Contribution to the Knowledge of Transylvanian Meadow's Biodiversity

AgroLife Scientific Journal - Volume 7, Number 2, 2018 Carpes S.T., Mourao G.B.M., de Alencar S., Masson Malbasa R., Loncar E., Vitas J., Canadanovic-Brunet ISSN 2285-5718; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5726; ISSN ONLINE 2286-0126; ISSN-L 2285-5718 M.L., 2009. Chemical composition and free radical J.M., 2011. Influence of starter cultures on the scavenving activity of Apis mellifera bee pollen from antioxidant activity of Kombucha beverage. Food CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF TRANSYLVANIAN southern Brazi. Braz. J. Food Technol., V. 12, N. 3, Chemistry, 127 (4), p. 1727-1731 jul./set, p. 220-229. Matei B., Salzat J., Diguta C.F., Luta G., Cornea C.P., MEADOW’S BIODIVERSITY: SHORT REPORT ON HERBS AND Chang C., Yang M., Wen H., Chern J., 2002. Estimation Utoiu E.R., Matei F., 2018. Lactic acid bacteria ARTHROPODS FROM SELIŞTAT (BRAŞOV COUNTY, ROMANIA) of total flavonoid content in propolis by two isolated from Kombucha as potential probiotics. complementary colorimetric methods. J. Food. Drug Rom. Biotech. Letters, 23 (3), Anal. 10, p. 178-182. https://doi.org/10.26327/RBL2017.133. Mala-Maria STAVRESCU-BEDIVAN, Emilia Brînduşa SĂNDULESCU, Ionela DOBRIN Chauvière G., Coconnier M.H., Kerneis S., Darfeuille- Prosky L., Asp N.G., Schweizer T.F., DeVries J.W., Michaud A., Joly B., Servin A.L., 1992. Competitive Furda I., 1992. Determination of insoluble and exclusion of diarrhea genic Escherichia coli (ETEC) soluble dietary fiber in foods and food products: University of Agronomic Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, 59 Mărăşti Blvd., from human enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells by heat- Collaborative study. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 75: District 1, 011464, Bucharest, Romania killed Lactobacillus, FEMS Microbiology Letters, p. 360-367 91: p. 213-218. Re R., Pellegrini N., Proteggente A., Pannala A., Yang Corresponding author email: [email protected] Chen C., Liu B.Y., 2000. Changes in major components M., Rice-Evans C., 1999. Antioxidant activity of tea fungus metabolites during prolonged applying an improved ABTS radical cation Abstract fermentation. J. Appl. Microbiol., 89: p. 834-9. decolorization assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 26: p.

Craciunescu O., Constantin D., Gaspar A., Toma L., 1231-1237. Like any other Transylvanian village, Seliştat is interesting to visit and study from the perspective of the unique rural Utoiu E., Moldovan L., 2012. Evaluation of Rimpler M., 2003. Von BienengesammelteBlutenpollen: landscape in Europe nowadays, including an old tourist attraction such as the fortified church, but also meadows, antioxidant and cytoprotective activities of Arnica Eigenschaften und Verwendung. Arztezeitschrift fur shrubs and forests very rich in species. Two checklists were drawn up for herbs and arthropods inhabiting the Seliştat montana L. and Artemisia absinthium L. ethanolic Naturheilverfahren, vol. 44, no. 3, p. 158-165. area, in Braşov County. The field survey took place in September 2017, at the time of mowing in the hay meadows. extracts. Chemistry Central Journal, September, 6:97. Roulston T.H., Cane J.H., 2000. Pollen nutritional Plants were harvested by hand pulling and arthropods were collected with entomological net. Some biological material Franchi G.G., Franchi G., Corti P., Pompella A., 1997. content and digestibility for animals. Plant was determined on the field, other in laboratory. In order to create the general picture, we also considered the species Microspectroscopic evaluation of digestibilty of Systematics and Evolution 222 (1-4): p. 187-209. mentioned on the Romanian-German informative panels located in the study area. Overall, 20 plant families (Apiaceae, pollen grains. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 50 Salminen S., Laine M., von Wright A., Vuopio-Varkila Asteraceae, Balsaminaceae, Boraginaceae, Caprifoliaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Colchicaceae, Dipsacaceae, (2): p. 115-126. J., Korhonen T., Mattila-Sandholm T., 1996. Equisetaceae, Fabaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Linaceae, Malvaceae, Orchidaceae, Plantaginaceae, Poaceae, Fuenmayor B.C., Zuluaga D.C., Díaz M.C., Quicazán de Development of selection criteria for probiotic strains Polygalaceae, Ranunculaceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae), five insect orders (Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera, C.M., Cosio M., Mannino S., 2014. Evaluation of the to assess their potential in functional foods: a Nordic Orthoptera, Neuroptera) and three spider species (Pardosa lugubris, Pisaura mirabilis, Salticus scenicus) were physicochemical and functional properties of and European approach. Biosci. Microflora 15, p. 61- associated with Seliştat biodiversity. The Asteraceae and Fabaceae for plants and Hemiptera for insects were found to Colombian bee pollen. Rev. MVZ Córdoba 19 (1): p. 67. be the leading taxa, with respect of number of species in the analyzed sample. All species are listed in an alphabetical 4003-4014. Sambuy Y., De Angelis I., Ranaldi G., Scarino M.L., order of the genera and species. This report brings a contribution to the state of knowledge regarding the vegetal and Fuller R., 1989. Probiotics in man and animals. J Appl. Stammati A., Zucco F., 2005. The Caco-2 cell line as invertebrate resources of Saxon villages. Bacteriol., 66: p. 365-378. a model of the intestinal barrier: influence of cell and

