9781107013261 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01326-1 - Settling the Earth: The Archaeology of Deep Human History Clive Gamble Index More information

Index

Abric Romani, 182 Arabia, 77 , 111 , 143 , 154 , 205 , 207–208 , accumulation, 17 211 , 268 , 319 , 335 Acheulean, xix , 154 , 163 , 165 , 174 Aramis, 123 Adak Island, 276 archaeogenetics, 188 , 200 , 209 , adaptive radiation, 55 , 59 , 87 , 127–128 , 211–214 , 216–217 , 221 , 227 , 230–231 , 166 , 170 239 , 242 , 244 , 246 , 249 , 254 , 264 , Afar, 130 268–269 , 271 , 277 , 285 , 290–293 , Agassiz, L., 32 298–299 , 315 , 317 agriculture, 28 , 91 , 94 , 105 , 199 , 209 , Arctic, 79 , 85–86 , 91, 151 , 184 , 215 , 239 , 278 , 294 , 300 , 308 , 188 , 214 , 231 , 244–245 , 273–277 , 315 , 320 309 , 319 Agusti, J., 159–160 Ardipithecus , 9 , 113 , 123–124 Ahmarian, 263 Ardipithecus kadabba , 124 Aiello, L., 67 , 69 , 117 , 126 , 174 Ardipithecus ramidus , 9 , 123 Akrotiri Aetokremnos, 282 Argentina, 88 Alaska, 83 , 198 , 245 , 249 , 274 , Arlington Springs, 246 276–278 , 309 Armenia, 184 Aleutian Islands, 246 , 276 , Arnhem Land, 26 , 220 284 , 305 Ascencion, 13 , 301 , 310 Altai, 232 , 240–243 , 249 Atapuerca, 161 , 164 Ambrose, S., 191 Atlantic Ocean, 13 , 296 Amur River, 242 Aurignacian, 215 , 229 , 253 , 263–264 , Ancient DNA, xviii , 178 , 256 266 , 268–271 Anderson, D. G., 250 Australia, 12 , 16 , 26 , 59 , 83–85 , 102 , 104 , Antarctic, 13 , 83 141 , 184 , 188–189 , 191 , 194 , 199 , Antarctica, 80 , 285 , 293 , 310 205 , 207 , 214 , 220–221 , 228–229 , anthropoid, 2 , 123 , 129 , 139 253 , 285 , 349 Antigua, 303–304 australopithecine, 2 , 8–10 , 116 , 121 , 129 , Antón, S. C., 116–118 , 138–139 , 324 145 , 149 , 224

365

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-01326-1 - Settling the Earth: The Archaeology of Deep Human History Clive Gamble Index More information

366 Index

Australopithecus , 8 , 113 , 133 , 160 , 225 bio-tidal zone, 57–58 , 111 , 152 , 154 , Australopithecus afarensis , 9 , 116 , 125 , 168–169 , 259–260 , 264 , 270–272 128 , 134 bipedalism, 8–9 , 33 , 48 , 74 , 111 , 113 , Australopithecus africanus , 8 , 116 , 118 , 120–121 , 127 , 129 , 317 126 , 132 , 134–135 bipedal, 9 , 123 , 125 , 194 , 311 Australopithecus bahrelghazali , 116 , 125 Biraben, J. N., 94 Australopithecus garhi , 116 Bird’s Head, 219–221 Australopithecus sediba , 129 Bismarck Archipelago, 220 , 285 , 291 , 295 Austronesian, 221 , 290–291 , 298 , 315 , 319 Black Sea, 264 , 267 Avdeevo, 272 blade, xix , 125 , 179 , 242–245 , Azores, 13 , 301 , 310 267–268 , 276 Blombos, 180–181 , 183 , 222 Bab-al-Mandab, 205 Bohunice, 263 Bacho Kiro, 270 Bohunician, 229 , 263 Bae, C. J., 168 Boker Tachtit, 269 Baffi n Island, 309 , 311 Bolus, M., 256 Bahamas, 301 , 307 , 311 Boreal, 87 , 232–233 Bailey, G., 46 Borges, J. L., 15 , 17 Balme, J., 222 Borneo, 212 , 255 , 298 Banks, S., 91 Bose Basin, 167 Barbados, 303 , 305 Boxgrove, 151 , 166–167 Barham, L., 165 , 170 , 174 Boyd, R., 103 Baringo, 123 Bramble, D. M., 121 Barker, G., 218 Britain, 43 , 79 , 153 , 163 , 219 , 308 , Barnard, A., 28–29 , 91 , 107 , 196 311 Barranco León, 164 Brno, 269 , 272 Barrett, L., 15 Brooks, A. S., 192 Bar-Yosef, O., 159 , 360 Brunhes-Matuyama, 38 bauplan , 112 , 116 , 121 , 128–129 , 151 , 179 , Buang Merabak, 220 188 , 191 , 195 , 317 , 319 Buchanan, B., 249 Beeches Pit, 172 Bulgaria, 270 Beirut, 264 Burke, A., 259 Belize, 306 Buttermilk Creek, 247 Bellwood, P., 315 Byzovaya, 274 Belmaker, M., 159 Bering Straits, 12 , 245 Californian Channel Islands, 284 Beringia, 83 , 205 , 231 , 234 , 239 , 242 , Callaghan, R. T., 305 245–246 , 248–249 , 253 , 276 , 318 Callao Cave, 213 Bermuda, 13 , 311 Cameron, J., 4 Berners-Lee, T., 6 Campanian Ignimbrite (CI), 266–268 , biface, 143 , 154 , 163 , 165–167 , 170 , 179 , 270 , 272 182 , 212 , 258–259 Canada, 87 , 276–278 Binford, L., 85–86 , 88 , 92 , 94–95 , 98 , Canary Islands, 13 , 299 , 310 198 , 236 , 253 , 259 Cann, R., 100 , 102

