IMPACT OF FLOOD ON THE SOCIO ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD OF PEOPLE: A STUDY IN KAINAKIRI PANCHAYAT ()

A Dissertation Submitted to the University of in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of the Masters of Arts Degree Examination in Sociology

Submitted By Name : RESHMA RAVEENDRAN Exam Code : 56013405 Candidate Code : 56017115008 Subject Code : SO245

Department of Sociology Loyola College of Social Sciences, Thiruvananthapuram 2017-201

CERTIFICATION

Certified that this dissertation entitled is IMPACT OF FLOOD ON THE SOCIO ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD OF PEOPLE: A STUDY IN KAINAKIRI PANCHAYAT (ALAPPUZHA) a record of genuine work done by RESHMA RAVEENDRAN of the 4th semester M A Sociology course of this College under my supervision and guidance and that it is hereby approved for submission.

Dr. Saji P Jacob Supervisor Department of Sociology Loyola College of Social Sciences Thiruvananthapuram – 695017

Recommended for forwarding to the University of Kerala

Dr. Nisha Jolly Nelson Head of the Department of Sociology Loyola College of Social Sciences Thiruvananthapuram – 695017

Recommended for forwarding to the University of Kerala

Dr. Saji P Jacob Principal Loyola College of Social Sciences Thiruvananthapuram – 695017

DECLARATION

I, RESHMA RAVEENDRAN do hereby declare that this dissertation titled “IMPACT OF FLOOD ON THE SOCIO ECONOMIC LIVELIHOOD OF PEOPLE: A STUDY IN KAINAKIRI PANCHAYAT (ALAPPUZHA)” has not been submitted for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship or other similar recognition before any University or anywhere else.

RESHMA RAVEENDRAN

Place: Thiruvananthapuram Date: 23-9-2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am indeed very happy to acknowledge the helping hands behind this research work. I am grateful to all the faculties of the department of sociology for adding me passion and interest for doing a research and for the contribution they had imparted through their classes and discussion. Especially, I render my sincere thanks to Dr. Nisha Jolly Nelson, head of the department for standing with all the support from the beginning of the research process.

I am also happy to remember the valuable support and encouragement from my classmates and batch mates. We had good discussions over the research that enhanced my vision regarding the procedure of the same.

With a deep sense of gratitude, I do remember the guidance and valuable suggestions of Dr. Saji P Jacob, my research guide, my teacher and my principal, who stood with me in the bear some hours of the research. He was so kind to teach me the tough steps of the research with such patience.

Reshma Raveendran MA Sociology

Table of Contents CHAPTER I...... Error! Bookmark not defined. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. INTRODUCTION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Kashmir Floods ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Uttarakhand Flash Floods ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. The Indian Ocean Tsunami ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Gujarat Earthquake ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Odisha Super Cyclone ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Latur Earthquake ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. The Great Famine ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Coringa Cyclone ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Calcutta Cyclone ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. The Bengal Famine ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Disaster management ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER II ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. floods ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Kerala Floods ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER III ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. INTRODUCTION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. OBJECTIVES ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. GENERAL OBJECTIVE ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES...... Error! Bookmark not defined. VARIABLES ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. CONCEPTUALIZATION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. THEORETICAL DEFINITION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. RESEARCH DESIGN ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. SURVEY DESIGN ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. PILOT STUDY ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. UNIVERSE AND UNIT OF THE STUDY ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Universe ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Unit ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. SOURCES OF DATA ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. TOOLS AND DATA COLLECTION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. QUESTIONNAIRE ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. SAMPLING ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. PRETEST ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER IV ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. INTRODUCTION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. CHAPTER V ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. MAJOR FINDINGS ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. CONCLUSION ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. SUGGESTIONS ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. References ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Questionnaire ...... Error! Bookmark not defined.

List of figures

Page number Sl.no Title of figure

1 33 Type of household

2 Type of building construction 34

3 35 Age of the building

4 Number of rooms in the households 36

5 Sewage disposal 37

6 Major sources of income of the studied 39 population 7 40 Monthly income of family

8 Debts caused due to floods 41

9 Current status of debts 42

10 Amount of money debted after floods 43

11 Percentage of job loss due to floods 45

12 Loss of job due to illness 46

13 Change in earnings after floods 47 14 Amount necessary for regaining job 48

15 Status of house after floods 49

16 Amount of aid provided by govt. 51

17 Current shelter arrangement 52

18 Current stage of rehabilitation 53

19 Status of damaged house 54

20 Current statuses of interventions 55

ABSTRACT

The study entitled as “Impact of flood on socio economic livelihood of people: A study in Kainakiri panchayat (Alappuzha) was conducted in the fourth ward of Kainakiri panchayat. The purpose of the study was to understand the impact of flood on socio economic livelihood of the people and the current status of the flood affected were it is going to be a year since the floods. The data was collected from 60 households in the ward using self-structured questionnaire. The results indicated that the people in this study area are still under the sufferings from the damaged caused by the floods. The study also revealed that the rehabilitation of those studied population is not in a proper way. They are living in the condition where there is no minimal standard of living. GOVT and NGOs were not addressing the problems of the people due course of time and can see an unequal distribution of resources. The researcher find out that The flood made greater impact in the socio economic livelihood of people in the studied population.

CHAPTER I GENERAL INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION is the country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It is a constitutional republic consisting of 29 states, each with a substantial degree of control over its own affairs; 6 less fully empowered union territories; and the Delhi national capital territory, which includes New Delhi, India‟s capital. With roughly one-sixth of the world‟s total population, India is the second most-populous country, after China. Despite the fact that humans have made tremendous progress in various aspects in terms of technological growths, yet there is one area where they have not been able to surpass and that is the supremacy of Nature. Nature has always proved much more powerful than the human race, even though there have been lot of technological and scientific advancements and achievements. In spite of development in weather forecast techniques, disasters at many times cannot be prevented. In today‟s age, the natural calamities in the form of floods, tsunamis, famines, cyclones, earthquakes are mainly due to global warming.

India is vulnerable, in varying degrees, to a large number of disasters. More than 58.6 per cent of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of moderate to very high intensity; over 40 million hectares (12%) of its land is prone to floods and river erosion; close to 5,700 kms, out of the 7,516 kms long coastline is prone to cyclones and tsunamis; 68% of its cultivable area is vulnerable to droughts; and, its hilly areas are at risk from landslides and avalanches. Moreover, India is also vulnerable to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) emergencies and other man-made disasters.

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's or society's ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins. Disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing vulnerabilities related to changing demographics and socio-economic conditions, unplanned urbanization, and development within high- risk zones, environmental degradation, , geological hazards, epidemics and pandemics. Clearly, all these contribute to a situation where disasters seriously

1 | P a g e threaten India‟s economy, its population and sustainable development. Time and again, many natural disasters occurring in the country and outside, which have caused a great havoc in the society, killing thousands of people and destroying lives and properties? Here are 10 most dangerous natural disasters occurring in the history of India over the years:

Kashmir Floods

• Year: 2014 • Areas affected: Srinagar, Bandipur, Rajouri etc. • Death toll: 500 plus Caused by continuous torrential rainfall, the Kashmir region in September 2014 suffered from massive floods, leading to the death of around 500 people. Hundreds of people were trapped in their homes for days, without food and water. According to reports, around 2600 villages were affected in Jammu and Kashmir. In Kashmir itself, 390 villages were completely submerged in water. Many parts of Srinagar were also submerged by the floods. Around 50 bridges were damaged across the state, and the damage of properties was estimated between Rs. 5000 cr and 6000 cr.

Uttarakhand Flash Floods

• Year 2013 • Areas affected: Gobindghat, Kedar Dome, Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Western • Death Toll: 5000 plus In the year 2013, Uttarakhand suffered from a major catastrophic natural disaster in the form of huge and deadly cloudbursts, causing flash floods in River Ganga. Sudden, heavy rains caused dangerous landslides in Uttrakhand, which killed thousands of people and thousands were reported missing. The death toll was estimated to be 5,700. The flash floods and landslides continued for 4 days from 14 to 17 June, 2013. More than 1,00,000 pilgrims were trapped in the valleys that led to the Kedarnath shrine. Today, Uttarakhand Flash Floods are considered the most disastrous floods in the history of India.

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The Indian Ocean Tsunami

• Year: 2004 • Areas affected: Parts of southern India and Andaman Nicobar Islands, , Indonesia etc. • Death toll: 2 lakh plus Following a major earthquake in 2004, there was a huge tsunami in the Indian Ocean, causing immense loss of life and property in India and the neighbouring countries – Sri Lanka and Indonesia. The earthquake had its epic centre in the ocean bed which led to this destructive tsunami. The magnitude was measured between 9.1 and 9.3 and it lasted for almost 10 minutes. According to reports, it was the third largest earthquake in the world ever recorded. The impact was equivalent to the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima- type atomic bombs. More than 2 lakh people were killed.

Gujarat Earthquake

• Year 2001 • Areas affected: Bhuj, Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Kutch, Surat, Surendranagar district, Rajkot district, Jamnagar and Jodia • Death toll: 20,000 plus Gujarat was affected by a massive earthquake on the morning of 26 January, 2001, the day on which India was celebrating its 51st Republic Day. The earthquake‟s intensity was in the range of 7.6 to 7.9 on the Richter Scale and lasted for 2 minutes. The impact was so great that almost 20,000 people lost their lives. It is estimated that around 167,000 were injured and nearly 400,000 were left homeless in this natural disaster.

Odisha Super Cyclone

• Year 1999 • Areas affected: The coastal districts of Bhadrak, Kendrapara, Balasore, Jagatsinghpur, Puri, Ganjam etc. • Death toll: 10,000 plus This is one of the deadliest storms that affected the state of Odhisa in 1999. Also known as the Para dip cyclone or super cyclone 05B, this cyclone caused deaths of more than

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10,000 people in the state. More than 275,000 houses were destroyed. Around 1.67 million people were left homeless. When the cyclone reached its peak intensity of 912 mb, it became the strongest tropical cyclone of the North Indian basin.

