DAVID AND SYLVIA STEINER YIZKOR BOOK COLLECTION STEVEN SPIELBERG DIGITAL YIDDISH LIBRARY NO. 1 4 2 3 5
Velyki Mosty Memorial Book
Mosti-Vi’ elkeh • • •
THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY - NATIONAL YIDDISH BOOK CENTER YIZKOR BOOK PROJECT
NEW YORK, NEW YORK AND AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS THE STEVEN SPIELBERG DIGITAL YIDDISH LIBRARY PROVIDES ON-DEMAND REPRINTS OF MODERN YIDDISH LITERATURE
©2003 THE NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY AND THE NATIONAL YIDDISH BOOK CENTER
MAJOR FUNDING FOR THE
YIZKOR BOOK PROJECT WAS PROVIDED BY:
Harry and Lillian Freedman Fund
David and Barbara B. Hirschhorn Foundation David and Barbara Margulies The Nash Family Foundation Harris Rosen David and Sylvia Steiner Ruth Taubman
Original publication data
AUTHOR Starkman, Moshe, 1906-1975.
TITLE Mosti-Vi'elkeh : hayah ye-hurbanah shel kehilah Yehudit / [havre ha- ma’arekhet, Mosheh Shtarkman, Avraham Akner, A.L. Binot].
IMPRINT 880-02 [Tel Aviv?] : Irgune yots'e Mosti-Vi'elkeh be-Yisra‘el uve-Artsot ha- Berit, 1975-1977.
DESCRIPT 2 V. : ill. ; 25 cm. SUBJECT Jews — Ukraine — Veliki ye Mosty — History. Velyki Mosty (Ukraine) — Ethnic relations. Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) — Ukraine — Velikiye Mosty. add'l title Mosty-Wielkie memorial book.
THIS BOOK MEETS A.N.S.I. STANDARDS FOR PAPER PERMANENCE AND LIBRARY BINDING.
PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.
• • • • • •
MOSTY-WIELKIE
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'p’p aaip unjjT ps ps ,pvw‘?sa nyss'j-onnaD’nxs pjnyj pa t>s t>ix .aayaayp I’x y’spx’iyaaynjjj yoixpxa n lynyri t’x o!jt nyajj ,'7x‘?s'ot35?aax» ms lajjs is ysxBDpxa ayi ”a yp’ijoaxn n pp’iis i5?as5?‘? aya p>x .nnx pxi iirc’n ’a tx a:ixtyi I’a t3?jn P’sya lyPnyrs ix .y’P’axs P’a is pjaippms px is’iPmx is lyaji"?;;! ma I’x aira nya:ix lyaj’n laipny oya aaybyiaaia a’a ]axn a‘?yp iix ayajin I’x «T>ix ijiiysxn ’a o’x a’a px a:’‘?’as aya lyaipyj rx'o .D’irTya‘’sx3 aya X aaxaayi axn 3ij’'?’as aya .laiip’iaix ’t lyaipyi I’x a'?xa .Anayaa”Paxs ps lyjyi y’spx aya I’x .1942 paya ipain ps y’spx ’a — y’spx'aaxa y”3 ait’ia 12 .ixa a’x px x^’a ayaoyiw yayaPy p’a lyaipyuaix nnsizra aynjix aiP’j I’X 1942 ayaiT a’lx .paya s;ain-.ii’‘?’as ]’x nx^W ayaaxaaya lyjyi n” px D’ipr ayaaxay:i Py’syso ”i lax-a oxa .miaap ix ^xa P’x p’p pynx yayiw yaya’iraxs ”a ap’asyipxa o’sxi ’a lax-a iirmya yiii’ .ayai’p yr’Pp pyw‘?ya i”p la” aii’ia 60 aa’syio’iax ”t pxn 1942 aon’ix ipain .pysax .aaxaayiaix ”t aaxa iix , 0x1 aaxsxsxa ^’ix Pxa’sip ini’a” I’x ayaaxy:^ I’x ax'i a”s aya iipaa I’X axn -ayaax aya piS p’aiyaip-D”iax axa p’x .py"? p’'?ayi oj laaa px axn lya .laxnyi lyaiiyipynx t’x nnsipa ysixi ’t -p’a”P na’a ’a isxaayj .lyiyi aiy’a ”i I’x ppuraxa'axa’ixo px pm ’a .xaya — na’U ’a iyaipy:i I’x 1942 aoaaxn 12 aa’inyi a’a pxn xi .nasi-p” I’x ’n yayiay P’s lynyi lyiyr xayi px ,p”iapaxap yaya’iyaxs px B‘?yp ps p’'?yi -aayjainys .aya’s p’x I’x ny‘?a”a lypnixa IS ayB”ii ^’t ms pyiyA oxn iP’iroaayP aypaxair aya axi 1’ix pra”a ’a pxn — aayiybpaxe I’t oxn xayj px p” p iJ? yaxa’ixo yasyPip ’a px asxw^iy ’a ’as ,xay5 ps nmr aya aayayppaxs aya px a‘?ymiiyAD’ix ”t isxn a”s aya I’x .ya‘?yT ’a ]a”‘?3 i‘?xt piJiiJ’ixs .lyaxT’iai paxpxa oyi /ay:ix‘?'y’sxamys3XP 8 aya iis a”t ayayajx ’a ps p” y3ya’‘?3yiays’x ’a aa’syiays’x ”t pxn ]’nx .ayix‘?‘’poiixix’ P’sisays’ax ayaaya yiya”a ’a isxn mix I’lx .oxays yaa’a’np’’? p’aiyiyp .mnasn yaya’iyaxs .ayj”aiy ay”T a’l"? p’aaixiP .ay3X^'’ponx3X’ PX p’‘? .uax P’lx 3yi -aiypyi ]3X.a a’a a”ii ’n ,a’a lyayi n’apui yay’a PX ay .ixa p’asaipis p’a xayi px mjyixa 1’x sxn 1942 aysaysya 1 1 3 T 1 3 T ’ 30 nainn intjn I’a .lympyiaiK t’n nnsipa yxjxi pr I’lx .t>x ’ii dsi3”x lynyj .jnyiay'? 3n nyasy"? lyi -anjjsjjsxn nn ”a i’i3i ms o^nyA B’a DAnsjTsn I’a I’is iix pnaxs lywa’n s T’x ayaiiiiyA ojjn i»;a ]”» .myisB? lyAAXAayT lyAyt'o .anynyi 33i?P w>i oy ajjn lyT”’? .onjjT aynns ."l”T]yiV// mynay*? iDsa is 1943 ’jv min oyi aa’au^S^ PUn iiram n tij n’a iix *110 s lyaipyi t’x yfi£5-DJ3ip?nxa nyn is ts lyaijamss pun n’a nyn'7yii ’n I’s pyiix piyr naix iis x .piiyaun is I’t ’ii )Ayii ]3it isnxi ”i pun ixa i”a a’a ^’a nyany ynynix I’x iiy'>jya'?ynua oairyA ]3un ynyniu -lyosy'? lyn rt is inuiw aa’oma fx ouii nyAu'? Dy”A 8 rx lyaiiyApyiiu .p” yiyiPayj-py^ n nxiB sxay p’^ayi I’x r3 nyn’ii .a‘?”ays njix pa aun a^s nysnip u lUJ .anaiir; ’n ps sy*?? lo x a’a a’Pixa ,]Dy lu ayas ,ayanxyA nyiw ,aj‘?y oyn aD’njnyn aun J3i'?D”iisnxD ’i .nyAAin ]is i'?uiwyA lyiiyi n’a lyayr y‘?u pa p’Po’ix nysn ouii I’a "iut a’la nyi layayj aun I’X .ap3iB-y’sx3’a‘?ip .jn”'? ysy^pyniy ’i .lyAiayj I’t aun I’x nya’jyii I’x irix’ laPuoax pa sax’? -lyp’tun nyn px y^yima ppp u nioa aAAx‘?nyn T>a aiu’yP’a lymAixipix ix nysi^a ajjn autsiy pK ]ayanx ’’t pyii pnu'a ’8 -y’nia n’a rx ny p‘?yii I’x ,iua P’a lis lyiUBiyiss aun I’k ."ipyirxaD„ a’a pyna is lyiaxa I’t ayii ny px ,xaiA ajjn I’x .nua I’u a-i’ayA niix lya aun Ajja p’x .p’Paiu is T>t a’nA ny tu I’T pAApyA n’a rx ay px .p’Paix is a”nAAy‘?yA n rx as’x tx lajj^irua .n'run PX paip is jyii x aaityj iix D’nu I’x I’a aauA”a .ny'?yp I’x la^xnxa pnAy”! ,anu is aiu ps anynixiiyA — ixa p’a p’lAait — tu ajjn o’mn 4 aun 1944 AAxaAU airny .aayn yiynsn px ]'?usisA’nx p’liyAO’ix au’a yny’ n^Uii pu nypAia u I’x -lyaiayA iy‘?nAy n’x I’x px ’’sPuB yii^’Aixnpix n a’a 'laup px i‘?xayA lyjyt paix iia lo x -aaunyA p’a laun p’a iix p”"? pa Ta”s ynyiw ’t ]’x .iaxn‘?uo"iyTiya ywa”! ”apx yw’ay’iiuo ’i aun 1944 ’P’ ,»]io-'iio .ja'rxmya’x lun I’a i‘?yii nwax pa nat p’p launayA ac^’i iix ,Anyaayp i”p paipyA lyayt n’a .a”naua haix I’X launoyA n’a pun ,n’a ’ii yaair’nxa ,17” ya^”syA .ninawa ynynAix anun ps px i^’ia i”p nya’nx n’a pAyt a”nAAy^>yA nyairny nyn ”a .Anyaay"? .nyAx^>'D’B’^a x px nAx^iya”n p’p .‘?xnw’-px P’P ]”T IS n‘?iy lyiiyj nair n’a pxn 1947 nyaayaayo min JllA’a •N :iimy pa oayrya^M 3] y’i?^>5r’n-’DCsa "lyipK omiN N ))Q i;iMN n 1>N UtJKO Dp^jjs ^J?o’n:l nyi n^o tJOjja btjj'jinb pjjn ojjn njw ]id n nija IJj: pu’-oiii’ ]i8 nyirp n ps ‘jDytsiy ps jjiijjanyT n I’s .yDuntJOsos? •Bjj iw DpyayiBjj m'>i laijn njj’ j;iyB{j‘?nKS ,yp’'?iayx n .u}'?p ps v>-ib abjinyjans -tjojja y^’Dir iw yrw o^^ ppayiyj I’o .manat yp’tjjT n Btrt’tiya •yaojjo ipnypyaw nix aytvT'xsBtz; oyt pyi ma in5;7‘?5?n a’a ]a”t y^x its m TK ^y‘?^’'’a n loyanxB aw’a payp n’a ; y'7ny”S’'?tj;B nyi ’’a n’rxii yw’ouattt n inn aain»j;yaa”s 4y'>ny'?’BBt yiyn’tnxs p’ant py’ lyatpnjjB py'?B'o an’insa ajjn .o’tujb ttK‘?p 15 a’a lyaoypnjj; ny”i .-iyiyyViy”B yp’^’tfnD nvnyn yir’osiatp lasa i3ay'7D its^p nyi .'?ayvv its oxa-DB’w nyi o’lx lay"? 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Bp^iryipyTix tnaix pa ojjn nijirK‘?s iis .yo’ia pa ajjn '?'>''D x rx .pyaxp'Txi p I’x '?'”a x jyppy'ryo x aa’syjDan pa .aymx ayayni:? p IPSnxa t>x aa’uaKnp 3 ''''x ap’i’pyx nrx ojjn aya rx ayjrn ps lo’^rya a’a laxn r'n^’''x PS V’lwix px aaxT .ap’a’naixaxo ]yip^ t’h bijjt ayoxn oxt aya r’a .ax’ a‘?xn x ps 9 PS ayo’^y px ,‘?x'iaiy ybyant aynaix paipyjaix fx aya axs aaxn paipyiaix ppr a’xa arp p’a yTca.aaiy ’ns o‘?i:?ayn ayann .Taya'jy y3”a pxaayi axn ‘?an aya'?yt aya .An”asxa IX P8 tjyaax n’lx aa’syapynx laaix pa bx .a’la aya ppsys aaxa i^xt a’a ’aa -p’aaxs px nx'?i8S aya’P tapx pa axn ,in”aDxa aya axs jya yasyb ’a px ]X lyJ^JJiXP ’“I px toaxaaxs JXtJ 8—7 tapx p’?X'ayJ PX pax^xp yapxsy5 ''?is pax^XP ’a ps ya’n-a'jxn y’aywa px o’nx ppt a’a pp .ppj’ao px loy •xa appyj aw’a a’a taxp nya’iaaans ’a ,ay:aaya yp’aiypa ’a lyryi px ’p ppa p’w ’PX oy’jx t3 '?yp ayw’axaaxa ayw’ayaaya x»x px pp ’nx /iD”aj ...lay*? tix a’a pxP waxa .axowp’iyayo i”? paipyi a’a ppt ayaysw jya yp’r’x .B”asxa pn ’a taaix pxn ’xa P '5 oya .py px yw’j’raya patpxa •X*?’? 30 ij’ppj axn I’X .Doxa t”P P»pyJ I’x I’a .aan^a aya ixa X ”a paipjsx axp I’x oya’jyp ,a”Vp x px‘?s'paxa p’lx as’ipaxs axn I’x axs T’x oxa Dx« ! a’a mxi px ay’ts ayaaxpxa x p:( 3 xjyjp a’a is t’x .ay’is ."layoya I’t uyp oy'?x -aw ’3 :iaxT .DiDa”a oayaxs i”a ps p’ba I’x ,ya”a .axtJ’a I’x d”s x armyi px p’p^w p’p aya’ax lyjyt a’a .lay"? p’‘?aya dj ’s by ppt txa P’a px lybsaxp Tixbwyj px bxaw’ p’p pips nbp a’a payt 1949 ax’ T’x .aaxb px *H : pna attt oya'ixx^ 39 S’P^’y’ii-’BDsa p1p'7V*T3KD Kn\y 5? 1 X 3 K p \?t3N0 VN ’T ]iD mn-iDt n lyis?”*? lyaiiyj rx Tia-a'iDf dst lyaipxa aj?n ^’x tsii ,D’'ta'?a n aya’x pnja’na? tx ,ap8B aya pijnyi tiPxbs’ix a’a fx nyooija ,nnaPa yayytyji^j ’’ns injjnyj ujjjaayT aa?’3 — nnaiz? nana ’xinx — ly^yt nyii’P ytr’a” nyaoxa ’t aaiypya rm’oa iix mann d’iia u’a px — b'’t Tinx n .‘?s‘n2?’ nnoa nna p’lsiya ”t iix nnn aijn px .n"y Pnxp Pxi^;’ n px — as?’3 pis? n’x pjyayj lyaxi'y’P’axB p’t ,D’nan yap ny”T ,ayi 3 ”iBxa pnxai:? lynyj lyjyt Pxna?’ n px imx ’ai a”p 3anay 3 is px DBxira’P ’t lynyj t’x oy o’nj ’n ...a’ana m’ an’jty nj’naa pyryj ly^yt n’a ,nos ix 3 lynys fx oy :apxB nyaiJPxs IVi’a pp ,”t pir’ns pinnx 'T ps n’Ps; x lympyj oysiPs t’x mn» px pxns;’ 'p ”a aapypyj px pyiypXPii^pyT 8 Px arxPyjpya’x naix axn Pxnu^’ n .d’x is pxps?’ 'p ibip 'p p’x ’11 ’ 1 TX// : Bp”spyp TP 31X Pxpa?’ cxP -p’Piyaipp’pis .tyapnx ’ap is pynx ,Pxpiy’ taiypByj p’a px p’lx ’p aiByys ipnx ’ap axn ,iya''py^ 2 ”P8 px^ ]’3 irip’n X /Hpin'pap x p’p pxs pxt is ’pa ,apxiiy3 p’p p’lx axn p’x ? oy ao’a ip axn ,iyiP’n ayp px^ ap’pjyyj axn py lyn ."’naii^a nx’S’ pxb 'D”nn-pix, p’lx .npnaa nxs’ inawii no’oj ’p p’lnyaix P’t oan’p’aPn pyo’ipj oPx aixpxa piiya .paPa pais x pnyi t’X ipnx ’ap 0X11 ,pyapxPX3 pyiyoxPiraax ppxair x puy^ I’x py .D’ai^'xp’ pyo’ipj px •lyaxtJii^PXs oy axn py ’ii ,n’ppnn nip.p’n mpa D’P’aPn y 3 ”t p’spyp oyp p”c; px nyi!? 18 T’a p’payipyP ,nipaPa ayp is p’isxa aoipy py”T n’t axn py ypxa piyr o’P’aPn y 3”T .P’s x — piy’ x oyp PX ptyj axn py .nyp-nya .nip’on px poia-’PBO ,d’poib px o^u; px o’X’pa ,nip’a ’Pya ppxny^o’ix ’p P’t a’axa px niaia nip’a Pya x -wiya pyina’txs laPyt x lyny^ I’x py .D’P’aPn y3”T I’x p 3 xPBa”x nip’a yap yp’ixp axn iPaP pyo’ipj x p’P 3y”T .paPa xpa 3 x lyny^ fx Pnxp Pxpttn 'P px ,PiaPn px niy’p’ ya”pa D’p’aPn y 3 ”T pyayipya’x nix’pa d’ip 3 a’a py 113 m 3 1 ’ 40 D’lrya is iis ya’*? lyirp ’i ”3 is3i<‘?Disa”x mijjTyj p’o^xs”'?! -D’p’as pyti Q’Tis’D yjyi’wisD i^>”siyi nns iy ojy'js mposn n px •Q’aic D’l’a^n y3”t ”3 tj‘?p’nD3s iy tsjjn ta’aiyi .mnio mi’a ps ^Kiir?'> nnns iy”T '>>1 ‘?’si2?'>'>3 oa’iyi ins sjjn ay .osn iJjtJ is ru’DJ iix loiyn yw’‘?NiN» 1N3 p’D’ns px — ,iNt3‘p3sa T’x — iNiita’a ny’ .jri’ss’ix ly^yj^x pn o’a ’3 ”3 ‘j’jaa ps ,D’'i’!3'?n yjytynyj yi’n ”3 nisu ly’jaNf iy i3jy'?s -JNtJ’o .D.i’oaia m’lr -o’Dasa yp’iiasa — ino3 ina — ixs ,D'>ra-'‘?5?3 yiysN^tt? Iiunya pa -ViP’-osaxa tsjspxaDix m 1’s ’n -'i^'”siyi N3 I’x T’x .aan-i’a*?:! lyo’iu x p’^^x ,n"s ayoNs P’a •I’a'i’n x O'SixP ‘?xiir’ 'i 1X3 D’la’ra i3it ddn» p’p -sj’inyi pxn ’i'' T’^S’Jja 'iini ps paipys N ’ll tnynyi iy D^n ,'s?n?i-n’3 pya p’i2y”3 .lyina pyaJ” p’a px I’a u?n?3-n’3 px iy22X2yj 2 ”ix t’x iy .nisoin s’a xiaj lyu’p o’a any'? la^a “rxiir?’ '1 T’a sixiiyj sxn lysxs p’a ."oPW// pyjyj d’x sxn “rxiiy’ 'i px *11X1 I’X// ipiy’rn ma i‘?xis7’ n is I’t siiyuyj px ,iiy’it^ ayi sp’iayyj sxo ^yjisyi ypxs pw o’x 3xn I’x px mns '(p’iN’'a‘?xn px p’j p’a ixs ia'?a x pxs 3»'?a 8 I’a n’aiya^pyi pya t’8 I’X ‘?’ii •P’'?X a’x oiyt oxi ojxpxaaix ix — I’a Px ,ia'?a '7111 is sp’iryj d’x bx<3 ^xiit’ 'i .pt pyaji’ lya sxn iy ix -o’lx ST”n .I’a'jn d'?x Tyauyaix ay — ‘722 P’dsixi ii’ayni// a 2 iy‘?y 2 laxn oxn .n^njn noaa ’»3x ’i ps i”i ’i ps lo^’xnya OXP -na’tt? D’7X’‘7a2 pi ps lyjjy.ux P’i? lyiiya t’x px Main D’i’a'jn ‘ i3ir pxw I’a'rn 73 ,/ :p’i32XT -pnyi pap ”t D’i’a‘7n y”3 payaax D”3 axn px px 'i‘7Xiir’ '1 ”3 pjiyp p’lnyjix axn I’x .''iyna,Tn’a'7 023” x '7 naa o'2inx '1 iiyn px t’i‘7p iy2’DX’oin iyi px p’22”ix I’x 2y'7S a”s iy”is iyi .l'7XH?Mi''n ”iis ps iyp2iiDy2 I’x axn ’itx -iiy’iy lyax -iixiiya TDy 2 ixs ]y 2yt d’dis ‘7’s px nx’ lo X pynx ]y2yt oy ’i’a'7Xi yo’ii2 ”iis ’1 .012 I’t 0i72yiy2 o”po’ii2 o''7xnr;’ 'i px o'2inx 'i Q’ 2ia^ ]is in X lyisiyi is pyP iy”t oyai’iiy2 pxn nii’a ’‘7ya px o’aan ns2ra I’t px ,niin'’iai px oaxiaixs yi”a I’lx pxn ”t . 101a ’Pya px .xoi’ 2 a n’ais p’os x '7 .iynytt?-02iix yoysir ’i px t’a lynjra ...xyixa ’^ai ’laa ’2n ^y ’i HP’S : pm OIK layJvnys’H 41 sr’P^JS’n-’BOija m 3 >i .K p-nm 1976 7nflN^ 27 )v>i — nxiv^n oi»a o>na*T o>v>npn nv»a nv^nin Jiv>*Tpn tjpua np7N>1 >0^10 >^1*Tp *)3tb D’ayn ’ITS ‘?as ,n'?sn'?i mry'? ixi? ,Dttna nsn’x ’nn’ looiann o’lw nry ’a’wa n’lin’ I'j’xn D‘?isn mais paa o’eya pi .anippa'? niaiax I’n i'?ia nPiya n’ltJian nwnsn np’yai msn niaa dPsot monai ayn ,mtppn rm’un .D’lanin •iris’i psa’T ml msana oyn Py laoi .amn’ xPn nsa amn’n D'?nn'? ,a’ia P’xi pnw D‘?iyny; isniyai nnoa on’wya ns ’jaun nyy n'?'’nna natyin 'I'lDai minaai mso’ia laymm my ,i‘?siyin nmn’ '>n'>’?’ai /"jd ’I’y'? inxn yro '>'?a ,Dmiaa anvn nna"? -a’a^sn a’sinn nna*? abis .ansan ’Jiyaaa (niyoin opaa nai siPia) naps amas ,nDST apy’ i"'! ,iai3'?’t npai Rivka Sllberman-Gemer, Dr. Ya’acov Roth, and Avraham Ackner at the ceremony. 113 niDf 42 nisan oi^in ns T’oa nusi 3p?’ ''"r ’DO!j» ’wnp V"V n3s» n D^”nt538 nuijT ipy’ n"i Dr. Ya’acov Roth unveiling the monument ny»”3 n is3s^>s ro wit3”iS3 nsn uvn tsisi noiji ips’ y't B’'?s;n’ ’inn nwnn npoj open nn sona nosi 3p»’ yi Dr. Ya'acov Roth, speaking at the grove-planting ceremony in the Jerusalem hills. 43 ntpssu? in’Sim nnyai nnya D’am'?! nmia nw’js lapi os'? wi2;i8nn ,mT5;i .D’sxan n’nn msmon n’l’ir; ns mnpn'? is’an D’ssin® nsrn navsn nswn ’a’a D’iiz; 34 naa nay pnrnsi ’ns •liaan I’la’a ns uaj? bv — iiatt?i in‘?o — pmn ssa s'? r’ty’i 'i’Hnz?’ ay by may ns npsir nawni posn paiy ns y’anir n’ais*? '?an nrpn nyatya s'? pvy ,D’nns D’ay paa an’nnyi D’nxnn ny nypm ’irmai ’i*?! isisa nyara ma nayu; m‘?n 5 n masya'? ’ais'? dw’s ana — ays ns ly’s: s'? ’'?isi — iwjn ma .’ntasn Mnn nya ipniri nsn la np^>s’ir’Doia ’anp v"v ntpnma inat nasa n’anp nsaosa ’t ps PnPsn ps nasa ’i The memorial stone dedicated to the sanctified Martyrs of Mosty-Wielkie. i^a’"? p’jm ii’matpna '?ai min’ myaa ^y U’*?!! nnaiy ppsa ,nya ,u’mn ,ii’mnstt?a maipm D”ii’yn ,mn’sn'? ,na’nnn s’a'? ,in’y ’ipnp^ D’iina ns isn’w i:aai la in’ap’ n’s ,n’nnsi laasy ns d’'?spp las m’mipai -isnip ’sa ,nsi-i’sa '?s')ip’ n’a ns’niz? ns ,mn’sin ns -snan bnon ns ,aynn ...?'?aa ’"T’a oyn n”'?am p’xa laipipa n’ai '?sniP’ n’a ns’nip ns s’aan in’an’ a'?ai ,a'? la ays’ niPS ip’S// nsia’n ’nns ap s'?ip ,ui'?t n’s .las a’‘?snpi ? npyaip ayn '?ip iaia'?y ns yan’i ’ais*?.! lamppa ’lana "am n’ma p’t ,p’t nya’ a’payn '?y laws an’ni‘?’n ,a’'?ipn’ by ns a’sann nipsa ,msoa masn lanasip ni'?i'?nn myaan '?ya — ^nasi py '?a in’ntpm a’bizm’b a’aoa myaam ana i^’sn ,ips: nn’nai miaaa a’sana ‘?sniP’'’aa lan^a .p’^y ai’a a’naiy 113 niDf* 44 nwMpn ns?’’! ntr^nn opDi '»doid •’Xxv *iyDOx» n idt”? ,D’»^tr?i*i*’ HD nsn n ‘?*7‘?s?ii nrD0Jj;a Mostyites at the ceremonial planting of a grove in the Martyrs* Forest. •’sy D^’^Dii Dnnnxi laia nor Yosef Mund and Avraham Ackner planting saplings. 45 np^s’T’ooia D.TJianai on’mmD nm D’sannB? ^^^n on’isa mom D’m D’‘?‘?n D’ma’Jn lypan ,Dmian oma’jn byi r'?j? ms’i — ‘7iaaB; mn inn ns ic’pn main ,Dn'''?y maj n’sann nasiyn "jas ,n’‘?Bnn’‘? lyim natrna ^T7 naxy'? D’sanm ,D’‘?‘?n i‘?s2 min’ man man‘?a n‘?5? n^ipan n’a nypain n’‘?B;n'> s'?! vy na ya:’ s'?* ’a did’d mn^i ns la^pi -rina’am D'*'?B?n’ ‘?y onan iddb? ns ms’xa B?airn mp ,mya:in ims ‘?y na ,na nms n^m ..."ynt '?a na n'?y’ D’^’xa D’xy aiin ,DnnB iB?T>n onnm myain ,nms maanai a’'?B?n’ nn '?a .oms D’oaa D'>a'?a'?a O’n’iri nn’p’ lat'? mya^n ims ‘?yw nimnn ns D’lrnpai D’umpa nms ,nT yna ‘?smy’ nxi*? nnasn n‘?isjn iitnb nmoa v.nn? n’lrnp '?b? np’n mar ay anmnai anair maipan a’ana np’nyn nnnsoaB; n’arn'? ’sna amaa"? ,pnnsn aar ny ,nanaa) "I’s ns yy na ur’n,/ laa ,myawa an ‘?aoa yym i'?’sn '?ir ima’irn nmnia snpn nsoai .('‘?ira) "na n’P’Tna'? S’n am yy„ -(nnan) "niB^n yy nnsn ’a// ’a/, ^snB?’'? n"apn an'? nas ,iynan nais ../'anyaai ynsn bn isian ’av/ aina ,ms nas’ s'?!? .my>D 2 a nn’nt vn s'?s yaj s'?! 2vi masn '?s ,y“>f ,na ns nna'?! nnns'? yimai naiy ns na ?’n my ns nni? naa ^pt ns nmnaoa maipa msa wax'? 'n'?!a'' ..."n^pr ns is yam I’cin ,naa nnn '?s nn’mmn -nn’mirn ns isaa ,naia‘? nanat n^masi? pn nais -yyn nai?a mn’a'? na'? ’aiD’a ns nnan nr nva .aatra !"aa ‘?sni?’ yns'? nviJ^yn nn’ynym nnnaaa nr ni’ nay'? !'?nni?n '?"t n’mas .'?sni?’'ynsa ‘?mn i'?’s'? ,^sni?'''y">J< .I’mn’a! yyn ,ynsn ay nmnn n!?pn ns ptn'?i ,n'>aa'?a nsaanan '?sn!?'> ay '?i? nmonn innan"? an yan !?’ yyn mmana ’a .npoia '>n'?a ni’cn manpnn mn’nn n!'>'?y imnaa p '?sn!?’ ay n!n'?!n .!’n!n'?!na ynn '?as ,ni!!n! n’aiy ni?’aa '?i? maipn ni b?’! nnna! a!'?a'? '??? maipn b?’ nya B^nnna sin nB’nn nji? '?a '?b? nsia nyB? nr T'?’S"y5? .n'?!y'? nsB?J >s'?a n’B?nn n’aay nmaix -ininn ’Sina naya ipnnn s'?b? n’aiyn nipaa naan '?'?aa mma nmas nns '?snB?’ ay nj ]a ,n'>'?xa! na n^ana ,n’a'?a'?an .n’m a'?a'?a ,mpaa I’a’ B?nna yum ,nya anniyna nmyn mma ,n’nn!X! n’p’xa nsB!J sin ,nT yar p’ny nya na’B? npni s'? ,n'>’a'?sn na ni'?an .imya ns B^nnai ixnsa B?nn n’a laxy'? nna sin ,nn’yx nrna n’pn nt pmy ay .inipn m n’yx naian ypnpn ns in?n'? ni yT> m ay .nmnn '?a iio ny p’s niay’B? np’nyn ’B?nB?a n’piani nnins im’ nnns laip’B? mninm? in'? naui nmn ’payaaB^ .m'?ian nansa n’B^nB^ia i‘?'?n n’xyn laa iimanm nxns •las .nnam nmn nst niDT “IDO 46 P’nan jnpiVn ^pua nttN)v> ona*T 1975 *>att^'T!7 23 ,V'!7 V/ji Jia\5 ovi D’yssa tJtsn'? ’ixn ds /Itist nsoa ims u?’ ds n’^psiTz; e;’ ,'>m'>nxi ’ns D’msn ,nsitrn ’I’nizr lams o’aiy ,it n'?sE? bv .D‘?iy’? tt’*?!’ s^ nirsi n’'?jn s'?!!? 1 nsiirn ‘?57 anD’mrr ’"ja n’Tipa n’Tin’ mann lan’n m‘?a j n^sm E?sna D’^sian ,anpn nayn ns lyi’ irmaai iraac? ’‘?aa ’mtDO’n iiran pn’ Di‘?a ,Dpasai an”n ns n’a’c? ’‘?aa ton’mas masi on’mas ns Tpsir m’sm ’Aion ?P’s'? namyi an’sio’a .piDf’nsD na’na s’n n’mam n’:i’n :n’‘iais i2S p'? nmn pair: o’anp nnna pay ns npsir mnosm D”:nDn mymsan '?a naya nsi ,my“iisan oms bir n’si ’ly ’i’ Vy iana:ir D’ai’si np’p, mpiar'? n'?ya’? nairin na narsm n'm^n nsiirn nna nnna naai naa nns ‘?y pa nnso: na .n’rnn ’?v ’ais'rm ’niannn ,’mn ’:nnn tanan nnaim ,pay ir’'7ira .D‘?iyn nnn’ '?ir nn‘?Di n:air m’aya nr nnn’ ntrs ny m:'? s'?: aipir'? s’? n’aisbn pnam ,iTa m’n’ .D‘?iy min’? ns:im noaai n’lra ms’oa nps’m narn n:rsi nn’nir it n‘?’np ns n’s^n*? pasy '?y p‘?a’p ,‘?"TnaT nsa ’coia ’I’liri ’ssp ,t:st .najian ‘?y Tia'?T nas‘?an ns D’’?irn‘? P’anr ’rs'? nmm n:'?ir tr-npn s'?s nmn ’?ir nm’a navsn n’‘?:nn s’n n’aiasn nsssnn s'? nirss ,’n’p’ nai’p ‘?y pyn’ s!? n’:irn D‘?Tyn nan^a"? nyir ,msn anpair ns'?san ,ms‘sSn mup na”p n’lrpsn mir’n imair pny’ir s'? '?as ,ms‘’iTa ,ms'sn3 ir’ir pyr’ nn'?:nn s’n nnna nn'?inn nsT nars n’'?:n .ms s'?n '?’nnaT msn na:: nair ,na'?a m s'?: ,nnaai '?s’n’s n:m'? n’ay nsn n'?ynir a’nxn oy ^ir n’:air mana .i'?ia D^iyn ^y imo^nirn I’ai i:’a n’n yirsa s'?s ’!'