Index 367

Cape Denbigh, 274 , 276 Cyprus, 282 , 296 Cape Verde Archipelago, 310 Czech Republic, 263 , 269 , 272 Caribbean, 13 , 301 , 303 , 306–307 carnivory, 11 , 84 , 143 Dansgaard–Oeschger (D–O), 80 , 257 Caspian Sea, 87 Darwin, C., 48 cassava, 305–306 Darwinian, 18 , 27 , 102 , 313 , 318 Caucasus, 159 , 184 , 231 , 240 Davies, S. W. G., 271 , 273 Central Africa, 44 , 143 Dawkins, R., 102 Champ Grand, 183 de la Torre, I., 130–131 Chapman, J., 17 Debra L Friedkin, 247 Chauvet Cave, 272 deep history, 2–7 , 30 , 33 , 53 , 55 , 63 , Childe, G., 215 65 , 75–76 , 98–100 , 105–107 , 111 , Chile, 88 , 247 123 , 143 , 182 , 191–192 , 200 , 215 , chimpanzee, 16 , 26–27 , 116 , 123 , 126 , 217 , 227–228 , 252–253 , 279 , 284 , 128 , 130 , 134 , 136 , 138–139 , 154 292 , 301 , 305 , 308–309 , 312 , 317 , China, 11 , 46 , 82 , 152 , 161 , 167–168 , 242 , 320–321 244 , 255 , 291 , 294 deMenocal, P., 47 , 49–50 Christmas Island, 310 Denell, R., 165 Clade, xviii Denisova, 213–214 , 242 , 244 Clark, A., 15 Denisovans, 189 , 213–214 , 223 Clark, G., 63 Dennell, R., 140 , 160 , 225 Clarke, D., 62 Descartes, R., 14 , 21 climate change, 21 , 32–34 , 38 , 53 , 80 , Diamond, J., 282 , 296 153 , 257 diaspora, 13 , 55 , 100 , 309 , 314–315 Clovis, 246–250 , 253 , 315 Die Kelders, 180 coalescence, xix diet change, 3 , 20 , 108 , 140 , 172 coalescent theory, 96 Dikika, 9–10 , 125 , 128–130 cognitive load, 15 , 21 , 28, 70 , 74 , 136 Diring-Ur’akh, 184 Collard, I., 90 Disko Bay, 277 Collard, M., 91–92 , 104 dispersal, 3–4 , 12–13 , 16 , 20 , 33 , 46 , 50– Columbus, C., 13 , 99 , 310–311 51 , 55 , 59–60 , 74 , 75–76 , 83 , 89 , Comoros Islands, 184 , 296 , 299 91–92 , 98–100 , 102 , 104–105 , 108 , composite tools, 141 , 170 , 179 , 194 , 244 111 , 123–125 , 127–128 , 136–137 , 139 , Conrad, J., 1 , 4 , 32 , 75 , 105 141 , 143 , 152 , 154 , 157–161 , 166–167 , consumption, 17 , 107 , 170 , 181–182 , 179 , 181 , 188–189 , 191 , 193 , 195 , 197–199 , 214 , 228 197 , 200 , 202–203 , 205 , 207–222 , cooking, 67 , 172 226 , 227–230 , 236–237 , 239–244 , Coolidge, F. L., 21 , 186 246–250 , 252–253 , 255 , 257 , 259 , Copeland, S. R., 135 263–264 , 266 , 269–271 , 273 , Coward, F., 289 275–278 , 279 , 281 , 283–285 , 288 , Crete, 182 , 184 , 195 , 282 , 296 291 , 293–295 , 298 , 301–302 , 305 , Cuba, 302–303 , 307 307–309 , 313 , 315 , 318–319 , 360 Cullen, B., 104 displacement, 13 , 55 , 100 , 216 , 228–230 , Cyclades, 13 , 282 279 , 294 , 305 , 309 , 311 , 314–315