Latur Earthquake

• Year: 1993 • Areas affected: Districts of Latur and Osmanabad • Death toll: 20,000 plus This was one of the deadliest earthquakes, which hit Latur in . The year was 1993. Almost 20,000 people died and around 30,000 were injured. The earthquake‟s intensity was measured 6.4 on the Richter scale. There was huge loss to property. Thousands of buildings were turned into rubble and more than 50 villages were destroyed.

The Great Famine

• Year: 1876-1878 • Areas affected: Madras, Mysore, , and Bombay • Death toll: 3 crore Southern and south western parts of the country were affected by a major famine in 1876-78, which killed nearly 3 crore people. The famine, which first started in China, spread over to India and affected millions of people in the period between 1876 and 1878. Even today, it is considered as one of the worst natural calamities in India of all time.

Coringa Cyclone

• Year: 1839 • Areas affected: Coringa district • Death toll: 3.2 lakh people India was affected by the Coringa Cyclone, in the harbour city of Coringa in . It killed almost 3.2 lakh people. More than 25000 vessels were ruined by this huge cyclone. One of the worst natural disasters in the history of India, the cyclone

4 | P a g e struck the tiny city Coringa in Godavari district in Andhra Pradesh. It destroyed the entire city. It was indeed one of the biggest disasters that shook India.

Calcutta Cyclone

• Year: 1737 • Areas affected: Low-lying areas of Calcutta • Death toll: 3 lakh plus The Hooghly River Cyclone was one of the most-dangerous natural disasters of India, which affected Calcutta in 1737. Many people were killed. A large number of ships, almost 20,000, docked on the harbour were damaged. Also referred as the Calcutta Cyclone, the low-lying areas in the Calcutta region were badly affected. This cyclone killed 300,000 to 350,000 people of the region and hence considered to be as the worst calamity that time.

The Bengal Famine

• Year 1770, 1943 • Areas affected: Bengal, Odhisa, Bihar • Death toll: 1 crore A massive famine affected the pre-independence state of Bengal and some parts of Odisha and Bihar. The year was 1770 and extended for almost 3 years till 1773. One of the greatest natural disasters to have hit India ever, the famine led to the deaths of 1 crore people due to hunger, thirst and disease, reducing the population to 30 million in Bengal.

The Bengal province of pre-partition British India was affected by another famine in 1943 in which around 4 million people died due to starvation, malnutrition and disease. More than half of the population of the region died from diseases as an after effect of the famine

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Disaster management Disaster Management: As per Disaster Management Act, 2005, “disaster management” means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising, coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for:

(i) Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster; (ii) Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences (iii) Capacity-building (iv) Preparedness to deal with any disaster (v) Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster. (vi) Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster; evacuation, rescue and relief (vii) Rehabilitation and reconstruction

Disaster Management can be defined as the organization and management of resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. Disaster management includes administrative decisions and operational activities that involve

• Prevention

• Mitigation

• Preparedness

• Response

• Recovery

• Rehabilitation

Disaster management involves all levels of government. Nongovernmental and community based organizations play a vital role in the process. Modern disaster management goes beyond post-disaster assistance. It now includes pre-disaster planning and preparedness activities, organizational planning, training, information management, public relations and many other fields. Crisis management is important,

6 | P a g e but is only a part of the responsibility of a disaster manager. The newer paradigm is the Total Risk Management (TRM) which takes a holistic approach to risk reduction.

Kerala, the god‟s own country is one of the major tourist attractions as well as the land of beauty in India. Kerala is believed to be a gift of the Arabian Sea. Gorgeous and exotic beaches breathe taking hill Stations, enchanting waterfalls, beautiful lagoons, meandering rivers and amazing natural scenarios are the prides of Kerala. These colours made Kerala as a land of paradise on earth. Kerala is also famous for its Ayurveda traditions, high mountains, gorgeous and deep-cut valleys, lush and evergreen rain forest and coconuts water and oil and foods items. Kerala houseboats are first and best preference of the tourist to enjoy their moments in beautiful lakes of Kerala. The Idukki dam is the first Indian arch dam in Periyar River in Kerala and the largest arch dam in Asia.

Kerala have a population of over 3.3 crores. Its achievements in human development are globally recognised one. Within India, Kerala ranks first among Indian states on the Human Development Index (HDI). In 2015–16, Kerala was among the top five Indian states in terms of per capita state domestic product and among the top four in terms of growth in per capita income. The state also reported the lowest proportion of population below the poverty line (7%) as against the national average of 22%. In 2015–16, 94% of households had access to improved drinking water sources, 98% of them were using improved sanitation facilities, and 99% of the households had electricity.

Human development has also been more equitable in Kerala than in other Indian states. Kerala, however, is highly vulnerable to natural disasters and the changing climatic dynamics given its location along the sea coast and with a steep gradient along the slopes of the Western Ghats. The Kerala State Disaster Management Plan identifies 39 hazards categorised as naturally triggered hazards and anthropogenic hazards. Kerala is also one of the most densely populated Indian states (860 persons per square kilometres) making it more vulnerable to damages and losses on account of disasters.

A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community‟s or society‟s ability to cope using its own resources. Though often caused by nature, disasters can have human origins (UNISDR).

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Floods are the most common of natural hazards in the state. Nearly 14.5% of the state‟s land area is prone to floods, and the proportion is as high as 50% for certain districts. Landslides are a major hazard along the Western Ghats in Wayanad, Kozhikode, Idukki, and Kottayam districts. Seasonal drought-like conditions are also common during the summer months. Kerala experienced 66 drought years between 1881 and 2000. Dry rivers and lowering water tables in summer have led to water scarcity both in urban and rural areas. Other major natural hazards are lightning, forest fires, soil piping, coastal erosion, and high wind speed.

The 1924 witnessed unprecedented and very heavy floods in almost all rivers of Kerala. Heavy losses to life, property and crops etc. had been reported. The rainstorm of 16-18, July 1924 was caused by the South-west that extended to the south of peninsula on 15th July and caused rainfall in Malabar. Under its influence, heavy rainfall occurred in almost entire Kerala. The area under the storm recorded 1-day maximum rainfall on 17th of July, 2- day maximum rainfall for 16-17, July 1924 and 3-day maximum rainfall for 16-18, July 1924. The centre of the 1-day and 2-day rainstorm was located at Devikulam in Kerala which recorded 484 mm and 751 mm of rainfall respectively. The centre of 3-day rainstorm was located at in Kerala which recorded a rainfall of 897 mm in 3 days.

The fury of 1924 flood levels in most of the rivers was still fresh in the memory of people of Kerala; the year 1961 also witnessed heavy floods and rise in the water levels of reservoirs. Usually in the State, heavy precipitation is concentrated over a period of 7 to 10 days during the monsoon when the rivers rise above their established banks and inundate the low lying areas. But in 1961, floods were unusually heavy not only in duration, but also in the intensity of precipitation. During the year 1961, the monsoon started getting violent towards the last week of June and in the early days of August; the precipitation was concentrated on most parts of the southern region of Kerala. By the first week of July, the intensity gradually spread over the other parts of the State and the entire State was reeling under severe flood by the second week of July. The worst affected area was Periyar sub-basin and it also impacted other subbasins. Many of the important infrastructures like highways etc. were submerged. After a brief interval, by the middle of July, the monsoon became more violent, affecting the northern parts of the State. The average rainfall was 56% above normal.

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Between June 1 and August 18, 2018, Kerala experienced the worst ever floods in its history since 1924. During this period, the state received cumulative rainfall that was 42% in excess of the normal average. The heaviest spell of rain was during 1-20 August, when the state received 771mm of rain. The torrential rains triggered several landslides and forced the release of excess water from 37 dams across the state, aggravating the flood impact. Nearly 341 landslides were reported from 10 districts. Idukki, the worst hit district, was ravaged by 143 landslides.

The devastating floods and landslides caused extensive damage to houses, roads, railways, bridges, power supplies, communications networks, and other infrastructure; washed away crops and livestock and affected the lives and livelihoods of millions of people in the state. About 14 lakh people had been evacuated to relief camps during the floods as their homes were damaged with flood water. Thousands of people also took shelter with relatives and friends. More than 1700 schools in the state were used as relief camps during the floods. Most of the camps closed after 10 days. Floods affected teaching and learning in almost all the districts with institutions being closed from 2 to 23 days. A total of 1613 schools have been affected by the floods. Some schools in Alappuzha were closed for more than a month. However, even when the schools reopened, the attendance was as low as 20% in many schools. Students are also not attending school owing to trauma and stress because of loss of family or friends and large-scale damage to their homes or neighbourhood (Okediran, 2003)

Besides loss due fatalities and destruction of homes, people were grieving over the loss of precious jewellery, family photographs, and religious objects. The loss of essential documents including birth certificates, graduation certificates, ration cards, and land records was adding to the stress burden significantly. Flooding affects people in a multitude of ways. People suffer stress on multiple fronts, not just as flooding occurs, but also in the anticipatory period preceding a flood and during the clean-up and recovery phase. Flooding can damage properties, destroy homes, create financial burden and cause emotional hardship.Floods damage property. Flood waters damage land by eroding shore lines and stripping soils, as well as taking out whatever natural vegetation may be in the path of the flowing water. Floods also damage personal property, such as vehicles and homes, creating hazardous living conditions if water is not cleaned up immediately. Flood waters carry with them many health and injury

9 | P a g e risks, including diseases and hazards such as sharp glass or metals. Flooding also may contaminate water supplies, wreck drainage systems and damage (Dewan, 2013)