?’: ’1’'? sa Sim ,D”p pniy ynnr yntn ’nn ,oain pir-’ansmr ’s '?y 'isi D’nsnynai nsnso p’nnn ’ss:a d: ’i'?’: ’n’'? sa sin ,npiirai npiir ninisa nsan n’lrsna n'?Pir pnn .nimns niyinta niaisn nnana D’'?apnan on’anai 47 ,njwsnn n»n'?a s’n xbn ,m?s naipy nanba ’"y nayin irrnmz? .nstn ,nsitt;n nsp inra njo .D’m? n’m i^au^ n”3’an nsipna nay innaa ma» .D’Tin ’xnai ninnn s’ja o: ima ,]Dp v'sip -Q’toya pair unn ’ja ns o’pbna manisaiz; iissan 'vim “ja ijnsi ,na'>‘?Dn nnsir las nnsr •>» nniy nns axa I’Q’py^i D.T'y”Da‘?i nns ixa nnsn'm*? Piyn p'?in nirya'? .nsn*? on D’ornu? — na s'?! oy mnan aia mna*? imaa ’S’xaa ,nmaa lap s'? nws D^yms ^airn ynt — ans no -o^yin ’no on’iratt? '?ai "D''ansn//‘Dy n’naa nairnn mana ism D'''sa'”a!:?is! pyasi’sa an snir? ’airn aiom .an'?’ naa'? ,D’a!’'?''a nn’sn'? D’sm® -nnns D’ay ’aaa nyoina ,yaa pnna D’siyiy ima ,n'?sn niynn '?aa iss — D'?iyn b'n la’aai la’aa ’onpiann D'?iyn nai '?’'sn'xi a'?aTni ,!na s'? !'?'?n D’sism .nna n'?!Dtr? n^nn -D’snffi’am nnacan '7^ irsn '?yi mn '?y nay no^nnm pima nay ’lysnm s'?! !pyT s'? on .n’a!'?!sn’s nan'?a inp'? onyia I’sir !tnan onnan! nn’a’xa! ^a ns nm nnsa !a'>'?2?n o^ayao? n’a!an aa I’s !a’sn !a'>a'>y !aa .!p’yTn «ia '?y na!n ’O’sn !aa!’p ny naay '?n!a'? nynaa nyu?a n!''aa!nn msn’sn nnn bv n!sn!an nn’i? ’aoa mnoa! niryna may '?sni:?’ m!ts nty! ,D”aTsan n!'?!ian ,n!’anp!a7n '?a ,D’aasnan '?a ,13 '?y in’ .!a'?’xn'? yass !ypa s'?! ,n’ssan in’aw na ^’xn'?! ,maipnn n!ana '?2? a’aman m ns n!aa'? !x'?na s'? n!aapn! .P’xn'? n’n "D’ayn '?a// am I’lz? iaia'?s ina nwan ana ,ainn '?u? !a!X’ya ,1942 na!:?a s'? a^!yn nan ns ,a’ama ’'?y !a’i'?’ 7!ysa// a'?!yn ns '?s!tt>! m!tyan py!T! '?ir? n’sa/, nan ns aa aayatr s'? ,a'?!yn ’a’naa nan ns aayac? s'? p ...'layair !apwa ,n'?s '?i!a mn ’a’a! .ip’ns!!a iips ,n!ans ’Vy — '?!a’aa — "a’n'?s na!aa ay pasn'? n!sa’aa nnpnn ’oss! piyan"’'?T ,B’i!xan ,a’m!aan ,a’ayan "p’lX// ^is ap s'? ,pi:?aa mry'? apyr an! ,a'?!yn yi’c? in!’a n'?'?a!iyan mamn •!n!’3 ip’.i! naan I’nan ns B'?’a? '?sn:>’ ay! .an'? i!ty'? "mmi/, n!W!asna nns .B’ayn I’a insa an’a !n!’n '?'?a 3 ,nynn ^y n!^yn'? iwssiz? Ba'?a n’xmr p’S i!S a’sman! a’anan ns a’pmaa I’sn nsrn nai2?na ,n *)3 ’I’l® n!nair n!pn s'?s -nna'? ia!n’a!J? !yn’ an ’ini:; -aaya'? s'? mpn ,n!pn b'S p’T .ayn n’lstr pa'? nniaa'? 'i!’x'? !a'?’! !a!p’ -irsn ia !'?xa’ ’‘?!siy B’nsn i!na -ayn nn’na! nnsaa -nansa i!n nna Ba '?3 nyuac? i!’x na’o?! n'?!saa na!asn p '?yc’ nils'? nnp'?! a’nx!!'? na'? -a’ana a’ao; air vipb ipn ns an'? np’ayn -irsa •n’xa '?snir’ n’nsE^ :!‘?!y ns!!rn ’I’tra nnsa anaa’na ’ax ’n!s nn!iran an!3 48 1 n 3 I TDD ’a"? nt ’am ’r imp D’'‘?n:ai ?'?aa mnna p nsis"? ’Jiry ’a,, mi ,ii’s‘? nap mi nsim isoiir ’as a’j'na anisn ’a'? m ,’as a‘?-na -anisn ."li’x‘? Dry yansai ,nia n'?yi nax n'?sn nii^a’n niasyn iina ,n'?sn omisn iina ,iasi ,Dmn Da’'?y ’nnr,/ :'?sptn’ s’ain ’^a^a ...nisa ,iisa “rna ‘?’n sa ninn ."Dn”ni nn naa ’nnr aiy oa’^iy ’nanpi ,ac?a Da’'?y ’n'’‘?yni ’’ry iD’a’ s'? aiw n’Dan*?! npin*?! nniia'? '?smy’T''i<‘? mn mani ia'?iai ,13'? '?ai’ s'? nsi ars Dia*2? ,D’'?airina '?''n ma mnsa nwsrai ni'?na3 .n’iian.T ,n''ir;Dinn iixasa d’kii n’pin n’na ,'?smy’T'iHi '?saiy’ nans'? iinis lai’nir linin'? -ii’imp^ D’an us nsri '?y nainn'? man ns i:'? npuymp s’ni ,man Pya onin’ nrn'? unis laanw .na’sni inasn .u’ssa naa^: nn niy '?a uanpa ana’ s'? Dnari u’n’p’'? nst o’an us Dy D’'?a?n'? ’'?rDa ums I’sa? nna'?i ,anixn asan nna'? ,D’np’ D’lan m’asai n'?’sna D”d‘? ’'? ia?nn ,u3'?a nypiai npyit nty nsnai ,'?n3n naa?n '?si '?sna;’ n’nsa? '?y niaa? ,‘?smr’ naia?» !'?sna?’ ’ni'?s^ n'?’sna ,n’n’ a^’Tp ."'?sna^’ yaa? D’naisn '?sna?’ nas’ ...san n’aa? lynpn’i '?n3n’ mD>l ‘ltV’'PK vaa '?a? ,’aDiaa nwan n’a n’ua '?y nasa y’sin ,un’y'? inatn nsoa ,no3an-n’a napna D’nwpn ni’i'?a;'?na;ni o’ans oa? s’aa sin .nra ^oi’ man vaip s’sin'? ua'?nna?a ,nDon nysin nns^ .in”3a nai'? ny n’la^ nsoa naa^aiar .’Doia '?y D’a;m nnipa nmsoa ups omas man irs’n ,m’y '?y ann ly’isa Dnaa nn ann '?a? niawni ni'?sa; ,"]nam nVsam/ nsoa sxa u'?ta'?i ,D’aisn ’i'? na ,m’y aa?in^ neon nana '?a? nawn ^ismaa fn n’a as n"asa nawnn naia 'jor na '?v lo’ii n^u’ni in’^s n ^?a^ unn ,nuan^ nia’ao '?ya ,nanDn .noian'n’a nannn pta ’aoiaa ^>npn ’a?sn ^a? ni’iaa^nn ^y naoia 49 np^s’i-’BOia •wiipa inma trtpn n’m ,’mtan n’pa laipaa iPiiptT'inx ns T’ln^ ins® Dipa ’U’w tma i"asa am'? n'?stt?a ,snaT ann naaona /D’aisn '>^'? na nas ts .fli"? taya nostia nawnm ,inipn-ins nyia nanan bv imatpnnm la*? amn ’i'?’j n’'? sa '?"m anaaa ,ajs aima may^ na n’lam nnsoa raia’oi mmpa sin tt?sna inawna nipsa ,‘?npn ns ftn*? “I’nai "lan say ’sa nn piB// :D’'?aa a^oa sim ,n:nm nPsipn by «lov '~i ns pn an na san '?su? ntpsa smana naoaa sm nsaian .ipmpnpns — ayn im: na nsm sx ."nan say ’sa nn pis« t^b nay ’pnaa na'7nn na 'r'nna .n'rnD ’Pyaa nnan ns n'?n s^Brnsn mn-nsc? byn mis .nwyn iai ‘?ipa pan ^ip»a i'?nip ann .'?siipn biz? nnaiaan im’iz?'’S by mm nai"? nsnn ia it niaantna ‘?in> S’pai 'inn nnniz? .poni’ yna nain ,''p'''xiz?‘?T n’yna ann p amisn n'? ’biz? nainpn nna’.nn ns .n’lyibi n’nay ninso nnnz? as n’.n .a’poisi niabna ,n"y pa yiz?in’ ,]asjni aian ’nani ’is .nnni’a nma ’n’iz?y a’aisn ’an ay I’bs irjB .13b pia ’nba ’la’aa i3bpn3i n3na ns i3snp ms’npi nia’bb ’3it p ,’oai ’na ’bis poai ’na nab ii3b nay sini ,’oai ’na a’ban niz?s by ini3bsit?i ••«•••«• ****** **•**• nmab .("tnin’bon ns annaiz? aiba») ?nin’bo m loysnss pnz? a ’3aa iz?p’a niiantn nnisa .nibpa nnis ’b nnis n’.n sini I’bs ’n’3B .nbomyai ays ’na ib ’nsan tsai .nana .n .’ biz? 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C83 njas P8mi8» o”3 ^yp3l3 rs 1B8ti”8 BPSIWi m!^’3 »8'1 TIS ’1 24 'ioi’-i3 P8iaiy ...B1P3 y3»081'l8S 08T 27 « nyB3’P n3iB ...t”P8 13’p3y3 r3 1’8 31 nyjps Dm38 ^By^^yD8^yl•^81ly 8 ra tj’is n ]’8 t3e8a 34 ayp”n y3’iB 1»33i3»Pt»3’8‘nanPa yir’j8iB y3”a 39 B08a rs D’laPa ’©np istP niynn nwipn opB3 anai 41 . ni3’3 .P .8 npP8’i ’BOia 46 . ni3’3 .P .8 inDin-nao npiPn opB3 nasaiy Dn3n 48 . m3’3 .P .8 noJDn n’3 t’33 51 . ^3p8 nm38 "pJ8iyai3y'iB„ — ’Boia3 o’^aa : TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. We Owe You: Poem Avraham Ackner IV 2. Forward Avraham Ackner V 3. A Sort of Forward Dr. Ya’acov Roth IX 4. To the Memory of Our Town Poem Avraham Ackner XII 5. In the Valley of Slaughter Toni Gutman XIII 6. Nightmare Hella Rettman (Katz) XIX 7. My Tragic War Experiences Tova Weiler (Shpritzer) XXI 8. In the Clutches of the Nazis Henya Graubart XXVIII 9. In the Bunker in the Sawmill Erna Nass XXXV 10. I Was the Only One Left Tova Lichter (Selig) XXXVII 11. Land, Do Not Hide Their Blood Shmuel Ben-Yosef XLII 12. Mosty in the Eyes of the Sui’vivors of the Holocaust Avraham Ackner XLVI 13. The Silber Family Avraham Ackner L 14. A Few Details in the Portrait of the Late Charles Silber Avraham Ackner LV 15. The Late Prof. Maurycy Silber Avraham Ackner LX 16. The Late Dr Maurycy Silber Clare Silber LXIII 17. The Silber Fund Avraham Ackner KXEV 18. The Late Moshe Starkman-Hazkoni Avraham Ackner LXVII 19. The Significance of Planting a Grove in the Soil of the Homeland A. L. Binot LXX Mosty-Wielkie LXXIII interwoven periods of shadow and of sunlight. For a tree, there are seasons of flowering and blooming, and other seasons during which branches wither and die, though the trunk lives on. Like a tree, renewing itself each spring and sprouting new twigs to replace the old branches which could not survive the winter, twigs which burst forth with leaves and buds and fruit, so does the Jewish people, exhausted and depleted by its torturers and tor- mentors, bring forth fresh strength to renew itself as a people, flourishing in a renaissance or youth. The exile two thousand years long failed to age this ancient folk which remains ever youthful. Our timeless people has now founded a young nation, building in its old land a new house which will last to the end of time. The good earth will be revitalized, and we will see the fulfillment of our dream as future generations are firmly em- planted in our land and our culture like trees rooted in the soil of our homeland. This will be our consolation! LXXII Memorial Book Fall of the Temple of Zion, and the exile to Babylon of the people of Israel? A legend relates that when the Romans besieged Jerusalem, their legions spread over the hills and valleys around the city and destroyed every tree and plant. On these same steep slopes which we now inhabit, Jews fought the Romans with courage and dedication, inflicting many casualties on them and thus barring their way to Jerusalem. Then the Romans received strong rein- forcements and encircled the hill on which the few remaining heroes fought, cutting them off completely. But the Jewish sol- diers broke their way through to Jerusalem in the darkness. There, the Roman forces overpowered them: the walls of Jerusalem were broken through, the Temple went up in flames, the heroes of Jerusalem were killed m battle, and the Romans unleashed their wrath on the Holy City and its surrounding areas. They passed an edict that no tree should be planted and no seed permitted to sprout. Yet, here we are, on these same hills. The sun’s rays shine on the hills of Jerusalem and warm them. Slopes and mountain- sides have come to lire again. Trees once more spread their shady branches over them, and flowering bushes cover their bareness. At this very moment, we are dedicating and sanctifying a grove of trees on these hills to the memory of our dear ones, thus uniting our spirits with their martyred souls which remained faithful to the vision of redemption and the eternity of Israel to the last. In honor of their memories, it is worth recalling that our forefathers expressed their sentiments, their experiences and their deep longings for Eretz Israel on Tu B‘Shvat. On this day they demonstrated their longings for the fruits of the land of Israel and for the trees growing on its soil. These feelings were translated into customs and traditions which strengthened their spiritual attachment to Zion, its trees and its fruits. The basic characteristics of a tree have much in common with the character of the people of Israel as demonstrated by its history, a history of constantly interchanging ups and downs, of Mosty-Wielkie LXXI world fell upon deaf ears, and few were the countries which made any effort to save Jews from the hands of the Nazis. The grim edicts, the hunger and deprivation, the humiliation, and, in par- ticular, the treacherous indifference of the Christian world to the fate of its Jewish neighbors created an atmosphere of depres- sion and despair in the ghettoized folk. The Germans at first carried out their evil deeds in secret, but when they saw that the world kept silent and did not react, they began murdering openly — and thus millions of Jews were killed. They were degraded and tortured, starved in the ghettoes and concentration camps, and finally exterminated in the gas chambers. Despite the gruesome conditions in which they lived, despite their isolation and lack of support and help from outside, they managed to recover some of their inner strength and to es- tablish groups of rebels and bands of fighters in the forests and in the towns, proving that it was possible to strike telling blows at the Nazi beast. Brothers and sisters! Thirty-four years have passed since the Nazis perpetrated their dreadful devastation of our people, and yet the fact that the finest of us have been wiped out has not yet been suitably expressed. No lamentation by Jewry as a whole has yet fully formulated the catastrophe and ruin which befell our folk. No stigma has been publicly attached to the nation of the murderers nor to their helpers among other peoples. We have never made out — and perhaps never will — a national writ of accusation against the great powers which stood aside and kept silent while those cruel murders were being perpetrated. Today, as our feet stand firmly on the hills of Judea our minds and hearts turn to the valley of slaughter, the killings, the tortures, the obliteration of our families and loved ones. We ask ourselves and the outside world, where is a present-day Jeremiah to put into words the hunger, the terrible suffering, the murders, the conflagration which destroyed the House of Israel in Europe, as the prophet Jeremiah described the destruction of Judah, the IiXK Memorial Book A. L. Binot Ramat Gan THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PLANTING A GROVE IN THE SOIL OF THE HOMELAND For ten years, the Jews of Europe were trampled in their own blood. Their cries for help and succor to the nations of the "^>no3 msaira nna mra nrs’l’s ,iipx nmax : Avraham Ackner, Chairman of the Society, presenting A. L. Binot at the tree-planting ceremony of the Mosty Memorial Grove Mosty-Wielkie LXIX were always illuminating and instructive, well-presented, rich in content, and enlivened with the humor typical of him. Moshe was possessed of special intuition and a discerning eye. He could see what was wrong or faulty, and he was one of those people who cared about setting things right. Openhearted and honest, he was respected and honored by all who knew him, even people who did not agree with his views. Typical was the comment of one writer, a participant in the Congress of Jewish Writers which took place this year in Jerusalem: “The Congress was lively and sparkling, but Moshe’s absence was perceptible.” With Moshe’s death a vacuum has been created within his family, within the circles in which he was active, and among his fellow townsmen who thought so highly of him. Only memories, overlaid with sorrow, are left in the hearts of his many friends and acquaintances. One consolation will be the appearance of his collected writings, now being edited by his dear friend. Professor Dov Sadan. This publication will serve as a memorial to the life work of the notable and unforgettable Moshe Starkman- Hazkoni. From left to right : Professor M. Silber. Dr. Jacob Roth, Moshe Starkman. LXIVIII Memorial Book His shining image is so clear to me, the image of a fine scholar and intellectual, steeped in Hebrew lore, who loved the wisdom of Israel, the people of Israel, the State of Israel. From his early youth in Mosty, he yearned to learn and to know. His brilliance, even then, made him stand out among his schoolmates. He shone in the heder, in the beit midrash, in school, and wherever he was. When he came to the United States of America in 1920, he did not follow in the materialistic foot- steps of most other immigrants, but instead immersed himself in learning and knowledge. Quietly and modestly, he sat at the feet of the best teachers and educators in New York, both religious and secular, avidly drinking in all that they had to offer. His thirst for Talmudic wisdom, and his tenacity in acquiring his wide knowledge in the field of Jewish lore derived from a deep personal faith. He was filled with a burning desire to delve deep into the very sources of Jewish erudition, and to draw from it pearls of wisdom and knowledge. He was a prolific journalist and writer in both Hebrew and Yiddish, with a career that stretched over four decades. His writing was on an extremely high level, and of rare quality. It is only to be regretted that not one anthology of his works appeared during his lifetime, not one compendium of gems from the profusion of his writings, which remained scattered through- out the journals and newspapers of the world. This was a task he had set for himself for his retirement, but when that moment came, the late Minister of Finance, Pinhas Sapir, who was well acquainted with his manifold talents, asked him to accept a responsible position with the United Jewish Appeal. Moshe could not resist accepting the post, for he felt a moral obligation to serve the State of Israel. He carried out his mission with all his heart and with utter devotion. Every now and then, I would hear of Moshe by way of relatives of mine in Miami, where he used to come to lecture from time to time. His talks Mosty-Wielkie LXVII Avraham Ackner Tel-Aviv THE LATE MOSHE STARKMAN-HAZKONI On the 3rd of April, 1975, Moshe Starkman-Hazkoni passed away in New York. He was one of the most outstanding individuals to heve originated in our town, and a dear personal friend. A noted Jewish journalist and writer, he had achieved wide recognition and renown in the United States and other parts of the Diaspora. Despite the passage of time, the feeling of loss and sorrow at his untimely death is still deep and painful. He could have continued to contribute to the world, both as a writer and as a productive and active human being, but suddenly, without warning, in the midst of the best and most productive years of his life, death snatched him away. liXyi Memorial Book Charles Silber. Thus the continuation of the work of the Fund would be ensured. It was also decided that the money accumulated in the Fund’s coffers should be invested, under the trusteeship of Bank Leumi Le-Israel. With its compounded interest and linkage in- crements, the money would grow and become the wherewithal for financing the Fund for generations to come. The Silber family undertook to make an annual contribution in order to finance all the running expenses and current activities of the Fund, so that the invested capital could remain intact and thus increase from year to year. It is fervently to be hoped that the Silber Fund, whose first modest steps were symbolic of what is to come, will eventually become a force to be reckoned with in matters of charity and welfare, and will thus be an eternal monument to the deservedly honored Silber family, so cherished by all Mostyites. This splended tree has been cut down, but new shoots and branches have sprouted. The offspring of the Silber family show the strength of their stock and continue in the ways of their parents, in their spirit, their philanthropy, the manner of bringing up their children to Jewish and universal values. They have im- planted in them the strength and desire to bequeath to future generations their own cultural, traditional and educational values. In this there is consolation, and a pledge that the Avraham and Lana Silber Memorial Fund will function and endure for generations to come, and will be a living monument to the Silber family of blessed memory. Mosty-Wielkie LXV devotion they participated in Jewish philanthropic endeavors, as well as personally helping the needy, confidentially and secretly. We, their sons, want to create a suitable memorial to our beloved parents that will be representative of their spirit of selfless giving. For example, a fund could be set up in their memory to help the needy; this would be a continuation of the good works to which our late parents devoted themselves in Mosty.” Charles’ words so impressed us, that the Silber Fund was founded there and then, and a ten-man board of governors chosen on the spot to plan and direct its activities. A charter was later