368 Index

distributed cognition, 14–15 , 17 , 22 , 171 , encephalisation, 3–4 , 6–8 , 10–11 , 14–17 , 177 , 287 , 289 , 312 20 , 30 , 33 , 53 , 68 , 74 , 104 , 116 , 123 , Dmanisi, 158–160 125–128 , 136 , 139–140 , 143 , 145 , DNA, 6 , 99–100 , 103 , 188–189 , 213–214 , 166 , 170 , 177 , 225 , 319 225 , 239 , 255 , 277 , 292 encephalisation quotient (EQ), 3 , 116 , Doggerland, 152–154 , 231 , 239 , 256–257 , 137 , 139–140 , 150 , 160 , 224 263–264 Epi-Gravettian, 264 , 270 Dolní Věstonice, 269 , 272 equator, 76 , 85 Dolukhanov, P. M., 249 Ethiopia, 9–10 , 116 , 123–125 , 129–130 , domestic dogs, 236–238 179 , 182 domestication, 3 , 13 , 84 , 104 , 189 , Europe, 8 , 18 , 32 , 46 , 58 , 64 , 79 , 84 , 196 , 199–200 , 211 , 218 , 225 , 229 , 98 , 102 , 122 , 137 , 141 , 143 , 157 , 159 , 236–237 , 239 , 279 , 281 , 285 , 289 , 163–164 , 167–169 , 179 , 182–185 , 291 , 298 189 , 192 , 203 , 205 , 211 , 214 , 218–219 , Dominican Republic, 305 228–229 , 231 , 233–234 , 239–240 , Dunbar, R., 69 , 72 , 117 , 137 , 243 , 252–257 , 260 , 262–264 , 266– 174–175 , 355 275 , 287 , 301 , 315 , 319, 326 , 349 Dunbar’s number, 72 expensive tissue hypothesis, 67–68 , Durkheim, E., 26–28 112 , 126 extended mind, 15 , 17 , 22 , 27 , 228 , East Africa, 43–44 , 47 , 51 , 124 , 129 , 137 , 287 , 312 145 , 159 , 163 , 184 , 191 , 203 , 208 , 212 , 298 Faeroe Islands, 301 , 308 East China Sea, 43 , 242 Falk, D., 225 Easter Island, 105 , 284–285 , 293–296 farming, 33 , 91–92 , 105 , 199 , 279 , 281 , effective population, 96 , 98 , 203 , 211 290–291 , 296 , 305 , 307–308 , Effective Temperature (ET), 85–88 , 315 , 320 92 , 98 , 185 , 194 , 232–233 , 235 , 246 , Fell’s Cave, 248 259–261 , 274–275 Fennoscandinavian ice cap, 274–275 effervescence, 26–28 , 196 Fiji, 285 , 293–294 Egypt, 154 fi re, 3 , 53 , 120 , 141 , 166 , 170 , 172 , 177 , Eiríkr the Red, 308 184 , 194 , 225 El Arenal-1, 292 Fisher-gatherer-hunter (FGH), 12 , El Nino–Southern Oscillation 75 , 84–86 , 88 , 91–92 , 94–96 , (ENSO), 43 , 77 , 79 100 , 104–105 , 107 , 198–199 , 211 , Ellesmere Island, 309 232–233 , 235 , 250 , 253 , 259 , 271 , Elniki, 275 275 , 281–282 , 296 , 303–305 , 315 Emireh points, 269 Fix, A., 98 emotions, 5 , 14 , 25–26 , 29 , 69 , 72 , 74 , Flores, 152 , 169 , 182 , 184 , 195 , 223–225 120 , 144 , 175 , 177–178 , 186 , 192 , Foley, R., 55 , 59 , 89–90 , 113 , 214 196 , 312–313 Fort Ternan, 126 primary emotions, 175 fragmentation, 17 , 45 , 58 , 152 , social emotions, 25–26 , 175 199 , 257

Index 369

Fragmentation, Accumulation, Greenland stadial (GS), xviii, 80 , 231 Consumption and Enchainment Grotta del Cavallo, 255 , 265 (FACE), 17 , 27 , 197 , 236 , 290 , Grotte des Pigeons, 181 312–313 Groube, L. M., 294 France, 43 , 183 , 253 , 256 , 263–264 , 270 , group size, 15 , 20 , 55 , 69–73 , 117 , 272 , 311 136–137 , 140 , 167 , 175 , 194 , 236 Franchthi Cave, 282 Grove, M., 50–53 Franklin, N. R., 222 Guthrie, R. D., 233–234 Frith, C., 69 Frith, U., 69 Habgood, P.J., 222 Fuente Nueva, 164 Hadar, 125 hafting, 67 , 177 , 183 Galapagos Islands, 311 Haifa, 179 Garchi 1, 274 Haiti–Dominican Republic, 302 Geiβenklösterle Cave, 263 Hamilton, M. J., 249 genetic drift, xix , 103 haplogroup, 201–203 , 205 , 211 , 216 , 221 , Georgia, 158 242 , 244 , 246 , 268–270 , 290 , 298 , Germany, 172 , 180 , 263–264 , 270 305 , 311 Gesher Benot Ya’aqov, 166–167 , 172 haplotype, xviii , 211 gibbon, 123 Haua Fteah, 267 Giddings, L., 274 Hawai’i, 12 , 282 , 284–285 , 287 , 289 , Gilbert, D., 72 , 74 294–295 , 319 Gillam, J. C., 250 Hazelwood, L., 249–250 glacial, 11 Heinrich events, 80 glaciation, 11 , 39 , 49 , 83 , 157 , 168 , 234 Henzi, P., 15 global settlement, 3 , 6–7 , 12–14 , 16–17 , Herto Bouri, 179 , 182 30 , 53 , 55 , 57 , 59 , 63 , 65 , 67 , 75 , 87 , Hewitt, G. P., 148 104–105 , 107 , 120 , 140 , 168 , 189 , 200 , Hill, K., 107 227 , 278 , 281 , 284 , 287, 311 , 313 , 317 , 320 Holliday, T., 150 Gona, 10 , 130 , 135 Holocene, 13 , 76–77 , 82 , 85 , 88–89 , 91 , gorilla, 117–118 , 126 , 136 , 138 , 154 94 , 103–107 , 188 , 209 , 221 , 231 , 234 , Gosden, C., 15 240 , 246 , 275 , 296 , 303 , 320 Gowlett, J., 3 , 20 , 52 , 63 , 172 , 317 hominid, 2 , 9 , 123 , 128 , 194 , 198–199 Grahame, K., 312 hominin, 2–4 , 7 , 9–12 , 14 , 17 , 21–24 , granary model, 199 , 218 , 228 , 261 26 , 33–34 , 43 , 45–47 , 50 , 52–53 , Gravettian, 215 , 253 , 260 , 269 , 272 55 , 59 , 64 , 67 , 69 , 75 , 84 , 94 , 99 , Greater Antilles, 301–303 , 305 , 307 105 , 108 , 111 , 112 , 116–117 , 119–121 , Greece, 183–184 , 267 123–127 , 129 , 134–137 , 140 , 141 , 143 , Green, R., 284 145 , 148–149 , 154 , 157 , 159–160 , Greenland, 80 , 83 , 231 , 270 , 273 , 164 , 166 , 170–172 , 175 , 177–180 , 275–278 , 308–309 188–189 , 191 , 193–195 , 198–200 , 213 , Greenland interstadial (GI), 80 , 245 , 224 , 227–228 , 232 , 236 , 246 , 259 , 270 , 273 , 275 266 , 274 , 281 , 289 , 313 , 317–320