Human Impact Assessment is that close to 14 lakh people had to be evacuated to relief camps during the floods as their homes were inundated with flood water. Thousands of people also took shelter with relatives and friends. Access to piped water was disrupted for 20% of the state‟s population (67 lakh people). An estimated 3, 17,000 shallow wells were damaged and contaminated in six worst affected districts and directly affecting 14 lakh people. Over 95,000 household latrines were substantially damaged affecting nearly 4 lakh people. Over 1.75 lakh buildings have been damaged either fully or partially, potentially affecting 7.5 lakh people. More than 1700 schools in the state were used as relief camps during the floods. Most of the camps closed after 10 days. Floods affected teaching and learning in almost all the districts with institutions being closed from 2 to 23 days. A total of 1613 schools have been affected by the floods. Some schools in Alappuzha were closed for more than a month. However, even when the schools reopened, the attendance was as low as 20% in many schools. Students are also not attending school owing to trauma and stress because of loss of family/friends and large-scale damage to their homes or neighbourhood. Students, particularly from class X and XII are anxious because of loss of books and notes which may affect their learning (Giles, 1996)

The PDNA sector team reports that there is a danger of children, especially girls dropping out of school unless steps are taken to make the school safe again. Trauma and stress, if left unattended, could affect learning outcomes of the children and have even impact their adult lives adversely. Although there was no epidemic outbreak following the floods, health impact was substantial as close to 332 health facilities were fully or partially destroyed. Furthermore, 61 Ayurveda institutions and 59 homeopathic institutions were damaged as a result of the floods. Among the worst affected were worker in the informal sector that constitute more than 90% of Kerala‟s workforce. It is estimated that nearly 74.5 lakh workers, 22.8 lakh migrants, 34,800 persons working in micro, small and medium enterprises, and 35,000 plantation workers (majority being women), have been displaced from employment. Thousands of casual workers and daily wage earners such as agriculture labourers, workers in the coir, handloom, and construction sector and in the plantations have experienced wage loss for 45 days or

10 | P a g e more. Interviews at relief camps revealed that families in Kerala were paying an enormous non-quantifiable emotional price in the aftermath of the floods in the form of shock, psychosocial damage, distress, trauma, and insecurity from loss of home, livelihood, assets, possessions, and most importantly death of close friends and relatives. Besides loss due fatalities and destruction of homes, people were grieving over the loss of precious jewellery, family photographs, and religious objects. The loss of essential documents including birth certificates, graduation certificates, ration cards, and land records was adding to the stress burden significantly (Gupta, 2003)

People affected by flooding may experience a range of emotions, including anxiety, fear, anger, frustration, sadness and grief. It is natural for people who experience traumatic events, such as flooding, to experience difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite, depressed or angry moods and heightened feelings of anxiety. Often mental health professionals are made available by organizations planning for disaster response, such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) or the American Red Cross. Mental health professionals attend to the psychosocial needs of flood victims, ensuring that they receive timely information, have their basic needs met and are trained to watch for signs that someone is struggling to cope (Karmer, 2009)

Loss of life is the most devastating experience flooding inflicts on people. This pain includes the loss of human life, livestock and beloved pets. Another long-term effect of flooding is economic hardship. This hardship is caused by the loss of livestock, farm crops, and damage to food stores and damaged to industries or stores. Floods also damage the tourist industry, as travellers are more likely to avoid flood-damaged regions. Tourist attractions may be irreparably damaged,

More than 70 people have lost their lives in the rain-related incidents so far and still counting. An immense damage to about Rs. 8, 316 crore worth of property has been caused in the incessant monsoon rains. Nearly 60,000 people who became homeless due to floods were shifted to more than 2,000 relief camps. Massive damage to the roads, houses, and other infrastructure occurred in the northern districts of the state because of the avalanches caused by persistent rain showers. 211 incidents of flash floods and landslides have been reported in Kerala in which about 324 people have lost their lives and several others injured

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The facilities at the Cochin International Airport in Kerala have been deferred due to excessive flooding around the airport at least till 26th August. The flight operations have been shifted to the Thiruvananthapuram and Calicut civil airports. There is a disruption in the train services and the road transport in the state is in shambles as the roads have gone underwater. The public transportation facilities of Metro and the Southern Railways have also been drastically affected, putting their services to a halt in central Kerala due to floods. Several government agencies like the Natural Disaster Management Authority, Indian Meteorological Department, the Army, the Navy, Central Water Commission, and the Home Ministry and Defence Ministry have been enrolled to execute one of the massive flood evacuation, rescue, and relief operations in Kerala.

The Central government has also declared a financial assistance of Rs. 100 crore to the people residing in the flood-prone Kerala. Neighbouring states, and Karnataka have also contributed their lot to Kerala. The government of Kerala has cancelled the celebrations of Onam of the year and utilized the funds raised for the celebrations towards relief work. Despite being one of the prosperous and developed states of the country, Kerala is facing the most hazardous floods recently

Indians from different parts of the country used social media to help people stranded in the flood-hit southern state of Kerala. Hundreds took to social media platforms to coordinate search, rescue and food distribution efforts and also to reach out to people who needed help. Social media was also used to support fund raising for those affected by the flooding. This was supported by a number of Bollywood stars. Some Indians have opened up their homes for people from Kerala who were stranded in other cities because of the floods.

As the monsoon rains began to ease, efforts increased to get relief supplies to isolated areas along with clean-up operations where water levels were falling. Millions of dollars in donations have poured into Kerala from the rest of India and abroad in recent days. Other state governments have promised more than $50m, while ministers and company chiefs have publicly vowed to give a month‟s salary. Even Supreme Court judges have donated $360 each, while the British-based Sikh group Khalsa Aid International has set up its own relief camp in Kochi, Kerala‟s main city, to provide meals for 3,000 people

12 | P a g e a day. Despite of all these helps and aids there are people who are still suffering from the floods and not yet recovered as well.The study helps to give insight into the extent to which the benefits and rehabilitation reached the people in that area and it sheds light to the current livelihood status of the people living in those low lying area after floods.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Ward (1978) defined flood as “a body of water which rises to overflow land which is not normally submerged”. In India, a river is said to be in flood when its water level crosses the Danger Level at that particular site.

Floods are one of the most frequent natural hazards which occur everywhere after heavy rain falls or due to many other factors. All floodplains are vulnerable and heavy storms have caused flash flooding in many parts of the world. Flood has been considered as one of the most recurring and frequent disasters in the world. Due to recurrent prevalence, the economic loss and life damage caused by the flood has put more burdens on economy than any other natural disaster. India also has continuously suffered by many flood events which claimed huge loss of life and economy. It has been found that the incidences of the flood are increasing very rapidly. Causes can be quite diverse, including climate change, cloud bursting, tsunami or poor river management, silting etc.

Kerala, the southernmost state of India, is often described as the 'God‟s own country‟, with magnificent natural landscapes and fertile valleys. Most areas of this region were devastated by the floods that happened in Kerala during the months of June, July and August. The unprecedented summer Monsoon rainfall throughout June, July and August has left a wake of devastating floods across several regions of the state, especially the low lying regions like Alapuzha and Ernakulam districts.

According to the historical records, Kerala had witnessed one of its most severe floods in 1924 and the CWC report noted that the rainfall of August 15-17, 2018 in Kerala was “almost of the same order as that of rainfall which occurred during July 16- 18, 1924.” The floods affected over 5.4 million people in the state(Times of India)It was the worst flood in Kerala in nearly a century. About a million people were evacuated mainly from Chenganoor, , , Aranmula, Pandalam,

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Kuttanad, Malappuram, Eloor, Ranni etc. One by six of total population of Kerala had been directly affected by floods and related incidents. The flood caused displacement of people leading to very severe impacts on infrastructure, health, environment as well as damage to property. Its impact on the livelihood of these people is quite massive and that deserves in-depth analysis, especially for regions like . The present proposal is put up against this context and the area chosen for the study is in Allepey district

Kainakary is famous for its unspoiled scenic beauty. Five rivers originating from the Western Ghats, including the drain into the Lake in the tip of Kainakary. Once a communist bastion, its literacy rate is notably better than many of its counterparts. Kainakary is known for its snake boat race rowers. Allappey‟s kuttanad-kayanakiri region witnessed mass exodus after the worst flood. This is the first time in the history of the people of rice bowel region, that, they are escaping from flood- hit areas to upland. Different organizations have intervened since the flood and then studied and submitted reports about the effects of floods. It‟s been months since the floods. How far these people have recovered from the effects of flood and how far have they reclaimed their livelihood are the questions taken up here in this study.

In the wake of the disaster, the UAE, Qatar and the came forward with offers of financial aid amounting to nearly £82m. The promised $100m (£77m) of this aid. This is because of the close relationship between Kerala and the UAE. There are a large number of migrants from Kerala working in the UAE. The amount was more than the $97m so far promised by India‟s central government. However, as it has done since 2004, India declined to accept donations of aid. The main reason for this is to protect its image as a newly industrialised country; that it does not need to rely on other countries for economic help.

Google provided a donation platform to allow donors to make donations securely. Google partners with the Centre for Disaster Philanthropy (CDP), an intermediary organization that specializes in distributing donations to local nonprofits‟ that work in the affected region, to ensure funds reach those who need it the most.The study is intended to ascertain the extent to which they are free from those sufferings. This

14 | P a g e research is against this backdrop and it made an attempt to understand the impact of flood on socio economic livelihoods of these people.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study is important because it assesses and estimates the effect of the floods on the community‟s socio-economic livelihoods. The study also endeavours to establish the underlying causes of vulnerability of people in Kuttanad. The study helps to give insight into the extent to which the benefits and rehabilitation reached the people in that area and it sheds light to the current livelihood status of the people living in those low lying area after floods. More importantly, it is envisaged that the outputs of the study will be key inputs in designing sustainable mitigation measures to minimize the impact of floods and the associated risks. The outcome of the study will serve as a source of reference material for academics, researchers and practitioners of disaster management. It will also contribute to knowledge in the sense that the final outcome will bring out new ideas, recommendations and solutions which can be used to solve identifiable problems of flooding

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

REVIEW OF LITERATURE The United Nations defines disaster as “the occurrence of sudden or major misfortune which disrupts the basic fabric and normal functioning of the society or community”. A disaster is an event of nature or man-made that leads to sudden disruption of normal life of a society, causing damage to life and property to such an extent that normal social and economic values available are inadequate to restore normalcy after a disaster.