worked out, and the Fund registered with the Ministry of the Interior as a charitable institution under the Ottoman Law of Societies. The Fund has been functioning for thirteen years at this point. After Charles’ untimely death in 1965, a new activity was added: It was decided that scholarships in his name would be granted. Every year, in the month of Adar, a special service is held in memory of the Silber family, representatives of the finest qualities of the Jews of Mosty-Wielkie. The service opens with El Maleh Rachamim and a Kaddish. It closes with the ceremonial granting of the scholarships, in accordance with the choices made by the committee in charge. The Silber Fund is financed by Prof. Maurycy Silber and his wife, and by Lili Silber Charles’ widow who views it as the life- work of her late husband. Charles’ son recently visited Israel and evinced great interest in the Fund, to which he made a personal contribution, thus attesting thar a happy and satisfying link has been forged with the coming generation. Professor Maurycy Silber and his wife, Mildred, visited Israel this year. They participated in the board meeting of the Fund’s board of governors, where details of the Fund’s future were discussed. It was decided to coopt younger people, the offspring of the present members of the Mosty organization, into the Fund’s leader- ship; among them should be the children of Prof. Maurycy and LXIV Memorial Book A. Ackner Tel-Aviv THE SILBER FUND The Avraham and Lana Silber Memorial Fund was established in Israel in 1962. Its aims are two: to extend urgent aid and welfare to the needy, and to give grants or scholarships to children of families originating from Mosty-Wielkie. These grants enable the children to continue their high school or university educations. The Silber Fund was established by Charles and Prof. Maurycy Silber, now both deceased, the only two members of their large and ramified family in Mosty to survive the Holocaust. The two brothers struck roots in the United States, economically and socially, began raising families, and soon involved themselves in philanthropic endeavors, as had been the wont of their parents. The brothers felt impelled to perpetuate the memory of their parents, but were in a quandary as to what form of memorial would best express the spirit and character of the deceased. An early idea had been to build and endow a social and prayer center in one of the religious kibbutzim, where Mostyites could hold their annual memorial meetings for the martyred dead of their town. With the promise of a substantial sum from Charles and Maurycy, I was delegated to explore the possibilities of the plan, and to present a blueprint for the project. The idea was shelved, however, in favor of a different and more suitable project. Early in 1962, during one of Charles and Lili Silber's visits, I was asked to call a meeting of the governing council of the organization of Mostyites in Israel. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss a memorial for the Silber family. Charles said to us, ‘'You all knew my parents, and you knew with what love and Mosty-Wielkie liXIII Clare Silber Netanya The Late Dr. Maurycy Silber Professor of Medical College, Head of Coler Hospital, New York THIS WAS YOUR LIFE. At ten you were a child. At twenty wild, At thirty settled. At forty wise. At fifty rich. At sixty famous. The youngest son of a noble family, Lana and Avraham of blessed memory of Mosty-Wielkie, Devoted husband to Mildred, Father and grandfather. Studied in Italy, suffering hardships during World War Two, Working diligently in the U.S.A., and finally achieving acclaim. Inventor of an air-suit which when inflated enables cripples to walk again. Two years ago, by invitation, he visited Tel-Hashomer Hospital and donated ten air-suits. Unfortunately his beautiful work ended; death claimed him much too soon. Today we grieve with the family on his untimely passing. May the family be blessed and know no more sorrow. LXII Memorial Book his return to Israel, fitted with his new limb, he felt as though he had been born anew. He learned to drive a car, and became a student in the Technion. He writes that Prof. Silber saved his life and made it possible for him to become a normal, happy human being. Many such tales could be told of Prof. Silber, not only with regard to his professional personality and ability, but also about him as a human being, tales of how he manifested himself as an angel of mercy with his many generous and open-handed acts of aid and benevolence. It is still too soon to evaluate the many-faceted character of Prof. Maurycy Silber. He was full of life and charm, elegant and handsome, noble and fine, but he also exhibited unusual force of character. He was a true friend to those close to him, but in addition he had a wide circle of acquaintances. He was noted for his kindness to strangers and outsiders- He cared tenderly for the needs of his family, and lived a life of integrity and high principles. With his untimely death, we have lost a dear friend and a devoted fellow townsman who brought honor to us. His loss will be felt in many circles, and especially among his former fellow townsmen of Mosty. Prof. Maurycy Silber will be remembered; his memory will be with us forever. Mosty-Wielkie LXI death plunged me a deep need has sprung to portray the exalted and rich personality of Professor Silber, and to record a few fragments about him in the Mosty-Wielkie Memorial Book. He was one of a small, select group whose accomplishments brought glory to our town. From the time he was a lad, he attracted about himself a group of friends and admirers, drawn by his magnetic personality and intelligence. He chose the field of medicine as his life work, seeing it as a way to help people in distress. It did not take him long, 'after reaching the United States, to achieve status in his profession, and to become recognized as an authority in his specialized field of medicine. Some twelve years ago. Prof. Silber was appointed Professor of Rehabilitation of the Handicapped. He delicated himself, body and soul, to his task of helping the crippled, and achieved great things in his new field of work. His name became inter- nationally known, and the government of the State of Israel invited him to come as consultant and advisor in the treatment of handicapped soldiers of the Israel Defense Forces. Prof. Silber accepted the invitation gladly and willingly, happy to be able to contribute his knowledge and experience towards easing the lot of amputees. He gave them immeasurable help. An article which appeared several years ago in the news- paper, “Ha’Aretz” gives some idea of Prof. Silber’s character and accomplishments. The article deals with a wounded soldier whose leg had been amputated. He had been fitted with an artificial limb at the Sheba Medical Center, but had continued to suffer great pains because the artificial limb did not suit him and had not been properly fitted. The soldier travelled to the United States especially to consult with Prof. Silber. There he was hospitalized, and a new artificial limb prepared for him. The soldier tells about his stay of several weeks in the United States, and relates that he often visited Prof. Silber's home and enjoyed the warm hospitality of his family. Upon LX Memorial Book Avraham Ackner Tel-Aviv The Late Prof. Maurycy Silber D*7X ."vm n*'!! nsio n":ipn ('3 ,n'7 nitr) “If one sheds tears for a worthy man, the Holy One, blessed be He, counts them and lays them up in His treasure house.” (Talmud Shabbat, 105:2) TEARS UPON THE FRESH GRAVE The news of Prof. Maurycy Silber’s sudden death in New York on 19 October 1976 came as a great shock. He was our fellow townsman, and an outstanding friend. How can we accept the sad reality that he is no longer with us? Never again will he come to visit us in Israel as he did so many times, from a deep sense of yearning for the land, for his fellow Mostyites, and for his many friends here. His relationships extended to doctors and hospital directors, with whom he mantained close contacts to the last. From the depths of sorrow and distress into which his Mosty-Wielkie LIX him, he wrote out a check for the entire — and not inconsider- aDle — amount, handed it to the treasurer, and told him, “I am paying their debts. Please remove their names from the list.'’ Many such stories could be recounted about Charles Silber, for he was inherently a generous and noble soul. In 1961, he and his brother. Dr. Maurycy Siiber established the “Silber Fund” in memory of their parents, Avraham and Lana Silber. This Founda- tion and its activities will be described in a separate article. Charles Silber conceived the idea of publishing a Mosty Memorial Book, and he prodded us into gathering material for it. Just before his tragic death, he wrote to assure us, “Don‘t worry about financing the project. I will see to it that money is made available for the purpose. The main thing is to begin.” Charles, who did so much to help the people of our town and to perpetuate the memory of those who were killed, did not live to see the Memorial Book completed. He was uprooted from our midst before he could complete his life’s work. There was still so much he could have contributed to his family and to society. Yes, twelve years have passed since the disaster in which he lost his life, but each of us feels his loss as though it had oc- curred only yesterday. Charles Silber, man of deed and of action, is lacking in all our doings, and no one can replace him. The Memorial Book of Mosty-Wielkie, which he helped to conceive, contains a number of pages dedicated to his memory. They serve as part of the memorial to Charles Silber, a man upon whose strength we leaned for so many years, a man beloved by all, a man to be proud of. He is gone, but he will never be forgotten! LVIII Memorial Book impressions of Israel with us. We drank in his words, and were thrilled by them. When the Second World War broke out, he somehow escaped from Poland, and after being tossed hither and thither, he ma- naged to reach the United States. There, Hayim — now calling himself Charles — joined the American Army, and took part in a number of battles. After the war he returned to New York and started a family as well as new economic ventures. Needless to say, he was successful in both respects. At the same time, his devotion never flagged in helping refugees from Mosty who had managed to survive the Holocaust. When I visited him in New York, I saw dozens of letters from survivors, then living in the various Dis- placed Persons camps. Charles answered every letter he received, encouraging the people, and sending them parcels and money to keep them going. Nothing was too hard, no obstacle too great for him when it came to helping the survivors of the Holocaust. It was he who organized a special committee of Gross Moster Society in America to provide for them. Charles and Lili visited the newly established State of Israel frequently. He loved the land with all his heart, and was deeply immersed in the realization of the Zionist dream. One of his greatest pleasures in Israel was getting together with his fellow Mostyites. It was Charles, in fact, who took a hand is setting up the organization of Mostyites in Israel, stimulating it to activity and infecting its members with his own passion to do the utmost for new immigrants from our town. Each time he visited us, he would ask, “Who needs help?’' And he would put large sums of money at the disposal of the organization for helping individual members in need. During one such visit, he sat in at the meeting of the Free Loan Fund of the organization. At the time, there were a number of people who had defaulted on their repayments. Charles re- quested a list of people who owed money, and for whom repay- ment would be a difficult burden. When the list was handed to Mosty-Wielkie LVII branch of the Labor Zionist “Hitachdut”' Hayim joined it and put his whole heart and soul into its many activities. On one occasion Charles was director of a play put on by the dramatic circle of the organization. After many weeks of hard work and long rehearsals, the play was ready for its opening night. On the very same day, Shlomo Reiter, who had a starring role, withdrew from the cast because his father, a Belz Hassid, had promised his rabbi to forbid his son from particitating. The play almost had to be called off, but at the last moment Hayim stepped upon the stage and took over Shlomo’s role, playing the part with verve and talent. The success of the play, despite the attempts of the rabbi and his zealous Hassidim to prevent its performance, was a feather in the cap of the youth of the town in their struggle against religious fanaticism. In 1926, Hayim immigrated to Israel. It was his misfortune to arrive just at the end of the Fourth Aliya, and at the beginning of the great economic collapse. It was hard for him to find work and to adjust in the face of conditions which went from bad to worse. Nonetheless, he wrote enthusiastic letters to his parents, his friends, and his teacher, Eliahu Teitelbaum whom he respected greatly. Every letter reflected Hayim’s love of Eretz Yisrael, in spite of the difficulties he was having. Neither the deprivation nor the hard conditions of life in Israel finally broke his spirit and made him return to the Diaspora, but rather the frequent letters from his parents, full of pleas to him to come back to his home in which nothing was lacking. Hayim simply could not hold out against their never-ending pressure, and he finally gave in and returned to Mosty, though it was a heart-rending decision he had to make. In 1935, he became so homesick for Eretz Yisrael, that he returned for a visit of several weeks. Upon his return to Mosty, he gave a talk to the members of the '‘Hitachdut” organization, which people from all the other Zionist movements came to hear. For several hours on that Saturday afternoon, Hayim shared his liVI Memorial Book Tombstone of Hayim Silber in New York Like his father, Avraham, before him, Charles’ doors were open to all in need. His hospitality and that of his wife, Lili, was warm and from the heart. They devoted themselves lovingly to charitable works, l^oth organized and personal. These deeds came naturally to Charles, for he was one of those rare souls who would gladly run to the ends of the earth to help someone. A few glimpses will illuminate some of the rich variety of personality traits which made up his character. Charles began his manifold activities while he was still a boy, Hayim Silber of the wealthy Silber family in Mosty. He never joined the elite social circles, however, choosing rather Histadrut ‘‘Ha’Or” as his milieu. This was a non-party Zionist organization with a member- ship composed of young people from every economic and social level in Mosty. When “Ha’Or” and “Ahva” combined to found a Mosty-Wielkle LV A. Ackner Tel-Aviv A FEW DETAILS IN THE PORTRAIT OF THE LATE CHARLES SILBER More than twelve years have gone by since the sudden and untimely death of Charles (Hayim) Silber. His demise was a sad blow to those who had known and loved him, and it proved diffi- cult to accept the tragic reality that this striking and gifted per- sonality was gone from our midst. Charles had symbolized the pulsating life of Mosty, and no one grieved more deeply over its grim extinction than he did. Despite the passage of the years, I still feel his loss acutely, for his presence is lacking from our activities. Only now can we fathom how much he had contributed to them. His fine qualities, nobility of soul, generosity and enthusiasm had endeared him to all. LIV Memorial Book capped were highly successful. Two years ago, in 1974, he was invited by the Ministry of Health to come to Israel and to demon- strate the use and benefit of his space-suits at the Tel Hashomer Hospital Rehabilitation Center. Professor Silber and his wife, Mildred, take an active inte- rest in everything concerned with the State of Israel, and visit it frequently. They keep the spirit of their parents alive by providing open-handed aid and support for the needy, and are thus the perfect continuation of the Silber family. Mosty-Wielkie LIII and in a loud voice intoned the special soliciations for worthy purposes in the community — and there was no lack of worthy purposes in those days. From time to time, Avraham Silher would whisper his commitment into the Kazan’s ear, and taken together all the commitments added up to a goodly amount. When the services were completed, there was a hig kiddush, and the whole town made merry. Such was the way of life for this patriarchal family. Every- thing flowed easily and joyfully for them, until one day disaster struck. Avraham Silber fell ill and died. He was buried in the cemetery in Lemberg (Lwow) on the 23rd of Shvat, 5697 (1937). The people of the town mourned his passing as though he naa oeen a personal member of each of their families. After Avraham’s death, nis eldest son, Hayim (Charles) took over the management of the family enterprises. The Second World War and the dreadful Holocaust took their toll of the Silber family. Among the victims of the great ‘ action” in Lemberg were Lana Silber, the matriarch of the fa- mily, and her daughters, who were all cruelly murdered together with their husbands and children. Of the large ramified family, only two brothers survived, Charles, and his younger brother, Maurycy Silber. They somehow managed to evade the claws of the Nazis and after much wandering, they reached the United States of America. There the two brothers began rebuilding their shattered lives, and established themselves in their new homeland. They married and raised families. Charles became a successful business man, but true to the tradition of his father, he was also active in public affairs, especially philanthropic causes and other good works. Fate cut his life short, and he died tragically in an auto- mobile accident in 1965. Maurycy Silber became a doctor, rising in his profession to the post of Professor at New York University. His experiments in developing space -suits to help in the rehabilitation of the handi- LII Memorial Book to public matters, especially charitable organizations and free loan associations. For years, he was the head of the Jewish community, and was its elected representative to the Town Council where he fought proudly and with might and main in defense of Jewish interests. It was no easy matter for him to carry out all these responsibilities in those days of widespread antisemitism. Yet he was respected and loved by the entire population of the town, Jewish and Christian. Honesty and frankness were his two most vital qualities, and therein lay the secret of his success. During World War I, he was the government’s chief supplier of flour to the urban population. From time to time, he would send a supply of white flour to the Jewish religious functionaries. In the winter, he used to give firewood to the poor and to other families who needed it. His help was given in such a fine and unassuming way that the recipients never felt insulted by it. He donated lumber, tin and building materials to the cons- truction of the Beit Midrash and the Synagogue. And when the Synagogue was completed, he gave a Sefer Torah and a Parochet (curtain for the alcove holding the Torah scrolls). The young people of Mosty initiated the construction of a Beit Am (meeting house), and he at once provided lumber for it as well as arranging for the building license. Not only did he contribute to Jewish causes, but to Christian ones as well. He donated a sizeable sum towards renovating the church, an act highly appreciated by the Christian community. Every family event in the Silber household became a celebration for the entire town. I well remember one such celebration which followed the engagement of their daughter, Manya. The prospective bridegroom came to visit for the Sabbath, and the entire Silber family went to Synagogue together. Naturally, the whole Jewish community came to Synagogue too, curious to have a look at the prospective bridegroom but also for the pure pleasure of partici- pating in the family‘s joy. While Avraham, his sons and the bride- groom were called up to the Torah, the Hazan stood at one side Mosty-Wielkie LI away empty-handed and that the help they needed would be given warmly and willingly. Lana Silber, Avraham’s wife, so lovely and elegant, was a Jewish mother in the best sense of the word, humbly and devo- tedly caring for her house and family and joining her husband in the careful education of her children. Lana was the ideal hostess, warm and welcoming. Her goodness and lovingkindness shone from her, enchanting all who came in contact with her. For the poor and needy, theirs was the correct address to which to turn. Quietly and discreetly, she added her charitable largesse to that of her husband. Her main goal in life was to help others, modestly and quietly. Avraham Silber was wealthy, a man of property. He was a lumber dealer and owned a sawmill in the neighboring town of Krystynopol; he was also a partner in a flour mill. Despite his many business involvements, he devoted a good part of his time .» 