370 Index

hominin evolution, 3 , 33 , 111 , 145 , interstadial, xviii , 80 , 270 , 275 172 , 317 Iran, 203 , 206 , 231 , 240 Homo , 10–12 , 112–113 , 116 , 121 , 123 , 129 , Ireland, 153 , 308 132 , 135 , 143 , 145 , 149–150 , 160 , Irwin, G., 288–289 , 295 224–225 Isaac, G., 63 Homo antecessor , 164 Israel, 158–159 , 163 , 166 , 172 , 179 , 181 , Homo erectus , 143 , 145 , 148–150 , 160 , 205 , 207 , 239 , 256 , 263 , 345 164 , 179 , 189 , 191 , 225 Italy, 161 , 229 , 255 , 264–265 , 267 Homo ergaster , 118 , 148–149 , 160 Ivane Valley, 218–220 Homo fl oresiensis , 189 , 223–225 Homo georgicus , 160 Jamaica, 283 , 302–303 , 306–307 Homo habilis , 129 , 145 James, W., 196 Homo heidelbergensis , 150–151 , 166 , Japan, 45 , 137–138 , 244 179 , 191 , 256 Java, 164–165 , 298 Homo neanderthalensis , 255 Jebel Faya, 212 , 214 Homo rudolfensis , 129 , 136 , 149 Jerimalai rockshelter, 220 Homo sapiens , 11 , 145 , 175 , 178–179 , Johnson, M., 14 181–182 , 188–189 , 191–192 , 205 , Jongok-ni, 167 207 , 212 , 214 , 222 , 224–225 , 254–255 Jordan Valley, 159 Howieson’s Poort, 183 Jwalapuram, 212 , 222 Hudson Bay, 309 human leukocyte antigen (HLA), 100 , K selection, 18 , 139 242 , 293 Kaho’olawe Island, 289 Hungary, 184 , 266 Kalahari, 199 Hutchins, E., 21 Kamchatka, 276 Hutton, J., 76 Kanjera, 132 Huxley, T., 5 , 99 , 141 Kapthurin, 116 Kara Bom, 242–244 , 249 Iberia, 260 , 264 Kebara Cave, 179 , 256 Iceland, 13 , 278 , 301 , 308–309 Keegan, W., 282 , 287 , 296 imagination, 3–4 , 7 , 13–14 , 22 , 29 , Kelly, R. L., 250 73 , 171 , 177 , 180 , 188 , 228 , 253 , Kemery, M., 91 273 , 311–313 , 319 , 321 Kenya, 123–124 , 126 , 130 , 132 , 145 , 166 Independence, 276 Kerguelen, 13 , 311 India, 98 , 143 , 163 , 207 , 212 , 222 , 241 , Killingsworth, M., 74 244 , 279 , 285 , 298 King, G., 46 Indian Ocean, 12–13 , 47 , 205 , 290 , 296 , Kingston, J., 51 , 55 , 126–127 299 , 311 , 319 kinship, 27 , 107 , 196 , 228 , 236 Indonesia, 43 , 137 , 141 , 152 , 169 , 179 , kinshipping, 29 , 55 , 195–196 , 198 189 , 207 , 224 , 294 , 296 , 298 universal kinship, 28 , 91 , 107 , 187 , Initial Upper Palaeolithic (IUP), 229 , 196 , 198 , 319 263–264 , 270 Kirch, P. V., 285 , 293 interglacial, xviii , 11 Klasies River Mouth, 179–180 , 183