Disaster may be defined as a “catastrophic situation in which the normal patterns of life have been disrupted and extraordinary emergency interventions are required to save and preserve human lives and the environment”. (UNISDR)

According to Mohapatra and Singh (2003), among all natural disasters, floods are the most frequent to be faced in India. On an average, floods have affected about 33 million people between 1953 and 2000. This figure may have risen due to population growth. From the global level outlined above, it is clear that floods have had adverse impact on people‟s lives and livelihoods. The number of reported homeless persons following floods is particularly high because of the vulnerability of dwelling on rain and flood. Floods frequently cause major infrastructure damage including damage of roads, railway lines, airports, electricity supply systems, water supply and sewage disposal systems. The economic effects of flood are often much greater than the flood itself (Parker, 2000).

Floods had several socio-economic and political implications which caused a wide range of complex issues. Some of the immediate consequences included the displacement of people, the destruction of infrastructure such as houses and roads, damage to farms and crops and loss of cattle and livestock. The destruction of roads and other infrastructure delayed on-going development initiatives and political processes (Theron, 2007).

Floods also caused loss of soil fertility which lessened future harvests. In the longterm, affected areas had to deal with the spread of infections and water borne diseases,

16 | P a g e cholera, dysentery and diarrhea which increased the need for safe drinking water and the provision of water purification tablets.

Pinkowski (2008) studied the flood causes and impacts on Maldah district of West Bengal and concluded that unchecked deposition of silt on the river raised the river-bed causing devastating floods in the western side of the Maldah district (West Bengal). The impacts of flood hazards are a) massive bank erosion causing loss of valuable land and property, b) severe damage of life and property including roads, railways, crops and households, c) serious health hazards as the negative effects of water logging. Thus the impact of flood on the people and society is direct and highly significant. The execution of Farakka Barrage without proper silt management is mainly responsible for frequent floods in Maldah. The protective embankment along the banks and spars across the Ganga proved to be futile. The continuous dredging of Ganga beyond Farakka may reduce flood in Maldah.

Disasters cause huge impacts on children and youth and overall education systems (Fischer,1998) Flood disasters are considered as most leading and significant natural disaster world-wide and cause human impacts and economic losses (Jonkman, 2005). Further, he explained that the flash flood increases the mortality per event and in Asia, the mortality rate is much higher because the rivers are most significant in case of killing and death of humanity. Nepal is prone to frequent flooding and landslide. According to the Climate Change Vulnerability Index prepared by Maple craft, a British Risk Analysis Firm, Nepal is fourth most vulnerable to global warming making one million people vulnerable to climate induced disasters such as flood, landslide and draught every year (UNDP, 2013). Nepal ranks seventh in the world in the percentage of people exposed to floods per year (Marcela & Gallegos, 2011).

The frequency of natural disasters has been increasing over the years, resulting in loss of life, damage to property and destruction of the environment (Parker, 2000) Flood losses reduce the assets of households, communities and societies through the destruction of standing crops, dwellings, infrastructure, machinery and buildings, apart from the tragic loss of life. In some cases, the effect of extreme flooding is dramatic, not only at the individual household level, but also in the country as a whole (Integrated

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Flood Management Concept Paper, 2009). The Fourth Assessment Report (2007) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts “heavy precipitation events, which are very likely to increase in frequency, will augment flood risk”. These floods will affect life and livelihoods in human settlements in all areas, such as flood plains, coastal zones, river deltas and mountains. Flooding is also increasing in urban areas, causing severe problems for poor and vulnerable people.

Chennai floods

Chennai received record breaking amounts of rainfall in 2015 as the city was hit with the worst floods in decades. Having half-submerged, the blame-game began and most experts seem to agree that El Nino, along with the strong upper air divergence and high moisture content at low levels heavily affected the year‟s winter monsoon. But one wonders whether the real cause lies in more man-made reasons. As chaos prevailed among the terror-struck citizens, authorities were forced to release a massive 30,000 cusecs from the Chembarambakkam reservoir into the over two days, which caused it to flood its banks and submerge neighbourhoods along the river-side. The situation was similar for the Poondi and reservoirs, and the which weaves through the rapidly growing city. The rivers have seen huge amounts of encroachment over the years as development projects took over; filling up of lowlands and choking of storm-water drains that are fundamental to flood management, and all of this only worsened the situation. Illegal construction, blocking of water exits and badly planned or umimplemented projects play key roles in Chennai‟s poor urban planning that‟s been held responsible for the vanishing of over 300 water bodies. cites a report submitted by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority to the that states there are over 1.4 lakh illegal structures. (Anbarasi &Mayilvahanan, 2016).

Mother Nature hit back with immense force and the entire nation applauded the commendable efforts of the , the NDRF Battalions, the Paramilitary Forces, and more importantly, the citizens of the flood-ravaged city who came together in amazing relief missions. Chennai is now slowly piecing its life back together, and the amount of damage sustained to people‟s homes and loss of personal property and belongings, including occupational goods and tools of the trade, is yet to

18 | P a g e be accurately charted. Government property that‟s been damaged will be rebuilt and big businesses will slowly regroup as compensation goes out, but in case of common people, it is different. A group of concerned citizens who were involved in postflooding relief work undertook a sample survey of 610 households across the city to assess their losses.

The survey, published by Counter Currents, states its purpose "to identify the exact quantum of losses sustained by the population and to direct government to compensate the populace for damages/loss accruing on account of the floods.” The places that were included in the survery were Eekaduthangal, Jaffarkhanpet, Saidpet, along the Adyar flood plains; , a badly affected suburb, Semmencheri, , and . An astonishing 95 percent of the people surveyed claim that they didn‟t receive prior warnings regarding the imminent catastrophe. People were left with huge amounts of personal loss; damaged certificates, household articles, including kitchen utensils and electronic hardware, lights, fans; personal items like children's books, cycles and in some cases bikes and scooters, most of the things irreplaceable and irretrievable. Total losses sustained by households ranged from Rs. 50,000 to Rs. 75,000, including loss of wages in the time of the flooding and cost of damage to homes.

The survey calls for the State government to undertake an official enumeration of losses, with due compensation to be calculated and paid within a fixed time frame. For the purpose of compensation, migrant workers need to be treated the same as non-migrants and accorded the same rights.

“It is clear that rampant real estate growth, unviable building sanctions, and encroachment on water bodies by powerful business and state interests have rendered urban flooding inevitable. The city of Chennai was utterly unprepared for disaster. The Comptroller and Auditor General‟s Report had pointed out that the State as such was unprepared...in spite of radar information pointing to a pattern of heavy rain and flooding, the city had not put in place a system for gradual release of water from overflowing water bodies. Since the had not sought to mitigate flood-related damages in spite of such damages being foreseeable, it must accept culpability for losses sustained by the people.”It has become clear that Chennai

19 | P a g e failed in maintaining an effective storm-water drainage system, the increasing amount of garbage being dumped in the water exits are causing blockages and the dire lack of timely desalting have had devastating consequences on the local people. City after city, Mumbai, Srinagar and now Chennai, are wrecked by deluges, and in almost every incident, unplanned urbanisation in the race for modernisation, without a thought to the consequences on our natural surroundings turns out to be a common denominator. It‟s time we all heed the warnings, government officials and citizens alike. With the combination of the topography and dense population, India is a disaster prone zone, evinced by The National Disaster Management Authority in the following statement on their website: “disaster risks in India are further compounded by increasing vulnerabilities related to changing demographics and socioeconomic conditions, unplanned urbanization, development within high-risk zones, environmental degradation, climate change, geological hazards, epidemics and pandemics.” The authorities are aware of it, though how unprepared they are in terms of infrastructure seems pretty clear by now (The Indian Express).

Kerala Floods

The great flood of '99 occurred when the Periyar River in Kerala state of India flooded in the month of July 1924. This is the year 1099 ME in the Calendar (Kollam Era). As the Malayalam Calendar was popular in Kerala, the flood is generally referred to as 'ത ൊ ണ്ണൂറ്റി ഒമ്പ ിൊത ൊതള്ളതൊ ക്കം' (Thonnootti Onbathile Vellapokkam which translates to "flood of '99"). The rain continued for about three weeks. Many districts of present-day Kerala were deeply submerged by the flood - From Thrissur, to Ernakulam to Idukki, Kottayam even up to Alappuzha and Kuttanad. Even a huge mountain called Karinthiri Mala was washed away by this flood and the road to Munnar also went along with it. As the road to Munnar was lost by this flood, a new road from Ernakulam to Munnar became necessary - the present day road from Ernakulam to Munnar was constructed after this. Kundala Valley Railway which was the first monorail system in India was also completely destroyed. Various remnants of the old Railway systems still exist at Munnar.

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Kerala state received unprecedented rains during the month of July 1924. Kerala received 3,368 mm of rain during the monsoon season (June to September), 64 per cent higher than normal and is the highest recorded rainfall. The flood was probably caused by offshore vortices along the west coast and perturbations higher up in the troposphere and is not attributed to any depression or cyclonic disturbance in the Arabian Sea or the Bay of Bengal. The Rivers in the state were in space and a sudden opening of the Mullaperiyar sluices caused even greater misery. The restriction in flow due to swelling of the Periyar river, blockages formed by debris, changes in the river flow and other related reasons caused flooding even in places like Munnar which is 1500m above sea level,

A letter from P. John John, owner of tea estates, to the land revenue commissioner stated: "During the last floods my tea estates, Karimkulam and Karimtharuvi, sustained heavy losses and I herewith enclose a statement showing the losses. This was mainly due to the indiscriminate working of the sluice valves of the Periyar Dam without giving any previous warning. The rainfall all over the country and especially in the Peermade District was unprecedented and the river was already in flood due to these rains and the partial opening of the sluice valves. Then it is said that the authorities found the water level in the lake had raised much over the maximum limit and they opened the sluices to the full height thereby flushing the river. The water came down as wall more than 30 feet in height and swept away everything before it."