'BTiB Viri D”rT 'pv? on^as na^”t omas n 'pv nasa Tomb stone of Avraham Silber of blessed memory, father of Hayim Silber and Prof. M. Silber, L Memorial Book A. Ackner Tel-Aviv THE SILBER FAMILY Our town of Mosiy-Wielkie cannot be adequately described without taking cognizance of the well-known and distinctive Sil- ber family, symbol of the finest in Jewish life. It was a family of special charm, with an aura of nobility, combining traditional Ju- daism with Zionistic fervor in tranquil blend. Avraham Silber, the congenial and generous patriarch of the family was known throughout the region as a philanthropist. His home, his pockets and his heart were open to all who were in need. Jews and non-Jews from every level of society would come to him for help, knowing that they would not be turned Mosty-Wielkie IL of life. I can make you familiar with the map — but how can I teach you, when the blood stains of the past cover it over T' All the assembled guests sat like statues, and listened with pounding hearts to the words of the refugee who continued, weeping, “Yes, like Remarque’s hero, I too live still in those tragic events of Mosty and the other places. I see no landscape and no woods, only the valley of slaughter where my dear ones perished.” Several decades have passed since my meeting with that man, whose name I have now forgotten. Yet he stands before me. I see his lean body, the lines of suffering and torment on his face, his sad eyes, and his melancholy voice rings in my ears, ''I know a different Mosty, a Mosty of bereavement and of blood !” XLVIII Memorial Book reputation. When we first got there, we actually breathed more freely. But this paradise wes short-lived. The kindly commanding officer, Major Krupa, was removed from his command, and replaced by an S. S. man, a noted persecutor of Jews. Right after he took over, the ‘"actions’" began, in each of which thousands of Jews were killed. There was a large concentration of Jews from neighboring towns in Mosty they had come there because of its ; reputation. The ghetto population became smaller and smaller, and we realized that if we remained in Mosty, our turn would also come to be taken away and killed. We escaped to the nearby woods and joined a partisan group there. No sooner had we finished digging bunkers for the family than snow began to fall. We were glad, and hoped the snow would hide our presence from our enemies. But the Germans found our bunker and killed my whole family, as well as other Jews. The bodies of the members of my family are buried in the Mosty forest. I was wounded and taken to the Yanowski Camp, and from there I was transferred to Auschwitz. I walked along the entire length of the valley of death, but by a miracle I’m still alive.” After a brief pause he turned directly to me, saying, “You tell of Mosty, the lovely and tranquil town you remember after forty years. But I Knew a different Mosty, not a Mosty of woods and trees, but of graves and shattered bodies. The river I recall is not the Rata River, but the river of blood. In his book, ‘The Road Back,’ Erich Maria Remarque tells of the teacher, Ernest, who returns home after the war, after having personally expe- rienced everything there was to experience. Remarque writes, ‘The horrors of the war accompanied him wherever he went. He entered his classroom, and walked up to the gray, brown and green map. As he started his geography lesson, he saw that the map had turned red. He said to his pupils, “Before you stands one of the hundreds of thousands of paupers, the men deprived by the war of their faith and strength. I stand before you, and feel that you are more alert than I am, and possess more of the spark Mosty-Wielkie XLVII of Mosty bathed in the Rata River, they imagined themselves bathing in the waters of the Jordan.’’ These memories are always in the hearts of the Mostyites who managed to leave Europe before the Holocaust, enriching their lives with lasting recollections of an idyllic past. That Mosty no longer exists ; it has been destroyed and razed to its founda- tions, and the ashes of its cremated children blown away by the winds. Our town is not remembered in rosy colors by those who managed to survive the war and the Holocaust, after passing through all the fires of hell. When I was studying at the University of California, a San Francisco Jewish family invited me to their home one Saturday evening. There I met a dozen or so Jews, mainly from Poland, who had immigrated to the U. S. before the Second World War. My host introduced me to his guests, telling them that I was an Israeli studying in the United States. As usual, the conversation came around to the subject of Eret^ Israel, and it then moved on to a recounting of memories of the home towns of the guests. When I was asked from where I came, I replied, ‘'You’ve probably never heard of the lovely, charming town I came from, because it was so small. It was called Mosty-Wielkie.” At those words, one of the guests, who up to then had not opened his mouth, suddenly got up and said in an emotional voice, “That is not so, my dear sir. I know Mosty better than you do, and not from the distant past, but from yesterday. I was born in Lemberg. During the war, the Jews of Lemberg suffered terribly under the German yoke. Every day, groups of Jews were taken off to the extermination camps. A rumor spread throughout the suffering, tormented Jewish community that Mosty was a paradise for Jews, because the German commanding officer treated them humanely. Jews were not carted off to extermination camps from Mosty. So my family — my father, mother, two sisters, and I — escaped from Lemberg and somehow managed to reach Mosty. “The rumors turned out to be true ; Mosty deserved its XLVI Memorial Book Avraham Ackner Tel-Aviv MOSTY IN THE EYES OF THE SURVIVORS OF THE HOLOCAUST For those inhabitants of Mosty who emigrated before the Holocaust, memories of childhood and adolescence are still fresh and clear. The many decades which have passed since then have not, by and large, blotted out these memories nor blurred them. Those who left in the early days remember the lovely, tranquil town as it had been, and recall its beautiful scenic surroundings, the forests round about, the long promenade to the fragrant pine wood next to the Police School, the leafy booths in those woods, set up for the games which took place there nearly every Sunday. There was the firemen’s band which paraded through the town, led by a clown making funny faces and doing tricks in time to the music. The children would run after the band all the way to the games area, where the fun continued until late in the evening. The firemen would give prizes to boys who suc- c led in climbing to the top of some high tree and taking down a long sausage hung on a topmost branch. Or coins would be buried in bowls of flour, and there was no lack of volunteers to stick their faces into the bowls, and to hunt with tongues and teeth until they drew out the coins — to the accompaniment of the laughter of the assembled crowds. We used to wile away most of the summer days in the woods, some of us in groups, some alone. Memories rise from the past, and no matter how unimportant the events really were, after half a century tney become enveloped in a haze of nostalgia and longing. The townspeople used to come on hot days to bathe and swim in the Rata River, where it flowed slowly at the edge of town. The late Moshe Starkman used to say, ‘‘When the Jews Mosty-Wielkie XLV A few days after the 22nd of June 1941, the Russians retreated from Mosty, and the Germans replaced them. A con- centration camp was set up almost immediately, and later a ghetto. Details of those frightful years in our town have been related by its few survivers. I visited Mosty after the German defeat, and couldn’t recognize it. Mosty had become a ghost town. Only two Jews were left there, Yossel Guterman, who had been a horse dealer before the war, and Muni Brickner, who survived thanks to a young Christian girl, daughter of Lakomski the coffinmaker. Both these Jews lived in the house of Rivka and Leib Wurzl. Most of the Jewish houses had been destroyed by the Ukrainians, who used the materials to build their own houses ; only one block remained standing. The great synagogue had become a warehouse, and the beit midrash was totally wiped out, as was the Jewish cemetery whose tomb- stones had been removed to serve as paving stones or for building material. I came to Mosty on a Wednesday, market day, and many of the gentiles recognized me and gathered around me as though I had risen from the dead. They kept touching me to make sure I was not a ghost. When they had convinced themselves that I was really alive, they couldn’t understand how I had survived. After they calmed down, they started to tell me what had happened to my family and the other Jews of Mosty. Words cannot describe the heartrending picture of the extermination of the Jews of Mosty that unfolded before me, of the rivers of blood that flowed in the streets. Cold sweat broke over me when I was told of the mass grave near Bagna, where the ground doesn’t rest but heaves up from time lo time. It is as though the earth cannot absorb the blood of our slaughtered brothers. This in how I found our town, Mosty-Wielkie, where a splendid Jewish community had existed for hundreds of years, and whose sons were tortured and murdered at the hands of strangers and foreigners. May God take revenge for their blood. XLIV Memorial Book the night. The goods that some of the Jews had stored away to exchange for food also went up in smoke. Fright and confusion increased from day to day and from hour to hour. Meanwhile, the Russians, took over the eastern districts of Poland, under the Molotov-Ribbentrop agreement. The Red Army was in control as far as Lemberg, and luckily Mosty was in the sector under their rule. One bright morning, the Germans left Mosty and until the Russians arrived, no one governed our town. There were rumors that the Ukrainians were planning a pogrom, and in order to forestall such a move, a group of young Jews took over the large arsenal stored in the police school in our town. A Jewish militia was soon set up to prevent riots on the part of the Ukrainians. Ten days later, Russian tanks reached the outskirts of Mosty. There were Yiddish-speaking Jews among the Red Army officers, which encouraged the Jews to believe that good times had come. These hopes soon fled, for the Russians instituted their well-known regime, and nationalized the property of all the well-to-do, my family’s among them. The Russian secret police fell upon the house of one such ''capitalist” and searched and probed everywhere, inside and out. Nothing that looked suspicious escaped their eyes. Walls and floors were destroyed, and they took away every object of value that they came across. This was only the first of many such acts. There were many refugees in our town, and when the com- munists ordered the population to register, they were listed sepa- rately. A few months later, these refugees were taken out of their dwellings in the middle of the night and sent to prison. To this day, no one knows what became of them. People worked at all sorts of jobs during this period of Russian rule (September 1939 — June 1941), but they secretly sold goods and personal property to the peasants in exchange for food. A few months before the Germans attacked the Soviet Union, the Russians conscripted a large portion of the population to build fortifications, and some were taken into the Russian Army. Mosty-Wielkie XLIII left the town, leaving all their property behind, in order to try to find a temporary hiding place among the peasants in the area. Fifteen members of my family, including my 70-year- old grandmother Rivka Weiss, and many children, found a Ukrainian family willing to hide them for payment. But no sooner had they arrived at the peasant’s house and before they even had time to unpack their few belongings, a large number of villagers gathered round, and ordered the peasant not to take any Jews in. They had to go off to another village, where they found shelter with a peasant named Balko. The very next day, the peasant’s daughter came back from pasture with the cows, and reported to her parents that the entire village was opposed to having any Jews among them, and that if he didn’t send them away, their house would be burnt down. By a stroke of luck, Balko had a son named Ivan, who was well known in the district as a sort of Robin Hood. He had served a long prison term for highway robbery, but as soon as he was set free, he went back to his old tricks. He would hold up merchants and other travelers in the woods or along the roads, and his victims were mainly the well-to-do. When he came across poor people along the way, he not only refrained from taking anything from them, he often gave them money. When Ivan heard what was going on in his village, he appeared suddenly and announced proudly, “No one threatens me. My name is Ivan. I’m not afraid of anyone, not even of the whole town.” And he said to my family, “You can stay with us as long as you need to. You’ll join us in eating whatever we have to eat.” And that’s the way it was. When things calmed down a bit, my family felt that there was no point in staying among the gentiles, and they decided to return home. Ivan harnessed the horses to the wagon and brought the 15 members of my family back to Mosty. The next day the Germans entered Mosty, staying about ten days. They burnt down Jewish houses, setting the fires in the middle of XLII Memorial Book Shmuel Ben-Yosef Tel-Aviv LAND, DO NOT HIDE THEIR BLOOD Some of the events of which I write were described to me by people who participated in them, while I saw the others with my own eyes. The first casualty from Mosty, at the outbreak of the Second World War, was Ya’acov Fish, the son of Avraham Fish, who owned the interurban transport service which connected us with the neighboring villages and with Lemberg. The main railroad station of Lemberg was one of the first sites in Poland to be bombarded by the Germans. Many vehicles were parked there, for the Poles had mobilized them, together, with their drivers, for army use. Ya’acov Fish was badly injured in that bombardment, and had to have a leg amputated. As soon as the war started, our town was flooded with Jewish refugees from all over, moving hither and thither. Most of them were headed east, towards the Russian border. The roads from Rawa-Russka were full of people on the move, some of whom had started off in cars. When they ran out of gas they traded the cars for bicycles. Since little property could be carried that way, all sorts of personal effects were abandoned along the roads — ewen precious garments, such as furs and new woolen coats. Many of the people on the move were young, because a rumor went around to the effect that the Germans were killing young Jewish men. Every Jewish house in Mosty sheltered refugees, and soon shortages set in of certain goods. Nevertheless, we shared the little food we had with the refugeees, and found shelter for each one of them. Some of the inhabitants of Mosty Mosty-Wielkie XLI The Jews working in the factory understood that the period of relative quiet was at an end, and ways had to be found to escape. Some fled to the forests, while others found hiding places else- where. We didn’t manage to get away in time and were taken away to a new camp set up by the Nazis, another station on the way to the ‘ final solution.” My husband and I were immediately separated. This was the worst camp of all. Our food ration was infinitesimal, yet we had to work at hard labor accompanied by blows. We were all distended from hunger. Now I started to wish for death to come and release me from my sufferings. One day, when I was at the end of my strength, a Ukrainian trooper poked a note into my hand. It was from my husband, letting me knew that hi.s group was going to work in town, and that he would try to see our friend Stashek. I immediately understood that he was planning to escape, and what he wanted was that I should try find a way to do the same. So one day, when we were