Index 371

Klissoura Cave, 267 Levallois, 166 Knuth, E., 273 , 277 Levant, 158 , 205 , 212 , 214 , 263–264 , Kokiselei, 163 , 165 , 167 268 , 270 Kombewa technique, 166 levels of intentionality, 22 , 175 , 318 Konso-Gardula, 163 Lévi-Strauss, C., 16 , 279 Koobi Fora, 149 , 163 , 166 Liang-Bua Cave, 169 Korea, 244 Libya, 207 , 267 Kostenki, 261 , 264 , 266–267 , 269 , 272 Lieberman, D. E., 121 Ksar Akil rockshelter, 264 Lindenfors, P., 70 Kuhn, S., 198 Lokalalei, 163 Kuldaro, 161 Lonergan, N., 113 , 116 , 120 , 123 Kuzmin, Y. V., 243 Lordkipanidze, D., 159 Lucy, 125–126 L’Anse-aux-Meadows, 309 Lycett, S. J., 168 La Cotte de St Brelade, 182–183 Lynford, 235 , 257 , 259–260 Laccadives, 285 Laetoli, 9 , 125 Macaque, 30 , 70 , 111 , 137–140 , 141 , 317 Lahr, M., 89 , 214 MacArthur, R. H., 282 Lake Baikal, 231–232 , 240–242 , 244 MacLarnon, A. M., 148 Lake Balkhash, 240 Madagascar, 13 , 16 , 184 , 290 , 296 , Lake Malawi, 207 298–299 , 319 , 350 Lake Nasser, 154 Magdalenian, 215 , 253 , 264 Lake Turkana, 126 , 149 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Lakoff, G., 14 25 , 174 , 318 Lakonis, 183 Maine, 277 language, 5 , 16 , 25 , 53 , 70 , 72 , 89–91 , Majuangou, 161 141 , 143 , 148 , 172 , 174–175 , 177–178 , Mal’ta, 244 189 , 194 , 215–216 , 249 , 290–291 , Malagasy, 298 294 , 298 , 313–314 Malakunanja rockshelter, 220 Lapita, 291 , 293–295 Malapa, 129 Large Cutting Tools (LCT), 154 , 161 , malaria, 209 163 , 165–166 Malaysia, 213 , 298 Larick, R., 165 Maldives, 13 , 285 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), xviii , Male Y chromosome (MSY), 100 , 102 , 38 , 77 , 82 , 94 , 264 , 319 191 , 200–202 , 221 , 246 , 269 , 290 , Laurentide, 80 , 84 , 231 , 239 , 245 , 293 , 298 275–276 Mammontovaya Kurya, 274 Leahy, M., 1 mammoth steppe, 77 , 205 , 231 , 233– Lebanon, 263–264 235 , 239 , 245 , 257 , 259–260 , 275 Lee-Thorp, J., 132 manioc, 305–307 Leinhardt, G., 14 Manis site, 247 Leonard, W. L., 118 Marine Isotope Stage (MIS), 38 , 80 , Lesser Antilles, 302–306 98 , 171 , 222 , 258–260

372 Index

Marshall Islands, 294 Mode 2, 64 , 143 , 153–154 , 161 , 163 , Martin, P. S., 247 166–169 , 172 , 179 , 182 , 184 , 318 Maslin, M., 49 , 51 Mode 3, 143 , 153–154 , 166 , 179–180 , Mata Menge, 169 , 224 183 , 191 , 212 , 214 , 218 , 227 , 229 , Matenkupkum, 220 242–244 , 254 , 256–257 , 275 Mauritius, 13 , 299 Mode 4, 64 , 179 , 181 , 183 , 214 , 223 , McBrearty, S., 192 228–229 , 242–246 , 254 , 263 , 268 McBurney, C. B., 167 Mojokerto, 164 McGrew, W., 16 molecular clock, xvii , 191 , 203 , 205 Meadowcroft rockshelter, 247 Mongolia, 244 Mediterranean, 13 , 38 , 44 , 184 , monsoon, 32 , 46 , 49 , 77 , 207 206–207 , 256 , 264 , 266–267 , 270 , Monte Poggiolo, 164 282 , 296 , 303 Monte Verde, 247 Melanesia, 284–285 Morocco, 181 Mellars, P., 222 , 229 Morphy, H., 26 Melos, 184 , 282 , 296 , 303 Most Recent Common Ancestor Micronesia, 284–285 , 290–291 , 294 (MRCA), 213 , 256 Middle Awash, 123–124 Motif, xviii Middle Palaeolithic, 215 , 242–243 , 254 , Mousterian, 215 256–257 , 263 , 266–267 , 269 , 274 Mousterian of Acheulean Middle Stone Age (MSA), 183 , 186 Tradition, 215 Milankovitch cycles, xvii , 38–39 , 41 , Moutsiou, D., 184–185 48–51 , 103 , 126 , 143 , 152 , 157 , Movius, H., 167–168 184 , 225 Moviusland, 143 , 157 , 168–169 , 178 , 184 , Milovice, 260 , 269 , 272 194 , 205 , 231 , 319 Minotogawa Cave, 283 Movius Line, 167–169 , 318 Miocene, 8–9 , 34 , 47 , 108 , 121–123 , Mt Carmel, 179 , 181 126–127 , 137 Mungo 3, 220 mirror neuron system, 27 Muttoni, G., 164 Mitchell, P., 165 , 296 Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), 96 , 98 , Nariokotome, 145 , 148 , 152 100 , 102 , 191 , 200–203 , 205–206 , natural selection, 102–103 , 125 211 , 219 , 221 , 237 , 242 , 246 , 255 , Nauwalabila rockshelter, 220 257 , 268–270 , 276 , 290–291 , 293 , Neanderthal, 2 , 21 , 102 , 151 , 178–179 , 298 , 303 , 305 182–183 , 186 , 189 , 194 , 198 , Mladec Cave, 269 213–215 , 231 , 233 , 235 , 254–257 , moas, 295 259–261 , 267–268 , 271 , mobility, 12 , 33–34 , 55 , 60 , 75 , 85–86 , 274–275 88 , 92 , 94 , 105 , 128–129 , 195 , 198 , Near Oceania, 12 , 220 , 283 , 285 , 287 , 200 , 226 , 232 , 236 , 250 , 253 , 283 , 289–291 , 293 , 295 289 , 341 Nenana River, 245 Mode, 63–64 , 169 , 216 , 253 neocortex, 24 , 70 , 117 , 137 Mode 1, 149 , 159–161 , 163–169 , 172 , Neolithic, 6 , 170 , 215 , 252 , 320 184 , 212 , 318 Neolithic Revolution, 170

