison After – Perspective B. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

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The perspectives in figure 15 and 16 show the changed in pavement design to lead people from the food area to the public space on the other side of the buildings, this help distribute users throughout the study area evenly. The open space in front of the public space also aim to provide public space engagement. The perspectives in figure 17 and 18 show urban space aimed to promote local economy by allowing hawkers to do business in the area. It also engage public space engagement between local by providing gathering space when conducting daily activities.

Figure 6.18 Perspective Reference View. Figure Made by Researcher, 7 June 2019

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REFERENCES

Books

Altman, I., & Low, S. M. (1992). Place attachment. New York: Plenum Press Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: Prentice Hall. Breakwell, G. M. (1986). Coping with Threatened Identity. London: Methuen. Breakwell, G. M. (1992). Processes of self-evaluation: efficacy and estrangement. In G. M. Breakwell, Ed., Social Psychology of Identity and the Self-concept. Surrey: Surrey University Press. Buchanan C., (2007). Measuring Pedestrian Activity. London, England: Colin Buchanan. Retrieved (10/5/2018), from https://www.polisnetwork.eu/uploads/Modules/PublicDocuments/london_lip_m easuring_pedestrian_activity.pdf. BusinessDictionary (2018). Development Definition. Texas: BusinessDictionary. Retrieved (31/10/2018), from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/development.html. Cross, J. E. (2001). What is Sense of Place, Reasearch on Place & Space Website. Duncan, J. S. (1973). Landscape taste as a symbol group identity: a Westchester county village. Geographical Review, 63, 334–355. Devine, P. (1994). A time and a place for the Irish?—an explanatory analysis of significance of Irish historical places for maintaining Irish National Identity. Unpublished MSc. thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Surrey Eyles, J. (1968). The Inhabitants’ Images of Highgate Village. London: LSE Geography Discussion Papers, no. 15. Feldman, R. M. (1990). Settlement identity: psychological bonds with home places in a mobile society. Environment and Behavior, 22, 183–229. Fried, M. (1963). Grieving for a lost home. In L. Duhl, Ed., the Urban Condition. New York: Basic Books.

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Giuliani, M. V., & Feldman, R. (1993). Place attachment in a developmental and cultural context. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13, 267-274. Gustafson, P. (2001). Meanings of place: Everyday experience and theoretical conceptualizations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 21, 5-16. Hormuth, S. (1990). The Ecology of Self: Relocation and Self-concept Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hummon, D. (1986). City mouse, country mouse: the persistence of community identity. Qualitative Sociology 9, 3–25 Hummon, D. M. (1992). Community Attachment: Local Sentiment & Sense of place. New York: Plenum. Korpela, K. M. (1989). Place identity as a product of environmental self-regulation. Journal of Environmental Psychology. Lalli, M. (1988). Urban related identity. In D. Canter, et al., Eds., Environmental Social Psychology. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Leibkind, K. (1992). Ethnic identity—challenging the boundaries of social psychology. In G. M. Breakwell, Ed., Social Psychology of Identity and the Self Concept. Surrey: Surrey University Press. Manzo, L. C. (2005). For better or worse: Exploring multiple dimensions of place meaning. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 25 67–86. Merriam-Webster (2019). Behavior Definition. Massachusetts: Merriam-Webster. Retrieved (9/6/2019), from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/behavior National Association of City Transportation Officials (2013). Urban Street Design Guide, New York, United States: Island Press. PPS (2016). PLACEMAKING: What if we built our cities around places?. New York, United States: PPS. Retrieved (18/5/2018), from https://dn60005mpuo2f.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Oct-2016- placemaking-booklet.pdf. Rapoport, A. (1969). House form and culture. New Jersey, United States: Prentice- Hall.

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Rapoport, A. (1990). The meaning of the built environment: a nonverbal communication approach: the University of Arizona Press, Tucson. Rowles, G. D. (1983). Place and personal identity in old age: observations from Appalachia. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 3, 299–313. Sime, J. D. (1986). Creating places or designing spaces? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 6, 49-63. Speller, G. (1988). Landscape place and the psychosocial impact of the channel tunnel project. Unpublished M.Sc thesis, Department of Psychology, University of Surrey. Supornpak, Deekaew (2017). Place perception of creative economic district by tourist in Nimman, Chiangmai. Pathum Thani: Thammasat University. Winkel, G. (1981). The perception of neighbourhood change. In J. Harvey, Ed., Cognition and Social Behaviour and the Environment. New York: Erlbaum.

Articles

C.L. Twigger-Ross and D.L. Uzzell (1996). Place and Identity Process. Retrieved (3/10/2018), from Journal of Environmental Psychology. Lumen (2017). Boundless Psychology. Oregon: Lumen. Retrieved (31/10/2018), from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-psychology/chapter/introduction- to-perception/ Najafi, M., Shariff, M. K. B. M., (2011). The Concept of Place and Sense of Place in Architectural Studies. Retrieved (15/5/2018), from https://waset.org/publications/14034/the-concept-of-place-and-sense-of-place- in-architectural-studies.

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Electronic Media

TeraBKK (2015). มอง "สามย่าน" ฉายศักยภาพท าเลที่เหมาะกับไลฟ์สไตล์คนรุ่นใหม่อย่างแท้จริง. Bangkok: TeraBKK. Retrieved (18/5/2018), from https://www.terrabkk.com/news/60294/. VoiceTV (2017). 'สามย่าน' ในความทรงจ าคน 2 วัย บนที่ดิน 'ทรัพย์สินจุฬาฯ'. Bangkok: VoiceTV. Retrieved (17/5/2018), from https://www.voicetv.co.th/read/524854.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX A

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คณะสถาปัตยกรรมศาสตร์และการผังเมือง มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ THE FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING, THAMMASAT UNIVERSITY, RANGSIT CAMPUS อาคารปฏิบัติการผังเมืองและสถาปัตยกรรม ม. ธรรมศาสตร์ ศูนย์รังสิต ปทุมธานี 12121 โทรศัพท์ +66 (0) 2986 9434, +66 (0) 2986 9605-6 โทรสาร +66 (0) 2986 8067

______Questionnaire paper 1.2 Conducting research on the subject of “. Behavior and Perception of The Urban Redevelopment in Suanlhuang - Samyan Neighborhood, Bangkok.”