taken to the bath house, I managed to get out through a toilet window, slide down a drain pipe, and hide in a cellar. At night I crept out and set out to the forests to search for my husband. I wandered from one place to another, in con- stant danger, but not until the beginning of 1944 did I find him, at last, in a forest bunker. Life in the woods was difficult. Some of our companions fell into the hands of the police and the German soldiers. Yet we were free — and our chance of survival was better than anywhere else. Finally, in July 1944, we were liberated by the Soviet Army. We went back to Lemberg to seek survivors, but only a handful of Jews remained, and the houses we had known were in ruins. At the first opportunity, we left the Soviet zone and went back to Poland. From there we continued to Germany, and in September 1947, we succeeded, after great effort, in reaching Eretz Israel. XL Memorial Book the Nazis were able to put them to hard labor. In August 1942, the third “action” took place, and more than 60,000 Jews were taken to Belzitz and there done away with. I worked in the Jewish hospital on Rappaport Street, and I survived this period by a miracle. One day I came home from work to find an empty house. My whole family had been taken away, and I never saw any of them again. I was the only one left. In the fall of 1942, the ghetto edict was promulgated. The ghetto was even more crowded than the Jewish area had been, and the sanitary conditions were even worse. I and a few other girls lived in a room shared by twelve people. We suffered the hunger, the cold and the illness, yet the urge to live, the inner need to fight for life, continued to burn, despite the fact that there seemed to be no possibility of remaining alive. As the number of Jews shrank, the Germans made the ghetto area ever smaller so that those left shouldn’t enjoy the use of the vacated apartments. In the end, the Germans set up a concentration camp. Camp Yanowski, on the other side of town, to which they transferred Jews from the entire region, the remnants of the liquidated communities. The authorities suggested that we also move to the Yanowski Camp, but we had enough experience with German promises of “better conditions” to know that they led only to extermination. As long we could, we stayed put, certain that anyone passing through the gate of the Yanowski Camp was going to his death. In December 1942, I met my husband, a man I had known before the war. He alone was left of his entire family, just like me. We were married in a Jewish ceremony by Rabbi Rappaport, the last surviving Rabbi in Lemberg. My husband worked in a German factory which produced essential war material, and he managed to get me work there as well. But this happy situation didn’t last. long. A rumor went around that Lemberg was slated to become “Judenrein” (free of Jews), and that June 1943 was the time set for the operation. Mosty-Wielkie XXiXIX the 150,000 Lemberg Jews to leave their homes on very short notice, and to move to the Jewish area of Kleparov, a known slum. To speed up the transfer, the Germans enlisted the help of the Ukrainian police and 700 men of the Jewish militia. The volunteer Jewish militia consisted primarily of members of the pre-war underworld, as well as some of the “intelligencia” who believed that they would survive if they cooperated with the Nazi murderers — a false hope, for they were the first to be killed in the great “action.” In the Jewish area, we lived 8—>10 people crowded into each room. This overcrowding, the hunger and the filth led to the outbreak of epidemics in which thousands of Jews died like flies. In November 1941, the Germans began bringing large groups of Jews to the railroad station, on the pretext of taking them to work camps. They promised that those Jews who went willingly would have better working conditions in the place they would be sent to. Many of us believed them, packed up our personal effects, and volunteered to go. The Nazis did not succeed in fooling us for long; we soon found out that the “work place” was the Belzitz extermination camp, from which no one ever returned alive. This was the first “action,” the November “action” of Lemberg. I too was one of those at the train station, waiting to be taken to the work place with good conditions, but at the last moment, some inner voice told me that the Germans were foolirig us, and I managed to get away and return to my family. We went through that first winter under the Nazi regime cold and hungry. With spring came the hope that the warmer weather would make life easier. But the beginning of spring only brought a new “action,” the March 1942 “action.” My sister Mina and her husband were among the 12,000 Jews liquidated then. During the summer of 1942, not a day went by without its victims, mainly old people and children who were killed for the pure pleasure of it. The younger people were meanwhile left alive, as XXXVIII Memorial Book the Jews to choose a Judenrath (Jewish Council) as their rep- resentatives to the Gestapo. The Judenrath actually had no rights, only all kinds of obligations. Its first task was to supply a large contingent of Jews daily as workers for whatever the Nazis wanted done. When the members of the Judenrath saw that the number going out to work in the morning was greater than the number returning in the evening, the head of the council asked for an explanation of the disappearance of so many people. For his im- pertinence in even asking such a question, the Gestapo had him shot to death. The remaining members of the Judenrath there- upon refused to cooperate further with the Germans, and the “Jewish representation” disintegrated as a body. Not long afterwards, the Gestapo forced the Jewish com- munity to make a large “contribution” and they set a date on which the sum had to be handed over — otherwise, they threatened to kill 10,000 Jews. Everyone did his best, and with great strain the Jewish community managed to raise the money in cash, jewelry and other valuables, and to hand it over on time. All this took place in the first weeks of the Nazi occupation. We wanted to believe that sooner or later, the Germans would quiet down and allow us to live under their rule. Some of us were in hopes that the United States, which still maintained diplomatic relations with the Third Reich, would intervene on behalf of the Jews. Only too soon did we understand that no one was prepared to succor us. Worst of all, people vanished from our midst every day, and were never heard of again. Due to the lack of food and the filthy and crowded living conditions, illness was rampant, especially typhus. There was practically not a single family without someone ill, and medicine was unobtain- able. Moreover, the fact of illness had to be kept secret, otherwise the Nazis would do away with the patient, and sometimes with his whole family too. One of the cruelest of the Gestapo’s edicts was that forcing Mosty-Wielkie XXXVII Tova Lichter (Selig) Ramat Gan I WAS THE ONLY ONE LEFT In 1938, after my father’s death, my family left Mosty and moved to Lemberg (Lwow). On 22 June 1941, the Nazis attacked the Soviet Union, and a week later Lemberg was in their hands. On the same day, persecution of the Jews was initiated; it in- tensified from day to day. In the very first days of the Nazi occupation of the city, 150,000 Jews were handed over to the Ukrainians to do with as they liked for a week’s time. The Uk- rainians took full advantage of this free hand; they pillaged and murdered, raped women, and tortured old people and children — and there was no one to stop them. The Jews tried to hide in their homes as best they could, hoping that the first wild frenzy and the venting of age-old hatred of the Jews would die down, and the Germans would then institute order so that life could become normal again. But the persecution and the riots against the Jews only increased, until finally Rabbi Yehezkiel Levin, the Chief Rabbi of Lemberg, went personally to Bishop Sheptitzki, the Ukrainian Metropolitan and head of the Russian Preboslavian Church of Galicia. The Rabbi asked the Metropolitan to use his influence on his co-religionists to make them stop killing Jews. I do not know what answer he received from Sheptitzki, but on the way home he was cornered by Ukrainian hoodlums who dragged him off to a nearby jail, and there he was ruthlessly tortured to death. The outcome of the first week of Nazi rule in Lemberg was thousands of Jews kiiled, and many more mutilated, in an inhuman manner, by the Ukrainians and the Germans themselves. The situation improved somewhat after the Germans ordered XXXVI Memorial Book Afterwards, I went to see what catastrophe had befallen and I was appalled. The entire ghetto ran with blood. The Gestapo guards had surrounded the ghetto, and anyone trying to escape the ''action’' was shot on the spot. The Jews were lined up in two rows, in one the weaker people who couldn’t work, in the other the stronger ones. My father-in-law, Moshe Nass, survived on that day only because he held a measuring tool in his hand. Among the many victims were Sobele Wexler and Mrs. Brickner, together with her daughter. Over 1,400 people were taken out- side the town, cruelly tortured and then shot. In the second "action” the victims were taken to Rawa- Ruska. Shlomo Nass looked over our barricaded shelter and decided that he didn’t want to stay there and be buried alive. He preferred to go ta Rawa-Ruska while he was still hale and hearty. The great liquidation took place in June 1943, and Moshe Nass, his sons Shlomo and Yehezkiel, and Yehezkiel’s wife and daughter were shot at that time. My daughter Hannah was also killed We had constructed our bunker in the depths of the Wie- czorki forest. Life there was unbearable. We were always starving, and lived from raw potatoes and beets. At night Zvi would go out into the fields to hunt for food, in the hope that the peasants would have left something behind. He sometimes managed to bring back a few ears of grain. My mother-in-law died two months before the liberation, because of the awful conditions. When the Russians occupied our area, they freed the handful of people remaining, who moved to the house of the Shpritzer family. We also lived there for a short while. Then we wandered to Lemberg, to Krakow and later to Breslau. From Breslau we moved to a D. P. camp in Germany. Our wanderings lasted nearly two years. Only in 1948 did we manage to reach Eretz Israel. We put down roots in our homeland, but cruel fate cut short our happiness. On the 4th of Adar, 8 March 1965, my husband, Zvi, died after suffering greatly, may his memory be blessed. Mosty-Wielkie XXXV Erna Nass Ra’anana IN THE BUNKER IN THE SAWMILL My childhood years were spent in Vienna. I became a member of the ‘“Blau-Weiss” organization there, and continued my activity in Zionist affairs when I returned to Poland. My aim in life had been to immigrate to Eretz Israel, but I was kept from fulfilling it by the very limited number of immigration certificates issued by the British mandatory government. In 1933 I went to Mosty-Wielkie, to the hachshara (agri- cultural training) farm there, together with my friend, Gusta Fried. We arrived on a Wednesday, market day in Mosty, and found our way to the “Hitachdut” office which was located in a small house, simply furnished with book shelves and benches. The first person we met in Mosty was Zvi Brickner ; we met the rest of the group that same evening, when they returned from their day’s work. The hachshara base was some distance from the center of town, in an abandoned barrack called the “Reit-Schule” ; it dated back to the time of the Austrians (before World War I). Its rooms were gigantic. The hachshara group was in bad economic straits; some of its members had permanent jobs and their salaries went to the communal treasury. Most of the group worked at unskilled labor. I spent more than half a year with the Mosty hachshara group, and it was there that I met my future husband, Zvi Nass. We were married in 1937, and went to live at the sawmill. Because, of that, my life was saved during the Holocaust, and 1 was also able to hide a number of Jews during the great "action,” among them my friend Miriam Mund. The “action” took place in February 1942, on a Wednesday. XXXIV Memorial Book had been forced out of their home in Gorki, and was living on the other side of the Bug River. From then on, we shared every- thing with them, and continued helping them with whatever we could. In 1949, we immigrated to Israel, and as soon as we began working, we sent them money regularly, for they were very poor. We helped them educate their children, since that was their dearest wish. In 1967, we invited Sophia Piotrowki to Israel, and she spent five months with us. We did our best to give her pleasure. We arranged for her to visit all the Christian holy sites, and she also planted a tree in the Herzl forest, in the section of the “righteous gentiles.’’ She was given a special citation and medal. Sophia parted from us, happy to have been so greatly honored. She returned to Poland with lovingly given presents for herself, her husband, and her children. Mosty-Wielkie X3CXIII TS ^aon nxi TiDn-nTiyn ns n^npa npoinors n'’9iT "um T„ rx 3i3iayD‘’’so‘>is rs D'^d anysi h^’Dit Sophia Piotrowski receives the engraved certificate and the medal at Yad Vashem D^iyn mais ’Ton po nyn rJ< s os3s‘7D spop^jnojj’s n’sn n'?)vn mais ’Ton nnwa ^snn-iTn py nyoia npoonoi’s n’oit Sophia Piotrowski planting a tree in Herzl Forest in the Avenue of Righteous Grentiles. XXXII Memorial Book Bremer Nachrichten Nr. 159 ‘Dienstag, 12. Juli 1965. Zwei fliichteten vor Massenmord Erschiitternde Aussagen im Gericht -Hildebrand beslreilet Teilnabnie War dcr ehemalige SS-Obersturmfiihrer Fritz Hildebrand im Februai 1943 maBgeblidi an Au(h der GOjaliiige .Miraham Wrilrr rr.'.s der Liquidierung von mindestens 1400 Juden des Zwangsarbeitslagers von Mosty-Wieikie Nazareth in Israel will einen SS(>tti/:e:- beteiligt? Diese Frage versudrt seit gestern das Bremer Sdiwurgcicht im Judenmord- Hildebrand vor und nadi der .-Nktion k; ProzeB zu klSren. Der Angeklagte hatte — wie beriditet — eine feilnahme an diesem Mosty-Wieikie gcsehen haben. Nadi st sia-r Blutbad entschiedcn bestritten und lediglich die Mdglichkeit cingeriuiil, dem „kranklidien Aussagc hatte der Lagerkommandaiit und nervosen* Lagerkommandanten von Mosty-Wieikie bei einer nBestandsaufnahme" Schulze einen Ottizier dieses Namons Ix'i behiiilich gewesen zu sein. £r will in dem Lager ubernaditet haben und durdi den Larm einen Appell vorgestcllt. Dieser Hildelirand wachgeworden sein, der beim Abtransport der Insassen entstand. soli in einer Rede an die Lagerinsassen besseics Essen und Sdiuhe vcrsprodien t.a- Sectis Lagerinsassen, die dem furdilbaren Bei dieser Sdiildcru.g des grauenvollen ben. Massaker entkommen waren, warden • ge- Ge.sihehens sdiiug di'. Zeugin mehrmals Einige Tagc .spater sei e.s dann zu der stern zu Beginn der Verhandlung dem An- sdiludizend ihre lliinie vor das Gesidil Aktion gekommen. .An diesem Tage will der geklaglen gegenubergeslellt, neben dem und sagte: „DaB irh nidit entdeckt wurde, Zeuge, der die Aussagen von Fran Gutman wieder drei Juslizbeamte in Zivil Plalz ge- ist ein Wunder Golic:' gewesen. Ich sollte liber die Panik unter den Lagerinsiissen lie- nommen batten. Flint dcr Zeugcn erkann- vielleidil am Lebcn bl 'iben!" Frau Gutman statigte, ,.l lildebrand" von scinem Versteik tcn Hildebrand nichl wieder. Sie hiellon zum hat von ihrer Mutier, ihren beiden Sdi we- in einem Hause aus no oc'ien hdbo. Jch glaube, iiin an (lc:ii tjesuiil;;- Sie V, jr ilirom Versfeck in ger ausrottel". Sie sei diesem Ollizie.r in di'r zugen zu erkcnnen, .bin mir aber dessen lias Lager 7ai iiikijC'.-'.'.hi t, aus dem sie Lagerkiidie begegnet. Lr habe sie nadi tier iiicht sidier. Es war ein sehr gut aussehender sdilieBlidi 'bald darauf in einen Wald lliich- Verpllegung und der Zaid der Insassen ge- ." und groBer Mann . . tele. im Lager hatte se erlahren, daB 2000 fragt. Frau Graiiliaid konnte jcdodi cbenso Auf die Frage von Landgericbtsdirektdr ihrer Leidensgenossen in einem Wald wie Weilcr in dem Ange.klagten niiht den Dr. Rrademann, ob ihr der Name Hildebrand schossen worden seie.V. Die Anklage spricht SS-Offizier von damals wiedererkennen. bekannt sei, antwortete die Zeugin; .Dieser von 1400 Ermordeten., Der ProzeB wird morgen fortgesetzt. Name wird mir nein Lcben lang in Erinne- M. H, rung bleibehl’ Sie habe bereits am Vor- ler /' abend der Vernidilungsaktion in Mosty- Wieikie von Leidensgenossen erlahren, daB ^ rrmull-Abfulir ein SS-Offizier Hildebrand eintreffen sollte, IT „um nach dem Rechten zu sehen“. Als sie ZEUGENVERNEHMUNG IM BREMER mit anderen Juderi morgens auf dem Appell- NS-PROZESS .sen, Ostertor und Bahnhof platz anlreten muBte, habe sie in der erslen Reihe gestanden. Vor ihr sei der angcblidie In dem X5-ProzeG, der gc genwiirtig vor prior,'Bahnhofsvorsfadt: .Aillorstr., .Auf Flildebrand zusammen mit dem Lagerkom- dem Bremer Schwurgeridit im Cange i?t, cake, Am Dobben, .Auf dem Rdvi'kamp, mandanten Sdiulze nervos auf und ab ge- ivLirdc dcr a:igck!agte ehemalige S5-Obcr- r der Sc.lilcifniiihle, An dcr Weidc, gangen. .Pidtzlich horte ich Moforen- escarpe nb Kennedyplatz i)is Ilcrdcn- pturmfilhrcr gerausche. Als mir die. beiden SS-Offiziere Hildebrand durch die Aussage 'inweg, Dobbenweg, Fmil-Waldmann- den Riicken zuwandlen, lief irh zu meiner des Zeugcn Leon VVelk zu einer neuen Fedellidren, Gerliardstr.. Grunenweg. alten Mutter und umarmte sic voller Angst", .schtveren Dclastung. Dcr Zeuge, dcr -den gnbank, I-dr.iiigstr., Mendcstr., Rem- beriditete die. Zeugin. tr., Rcmlicrtikirchhof, Rrmhortiiir.g. \’crnichfungsaktioncn im Zwangsarbeits- Der Mann, den sie fiir Hildebrand hielt, ertistift, Richlweg, Sdiwachhausv'r lagcr Drohobyc.z ’Flucht habe eine Pistole gezogen. „Dann knallte durch entkommen ;tr. ab Dobbenweg bis Tunnel Sdnvach- ein SchuB, meine .Sdiultreundin bradi zu- konnte, Pagtc u, a.: „kh tverde mein ganzes r llccrstr., Schleifmulilcnwcg, Sctiillcr- sammen, aber ich habe nidit gesohen, wer Lebcn lang jenen r Tag nlcht vergessen, an geschossen hat", fiigte Frau Gutman hinzu. dem der .Angeklagte meine Ehefrau bei Die Zeugin hatte die danach entstandene .ii’wachhausen; Sduvadihauser Heorslr. Panik benutzt, um mit ihrer alten Mutter einem Morgenappell aussonderte und dem Circhbachstr. — In der Vahr, Kurfursten- ab Kirdibadislr.