The destructive flood claimed thousands of lives, animals and birds, and caused severe damages to the crops and property in Kerala. Most of the areas in the erstwhile Travancore and Cochin states, parts of Malabar region were submerged under the floodwater.In Munnar around 4850 mm of rain fall was reported during the flood and wide spread destruction happened. The old Aluva-Munnar route through Kothamangalam-Kuttanpuzha-Mankulam was made unusable due to landslides. Kundala Valley Railway the narrow gauge railway line at Munnar was completely destroyed by the landslides and flood waters.

"By early August, thousands of refugees and displaced families were being fed at different relief centres: 4000 at Ambalapuzha, 3000 at Alleppey, 5000 in Kottayam, 3000 in Changanassery, 8000 in Parur and so on," writes Devan T. Raghavaiah, a civil

21 | P a g e servant deputed by the .This flood is still a fearful memory with the old generation still alive in Kerala - most of them were kids then. "The significance of the flood was such that many old people in Travancore used to anchor their memories in relation to the flood," writes historian Meenu Jacob. Several church buildings were destroyed, which meant that the present-day church records in these churches start from 1924.

Kerala is experiencing the largest disaster of flood and land slide after 1924.The torrential rain since 10th May in sporadic place in Kerala and continuous rain since August first week accumulate huge rain water in several dams. Finally, 10th August 22 dams were open by the Kerala government. The state government informed, electronic media, print media and public address system to all the house door to door notice regarding release the water. The river basin areas and houses were submerged with released water from the dams. But due to continuous rain mountains soil get lose and thus create a devastated landslide in any places in the hilltop areas. The people were not ready for the landslide. Many houses were fully damag0ed, many lives lost, even agricultural land were severely damaged due to landslide. (BBC)

India‟s southern state of Kerala is suffering its worst monsoon flooding in a century, with more than one million people displaced, and more than 400 reported deaths in the past two weeks. Aid agencies and government groups have set up more than 4,000 relief camps, while rescue personnel are making their way to submerged villages in helicopters and boats, bringing supplies, and evacuating those they can find. Weeks of heavy rainfall have caused dams to open their floodgates, triggered landslides in the mountains, and swamped the coastal regions of Kerala. Only in recent days have floodwaters begun to recede, allowing more access for aid workers and rescuers.

The floods have put the district in a state of crisis. The flood affected persons find themselves in a desperate situation, with many unmet vital humanitarian needs such as access to: food, safe shelter and non-food items. The rains and the flooding have meant that people have lost their livelihoods and dependent on external support. There is need for sufficient food, safe shelter and basic non-food items (, 2018)

The floods displaced over 10,000 families from their homes by completely and partially damaging those across the state. The wounds were only still healing from the last

22 | P a g e disaster when in the last two weeks heavy rains have again significantly impacted the lives of the residents of the "Gods Own Country". With already over a hundred deaths and forty injuries reported the numbers of the damage is only rising.

The Government looks to aid the families by providing financial support for the affected families. It is also our aim to reach and identify as many families damaged from this disaster and provide them with habitation and build a new home for the fully displaced.

The impacts of flood on lives and livelihoods depend on the combination of factors. Being essentially agricultural producers, the main consequence of flooding has been the destruction of food crops on farms as well as seeds stores; eventually culminating in a decline in food production. Starvation together with a decline in environmental quality resulting from flood related damages is yet another impact.The reduction in food production resulting from floods would also mean loss of Income for many in these communities which further reduce their ability to purchase food and thereby contribute to increasing the problems of food shortages and starvation within household.

After severe rains in Kerala, now the focus has shifted on relief and rehabilitation. The unprecedented rains and floods have caused a lot of sufferings and misery for the people of Kerala. It has resulted not only in material losses but also precious human lives have been lost. The floods have paralysed normal life of millions of people and lakhs of them have been affected. Also many of the flood victims are in desperate need of relief supplies. In its bid to lessen the suffering of the people of Kerala and to provide them timely relief Headquarters Maintenance Command, at Nagpur has taken initiative under the leadership of Air Marshal Hemant Sharma AVSM VSM, Air Officer Commanding in Chief.

Civil Administration and various NGOs at Nagpur have donated relief material for the flood affected people. Even citizens of Nagpur have come forward to contribute relief material. The vendors who supplied the utility materials also extended considerable discounts on the purchases made for relief material. The collected relief material has been airlifted on 23 August 2018 from Nagpur by a special aircraft of the Indian Air Force so that it can reach the affected citizens at the earliest. Meanwhile, Kerala Government has requested for additional medical teams and setting up of field hospitals.

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Army is moving medical assets in addition to the 12 teams already deployed. Nearly 3000 people have received medical aid till now (TOI, 2018).

“We are a non-profit charitable organisation, registered in 1999, seeking to build a sustainable community through various initiatives. We work with multiple communities with a thrust, on providing shelter, education and healthcare for children with an experience of more than 2 decades. Our mission is to provide an ecosystem for individuals to create a way of life, discovering their potential in all dimensions - physical, mental and social - thus identifying their purpose in life. We have undertaken multiple initiatives in the arena of education, healthcare, livelihood creation, vocational training and disaster relief. Through these, we hope to provide a better quality of life to those deserving the support. Our Organisation sincerely, wholeheartedly & relentlessly works towards serving the society and giving back to the nation. This process will be possible only by the magnanimous support of donors across the world and companies alike who carry the same thrust and vision for the future of our nation. (CARE).

After the catastrophic floods in Kerala over the past month, the rehabilitation and reconstruction work that is required now are the biggest developmental challenges the state has ever had to face. However, the developmental policy that both the Left and Congress followed in the past may be an impediment in the process, as unlike after the tsunami in 2004 and Ockhi cyclone last year, the floods affected the whole of Kerala, and not just pockets. It's clear that a simple, locally-focused rehabilitation plan will not work in this case.

The deluge caused an estimated loss of Rs 20,000 crore. Given the scale of the losses incurred, CARE Ratings has revised its figures for Kerala's economic state for the current financial year and has predicted a 1 percent decline in its State Domestic Product. The agency's prediction is likely to be on point, given the trade losses the state has faced with regard to Onam celebrations this year. Also, it must be noted that Kerala's capability in post-disaster rehabilitation is sub-par and does not match its well-known model of development.

The government and agencies involved in rehabilitation work often consider the task a project to ensure the bare minimum to those affected that is minimum quantity of water supply, sanitation facilities and housing. This minimum-supply approach has proved

24 | P a g e ineffective in helping people rebuild their lives after a disaster, as it does not take long- term recovery into consideration.

It is clear that the existing development policies of Kerala will not work with the rehabilitation work needed to rebuild the state. Therefore, for a "new Kerala", the state government has to amend its norms, and the central government has to accept the importance of the policy changes, as well. The government has asserted that the state will be transformed into a new Kerala rather than just rebuilt through rehabilitation. At present, post-disaster rehabilitation projects are critical, and the state needs the Centre's help, or public borrowings, to fund the initiatives. (The Hindu 2018)

Kerala's fiscal deficit for 2018-19 stands at Rs 23,957 crore, which is 3.1 per cent of the Gross State Domestic Product. The estimate exceeds the 3 percent limit prescribed by the 14th Finance Commission. So any additional borrowing for flood recovery will further increase the deficit. This means that the Kerala government cannot initiate the rehabilitation work by itself and will need special central assistance.

The government of Kerala started its flood relief activities including cleaning of debris as early as July 26. Suchitwa Mission, a technical arm of the Department of Local Self Government, is the nodal agency for assisting cities, municipalities and panchayats in sanitation and waste management. It has been issuing guidelines since August 10, 2018, to assist local authorities on sanitation activities to be undertaken, urgent measures needed to restore normalcy in the affected areas, and treatment of animal carcasses, among other things. It has detailed various critical aspects such as the roles and responsibilities of the institutions involved in relief and cleaning, deployment of increased number of volunteers to ensure quick action and the manner in which people should segregate and store flood waste at the household level for collection by local authorities later. Nevertheless, it remains a challenging task for the local authorities of Kerala to clear the debris and ensure appropriate disposal of waste quickly.

According to Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan, eight districts in the state witnessed 80 landslides between Friday and Sunday. Most of the deaths were caused by landslides and in most places they wiped away large portions of hill areas. Landslides even affected the Cholanaika tribe who live in the deep interiors of Nilambur forests in Malappuram district.

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The situation in the state once again pointed to the absence of a scientific flood and disaster management system. The official measures taken since the deluge last August have obviously failed to prevent the loss of human lives and livelihood. The state also has the dubious legacy of promoting encroachments of water bodies, rivers, forests and ecologically fragile lands. Though the government has been vocal about the construction of flood-resilient buildings for quite some time now, over 3,000 houses have already been damaged in the floods this year. (Mathrubhumi, 2018)

Warrier foundation is looking to rebuild the entire community and provide security for the victims by creating safe spaces like homes, institutions, etc. for long term. It is a organization for securing the future of the children by creating a platform for them to be self-sustainable. The goal is to bring the people together and rise above the challenges of this disaster and make a difference in the community. (Mathrubhumi, 2018)

The central government never accepts all requests that state governments send in such cases, preferring to forward such requests to international lending agencies and even other countries. This leaves the World Bank as the most likely option as it has a long history of supporting India in rehabilitation efforts. However, the process to sanction the funds takes at least a year to complete, which, once again, puts the onus of meeting the interim expenses to run the system on the state government. Such delays in approvals for financial assistance further ads to the vulnerability of the affected communities

The literature suggests that socially vulnerable or disadvantaged households have lower levels of disaster preparedness. Flood risk is expected to increase substantially in coming years as a result of both climate change and continued socio-economic development. Different agencies and NGOs worked for the rehabilitation. Further, it is clear that most flood studies acknowledge that floods have had impact on people. However, the studies have tended to address the subject matter depending on the objective of the study. This literature review suggests that the documentation of longer- term flood impacts on communities vary markedly specially on socioeconomic livelihood.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

INTRODUCTION Research methodology involves specific techniques that are adopted in research process to collect, assemble and evaluate data. It defines those tools that are used to gather relevant information in a specific research study. Surveys, questionnaires and interviews are the common tools of research. Research methodology is adopted to check a certain theory and its application along a specific set of academic standards. This is mandatory so that all research meetResearch methodologies perform a lot of functions. It applies to a number of jobs being done in research process.