Index 373

Nettle, D., 90–91 , 249 P a c i fi c, 12–13 , 198 , 279 , 282–285 , 287 , New Britain, 220 289–295 , 300–301 , 310 New Caledonian crows, 26 P a c i fi c rat, 295 New Guinea, 1 , 12 , 84 , 191 , 207 , Pakefi eld, 164 218–221 , 255 , 279 , 284–285 , 291 , Pakistan, 111 , 160 294 , 338 Palaeolithic, 4 , 60 , 63–64 , 169–170 , New Ireland, 220 , 283 186 , 192 , 212 , 214 , 228 , 235 , 243 , New World, 2 , 12 , 108 , 137 , 248–249 253 , 266 , 268 , 320 , 328 New Zealand, 12 , 45 , 283–285 , 289 , Palau Island, 285 , 294 293–295 , 298 Palladas, 29 Newfoundland, 277 , 309 Paranthropus , 113 , 133 , 145 , 149 Ngandong, 179 Paranthropus robustus , 132 , 134–135 Niah Cave, 212 , 218 , 255 Parnkupirti, 220 Nihewan Basin, 161 Patagonia, 246 , 248 North Africa, 137 , 143 , 231 , 264 , Paviland Cave, 260 266–268 , 299 Pavlov, 261 , 269 , 272 North America, 18 , 32 , 80 , 83 , 198 , Pearyland, 273 232 , 242 , 248–250 , 252 , 275 , 277 , Pechora Basin, 275 279 , 309 Peçstera cu Oase, 255 , 260 North Sea, 153 , 168 Peninj, 163 Norton, C. J., 168 personal network, 15 , 21–22 , 28 , 74 , Norway, 13 , 275 , 308 116–117 , 119 , 123 , 125 , 128 , 137 , Nunamiut, 198 143 , 145 , 148 , 150 , 160 , 174–175 , 177–178 , 224 obsidian, 184 , 186 , 282 , 290 Petraglia, M., 212 ochre, 141 , 180–183 , 212 , 222 , Philippines, 213 , 291 243 , 260 phylogeography, 4 , 99 , 203 , Okinawa Island, 283 205–206 , 215 Okladnikov Cave, 256 pigs, 30 , 137 , 139 , 221 , 237 , 291 , 293 Olduvai Gorge, 145 , 159 , 163 Pinarbai, 270 Omo, 130 , 179 , 192 Pinnacle Point, 180–181 , 222 Oppenheimer, S., 207 , 219 , 242 , 248 Pirro Nord, 161 , 164 Optically stimulated Pitcairn Island, 284–285 , 289 , 310 thermoluminescence dating plasticity, 12 , 53 , 124 , 127 , 129 , 139 , 188 , (OSL), 203 , 212 , 220 , 247 , 268 218 , 287 orang-utan, 122 , 138 Pleistocene, 10–12 , 38–39 , 41 , 116 , 141 , Orce Basin, 164 152–153 , 164–165 , 194 , 209 , 218 , 221 , Orrorin tugenensis , 9 , 123–124 225 , 233–234 , 239 , 255–257 , 262 , Ortner, S., 320 290–291 , 295–296 , 303 ostensive signals, 72 Pliocene, 8–10 , 34 , 47 , 121 , 126 , 137 Ostrov Zhokhova, 274 Polynesia, 284–285 , 289 , 291 , Oswalt, W., 91–92 293–295 , 319 Out of Africa, 60 , 159–161 population bottleneck, xix , 96 , 192 oxygen isotopes, 34 , 38 , 308 population thinking, 92 , 102–103