— In der Vahr, In der durch einen Zaun aut einen Bauernhof zu Tod uberantwortctc." Hildebrand sei auf r, Str. al) In der Valir Ame- tluditen. Sie verbarg ihre Mutter unter Valuer — seine Frau zugetreten und habe zu ihr ge- auset Str , Papendiekstr., Bruno-Taike- einem Brctlerstapel und versicekte. sii.ii in ie, Kreycniiorst, Friedrich-MiBler-Str., einern Komposthaufen. in dem sie vier Tage pagt: „Du bist so hiibsch, dich veerde ich riiliorstst 1 ., Budicnstr., Bordenauer Str., lang ausharrle. Hunger und Durst Irieben cigenhiindig crschieGcn." Wclk, der in Dro- Versteck. Zu- anbornstr.. Ridiard-Dehm.el-Str., Prager die Frau schlicBlich aus ihrem hobyez •auScr .seiner Frau auch scinen Vatcr 5c, Chiusewit/str., Heinrich-Heine-Slr., vor hatte sie aber milansehen mussen, wie und seine Mutter verior, au!?cite weiter: Uniformierle Jagd auf jiidische Frauen und •Trinkler-Str.,. Im Wiesengrund, GroB- Manner machlen. Sie horte Sctiiisse und Ma- „Hildebrands Er.schcinen bcdcutetc immer heiist:., GroBbeeronsfr., Loignystr., schinengewehrfeuer, sie horte Todesschreie etwas Boses." ikcndoifstr, Katzbaihslr., Sdiwarzcn- und die angstvollen Schreie nines Kindes. ">; r., Gluulottenbarger Str., Frelligrathstr., Die Zeugin Linda Gartcnberg an- Mon- ientuiiger Sti., I’otsd'imer Str., Ha’-cl- ‘'.e wurde Zeuge, wie ihre .Mutter, entdeckt . •>id wengefA'hrt wurde. Dio.a'te 1 t-ru m. -M '. treal in Kanada bcrichtctc iiber ihre Erlcb- 2 r \v’cg, Freiiierr-vom-Stein-.SIr., Eidion- itr I unbeobachlele Hand- , lermann-Stchr-Weg. Adalberl- dann nod. eine nisr-e in Drohi'bc'cz. .Xuch sie hatte gehdit, bewegung auf ihr Versteck zu, als wollte r-Weg, Svcn-I ledin-Str., Wildermnfh- daS die Augu::.t-.-\ktion 'inter Lcitung \'on sie ihre Tochler veranlassen, weiler auszu- 3, Wildermuthpldtz, Ralhenaustr., Hein- harren. Hildebrand gcslanden habe. Icrtz-Str, Passages on the trial of the Nazi, Hildebrand, commander of the Mosty extermination camp. Mosty-Wielkie XXXI we gave him our last few coins; he let us be, and showed us the way to the forest. Shortly after we managed to find a hiding place among the thickets, a frightful sight unfolded before our eyes. Pouring rain, accompanied by thunder and lightning, came down from the skies as though nature itself was setting the stage for a drama of horror. Two kilometers from us, we saw flames and columns of smoke rising to the skies. The entire camp was one great bonfire. The S. S. troops had set fire to the camp from all four sides, and 2000 Jews came to their ends in the burning hell. That same night, after midnight, we reached the PiotrowskJ home, five kilometers from the forest. The family was frightened, but they took us in and hid us in their garret among the logs that were stored there. For 14 months, this great-hearted Christian family hid us, sharing their scant food with us, and putting themselves in constant •'.iDr o|pd Ceremony and memorial service at “Yad vashem” in Jerusalem danger of their own lives should our presence become known to the cruel Nazis. Hidden in some hole, we waited for the merciful Sophia Piotrowski to bring us food to eat. Be it understood, it was not for payment of any kind, for we had nothing with which to pay. We stayed with the family until the liberation. Never will we forget them. After we were freed in July 1944, we found that this family XXX Memorial Book we moved into the vacant Jewish houses. Potolice was already '"Judenrein."’ We remained there for three weeks. On 21 May 1943, we were transferred to Rawa-Ruska, to the dreadful S. S. work camp. We lived in barracks, men and women separately. It is impossible to put into words how awful our living conditions were — it was simply hell on earth. The cruelty of the Germans and the Ukrainians took the most brutal forms. At the slightest pretext, Jews were shot. Cowed and intimidated, the Jews prayed for the angel of death to redeem them from their tortured lives. Once a weeK, we were taken to the bath house. All the healthy, well-fed, well-dressed Christian inhabitants looked at the emaciated Jews, full of pain and tattered, with mockery and hatred in their eyes. husband in Rawa-Ruska as were Yitzhak Sheinfeld My was , and Aharon Horowitz, Rabbi Eberstark's son-in-law. Aharon Ho- rowitz was saved by a miracle from burning to death in the synagogue, together with many of the most prominent Jews of Mosty, on the third day of the Nazi occupation. My husband was one of those working in the quarry, where he became friends with a Pole named Piotrowski. Hearing that the work-camp was about to liquidated, he ventured to ask his Polish friend if he could hide us when danger would be imminent. Piotrowski’s answer gave us hope. On the 10th of June, the eve of Shavuoth, Piotrowski met my husband at work and let him know that he had overheard a Gestapo man telling his girl friend that something was going to happen m the camp that day. He offered my husband a hiding place for the night, and suggested that he not go back to the camp. My husband thanked him profusely, but came back to the camp for me. Cutting through the barbed wire, we left the camp together. Only fifty yards from the camp, a “Volksdeutch” (German resident of Poland) stopped us. Weeping and beseeching, Mosty-Wielkie XXIX The handful of Jews remaining worked at the hardest tasks, and lived in the illusion that there would be no further “actions.” After the second “action” in Zolkiew, I came to Mosty, and with the help of my sister Bailci, I began working in the kitchen. At that time, a typhus epidemic broke out, and nearly all those who caught the disease died from it, among them Tova Kasner, the sister of Shmuel Kasner who now lives in Israel. During the time I worked in the kitchen, I came face to face with the killer, Hildebrand, who personally carried out the third “action” which liquidated the Mosty-Wielkie work-camp, and wiped out nearly all the Jews who were there. When Hildebrand, accompanied by other S. S. officers, visited the kitchen in order to find out how many Mosty Jews came to eat there, he remarked jokingly, “The Jews don’t get enough vegetables. They need more vitamins.” The day after the visit, the most precisely planned, bloody and cruel “action” took place at the same time in Mosty and Zolkiew. The Jews had to dig their own mass-grave for the massacre, which was carried out in the Babka forest. The blood foamed up and overflowed these trenches, covering the white snow with a blanket of red. Major Krupa should be mentioned again at this point. At the time of the third “action” he was heard by witnesses to say to the S. S. men, “Here, against the Jews, you are heroes. Why don’t you go fight at Stalingrad and show your heroism at the battlefront?” The day after my meeting with Hildebrand, my husband and I managed to escape to a forest near Mosty. For three days and nights we hid in a trench there, without food or water. After- wards we met up with a few other Jews who had managed to escape with their lives from the mass murder. After the horrible massacre, the Nazis totally liquidated the work-camp, and the handful of surviving Jews was transferred to Potolice. Along their way, whole families of gentiles stood and taunted and cursed us as we passed. When we reached Potolice, XXVIII Memorial Book him that many Jews from nearby towns and villages sought refuge in Mosty. The S. S. people resented Major Krupa’s humane treatment of the Jews, and managed to get him removed from his command. After Krupa's departure, the situation of the Jews changed drastically. The S. S. murderers started to carry out their devilish plan — to physically annihilate the Jewish population. The first victims were the aged and the children, who were taken away to Belzitz and there gassed to death. Then the S. S. spread a false rumor that the town of Jarczow-Nowy had been officially declared a Jewish city. The Jews who voluntarily moved to that town would be able to live and work there until the end of the war. Many Jews went off to Jarczow, among them Levi Steger and his wife. Within two weeks, all those who went had been exterminated. The S. S. murderers didn’t rest from their deeds. Soon after- wards, they carried out the so-called “women’s action.” When ?Al the working women gathered at the square for the roll-call to go to work, the S. S. men and their Ukrainian helpers, under the leadership of their commanding officer, Hildebrand, surrounded the area and took the women by force to a place called Bagna or Babka, where they were all killed. In the course of the death march, the more than 1000 women sang “Hatikvah.” On the same day, many men were killed as well. My brother-in-law, Zvi Steger, was shot and killed while crossing the bridge which divides the town in two. His brother Moshe, was wounded by a bullet and left for dead, but managed to escape ; his wound later healed. Other people killed in the “action” included Sobele Wexler, the beautiful fiancee of Karol Katz, who served as a policeman for the Judenrath. For some unknown reason, probably because he had no suspicion of what awaited the women at the roll-call, he took her out of her hiding place, and she perished with all the other women assembled there. After this horrible slaughter, Obersturmfuhrer Schultz was named camp commander. He picked himself several Jewish helpers. Mosty-Wielkie XXVII from a peasant, an acquaintance of mine, another peasant, came to me and said, ‘‘So this is what is left of your father’s great wealth ? Don’t worry, things will improve.” We moved to Silesia later, and lived in Bytom for a while. By a miracle my husband and I had both survived. In 1949, we came to Israel, and put down new roots in the country. Kenya Graubart Holon IN THE CLUTCHES OF THE NAZIS I was born in Zolkiew. My father, Hanoch Singer, was the son of Rabbi Hirsch Harak, a dayan (religious judge) in Mosty. His wife, Hindi, was also the daughter of a Mosty rabbi. My entire family was killed in Zolkiew and Ludmir, except for my sister Bailci, the wife of Zvi Steger. They lived in Mosty and were killed there. When the Germans started the liquidation of the Jews in Zolkiew, my husband and I ran off to my sister in Mosty, with the hope of working in the forced labor camp. Since I was a grand- child of Rabbi Hirsch Harak of Mosty, and since my sister lived there too, I used to visit the town often, and maintained close ties with the young people of Mosty in the years before the war. I passed tne bitter years of the holocaust with the Jews of Mosty. With them I went through all the terrible persecutions, and there I found a refuge and by a miracle managed to stay alive. This is why I feel such a deep need to describe the mourn- ful events which overtook the sanctified community commemor- ated in the Memorial Book of Mosty-Wielkle. Soon after Mosty was occupied, the Germans established a forced labor camp in the town. It was run by Major Krupa, who behaved with kindness towards the Jews. It was because of XXVI Memorial Book Seventh-Day Adventists, and thus we struggled along, in hunger and in cold, until the Germans found us and sent us off to the Yanowski camp. Luckily, this happened at a time when the Germans were hoping to receive a truck from the Allies in exchange for every live Jew, so they didn't kill us. We toiled at hard labor, and meanwhile the Red Army was approaching. One day the Germens assembled us, ready to kill us. Just in the nick of time, a new order arrived. We were packed into freight cars and sent off to Przemysl, where we dug trenches. A few days later we arrived at the Plashow camp, which was inde- scribably horrible. Some of us were detailed to burying the dead. Next we were sent to Auschwitz, and there a “selection” was made — part of us, including my son. Sever, were sent to the gas chambers at once, and the rest were assigned to barracks and put to hard labor. We suffered from hunger, and even more from diarrhea, because the water supply was contaminated. My brother Hershel’s wife, Surche, together with her son, Meir, died just before the liberation, and the same fate befell my parents. In December 1944, we were sent off to work in an ammunition factory in Saxony. We worked hard 12 hours a day, hungry and thirsty. When the Allies started to bomb the factory more heavily and with greater frequency, the Germans used to lock us in so that we would be killed there. In the last days before the liberation, we were once again loaded into crowded freight cars and sent off, shut up in them for 7 — 8 days without food or water. When we emerged, half- dead, in Czechoslovakia and saw the verdant gardens and the fruit trees in full bloom, we couldn’t believe that such blossoming and fresh new life could possibly exist in such a murderous, barbaric world. A few days later, we arrived in Thereisenstadt, where we were fed and given medical care. On the 5th of May, we were freed by the Russians. After the war, I returned to Mosty. I weighed 30 kilograms. As I stood in the market place, trying to sell a dress I had retrieved Mosty-Wielkie XXV already full of people who had managed to escape from the slaughter. My son, my cousin and I hid ourselves in a corner near the wall, covering ourselves with pieces of iron. The S. S. men made a search and soon found the Jews hiding in the cellar. I saw one of the murderers coming close to where I was hidden, but fate decided that I would survive, and at that very moment someone called him away. The next day, the frost let up. The melting snow, mixed with clotted blood flooded all the streets and roads with Jewish blood. After every big ‘‘action,” the Nazis were in the habit of making a short break in their killings in order to fool the survivors. But the murders soon began again. This time, the elderly people and children were sent to Zolkiew, and there exterminated. The younger people, fit for work, were later transported to Potolicze, and from there to Kamionka-Woloska. Together with a group of Jews, I worked there in the railroad yard until the Potolicze camp was liquidated. Hearing rumors that the liquidation was to take place, we ran away to the woods, hoping to reach Socal because we had heard rumors that that town was to be designated a “Jewish town.” On the way, we were caught by the Ukrainian police who gave my husband a good beating. At police headquarters, we saw a grave being dug for us. But before taking us out to be shot, the police commander sat down to write out a report. Upon hearing that we were Ya’acov Shpritzer's children, he announced, ‘T will not kill Shpritzer's children. He always helped our people with everything. He treated the peasants who owed him money very mercifully.” The commander gave us bread and milk, and said, “Run away, and don’t tell anyone that I freed you.” We came to the Wieczorki woods and hid there. We had nothing to eat, so at night we would steal out to the fields to see if the peasants had left anything behind, perhaps a bit of stale bread or a potato. We got a little food from the peasant XXIV Memorial Book earth heaved up from the death convulsions, and the blood spurted up from the top-most layer of the murdered victims. I was close to the ghetto, so I managed to return to my house which possessed a cellar. When I got there, the cellar was BREMEN Zeuge muftte Graber ausheben JudenmordprbzeB: Massenexekution von 1400 M( iischeii Grauenvolle Einzelheiien einer Massen* lizischen Ort eb*nfalls miterlebt. Sie beridi- i(b, wiovicl Menschen liquidiort worden wa- exekution von 1400 judisdien Prauen und tete, daB in der Nachl zuvor im ganzen La- ren." Dor Plicniann der Zcugin wurde zwei Mannern in einem Waldsttick bei Mosty- ger von .Hildebrand aus Lemberg" gespro- Monate spaler in einem Nebenlager ermoi- Wielkie Im Pebruar kamen gestern im chen worden sei. Diesem .Ubermenschen" dot. Sio sellisf muBte den \^'eg in (iie Ge- TtmeTmrerg- 'z prp eir vor Breiner schwur- babe sie audi in der Kiiche gegeniiber- ftingnisse von Lemberg und Krakau antre- gericht zur Sprache, gescfaildert wurden sle gestanden und sidi dabei gedadit: .Dieser ten. Kurz vor ihroni Abtransporl jiacii von dem S2jahrigen Kaufmann Mann fallt nun die Entsdieidung liber Leben R'ivrnsbriick kor.nte sie fluchten. trontasdi aus MUndien. Der Zeuge war iiiit und Tod." Nadi der Massenexekution Lhenso wie .Jaroh Patrontasdi erkarin'e nrtclSensgenossen gezwungen worden, die braudite sie nadi ihren Angaben anstalt audi Frau VVolfsohn in dem Angoklagten Graber fiir die Opfer auszuheben. Er muOte bisher 2000 nur norb etwa 300 bis 400 nidit ntii Oifizior aus Mosty-\V'ielkie- wie- rail ansehen, wie die Frauen und Manner ' Essonportionen auszugeben. „Daran erkannte der. M. r 1. in Gruppen an die Graber getrieben und aufgefordert wurden, sidi vollstdndig zu ent- kleiden. Dabei spielten sidi ersdiiitternde Szenen ab. Vor seinen Augen wurden die Lager- Nr. 163 Seite 11 insassen der Reihe nadi durch Genick- sditisse getotet. Patrontasdi will eingn Offi- zier, bei dem cs sich angeb'idi um Hilde- brand handelle, beobachtet haben, wie er eigenhandig. ein 14jahriges Maddien und zwei Frauen erseboB^as Madchen babe den Hildebrand“Proze5 Offizier noch auf den Knien um sein Leben angeflcht, sei aber niedergeschossen worden. Im Gegensalz zu seiner gektrigeft Aussage hatfe der Zeuge bei einer Vernehmung ini Zeuge brack • lanuar vorigen Jahres nur davon gespro- dien, daB Hildebrand eine Frau ersr.bossen babe. zusammen .Seine Behauptung, der Todesschiitzo sei Hildebrand gewesen, bekraftigte der Kauf- /Bei der Sdiilderung des Todes seiner Aiige* luann mit Beobaditungen und Erlebiiissen horigen in dem jildischen Zwangsarbeitslager im .Zwangsarbeitslager von Mosty-Wielkie. Mosty Wielkie in Galizien hrach der Zeuga Der Zeuge erklarte, er sei fleWi Sb-Ufl7zier Isaak Podhorelz aus Brasilien gestern im Hildebrartd mehrmals begegnot. Er habe den Schwurgeriditssaal zusammen. Die scJireckliche Namen Hildebrand bei einer Inspektion des Vernichtungsaktion in dem polnisdien Stadt- Lagers aus dem Munde des slellvertretenden dien, bei der weit iiber tausend iiidische Lagerkommandanteii gclidrt. In Begleitung Manner und Frauen unter den Kugeln der des Stellvertreters sei ein Offizier gewesen, SS-Sdiergen gestorben waren, war vorlauiig der sidi nadi der' Verpflegung und nach zum letztenmal Gegenstand der Verhandlung Schuhen erkimdigt habe. Bei diesem .Offi- im Bremer JudenmordprozeB. zier" habe es sidi um Hildebrand getiandelt, Lberlebende gaben dem Schwurgeridit unter dessen Namen immer wieder im Gespradi Vorsitz von Landgeriditsdirektor Dr. Brade- gewesen sei. Hildebrand habe audi vor der die si® mann /.u einzelnen X^crfallen Auskunft, Aktion auf dem Appellplatz nine Rede ge- selbst mitangesehen oder mitnngehort batten balten. Denselben SS-Mar.ii will der Kauf- (WESER-KURIER voni 14. 7. 