Research methodology identifies the research activity in a true sense. It further specifies and defines the actual concepts. It further declares what sort of methods will be required for further inquiry. Moreover, how progress can be measured. Research methodology offers a platform to demonstrate how we can communicate research activity in true senses the field specific standards.

OBJECTIVES GENERAL OBJECTIVE

 To find out the impact of floods on the socio economic livelihood of the people

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

 To find out the extent of damages caused by the flood

 To find out the current economic status of the respondents of the study area.

 To find out the occupational challenges faced by the people in affected area

 To identify the level of rehabilitation VARIABLES  Income

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 Occupation

 Education

 Level of rehabilitation

CONCEPTUALIZATION The conceptual frame work has been derived from the conceptual understanding that has been developed from the literature review

THEORETICAL DEFINITION

Livelihood: A livelihood is a means of making a living, it encompasses people‟s capabilities, assets, income, and activities required to secure necessities of life

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION Livelihood: Means of making a living with requirements such as occupation, income, education, health.

RESEARCH DESIGN The research design refers to the overall strategy that is chosen to integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical way, thereby, ensuring that the research problem will be addressed effectively. It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.

The researcher approached the study quantitatively.

Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviours, and other defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population.

SURVEY DESIGN Surveys are useful in describing the characteristics of the population under study. The researcher selected a sample of respondents from a population and administered a

28 | P a g e standardized questionnaire to them. The questionnaire is a written document and that is completed by the researcher.

PILOT STUDY A pilot study is a small scale preliminary study conducted in order to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and affect size in an attempt to predict an appropriate sample size and improve upon the study design prior to performance of a full-scale research project. The researcher conducted the pilot study at 4th ward of Kainakiri Panchayat, Alappuzha. From this the researcher understood the feasibility of the study. Appropriate modifications were made to enhance the instrumentality of data collection tools.

UNIVERSE AND UNIT OF THE STUDY Universe • Households of the fourth ward of Kainakiri panchayat is the universe of the study

Unit Each household of fourth ward is the unit of study

SOURCES OF DATA 1. Primary data: Primary data is collected through the field visit by the researcher itself through self-structured questionnaire.

2. Secondary data: Secondary data comprises of information from Documents, books, reports of surveys and studies, literature pertaining to the flood and it‟s after effects and other relevant publication.

TOOLS AND DATA COLLECTION The researcher visited each household in the affected area of the Kainakiri Panchayat to collect the data using a structured questionnaire.

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QUESTIONNAIRE The researcher selected a sample of respondents from a population and administered a standardized questionnaire to them. The questionnaire is a written document and that is completed by the researcher

SAMPLING Simple random sampling is the sampling method used by the researcher in this research. It provides accurate representation of the population under study. The researcher used this sampling to cull a smaller sample size from a larger population and make generalizations about the larger group.

A sampling size of 50 is selected by the researcher through the sampling frame which is provided by the panchayat for the study from the study area. There are 15 wards in the Kainakiri panchayat under study. Most of the people in these wards were registered in the relief camps as well as the panchayat records for rehabilitation.so the researcher easily identified the respondents randomly.

PRETEST  Before data collection the researcher tested the questionnaire in order to identify any problems such as unclear wording or the questionnaire taking too long to administer.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

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INTRODUCTION Quantitative data analysis is the process in which we move from the raw data that have been collected as part of the research study and use it to provide explanations, understanding and interpretation of the phenomena, people and situation about which the researcher studied.

The researcher had followed the procedure of analysis based the specific objectives once proposed in the statement of the problem. The following were the specific objectives on which the analysis is built.

 To find out the general profile of the people in the study area.

 To find out the current economic status of the respondents of the study area. 

To find out the occupational challenges faced by the people in affected area 

To identify the level of rehabilitation.

The analysis was done according to the order of the specific objectives. The researcher had taken each objective and the questions pertaining to the correspondent variable and the statistical data was presented by using the graphs and pie charts. Each graphical representation was analysed in detail and examined in view of the specific objective.

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Objective I: To find out the general profile of the people in the study area.

Figure 1.1: type of household Figure 1.2: type of building construction Figure 1.3: age of the building Figure 1.4: number of rooms in the households Figure 1.5: sewage disposal

FIGURE 1.1: TYPE OF HOUSEHOLD

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Graph 1.1 depicts the percentage of people who are living in the joint family and the nuclear family.28% of the people is living in the joint family and 78% are living in the nuclear family. In the studied area there was only one bread winner in the family. And also they do not have any access for support both mental and economical. On the basis of the objective one, to find out the extent of damage caused by the flood, it is necessary to understand the type of household of the people in the study area for assessing the quality of the life of the people in terms of mental and economic support.

FIGURE 1.2: TYPE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

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Graph 1.2 shows that the type of building of the studied population. Among the studied population 48% of the people were living in the concreted terraces houses and the 50% of the people were living in the tile roofed brick houses. In the brick made house it is difficult in maintenance because there will be a risk of damage and decay. And there will be a possibility for the concreted houses too. The brick made house could easily fell down because of they are untreated. From the data it is clear that the people in the study area are living in a risky stage .FIGURE 1.3: AGE OF THE BUILDING

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Graph 1.3 depicts the data showing the period of the building that the people living. 42% of the people are living in the house that was built before 10 years. 16% of the people are living in the houses which are built before 5 years. And 32% of the people are living in the houses which were built before 20 years. And 10% of the people are living in the houses which are built before more than 20 years.

FIGURE 1.4: NUMBER OF ROOMS IN THE HOUSEHOLDS

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Graph 1.4 shows that the number of rooms the people has in the houses of the study area. 64% of the people have 2-4 rooms in their houses and 30 % of the people have 1-2 rooms in their home. Some of the houses have more than 4 rooms. In those houses some of the rooms are damaged and unable to stay in those rooms. So that they shifted to the other rooms and staying in their relatives homes.

FIGURE 1.5: SEWAGE DISPOSAL

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Graph 1.5 depicts the sewage disposal of among the people of the studied area. 12% of the people are using public sanitary facility and 86% of the people having their own sewage disposal facilities in their own home and 2% of the people are using other facilities for sewage disposal. From the data it is clear that most of them having the sewage facilities.

After floods they faced the sanitation challenges because of the flow of water over the septic tanks. And they had taken many days to repair those problems. It is an important aspect to understand the extent of the damage due to floods as per the first objective. Sanitation problem was a greater challenge to the people and it is the matter of concern while looking into the health and good standard of living.

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Objective II: To find out the current economic status of the respondents of the study area

Figure 2.1: major sources of income of the studied population

Figure 2.2: monthly income of family Figure 2.3: debts caused due to floods

Figure 2.4: current status of debts

Figure 2.5: amount of debt money after floods

FIGURE 2.1: MAJOR SOURCES OF INCOME OF THE STUDI ED POPULATION

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v

Graph 1.7 shows the major income of the respondents. Agriculture is the major source of income for 34% of people .Fishing is the main source of income for 30% of people and 26% were skilled labors. From the data it is clear that most of the people depend upon the agriculture for their livelihood due to floods they lost the crops and are suffering with those losses.

To understand the current economic status of the people in the study area, it is necessary to identify the major source of income of the people in the study area. The major criteria for making a livelihood are the source of income. For months, they do not have any job and source of income. The lack of the source of income had adversely affected the lives of the people in the study area and they were into the pit of indebtedness after the floods.

FIGURE 2.2: MONTHLY INCOME OF FAMILY

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The graph shows the monthly income of the households in the study area. Percentage of 5 has the income between 20000 and 50000. And the 16% have the income between 10000 and 20000. 46% of people have the income of 5000-10000. 12% among them having 3000-5000 and 23% remains to the income below 5000.

The chart depicts the income status of the people in the household under study After floods there were lot of people who suffered from great economic losses and they are still in the midst of debt .it is clear that those who having debts during floods, they cannot repay the money because of their low income status. The current economic status of most of the people in the study area is vulnerable. Because from the data it is clear that the people cannot repay the debts using the low income of the family. Besides of repaying the debt they should have to maintain the good standard of living of the members of the family and also they have to deal with the education and health related expenditure in the children and aged in the family.

FIGURE 2.3: DEBTS CAUSED DUE TO FLOODS

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Graph shows the percentage of people who having debt due to floods .74% of the people still in the pit of debts and only 26% having no debts. The above chart depicted the income of the family, here 75% of the people having debts which are made to manage the damage due to floods. It has been months that devastating flood had lasted. They don‟t even pay back the half of the debt that they had bought from others. It is because of the low income status of the people. The people in the study area are living with a minimum income and do not have a minimal standard of living.

Majority of the people in the households are in the midst of debt. They are suffering to lead their family in a healthy and standard manner. Sometimes they cannot meet their basic needs because of the low income status and the huge burden of the debt. Most of the people were hardly trying to work more to get rid of from the debt and pay back those debts. Besides of repaying the debt they should have to maintain the good standard of living of the members of the family.

FIGURE 2.4: CURRENT STATUS OF DEBTS

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Graph shows the current status of debt whether they paid the debt or not paid yet. Among the population 22% of people paid their debt back and 56 % of the people were unable to pay back their debts. Among the people who having debts they would not be able to repay the debt because of the lack of proper income. From the data about the current status of the debt depicted above it is clear that most of them can‟t pay back the debt.