374 Index

Portugal, 13 , 310 Sahelanthropus tchadensis , 123 , 125 Potts, R., 49–50 , 318 Sahul, 12 , 84 , 191 , 195–196 , 211 , 214 , Powell, A., 217 218–222 , 227–229 , 231 , 246 , 318 Prepared Core Technology (PCT), Said, E., 4 xix , 165–166 Sakhalin Island, 244 Preveli, 182 Saladoid, 301 , 305–307 primates, 70 , 72 , 111 Samarkand, 232 Puerto Rico, 302 , 306–307 Samoa, 284–285 , 293–294 pulsed variability, 51 , 137 Sao Tomé, 310 Puritjarra rockshelter, 221 Saqqaq, 276 Savannah hypothesis, 47 Qafzeh Cave, 179 , 205 Savannahstan, 160 , 169 Qeqertasussuk, 277 Scandinavia, 153 , 256 , 275 , 278 Qesem Cave, 166 , 172 Schalansky, J., 311 Quina, 215 Schoeninger, M., 136 Schöningen, 166 , 172 , 180 , 358 r selection, 18 Schreve, D., 259 radiocarbon dating (C14 ), xvii Schultz, S., 72 Read, D., 27 sea surface temperature (SST), Red Sea, 82 , 205 79–80 refuge, 33 , 48 , 58–59 , 154 , 207 , 239 , Serangeli,. J., 256 257 , 259 , 264 , 266 , 270 , 275 Seychelles, 13 refuge area, 57 , 59 , 207 , 239–240 , Shea, J. J., 192–193 271 , 274 Shennan, S., 21 , 103 , 217 Remote Oceania, 284–285 , 287–291 , Shetland Islands, 301 , 308 293–294 shifting heterogeneity model, 51 , 127 Renfrew, C., 30–31 Shryock, A., 321 Richerson, P., 103 Shungura formation, 130 Rift Valley, 10 Siberia, 12 , 83 , 154 , 168 , 184 , 188–189 , Rightmire, G. P., 148 213–214 , 231–233 , 235 , 239–242 , Riwat, 160 244–245 , 249 , 253 , 256 , 278 , 319 Roberts, S., 72 Sicily, 303 Robertson, M. R., 118 Sigatoka, 293 Roebroeks, W., 160 , 164 Silk, J., 70–71 Romania, 255 Sima del Elefante, 161 , 164 Rose, J., 207 Simpson, G. G., 59 Rouse, I., 301 , 303 Skhul Cave, 179 , 205 Ruff, C. B., 150 Smail, D., 30 , 320–321 Rurutu Island, 289 Smith, M. A., 22 , 221 Russia, 207 , 256 , 260 , 264 , social brain, 15 , 17 , 23 , 27–28 , 74 , 266 , 276 194 , 355 social brain hypothesis, 15 , 17 , 33 , 69 Sahara, 34 , 111 , 116 , 137 , 143 , 154 , social cognition, 21–22 , 24 , 27 , 33 , 207–208 , 319 74 , 312

Index 375

social collaboration, 3 , 20 , 171–172 , 227–228 , 231 , 240–241 , 246 , 255 , 182 , 317 257 , 285 , 298 , 301 , 319 social complexity, 24 , 28–29 , 53 , 70 , 72 Sunghir, 272 social learning, 103 super-sites, 141 , 144 , 170–171 , social technology, 26 , 65 , 67 , 172 , 177–180 , 264 197–198 , 285 Svalbard, 13 Socotra Island, 299 Swan Point, 245 , 249 Sokchang-ni, 167 Swartkrans, 135 , 171 Solomon Islands, 284–285 , 295 sweet potato, 292 , 306 South Africa, 8 , 47 , 116 , 129 , 132 , symbolic, 5–6 , 182 , 222 134–135 , 163 , 179 , 181 , 183 , 222 symbolic artefacts, 222 South America, 188 , 245–246 , 248–250 , 279 , 285 , 292–295 , 302 Tabon Cave, 213 South Asia, 104 , 137 , 205 , 209 , 211–212 , Taforalt, 181 214 , 218 , 222 , 227 , 229 , 231 , 240 , Tahiti, 285 , 287 255 , 268 Taiwan, 290–291 , 293–294 South Georgia, 13 Tamil Nadu, 163 South Korea, 167 Tanzania, 9 , 125 Spain, 161 , 163–164 , 182 , 264 Taramsa Hill, 268–269 speciation, 12 , 44–49 , 55 , 59 , 74 , 111 , Tasmania, 12 , 84 , 191 , 220–221 145 , 160 Taung, 8 allopatric speciation, 46–47 Taurus Mountains, 159 Sponheimer, M., 132 , 134 technological complexity, 30 Spriggs, M., 290 technology, 2 , 16 , 20–21 , 30 , 33 , 42 , 48 , Sri Lanka, 244 , 285 , 298 53 , 60 , 63–65 , 72 , 74 , 76 , 85 , 89 , St Helena, 13 , 310 91–92 , 95 , 103 , 108 , 111 , 116 , 120 , stadial, xvii , 231 128–131 , 143 , 160 , 163 , 165 , 169 , 172 , Steele, J., 249–250 177–179 , 184 , 188–189 , 217 , 220 , Sterkfontein, 135–136 , 163 , 171 225 , 227–228 , 235–236 , 243–245 , Stiner, M., 170 , 181 248 , 257 , 260 , 263 , 274–276 , 278 , Stock, J. T., 124–125 , 139 306 , 317 Stonehenge, 29 technounit, xix , 91–92 , 277 Stoneking, M., 100 , 102 tectonic, 10 , 33 , 44–47 , 49 , 51 , 59 , 108 , storage, 22 , 29 , 67 , 86 , 95 , 105 , 107 , 169 , 111 , 116 , 124–126 , 137 , 140 , 143 , 159 , 196–199 , 225 , 228 , 232 , 235–236 , 184 , 206 , 245 , 266 , 283 246 , 250 , 261 , 275 , 309 tectonic trail, 45–46 storage and defence, 105 , 107 Teouma, 293 Streletskayan, 267 Terrae, 5–7 , 9 , 13–14 , 20 , 23 , 32–34 , Strontium isotopes, 135 38 , 45–49 , 51–53 , 55 , 59 , 62–63 , Sulawesi, 195 , 219 67 , 74 , 76 , 79–80 , 88 , 91 , 94 , 100 , Sumatra, 191 , 212 , 298 102–103 , 107 , 108 , 111–112 , 117 , 123 , Sunda, 11 , 43–44 , 46 , 58 , 83 , 98 , 139 , 157 , 194 , 246 , 312 , 315 , 317–318 143 , 152–154 , 168 , 184 , 195 , 205 , Terra 0, 8–10 , 13 , 34 , 39 , 53 , 108 , 112 , 207–209 , 211–213 , 218–219 , 221 , 224 , 121–125 , 127–129 , 137