Dear Respondents

This questionnaire is prepared for the research according to the Urban Design and Development Program (International), the course of UD 700 Individual study, aims to study, analyze, design and provide recommendations for Suanlhuang – Samyan Neighborhood, and aims to be useful for the development of knowledge in urban design and development. This questionnaire consists of Part 1 General Information Part 2 Community Contribution Part 3 Relationship of Local and Place Part 4 Identity Process Part 5 Great Place Evaluation

However, the information obtained from you will be used only for this research study. Not used for any other purpose Best regards ...... (Natanont Iempoolsub) Master degree student, 2nd Year Urban Design and Development International Program, Thammasat University

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Questionnaire Number......

Date......

Location

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Part 1 General Information 1. Name ______2. Sex o Male o Female 3. Age: ______4. Do you live inside Suanlhuang-Samyan community? o Yes o No o Where did you live ______5. Do you live in this community since birth? o Yes o If yes, when did your ancestors settled in this community? o Cannot Remember o ______o No o Where did you born ______7. Are you thai-chinese? o Yes o No 8. Do you do business inside the community? o Yes ______

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o No o Where did you work and what type of job ______9. What are the mode of transportation that you use? o Private Vehicle o Bicycle o Motorbike o Walking o Public transport o Rapid public transport

Part 2 Community Contribution 1. What type of problems did you face in the community? o Road Issues o Not enough pedestrian walkway and under standard o In sufficient lighting facilities o Traffic and accident o Unemployment community member o Community safety and assets o Dense community and unmaintained building

2. 1 = Least 5 = Most [How frequently do you find these problems?] 1 2 3 4 5

3. 1 = Least 5 = Most [Did you receive any help from any organizations?]

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1 2 3 4 5

What type of help did you receive? ______What type of help do you need? ______4. 1 = Least 5 = Most [Do you find any obstacles to the development of the community?] 1 2 3 4 5

How does it affect you? ______Part 3 Relationship of Local and Place 1. 1 = Least 5 =Most [Do you think that his community is unique from other communities?] 1 2 3 4 5

How is it different from other places? ______2. What is the first thing that come in your mind when you hear the name of this community? ______

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3. Which place in the community that you think represent the community cultural values? ______4. What place in the community that is use to conduct religious activities and did you participate? ______5. Which place in the community is most visited by visitors? ______6. 1 = Least 5 = Most [Which area in the community that you don't want to visit?] 1 2 3 4 5

Which place and why? ______7. Select the most suitable choice as a measurement for measuring place identity? o Not special and no identity o Notice community identity but did not participate o Notice community value and bonded through feeling o Notice community value and bonded with the community in a higher level o Contribute to community goal and agree with it o High contribution to community and ready to give help o Highly contributed to the community and ready to sacrifice personal assets

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8. In what way are you bonded to this community? o Through ancestors o Have lost someone in this community o Ancestors have lived in community since birth o Ancestors contribute to the establishment of community o Through trading o Conduct business in the community for a long time o Inherit family business o Through belief o Bonded with spiritual elements o Bonded with spiritual elements and participate in religious activities Part 4 Identity Process 1. 1 = Least 5 =Most [How much impact do you think that you receive from this community?] 1 2 3 4 5

What kind of impact did you receive? ______2. 1 = Least 5 = Most [How much do you notice unqiue aspects of this community?] 1 2 3 4 5

What unique aspect that makes this community unique to you? ______

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3. Do you considered yourself as a member of this community? o Yes o ______o No 4. Do you feel proud to live in this community? o Yes o ______o No

5. If you have seen the community since the past, what remain the same? ______What are the differences? ______6. 1 = Least 5 = Most [How well do you associate yourself with the establishment or the history of the community?] 1 2 3 4 5

Associated through what medium? ______7. 1 = Least 5 = Most [How much does the community environment important to you?] 1 2 3 4 5

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In what way does the environment important? ______8. 1 = Least 5 =Most [How well do you think that the community is suitable to you?] 1 2 3 4 5

What aspect are you suitable with the community? ______9. 1 = Least 5 = Most [How much does living in this community affect you?] 1 2 3 4 5

Positive impact inside the community ______11. 1 = Least 5 = Most [How much help did you receive and how well do you feel at ease to live in this community?] 1 2 3 4 5

What type of aid did you receive? ______12. 1 = Least 5 = Most [How well is your relationship with the community or workplace inside the community?] 1 2 3 4 5

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What are the positive relationship?

______Part 5 Great Place Evaluation

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BIOGRAPHY

Name Mr. Natanont Iempoolsub Date of Birth April 7, 1997 Educational Attainment Academic Year 2017: Bachelor of Urban Design and Development (International Program), Thammasat University Academic Year 2018: Master of Urban Design and Development (International Program), Thammasat University

Publications

Natanont Iempoolsub, Assistant Professor Jaturong Phokharatsiri, Ph.D. Behavior and Perception of The Urban Redevelopment in Suanlhuang - Samyan Neighborhood, Bangkok. Paper presented at the 16th Pacific Regional Science Conference Organization Summer Institute (PRSCO), Chulalongkorn University.

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