1966: .Zeuqen mann kurz darauf bei der Massenexekution schildern grauenbafie Szenen"). --Xm 12. Ver- und spater wieder im L •’DDia '’X12T’ n*>yn in nsnn dstohd Passages on the trial of the murderer Hildebrand, in which Mosty residents were witnesses. Mosty-Wielkie XXIII to Lemberg and murdered Jews with axes, scythes and knives, in the most brutal fashion. The news of the Lemberg pogrom soon reached Mosty, and my father sent a Christian friend of his to find out how we had fared. The Pole, a man named Gal, told me how the Mosty synagogue had been burnt down, with tens of Jews inside. We had to leave our home in Lemberg and move to a tiny room in the ghetto. There we suffered through the pains and woes, together with all the Jews of Lemberg. In April 1942, the great mass “action” took place in Lemberg. Whoever escaped being shot on the spot was transported to the Belzitz extermination camp. I survived the gruesome “action” by a miracle, and decided to get to Mosty somehow. I bribed a Jewish truck driver who used to drive to Mosty, accompanied by an S. S. man. After great effort, we arrived in Mosty, but lived in constant fear because we were not registered there. After paying a bribe, I began laboring in the work camp which was under the command of Major Krupa, who dealt humanely with the Jews. We only breathed freely for a short while, and then Major Krupa was replaced by Commander Schultz. Our conditions changed radically then. The men were separated from the rest of us, and taken off to work in Zawonie, where they were systematically done away with. Murders were carried out in the ghetto daily, and groups transported to the Yanowski camp. In February 1943, the so-called “women’s action” took place. One day, when all the working women gathered for the roll- call to go off to work, the S. S. men and their Ukrainian helpers, under the direction of the arch-murderer, Hildebrand, ringed the roll-call area. Many of the women understood that their end was near. Since we had nothing with which to defend ourselves, we started to run away. The murderers shot the fleeing women, many of whom died on the spot. The remainder were forcibly taken away to the Borowa woods and there liquidated. Some of the women were buried, not quite dead, in the mass grave. The XXII Memorial Book but secretly and discreetly. They would come to the aid of any Mosty Jew as soon as they realized he needed help. In addition, they contributed generously to all the community projects and funds, such as building the synagogue, the belt midrash, and other undertakings. I shall never forget how my mother used to send me to the poor and ill with parcels of food, telling me, “See to it that no one notices what you are bringing them.” This is the kind of honorable Jewish life style that prevailed in our home till the great Holocaust. At the outbreak of the war, I was living in Lemberg (Lwow) with my husband, Avraham-Dolek Weiler, and our son, Shmuel (Sever). The Germans bombarded Lemberg heavily on the first day of hostilities, and many Jews were killed, including Mostyites who happened to be in the city at the time. We immediately left for Mosty to join my parents, but out of fear we hid a while in a village near Mosty. When we reached Mosty several days later, the town had already been occupied by the Germans. They took a number or Jews as hostages, among them my father, but soon freed them, naturally upon payment of a large ransom. Soon after, the Germans left Mosty and were replaced by the Russians. The “liberating” Russians wasted no time in nationalizing “private property” and my family was one of the first victims. Like all the others whose property was nationalized, they had to leave Mosty and go at least 100 miles away from the border. But this edict could also be rescinded upon payment of a large bribe. Rumors went around that all the former property owners were going to be sent to Siberia. To save me from such a fate, my parents decided that I should go back to Lemberg. At the beginning of the winter of 1940, I returned to Lemberg, together with my husband and my son Sever, who was five years old at the time. There we remained, managing somehow, until the Germans attacked the U. S. S. R. They occupied Lemberg almost immediately, and on the very same day a fright- ful pogrom took place. Ukrainians from the entire district flocked Mosty-Wielkie XXI Tova Weiler (Shpritzer) Nazareth Hit MY TRAGIC WAR EXPERIENCES Dedicated to the sanctified memory of my parents, my son, and my other relatives, may they rest in peace. My parents, Ya’acov and Pertche Shpritzer, belonged to one of the few rich Jewish families in Mosty. They owned a large iron and building material concern, and were the chief suppliers for the estate owners in the district and the municipality. My parents were so honest and reliable in all their dealings, that their customers, mainly Christians, trusted them implicitly. Though my father was very busy with his affairs, he always found time to work for the common good. He was spokesman for the Jewish merchants to the taxation department, and worked devotedly to further their interests, a difficult task in the anti- semitic environment of Poland. He had been elected to the Town Council, and there too he defended Jewish interests in the never- ending struggle with the non-Jewish councilmen. My father's proud Jewishness is illuminated by the following episode : One Saturday morning, a representative of the Central Police School in Mosty came to our home, wanting to buy certain building material. My father categorically refused to give it to him on the grounds that Jewish religious law prohibited business dealings on the Sabbath. The representative's urgent requests and even threats to cut off business relations with us did not move my father. The police school later apologized, and renewed its contracts with our place of business. My parents were always ready to help any needy Jew, XX Memorial Book my name and had myself written down as Christian. Until the end of the war, I labored in the work-camp in Germany, and in 1945 I was released by the Allied forces, together with other survivors. After the war I went back to Poland to search for survivors from my family, but to my sorrow no one was left alive. Every- one had been exterminated. Alone and depressed, I was tired of life, and I became apathetic about everything around me. I was Undergoing a great emotional crisis, and badly needed sympathy and warm support in order to relight some spark of hope for the future in my heart. To my good fortune, I met my present husband, and after we were married we left for the United States. A son was soon born to us there; he is a teacher today, married and the father of two children. Some time later, I saw the pictures of my sisters and brother, which were sent to me from Israel. My heart was so pain-stricken, that for a long time I could not stop the flood of tears. Their faces had dimmed in my memory over the years, but when the pictures brought their images back to me, the barely healed wounds opened again. Once more I found myself reliving the past, which is such a great part of me to this day. All that happened to my family, to the Jews of Mosty, and to the Jewish people as a whole, returns as a vision before my eyes. More than once it seems to me that I live in a nightmare in which I too was exterminated with them, and only my ghost is left in the world of the living. Mosty-Wielkie XIX ragged and barefooted (I weighed 36 kilos at the time) — they fell upon the Germans with axes, took their guns away from them, and were ready to kill them. The Czech women received us warmly. At the Thereisenstadt camp we received medical treatment, food and clothing. It was the end of our tribulations. On 25 May 1945, the day the Czechs regained their independ- ence, we were freed. Hella Rettman (Katz) U. S. A. NIGHTMARE My family consisted of six people : my parents, Shimon and Rachel Katz, my two sisters, Golda, the eldest (married to Reuven Bark), Sarah (Sala), the youngest girl, my young brother, Alexandei (we called him Junek), and myself. The family home was next door to the Ukrainian community hall. I was married to Nathan Klam, and lived in Lemberg with him. At the outbreak of the Second World War and the Nazi occupation of that city, I took my 31/2 year old son and went back to Mosty to join my parents. My husband, of blessed memory, remained in Lemberg. In 1943, after the two great ''actions, I ran away from Mosty. My father had been killed in one of the "actions” and my two sisters were working hard but didn't want to leave. My late mother didn’t agree to my running off all by myself. Auster, a friend of ours from Kamionka, suggested that we go off together to his sister who was in the city of Bisk. Kamionka was already "Judenrein” (free of Jews). I only stayed a short while in Bisk. I witnessed, with my own eyes, the hair- raising tortures and murders carried out by the Nazis against the Jews there, and I decided that I would infiltrate a transport of Ukrainians being taken to work camps in Germany. I changed XVIII Memorial Book US where we were coming from. We told her everything. She folded her arms and said, ‘'They have chosen you for experiments. They are going to make white mice out of you !’’ Upon hearing these words, I suggested to the other women that we get out of Auschwitz on the first transport leaving the place. The next day, a transport carrying prisoners to work in Germany stopped in our camp. We jumped into a car, and to our great good fortune, they didn’t count the people in the car, nor check them off a list. We all got in, and off we went to work in Saxony, in Germany. We were 500 women, working 12 hours a day in an ammunition factory. We worked in two shifts, and were constantly hungry. A potato peel was an unattainable dream. More than once, I prayed with all my heart that I would be able to hold out just long enough to see Germany defeated. Hitler dead, and the remnant of Israel saved. God heard my prayer, and I lived to see the collapse of Nazi Germany in May 1945. One night, very close to the time of our release, I dreamt that my mother brought me bread, and I asked her for potatoes. Suddenly, I saw an unforgettable sight for those times: a lovely garden, trees in blossom, a green lawn, in brief, the sweetness of spring, with everything growing and blooming. A few days after this dream, we were again transported in freight cars, 150 women to each car. I received a slice of bread, which was promptly stolen from me. We were told that we were being taken to Schlossenberg for extermination. The rail- road tracks were torn up from the Russian shelling, making it hard for the murderers to stick to their timetables. We were being taken to Czechoslovakia. When I looked out of the small opening in the freight car, I saw my dream come true : Broad fields, blooming trees, just like in my dream . We came near Thereisenstadt, and here we were allowed to get out of the cars. When the Czechs saw what we looked like — living skeletons, Mosty-Wielkie XVII of the camp’s inmates escaped, and in retaliation we were punished. They stood us along prepared open trenches, and got ready to shoot us. At the last moment, I said goodbye to life with a cry of ‘‘Shma Yisrael !” At that very moment, my ears caught the sound of a motorcycle. A miracle ! A messenger came from the high command, bringing an order not to shoot us, probably for fear of the approaching Russians. Among our prospective execut- ioners I identified Hildebrand, the murderer from the Mosty ghetto. After a few days, we were sent on foot to a certain spot and loaded into freight cars. We made a number of twists and turns, and stopped at a number of stations before arriving in Przemysl. There we stayed only a short time, for the Russians were quickly approaching. From Przemysl we were transferred to the mountains. Everywhere we stopped, we worked at military excavations. Not far from Tarnow, we toiled for about three months. The work was terribly difficult, for the earth was hard and rocky. We worked with hoes, and it took much effort to accomplish what we had to do. We worked all day long, and at night we were so miserably tormented that we weren’t able to sleep. This went on till we arrived at the notorious and hellish Plashow concentration camp. From there we were taken to Auschwitz, and here our torture, our hunger and our suffering reached such a peak that it is impossible to describe. Every moment, we waited for death to release us. One day, 10 or 12 women were chosen, I among them. We were led to a clean, orderly laboratory which was used to show foreign visitors how well the prisoners were treated. They im- mediately began doing various tests on us. After weighing us and examining and measuring us from head to toe, we were asked from where we came and questioned closely about our family histories. Then we were sent back to our former camp, not fat from the crematorium. As we returned to our block in the dusk, an old woman about 65 —• 70 years old approached us and asked XVI Memorial Book for extermination, and their bodies burnt immediately, to erase the traces. One night in June 1944, the Russians started to shell Lemberg, including the area of the camp. At the time of the barrage, many tlberlebende berichteten liber ihre Erlebnisse 9. Tag im SchwurgerichtsprozeU / „Hildebrand war bekannt‘‘ Aus Argentinien, Brasilien, Pennsylvanien, Ahraham AdoU WeiTcr auaiJ.azMediLln IsracF. aus New York und Israel kamen die Zeugen, (flatzte dis Zahl^er damais rtrmoraeten die am neunten Tag Im Bremer Judenmord* idher ein, ;mlndas,tens 2000 Personen''. viele- prozeB tiber Masseaverntditungsaktionen der !s hatten sich im’Jahr 1942 JUden SS ia Gallzien aussagtea. Mit den sdireck* villig na di Mosty Wielkie begeben, weil Wat' lidten Erlnnerungen, die mancben der Zeugen :in HaupfRann der de'utschen Wehrmacht, im Gerlchtssaal Qbermannten, verband sidi Cruppa, Lager und jiidischen Wohnbezirk be- audi diesen ]Udisdien MSnnem und Frauen ehli^le, der .ein edler Mensch mit einem wiedei unlOsbar der Name Hildebrand. .Den derzen fur die jiidische Bevolkerung* gewesen Zeugen Namen werde ich mein Leben lang in furdit- ieii eine Erinnerung. die von anderri barer Erinnerung behalten", sagte die fidjah* aestatigt wurde. Spater, etwa Oktober 1942, rige Toai Gutiimnn. aus Buenoa Aires sdiluch- sei aus der lodceven Zusammenfassung volt zend vor dem Sdiwurgericht, nadidem sie ge* judischem Wohnbezirk mit Sagewerk, Biirst^- sdiildert hatte, wie sie' an einem Tage ihre * fabrik mit WerKstatten verschiedener Art ein kleine Tochter, -ihre geworden, in -dem die Mutter und ihre zwei , Jwangsarbeitslager Sdiwestern bet der Judenausrottuiigaaktion in Familien nach Gesdilechlern getrenht unter- dem polnischen StSdtdien Mosty Wielkie In gebracht wurden. Der menschliche Kruppa sei Februar 1943 verlpren hatte. Ob der SS< von dem SS-Obersturmliihrer Schulze - als Henker Hildebrand- bus dem Gallzien der neuem Kommandanteii abgelost Worden. Weilor- damallgen Zeit mit dem Mann' auf der An> hat den auch von den andern Zeugen immet kiagebank im Bremer Judenmordprozefi, dem wieder zitierlen .Hildebrand" dr.eimal geseheii: ehemaligen SS-ObersturmfUhrer Friedrich Hit., bei einem Appell kurz .vor der- Vernichtungs- debrand, identiscfa ist, vermochten die Zeugen aktion und zweimal wahrend des .Bluttages*. des neunten Verhandlungstages nadi liber ^ . B 1 T m an f* 23 Jahren des Abstandes und der Verinderun* gen nicht elndeutig zu sagen. den Besudier Hildebrand vor angetretener Bei den Gegenuberstellungen fand nur cine Belegschaft mit Namen vorgestellt. Der. Cast von sedis den Angeklagten aus einer Gruppe habe dann eine tonende Rede gehalten, in der von vier Mannern heraus. Diese Zeugin vet- .besseres Essen." und .Schuh'e fiir alle* ange- hehlte nicht, daO sie Zweifel hatte. Indessen: kiindigt wurden, Der Bluttag sei dann von schon die ubereinstiminende Bekundung der. Schulze mit einer makabren Anweisxmg ein-* Zeugen, daB ein Hildebrand in der Bevolke- geleitet worden: Am Vorabend habe er be- lung als Leiter der grauenvollen Mord- iohlen, die Frauen sollten sich zum Appell aktionen gegolten habe,- belastet den Ange- am nachsten Morgen .besonders schon an- klagten. Denn das Schwurgeridit stellte nadj Ziehen*. Dann hatte der Zbuge dasselbe wie' eingehendem Studium der SS-Akten fest; Frau Gutmann erlebt, Umstellung des Lagers, einen zweiten Hildebrand gab es seinerzert in SeflUSSe, beSWffel, Panik. Ihm war es gelun- Galizien nidit. Der 63jahrige Bremer Hilde- gen, mit seinem Schwiegervater in ein Haus fliichten, das Zufall nicht genau .brand ist, 'v\'ie berichlet, mehrerer Mordtaten ZU "dutch jjnd der Mitwirkung an Massenvernichtungs- durchsucht wurde. So hatte er mitansehetX die-Lagerinsassen zu Hunderten ektionen angcklagt. . konnen, wie zusammengetrieben und aus dera.Lagertor ge« Mosty \Vielkie, Getto und spateres Zwangs- fiihrt worden waren. Es ' s^ien weit mahr ar(T6lt41Agcr m aer Niihe von Lemberg, wurde Frauen als Manner' gewesen. .Ich kSnnte die 2 u ein’em der -graClichen Sdrauplatze der Frauen nlchtl aber einige Gesichter'Sih'dsmir Hiinmlersdien Tyrannei, die unter der Tarn- noch heute im Gedachtnis.- Ich sehe sie vor bezeidinung .Endlosung der Judenfrage" nur mi.r." Die Juden waren,. so wuBten es ande|k' diinn kaschiert vvar. Denn, vvie die Zeugen- tags die polnischen Bauem zu erzShlen, i in a'ussagen im Bremer Jude'nmordprozeB -deuli . einem breiten Graben im Walde • erschossen machteni'Die auserkorenen Opfer wuBten, lidi worden,. den sie selbst hatten graben miissen. was die'Stunde gesdiiagen hatte. Die Geriichte Gegen 16 Uhr, als im Lager Ruhe berrsdite, lieien sdineller, als SS und SD indrsdiierten. waren die 'verstedeten Manner- hervorgerufen Iin Gebi'ct uiri Lemberg bemaditigte sich der worden und, nach des Zeugen Darstellung, Volksmund, der etyraologischen 'Erklarung von. Hildebrand personlichi besichtigl worden.^ •nicht achtend, immtr -wieder aultauchender 150 alle Menschen und Kinder habe er selek- •Namen von NazigrdCen und legte ihnen selbst- tiert und damit dem Tode iiberantwortet. Audi gebraute Sinngebungen unter. So sagte das diese Gruppe sei in den Wald getrieben Wor- Geriicht, .Hildebrand ' bedeute „Feuer aus der den. DaB das schredcliche Massensterben im Holle". Dio Zeugin Graubard. aus- Holon in Walde bei Mosty Wielkie nicht bloBes Geriicht Israel; .Den Namen hatte ich sdion- vieltach war, halts 06? 2.6Ug& ire''oi Tage spdter mit gehort, ehe ich Hildebrand selbst zu sehen eigenen Augen erlebt. Er gehorte'-zu der bekam.' Dia Leute sagten; ,An seinen-Schritten Gruppe, die Loschkalk auf das nur fluchtig' klnbt Bluf." zugeworfene Massengrab schiitten muBte. Die Zeugin hatte.' nur einen Gedanken,, ihre ,Dort sahen wir ein Meer von Blut.* Auch die r.iu’ncr' za 'fihcis.n' t,-.-.; ddv«>.'?uTa^si'..'