376 Index

Terrae (cont.) Tolstoy, L., 227 Terra 1, 9–10 , 16 , 33–34 , 39 , 47–48 , Tonga, 284–285 , 293–294 53 , 55 , 108 , 111–112 , 118 , 121 , 124 , tool making, 26 , 48 127 , 129–130 , 132 , 134–137 , 140 , 143 , Torrence, R., 91 145 , 148–149 , 158–160 , 163 , 171–172 , Trauth, M., 49 , 51–52 177–178 , 184 , 313 , 318–319 treasury model, 199 , 228 , 236 Terra 2, 5 , 10–12 , 16 , 28 , 33–34 , 39 , 41 , Trindade, 310 43 , 49 , 55 , 58 , 60 , 67–68 , 72 , 80 , Trinidad and Tobago, 302 85 , 100 , 102 , 111 , 116 , 118 , 121 , 136 , Trinil, 165 139 , 141 , 143 , 145 , 148–152 , 154 , 157 , Trinkaus, E., 150 159–161 , 163–172 , 175–181 , 183–184 , Tristan da Cunha, 13 , 301 , 310 186–187 , 188–189 , 191–192 , 194 , trophic pyramid, 84 , 107 197 , 200 , 203 , 205 , 213 , 222–223 , Tropic of Cancer, 43 225 , 227–228 , 231 , 233 , 254–255 , Tuamotu atolls, 288 257 , 282 , 296 , 313 , 318–320 Tugen Hills, 123–124 Terra 3, 12–13 , 16 , 28 , 33 , 55 , 59 , 63 , Turkana, 130 , 145 , 163 76–77 , 80 , 82–83 , 91–92 , 94 , 96 , Turkey, 44 , 184 , 203 , 206 , 231 , 240 , 98–99 , 102 , 104–105 , 107 , 144–145 , 263 , 270 169 , 178 , 181 , 186–187 , 188–189 , turnover pulse hypothesis, 48 191 , 194–195 , 198–200 , 203 , 205 , 207 , 211 , 213 , 216 , 219 , 224–225 , 229 , Ubeidiya, 158–159 , 163 231 , 235–237 , 239 , 253–254 , 262 , Ukraine, 207 268 , 279 , 281 , 284 , 292 , 294 , 296 , Uluzzian, 229 , 265 , 267 308 , 318–320 United States, 87 Terra 4, 5 , 12–13 , 16 , 92 , 94 , 104 , Upper Palaeolithic, 170 , 193 , 215 , 229 , 200 , 278 , 279 , 281 , 283 , 289 , 296 , 242–244 , 253–255 , 257 , 260–261 , 299–301 , 308 , 311 , 314 , 319 263 , 266–269 Terra 5, 13–14 , 92 , 94 , 98 , 102 , 200 , Ust’-Izhul’, 168 , 235 299 , 301 , 309 , 310–311 , 314–315 Uzbekistan, 256 Teshik-Tash, 256 the sapient paradox, 30 van Kolfschoten, T., 164 theory of mind, 22 , 26–27 , 29 , 69 , Vanuatu, 285 , 293 73–74 , 141 , 144 , 175 , 186 , 189 , variability selection hypothesis, 49 312 , 318 veneer, 4 , 6 , 13 , 76 , 84–85 , 89 , 91 , thermohaline circulation, 79–80 103 , 105–107 , 191 , 193 , 216 , 282 , Thomas, M., 217 314 , 320 Tibetan plateau, 46 , 154 , 207 , 242 vicariance, 58–59 , 111 Tien Shan Mountains, 231–232 , 240 Vikings, 308–309 , 319 Tierra del Fuego, 248 Vrba, E., 48–49 , 53 , 57 , 360 Timor, 219–220 Tlingit, 198 Wadi Arid, 154 Toba, 191 , 212 , 222 Walker circulation, 43 Todd, L. C., 250 Wallace line, 189 , 221

Index 377

Warreen Cave, 220–221 Wrangel Island, 240 Wells, J. C. K., 124–125 , 139 Wrangham, R., 67 , 105 West Africa, 46 , 154 , 208 Wulumba-Murngin, 92 Wheeler, P., 67 Wynn, T., 21 , 186 White, M., 259 Whiting, J., 89 Yakutia, 184 Wilson, A., 100 , 102 Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site, 244–245 , Wilson, E. O., 282 274–275 Wilson, T., 72 Yenisei River, 168 , 241 Wing, E. S., 306 Yiron, 159–160 Wobst, H. M., 75 , 214 Yombon, 220 Wole Sege, 169 Younger Dryas, 80 , 231 , 273 Wood, B., 113 , 116 , 120 , 123 Woodburn, J., 85 Zagros Mountains, 159