It has been months that devastating flood had lasted. They don‟t even pay back the half of the debt that they had bought from others. It is because of the low income status of the people. The people in the study area are living with a minimum income and do not have a minimal standard of living.

FIGURE 2.5: AMOUNT OF MONEY DEBTED AFTER FLOODS

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Pie chart shows the amount of debt people having 17 %. 86 % of people have debt between 10000 and 30000. 57.14 % of people having debt between 30000-5000.And 25percent of the people having debt between 50000 and 100000. It has been a year since the floods; still they won‟t be able to pay the debt. The current economic status of most of the people in the study area is vulnerable. Because from the data it is clear that the people cannot repay the debts using the low income of the family. They don‟t even pay back the half of the debt that they had bought from others. It is because of the low income status of the people. The people in the study area are living with a minimum income and do not have a minimal standard of living Objective III: To find out the occupational challenges faced by the people in affected area

Figure 3.1: percentage of job loss due to floods

Figure 3.2: loss of job due to illness

Figure 3.3: change in earnings after floods

Figure 3.4: amount necessary for regaining job

Figure 3.5: status of house after floods

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FIGURE 3.1 PERCENTAGE OF JOB LOSS DUE TO FLOODS

Graph 3.1 shows the percentage of population who lost their job due to floods. 94% of the population lost their job.Only 6% of the population did not lost their job. During these times they suffered from poverty and illness. They lost their income and it led them to indebtedness. After floods there were lot of people who suffered from great economic losses and they are still in the midst of debt. During the floods and after the floods they lost their job, due course they lost their daily earnings. The above data provided denotes the occupational challenges faced by the people of the studied area. They cannot surpass from those challenges.

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FIGURE 3.2: LOSS OF JOB DUE TO ILLNESS

Pie chart shows that the 62% of the people lost their job due to illness after floods. Most of the people in the study area were doing cultivation and skilled labors. Due to fever and illness they lost their job for months, due to that they can‟t afford the loss caused by floods. After the floods some of the people suffered from fever and skin related problems and they can‟t go for the job and it is one of the major challenges of the occupation. Most of them are daily wage workers doing construction works and so on. Due to the illness their daily wages also lost and they were suffered to meet the basic needs of their family members.

FIGURE 3.3: CHANGE IN EARNINGS AFTER FLOODS

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Pie chart shows that 96 % of the people‟s earning changed after floods. And only of 4% were constant. The daily earnings of the skilled labors due to the lack of job during the floods.it made a great impact in their livelihood. After the floods some of the

people suffered from fever and skin related problems and they can‟t go for the job and it is one of the major challenges of the occupation. They can‟t go for the job daily as per they are the daily wage labors. The loss in the job and its temporary nature led them to the fluctuation in the earnings of the people. During that period they hired things and debted money from others

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FIGURE 3.4: AMOUNT NECESSARY FOR REGAINING JOB

Graph 7 shows the amount necessary for the people to regain their job loss Rs of 5000 and below needs to the 4% of the people .Below of 10000 needed to the 64 % of people. And above 10000 is needed to the 32% of people. During the floods they do not have any job and their earnings. Some of the people having agriculture as their livelihood had lost their invested money in for the cultivation and so on. In some way they managed to overcome those problems by some other means like hiring and debting and with the help of relatives

FIGURE 3.5: STATUS OF HOUSE AFTER FLOODS

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f

Graph shows that percentage of population with affected house.70% among the population having houses which is partially affected by floods. 30% of people living in severely damaged houses. The central and state govt. had taken initiatives for the reconstruction and maintenance of the households which are damaged.it is clear that the equal distribution of resources were not yet happened. Along with the better use of local human resources, reconstruction should maximize the use of locally-sourced materials, including, in particular, recycling the debris of the disaster. The challenge for reconstruction is to ensure that what is built is better than what it replaces, without sacrificing cultural appropriateness and support for local economic recovery, for the sake of technical efficiency and expediency. The current status of the house denotes the level of the recovery among the people in the studied area. The houses were still in the condition of decay and the rehabilitation not yet covered in those areas.

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Objective IV: To identify the level of rehabilitation of the people

Figure 4.1: amount of aid provided by govt.

Figure 4.2: current shelter arrangement

Figure 4.3: current stage of rehabilitation

Figure 4.4: status of damaged house

Figure 4.5: current statuses of interventions FIGURE 4.1: AMOUNT OF AID PROVIDED BY GOVT

Graph shows 94% have got only 10000 Rs of aid from govt. And 4% of the people got aid in between 10000-30000. Different organizations, individuals and government came with aids to the flood affected people. To identify the current stage of rehabilitation it is necessary to know about the amount of aid that the Govt had given to the community people as the part of rehabilitation. From the data it is clear that the people in the studied areas didn`t received essential money as the aid for rehabilitation. The money given by Govt as an initial aid was not enough to them for the resilience and recovery. They can`t even pay back the debt that they brought from the other people

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FIGURE 4.2: CURRENT SHELTER ARRANGEMENT

Pie chart depicts the current shelter arrangement of people in the studied population.54 % of the people were still living in the affected houses.20% of people living in the temporary house in their own property.24% of people living in temporary shelter in the relocated site. Only 2% of people have other types of shelter arrangements. Most of the people are living in their own affected houses .From that it is clear that Govt had not taken any initiative to rebuild the houses. So that they are still living in the affected houses. A flexible approach to rehousing during the transition and reconstruction phases is required, employing local resources wherever possible. During the period of rehabilitation the Govt failed to make a bottom up approach in the rebuilding. Because of that the people are still in the midst of the suffering as such and the researcher identified it by studying from the objective of current stage of rehabilitation.

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FIGURE 4.3: CURRENT STAGE OF REHABILITATION

Pie chart 7 shows the current stage of rehabilitation in the studied population.58 % among population is in the initial stage of rehabilitation. And 42 % of people are in the partial stage of rehabilitation. The fund that government allotted to the affected people was not yet distributed equally and it doesn‟t reach to the poor and vulnerable. Most of the people from the studied population are doing cultivation and skilled labor as their major occupation. Through the first objective researcher proved the former. To identify the current stage of rehabilitation it is necessary to identify the level of rehabilitation and to know in what extend they are rehabilitated. It has been months the flood happened, the people are still in the initial stage and only few of them are in the partial stage of rehabilitation. They cannot rebuild the standard of living yet.

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FIGURE 4.4: STATUS OF DAMAGED HOUSE

Graph shows the percentage of household which started the repairing or construction of houses.76% of people not yet started the repair. Only 22% started the repair of their houses. Because they have not yet got any aid that is sufficient to repair their houses and also they have not much income to repair their houses by themselves. The rehabilitation of the Govt is in the partial or initial stage .so they can`t repair the houses that caused damage during the floods. They are not rid of from the economic losses they had due to the floods.

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4.5: CURRENT STATUS OF INTERVENTIONS

Graph shows that 62% of people responded that there were no interventions happened in the last three months.16% of people responded that NGOs made interventions in the last three months. And 14% said that local authorities made interventions in the community and .6% religious organizations intervened. From the data it is clear that they are not receiving any aids from government and other organization in these months. During the course of time the interventions of the NGOs and GOVT were decreased and the people in that community were left with unequal distribution of resources and rehabilitation. They are helpless and suffering from the after effects of floods even if in these time. They do not have any alternatives to increase their standard of living rather than that of the help of the others or the Govt.

CHAPTER V FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION

MAJOR FINDINGS The first objective mainly covers the general profile of the people in the study area. In the general profile researcher analysed the factors such as the type of house hold, type of building construction, age of the building, number of rooms in the house and the sewage disposal facility. By analysing those factors researcher understood the general

53 | P a g e profile of the people. From that it is clear that the living condition of the people and livelihood are vulnerable and quality of life is in a minimal stage.

To understand the current economic status of the people in the study area, it is necessary to identify the major source of income of the people in the study area. The major criteria for making a livelihood are the source of income. For months, they do not have any job and source of income after floods. The lack of the source of income had adversely affected the lives of the people in the study area and they were into the pit of indebtedness after the floods.

Researcher identified that there are people who are still suffering from floods. Most of them are working in the field of agriculture, fishing and tourism. Therefore, with the floods, they have had various kinds of losses. Many people borrowed money from money lenders in order to cover the damage caused by the flood. They have not yet been free from debt. Even now, a year after the floods, they have not yet been able to repay their debt. Many people lost their jobs during the flood and it led to utter poverty and sufferings. It will take a long time for them to make something better.

The current economic status of most of the people in the study area is vulnerable. Because from the data it is clear that the people cannot repay the debts using the low income of the family. It has been months that devastating flood had lasted. They don‟t even pay back the half of the debt that they had bought from others. It is because of the low income status of the people. The people in the study area are living with a minimum income and do not have a minimal standard of living. The loss in the job and its temporary nature led them to the fluctuation in the earnings of the people

Even though various types of organizations have intervened, but they have not yet been recovered fully from the damage caused by the flood. They have not yet recovered from the loss caused by the loss of their jobs. They still need a huge amount of money to get out of it.Majority of people still lives in their damaged home.Some People lived in their temporary home. Rehabilitation is still on the first stage for most of the people and in the partial stage for some people.

Government interventions are still in the process and the funding is going on. And it reached in some hands only, which means that it is not equally distributed. About 84% of people lost their jobs after the floods and about 20 to 30 days they were unable

54 | P a g e to find work elsewhere. After the floods, there were many kinds of damage. Most of the residents were farmers, fishermen, and tourists. These areas were so badly flooded that they lost jobs and lost their jobs that they had to borrow to look after a family. After floods, about three months they do not have any work and they started paying off some of the debts. Even if the debts start to pay off, they still owe the debt.