>,E(=-;gfV;. Zeugin Hela Graubard war an der Stalte der- lang ihr, bis zu einem Bauernhoi-'^u kommen.. VernichtudTJ'; una sie crinnerte sidi: .Der \vo sie sich in einem KomposthaUfen’ verkrbdi, Schn.ee war iiberall mit Blut vermischt.' Diese nadidem sie die Mutter unter Brettern ver- Frau hatte 'als Stellvertreterin der Kiichen- sleckt halte. So verborgen, crlebte sie Gerenne. leiterin am Tage vor, der .Aktion" Hilde- GeschieBe, Angst- und Todesschreie mit und brand die Kuche. zeigen und Frageh uber die horte zitternd mit an. wie die eigene Mutter Zdhl der taglichcn Portionen beaniworten hcivorgezeril und weggeschleppt wurde. DaB miisscn. Die Inspektion hatte sie so. erregt, die heute als ein sie. entkam. bezcidinct Frau ddU sie in derselben N^chl gellohen war, B. Wundcr (iotlcs. Wahrend sie damals vierTage lang aul der Erde lag. waren in dem nahen W .ilii von Mosfe 'Wiclkie iibet 1000 Juden crseu'jssen worden. mwnn nann "pv; dstohd •’DD’lDl Passages from the German press on the trial of the Nazi criminal, Hildebrand, commander of the extermination camp in Mosty Mosty-Wielkie XV In 1943, the Gestapo sent Major Krupa away from Mosty, because of his merciful attitude to the Jews. In his place we got a former S. S. officer, Shultz. He came from the Yanowski camp, and had a glass eye. He remained in the ghetto until its liquidation. I later ran into him in Nowy-Soncz, when he was examining the railway cars in which the Jews were transported to the extermination camps, to make sure they were tightly sealed so that no one could possibly escape. The commander of the ghetto was a man named Hildebrand, who always used to visit us before and after each ''action'' Those remaining in the ghetto after the mass murder con- tinued their miserable lives, tormented and humiliated, hungry and suffering from their hard labors. When we, the women who worked in Zelig's sawmill, found out that horse-drawn wagons had arrived to take us to the valley of slaughter for extermination, we began running off to hide in the nearby Wieczorki woods. As we ran, they fired at us. I was lightly wounded in my leg by one bullet. Afraid that the path of blood dripping from my wound would give away our hiding place, I stuffed bits of bread that I happened to have with me into the wound, and bandaged it up. About forty of us were left, men and women. One of our group. Engineer Zager, instructed us to dig trenches, and we settled ourselves in these makeshift bunkers. We had no food. During the night we scoured the fields until we found some frozen potatoes This was all we had to eat. Thus we survived in the woods until January 1944. We were ragged and barefooted, starved and frozen. A cat used to come to our bunker and warm our feet in turn, a few minutes for each person. My strength was running out, and when I saw that I couldn't hold out this way any longer, I gave myself up to the Germans. They sent me to Lemberg (Lwow) to the Yanowski camp, noted as an extermination center. We were forced to do hard work there. I toiled in the laundry, washing and ironing. We remained there until the end of June 1944, and went through all sorts of upheavals. People were taken out daily XIV Memorial Book Shining exception, as mentioned above, was Major Krupa. He was a Viennese, and literally one of the saints of the world. He did his utmost to ease our situation, but his possibilities were very limited. He was hated by the Ukrainians and the Poles because of his humane treatment of the Jews in the ghetto. In February 1943, the most frightful murders were carried out in the ghetto. In one day, some 2000 men, women and children were killed. First they were cruelly tortured, and then murdered in cold blood. Small children, hidden in crates by their parents, choked to death there for lack of air. The snow was reddened by the blood which ran like water; the walls and the stones, too, were covered with dried blood. The Nazis and their Ukrainian helpmates broke into the ghetto like wild animals, chased after those of their victims who tried to escape, and killed them mercilessly. A mass murder was also carried out at the Zawonie railroad station, where the men worked. Alongside Dr. Tuerk’s house, there was a strong fence. I broke that fence, and to this day it is hard for me to understand where I got the strength to destroy such a strong construction. My mother fell and I picked her up. The bullets flew over our heads and between us. I held on to my mother, and covered her with boards that happened to be there. We stayed in this hiding- place for a whole day. Then we ran off to the area of the sawmill. There we hid ourselves away for four days without food or water. Our only nourishment during that time was a little snow. I was sure that not one Jew was left alive in Mosty. On the fifth day, I came out of our hiding place, crossed the frozen river, and returned to the ghetto. In the mass grave on the way to the village of Borowa, the blood had foamed up, and the layer of earth covering it heaved up — it was the spilt Jewish blood, crying out to the very heavens. For nearly two weeks, lime was poured over the mass grave. Mosty-Wielkie XIII Toni Gutman Tel-Aviv IN THE VALLEY OF SLAUGHTER In June 1941, Hitler’s forces attacked the Soviet Union. On the very same day, they occupied our town, Mosty. A month later, on the 17th of Tammuz, the Germans, together with their Ukrainian supporters, carried out a massacre, called by them an “action,” among the Jews of the town. Dr. Stroncicki, the Ukrainian town doctor, killed Jews such pleasure and zeal, that his secretary, a Ukrainian girl, remarked “You should be ashamed of yourself for wearing a doctor’s white coat ! It would suit you better to be a butcher!” In the fall, the Jews were uprooted from their homes and transfered to a ghetto established in the neighborhood of the Jewish “Bet Ha’am” (community meeting house). Every day, the men were taken from the ghetto to the Zawonie railway station — a distance of 15 — 17 kilometers from Mosty — to work at hard physical labor. They were forced to load logs onto railway cars for shipment to the saw mills. The women were taken to work in the sawmill of Zelig and Sons, where they sawed the planks and stacked them. Jews from the neighboring towns of Zolkiew, Witkow, Belz and Radziechow, also worked in the sawmill. Jews from all those towns came to Mosty because of a rumor that our town was a paradise for Jews, because of the humane attitude of one Major Krupa. For two years, the Nazis tormented us in the ghetto. People were murdered in the ghetto itself daily, and from time to time small groups were sent off to the extermination camp. We worked very hard. A communal kitchen set the food scanty was up ; was and bad, and the Nazis who guarded us behaved cruelly. The only XII Memorial Book Avraham Ackner Tel-Aviv TO THE MEMORY OF THE MARTYRS OF OUR TOWN In the month Adar, in the season of sowing, in that time of joy, The assailant gathered the Jews to prayer, Tortured and murdered them with rabid cruelty — Burned them together with Torah scrolls. Screams of ‘^Shma Yisrael !” crack the air. Flames shoot from windows. Scrolls blazing, bodies smoldering — — Souls and letters swirl towards heaven. The Rata river swells in its bed. in its white sheet. Snow falls ; the earth smothers The exalted waters redden and run thick. And over the corpses a black raven hovers. The blood cries out; from the depths it breaks forth. Opposite the gold sun — the black pit of bereavement. The blood cries out and won’t be still; Fresh as yesterday, the wound still aches. Translated by Carey Sassower, Harvard University. n N 1 vy inini HOLOCAUST AND DESTRUCTION *‘I will give in my house and within my walls a monument and a name... which shall not be cut off. (Isaiah, 56:5) X Memorial Book and devoted efforts on the part of Avraham Ackner and A. L. Binot which brought the Memorial Book into being. Avraham Ackner ’s fine professional labor is worthy of separate mention: He researched through numerous archives, journals, and chronicles in order to create a historical portrait of our obliterated town. It is no exaggeration to say that without A. Ackner and A. L. Binot, our Memorial Book in its present form and with its manifold content would never have seen the light. These words of thanks to our two comrades express the feelings of the entire book committee. We hope that this additional volume, together with the main body of the Memorial Book, will be accepted by all Mostyites as a holy monument to our murdered and tortured martyrs. Land, do not hide their blood ! : Mosty-Wielkie IX Dr. Ya’acov Roth Paris A SORT OF FORWARD With the publication of the Mosty-Wielkie Memorial Book, we felt impelled to comment on a few flaws which mar this otherwise fine piece of work 1. A number of important articles appear only in Hebrew, a language not known to all. 2. There were printing errors which, unfortunately, are common in printed books. We thererore decided to right the matter, as far as possible, by publishing a second volume in Yiddish and English. 1. Hebrew articles of basic importance have been translated into Yiddish and English, so that every reader will be able to understand them. 2. A list of printing errors we have observed is herewith submitted. It is worth mentioning that on 27 April 1976 (17 Nissan 5736), a memorial meeting was held on the occasion of planting a grove of a thousand trees, dedicated to our own martyrs, in the Martyrs’ Forest in the Hills of Judea. Nearly all the Mostyites now residing in Israel were present; the writer of these lines, who came from Paris especially for the ceremony, was among them. After the trees were planted and the monument unveiled, several Mostyites made appropriate remarks in Hebrew or in Yiddish. Then our fellow townsman, A. L. Binot, read chapter 37 of the Book of Ezekiel. As a climax, prayers were said, and a collective Kaddish intoned. In closing, special praise should be accorded the timeless VIII Memorial Book tribution in preparing the English manuscript for publication; Clara Silber for her artistic portrayal of -‘The Beit Midrash in Flames”; the historian. Dr. Abraham Chomet of Tarnow, for his very useful advice and guidance in publishing the book, and for making avail- able much important historical material on Mosty to the Memorial Book staff; Mrs. Lili Silber and Mrs. Lillian Sigal of the United States, for their vigorous activity in distributing the book among our townsfolk in that country, thus promoting the success of the project; Michael Rosenberg, owner of the Or Printing Company, and his staff for their fine and careful work. Last, but not least, I should like to express my special appreciation to Dr. Ya’acov Roth of Paris, member of our Editorial Committee, who was the moving spirit behind the Memorial Book. His vital and interesting articles, so beautifully written, enriched the contents; his photographs and documents helped enliven the material. He took upon himself the burden of editing and correcting the Yiddish section of the work. This second volume would not have reached the light without his great help. His warm and encouraging letters enabled us to perform the task, and to over- come the difficulties involved. He and his wife, Miriam, were full partners in erecting the monument to Mosty-Wielkie. They also contributed materially and spritually in carrying out the mission. May all these selfless and devoted individuals be blessed and strengthened forever. Mosty-Wielkie VII of the catastrophe that hefell the Jewish folk in the time of the Second World War. Our volume would be an eternal light to our sanctified ones till the end of time. Soon after the publication of the Memorial Book, we began receiving letters from Mostyites in Europe and the United States of America. The writers expressed the thought that it would have been fitting if the Holocaust section of the book, which was printed only in Hebrew, were translated into Yiddish and English so that the many who could not read Hebrew should be able to acquaint themselves with the Mosty of the tragic Nazi period. Despite our awareness of the difficult task we were taking upon ourselves so soon after completing publication of the Memorial Book, we felt that we must acquiesce to the wishes of the scattered remnants of our town. We can now say proudly that we have carried out our obligation In the form of the second volume of the Memorial Book of Mosty-Wielkie, in which the Holocaust and the destruction of our town are detailed. The pages of this special edition are seeped in tears and sorrow, full of pain and anguish, for they were written by the tiny handful that survived, by a miracle, to tell of the gas chambers and the valleys of slaughter. We hope this second volume of the Memorial Book will con- summate the task begun in the first volume, and will also be a source for scholars in delineating the dreadful period of the Holocaust. I should like to take this opportunity to express our grate- fulness to all our fellow townspeople, whose financial contribution made it possible to produce the volume. The warmest thanks are due to the Memorial Book Committee for their concerned effort on behalf of the publication of the book. The following individuals were especially helpful, and we are deeply obligated to them for their activities : Shmuel Kasner, who responded positively to every call, even after a hard day’s work; A. L. Binot of the Editorial Staff for his great help, especially in translating articles from Hebrew into Yiddish; Hassia Ben-Harari for her inestimable con- VI Memorial Book everything possible to fulfill our obligation to them? For years, we toyed with the idea of putting out a memorial book which would be a true monument to our community. We did not dare set ourselves to the task, because a doubt knawed at our hearts : Perhaps we are not capable of really describing our town. Have we the literary talent to faithfully portray the rich and wonderful way of life our community possessed until the great Holocaust, and to describe adequately the tragic fate which cut it short? Still, the idea of publishing a memorial book kept nagging at us, for we felt it to be a moral obligation. At last we set our- selves to the task of preparing such a book, though we knew there would be all sorts of obstacles along our way. And after much effort, the long-awaited Memorial Book of Mosty-Wielkie finally came to light in November 1975, in Tel-Aviv. The book is a true monumenc, depicting in colorful detail the Jewish life of Mosty in the many generations of its existence, up to the time of the Holocaust. Within the limits of our possibilities, we did our best to portray all the activities and events of the different cultural and religious organizations as well as delineating the economic life of our town. We tried, in the process, to tell of the good and devoted Jews of various leanings and types who were active in the assorted circles. We described the new generations of restless Jewish youth, struggling for freedom, searching and longing for a way to be a light to their people and to the world. It was a youth with dreams and hopes, which were realized for some, but for the most part they were trodden in the dust. The Memorial Book, 500 pages long, contains articles in Hebrew, Yiddish and English, as well as pictures and reproduc- tions of documents and newspaper clippings. It received warm praise, not only from Mostyites all over the world, but also from writers and critics who commented that the book would constitute an important and lasting memorial to our town. It would serve as a source from which future historians would draw for details Avraham Ackner FORWARD The great catastrophe which befell the Jews of Eastern Europe, especially those of Poland, invaded every corner where Jewish settiement was to be found. In the years 1939 — 1945, all these Jewish towns were wiped out in the crueiest fashion at the hands of the Nazis. Among the many thousands of Jewish com- munities thus destroyed and erased from the earth was that of Mosty-Wielkie. We, the survivors of Mosty-Wielkie, have long felt a deep obligation to erect a fitting monument to our Jewish town and its sanctified martyrs. The preservation of their memory took many forms : We erected a memoriai stone to the dead of the community in the Nachlat Yitzhak cemetery ; we set a tablet on a wall of the Cellar of the Holocaust on Mount Zion in Jerusalem. A scribe was engaged to write on a parchment scroll the names of our dear ones who were exterminated in the great destruction, who were never given a Jewish burial, and whose final resting place in unknown. Every year, moreover, on the 5th of Adar, we hoid a memorial service to their memory. The service took place in the Cellar of the Holocaust for many years, but more recently it has been held in the Nahlat Yitzhak cemetery. During the service, we are united in spirit with our sanctified families. We weep over the tragedy of their fate and relate what we remember of the town and its Jewish inhabitants, and what we know of their life and death. Yet we constantly ask ourselves a question : Is it enough? Have we really made certain that the memory of our loved ones will be preserved for the coming generations? Have we done Avraham Ackner Tel Aviv WE OWE YOU We owe you a memorial — Neither of marble nor of hewn stone, Nor engraved with golden letters. Not even a torch will burn upon it. We did not bear you to a Jewish grave, Prostrate ourselves upon it in Elul, kiss the ground. Your burial place unknown — Our suffering is boundless. We did not supervise your burial ; We did not chant the orphan’s Kaddish. We did not sit shiva. Where is the grave? Where is that place? We coffined you in our own wounded bodies. Deep in our hearts your image is engraved. Sorrow and grief keep us on our path ; is eternal every commune with you. Our mourning ; day we We set up no memorial for you. Neither of marble, nor of hewn stone. Only of tears frozen in our eyes. The eternal flame burns in our hearts. Translated by Carey Sassower, Harvard University. MOSTY-WIELKIE MEMORIAL-BOOK CHAPTERS ON THE HOLOCAUST The Synagogue In Flames Drawing : Clare Silber, Netanya lyssa’s rs n — nian^>3 nojanTi’a n’jna ,n3^'’0 m'?p : a3i33”s — own Published by the Mosty-Wielkie Society in Israel Israel 5737 — 1977 Editorial Board : Dr. JACOB ROTH, ABRAHAM ACKNER, A. L. BINOT Publication Commitee : Israel : ABRAHAM ACKNER, A. L. BINOT, ABRAHAM BEN-PAZI. RIVKA SILBERMAN, YOSEF MUND, CLARE SILBER, SIDNEY SILBER, SAMUEL KASNER. France : Dr. JACOB ROTH. U. S. A. : MOSHE STARKMAN PROFESSOR M. SILBER Printed in Israel : 1977 MEMORIAL BOOK O F MOSTY-WI L K I E PART TWO ']'? ntyyty no nor (t"’ n"3 D’-iai) Remember what Amalek did to you... (Deut. 25:17) ^ p xvV (\/el'kiye