The Kainakari region is generally low and the water level is very high and caused many damage. People lost their property, lost their jobs, lost their homes, lost their livestock; lost much.The government has not yet considered the affairs of more than 40 present of the population. Most people have yet to be free from debt. There is no other type of organizational intervention happening now. Some people are still living in dilapidated houses. People were still under the sufferings and the flood made greater impact in the socio economic livelihood of people in the studied population.

Too many people have lost their homes. They now live either in dilapidated houses or in temporary built houses. All those affected by the flood received Rs 10,000 from the government's first flood aid. It was an initial Aid and then the government funded them to rehabilitate. Rehabilitation is still on a different stage for many people. One part is in the first phase and 42% in the initial stage. They will never be able to get back on their own with their own income. It will take a long time.

Government interventions or any other organizational interventions are therefore essential. The government still doesn't care about 14% of the people. About 56% are still living in the miseries of flood. During the course of time the interventions of the NGOs and GOVT were decreased and the people in that community were left with unequal distribution of resources and rehabilitation. They are helpless and suffering from the after effects of floods even if in these time. They do not have any alternatives to increase their standard of living rather than that of the help of the others or the Govt.

CONCLUSION The study is intended to find out the impact of floods on socio economic livelihood of the people in the Kainakiri Panchayat- a low lying area at Kuttanad, which was affected by the floods in a huge sense. The study examined different aspects included in the livelihood of the people in the studied area on the basis of the specific objectives to find

55 | P a g e out the current status of the flood affected people. It is going to be a year since the floods. People have not yet recovered from the sufferings and damages due to the floods. People lost their property, lost their jobs, lost their homes, lost their livestock; lost much. The people in the study area are living with a minimum income and do not have a minimal standard of living. The loss in the job and its temporary nature led them to the fluctuation in the earnings of the people. Among the people who having debts they would not be able to repay the debt because of the lack of proper income. The fund that government allotted to the affected people was not yet distributed equally and it doesn‟t reach to the poor and vulnerable.

Rehabilitation is in different stage for many people. Due course of time the interventions of the NGOs and GOVT were decreased and the people in that community were left with unequal distribution of resources and rehabilitation. There is no other type of organizational intervention is carrying on. They do not have any alternatives to increase their standard of living rather than that of the help of the others or the Govt. The flood made greater impact in the socio economic livelihood of people in the studied population. So a policy intervention and a bottom up approach in distributing resources are necessary to uplift the flood affected. Although this research has contributed to the existing body of knowledge ,yet it might carry various limitation that need to be addressed in future by other scholars therefore there is a need to conduct further research which incorporates a sample which will gave a holistic view in the true nature complex sources and to understand more about the hidden realities beyond those visible facts.

SUGGESTIONS

• Flood risks can be reduced by either reducing the probability or the consequences of a flooding. These consequences can be quantified with flood damage models. Such models determine flood damage based on the water depth and the land use • The delay in providing permanent housing for the majority of victims highlights the importance of providing appropriate transitional shelter, for whom „temporary‟ can be a very long time

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• Kerala state lacks any proper flood forecasting system despite being prone to heavy rains and floods. India‟s only flood forecasting agency, Central Water Commission (CWC), lacked any information regarding the flood conditions in Kerala. This makes the situation more badly as the locals do not have any scope to prepare for the situation before hand. The CWC has set up flood monitoring sites in the state, but some of them are not functional • The government should ensure that the resources and the aids that are provided are reaching properly to the needy. For the monitoring, a committee is needed to deal with those issues. • And it will be easy for the government to capture the needy population who are still suffering due to the floods by making a follow up. • A flexible approach to rehousing during the transition and reconstruction phases is required, employing local resources wherever possible.

References

1) Dewan, A. (2013). Floods in a Megacity: Geospatial Techniques in Assessing Hazards, Risk and Vulnerability. Springer Science & Business Media. 2) Fischer, H. W. (1998). Response to Disaster: Fact Versus Fiction & Its Perpetuation: the Sociology of Disaster. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 3) Giles, J. (1996). After the Flood. Cheltenham, England: Nelson Thornes. 4) Gupta, H. K. (2003). Disaster Management. Universities Press. 5) Integrated flood management: concept paper. (2009). 6) Kramer, W. M. (2009). Disaster Planning and Control. Fire Engineering Books. 7) Marsalek, J., Watt, W. E., Zeman, E., & Sieker, F. (2012). Flood Issues in Contemporary Water Management. Berlin, Germany: Springer Science & Business Media. 8) Mohapatra, K.P. and Singh, D.R. 2003. Flood Management in India. Journal, 28:131- 143. 9) Okediran, W. (2003). After the Flood. 10) Parker, D. J. (2000). Floods. Oxfordshire, England: Taylor & Francis. 11) .Parker, J.D. 2000. Floods. Tangler and Francis, National Academy Press, Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre, Thailand

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12) Pinkowski, J. (2008). Disaster Management Handbook. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. United States. Army. Corps of Engineers. (1992). Explaining flood risk. 13) Theron, M. 2007. Climate Change and Increasing Floods in Africa: Implication for Africa‟s Development.

14) (n.d.). Retrieved June monday, 2019, from https://www.britannica.com/place/India: https://www.britannica.com/place/India

15) (n.d.). Retrieved July tuesday, 2019, from https://ndma.gov.in/en/vulnerability- profile.html: https://ndma.gov.in/en/vulnerability-profile.html

16) (n.d.). Retrieved july thursday, 2019, from https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-wedo/disaster- management/about-disasters/what-is-a-disaster/: https://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we- do/disaster-management/aboutdisasters/what-is-a-disaster/

17) (n.d.). Retrieved july sunday, 2019, from https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/Disaster_about.pdf: https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/Disaster_about.pdf

18) (n.d.). Retrieved june monday, 2019, from https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2018/08/: https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2018/08/

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Questionnaire

Impact Of Floods On Socioeconomic Livelihood Of People A Study On Kainakiri Village

1. Type of house hold : joint nuclear

2. Number of members in the family : male female 3. Members details : age education employment

4. Monthly income of the family : 0-3000 3000-5000

5000-10000 10000-20000

Above 20000

5. Type of building construction : a. wood b. brick c. Concreted d. metal

6. How old is the building :

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a. 1-5 years b. 5-10 years c. 10-15years d. Above 15 7. Number of rooms the building have : a. 1-2 b. 2-4 c. Above 4 8. What is the type of property ownership or rights held by the household affected ? a. Private ownership b. Renting c. Caretaker d. other 9. How much property you belongs to : a. 1-5 cents b. 5-10 c. 10-20 d. Above 20 10. Do you have documentation for the land ? a. Yes b. No 11. Damage to the house : a. unaffected b. partially affected c. completely damaged : 12. Is running water available in the house: a. Yes b. No

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13. Does the household have regular access to food : a. Yes b. No 14. Type of sewage disposal a. Public sanitary b. Private septic c. others 15. Sources of safe drinking water : a. Own well b. Public well c. others 16. Did you faced any sanitation problem after floods due to draining : a. Yes b. no 17. Did the local government or NGOs had take any initiatives for cleaning a. Yes b. no 18. Has this property ever been flooded? a. Yes b. no 19. After the floods, how long did the water to drain away : a. 1-5 days b. 5-10 c. 10-20 d. Above 20 20. Haven’t you reported the flooding in your properties to the authorities a. Yes b. no 21. Do you get any immediate assistance after floods? a. Yes b. no 22. Has there already been support provided : a. Yes b. No

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23. What kind of support was provided : a. Food b. Financial c. Water access d. Technical e. Other 24. Who provided each support : a. Local authorities b. Private individuals c. Local NGOs d. other 25. For houses that are able to be rehabilitated have repairs started : a. Yes b. No 26. Is the family in need of assistance : a. Yes b. No 27. What is your current shelter arrangement a. temporary housing on relocation sites b. living on own property in temporary shelter c. living on own property in affected house d. living with relatives friends

28. Is the household at risk because of the level of damage in house : a. yes b. no 29. Did you rectify the damages : a. yes b. no

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30. Can you rectify these damages with your own family income : a. yes b. no 31. Major sources of income of the family: a. Agriculture b. Fishing c. skilled manual labor d. unskilled daily wage labor e. small business (own enterprise) f. government sector g. private sector 32. Where you marked changes in your earnings after floods? a. Yes b. No 33. Do you have job loss due to flood a. Yes b. No 1. If yes, did you go for another job? a. Yes b. no 2. Mention the job and its earning?

34. Did anyone help you to get a new job? a. If yes ,who helped?

35. Haven’t you rectified the loss? a. Yes b. no 36. Where there any costs of getting a new job : a. yes b. no

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1. If yes how much? mention the amount 37. Could you afford those costs? a. Yes b. no 38. Did anyone provide financial support : a. yes b. no 39. Did you received the initial financial aid by the government : a. yes b. no

1. If yes , mention the amount 40. Did the children in the family faced severe problems in their studies a. Yes b. no 41. Do their studies interrupted due to floods a. Yes b. no 42. Did they lose their books or notes in floods : a. yes b. no 43. Did any of your documents were lost in the flood : a. yes b. no 44. What steps have been taken to regain the lost documents?

45. Did you get any assistance from local bodies for that : a. yes b. no 46. Do you faced any health issues after the floods : a. yes b. no 1. If yes, what kind of illness?

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2. Did you get any concession in purchasing high cost medicines : a. yes b. no 3. Due to the illness any of your members loosed his/her earnings? a. Yes b. no 1. If ye ,how do you makeup that loss?

47. Can you mention that in which area you have heavy loss or damage : a. Employment b. Health c. Property d. Other

48. Can you rectify those loss :

a. Yes b. no 1. if yes In what ways you rectified it? 2. Did anyone provide help : a. Yes b. no 1. If yes in cash / kind?

49. Did the government or NGOs still addressing your losses through any initiatives? a. Yes b. no 50. Can you mention the current stage of rehabilitation that you are in? a. Initial b. Partial c. full

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