Gibson G.R., Hutkins R., Sanders M.E., Prescott S.L., culture-related factors on Caco-2 cell functional Key words: Saxon village, Transylvania, meadow, checklist, biodiversity. Reimer R.A., Salminen S.J., Verbeke K., 2017. characteristics. Cell Biology and Toxicology, 21, 1: Expert consensus document: The International p. 1-26. Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics Singleton V.L., Orthofer R., Lamuela-Raventos R.M., INTRODUCTION (Akeroyd and Page, 2006; Akeroyd, 2016). (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and 1999. Meth. Enzymol., 299, Academic Press, However, there is no comprehensive study scope of prebiotics. Nature Reviews Abelson J.N., Simon M.I., eds., San Diego, p. 152. Seliştat (or Seligstadt, in German) is a Saxon concerning aspects of biodiversity in Seliştat. Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Vassev K.K., Olczyk P., Kafmierczak J., Mencner L, little village located in Şoarş commune from According to Akeroyd and Page (2006), the Greenwalt C.J., Steinkraus K.H., Ledford R.A., 2000. Olczyk K., 2015. Bee Pollen: Chemical Composition Kombucha, the fermented tea: microbiology, and Therapeutic Application. Hindawi Publishing the Braşov County of Romania. This quiet wildflower meadows of the Saxon villages of composition, and claimed health effects. Journal of Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and location, surrounded by fields and mellow hills Transylvania are probably the best that survive Food Protection, 63 (7), p. 976-981. Alternative Medicine Volume, Article ID 297425, 6 is known for its old church-fortress. Built as in lowland Europe, representing a living Huang D., Ou B., Prior R.L., 2005. The chemistry pag. early as the second half of XIVth century and connection with medieval period. behind antioxidant capacity assays. J. Agr. Food Villanueva M.T.O., Marquina A.D., Serrano R.B., preserved almost intact until today, the fortified Hay meadows form a landscape appreciated by Chem, 53: p. 1841-1856. Abellan G.B., 2002: The importance of bee-collected Iordachescu D., Dumitru, I.F., 1988. Biochimia practica, pollen in the diet: a study of its composition, church served as spiritual center, refuge and both locals and visitors for its aesthetic Tipografia Universitatii din Bucuresti, p. 209-214. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition redoubt (Akeroyd, 2016; http://seligstadt.ro/en/; qualities (Knowles, 2011). Travelers to Jayabalan R., Malbaša R.V., Lončar E.S., Vitas J.S., 53, 217-224. http://kirchenburgen.org/en/location/seligstadt- Transylvania return home with abiding images Sathishkumar M., 2014. A Review on Kombucha Tea Zamfir M., Cornea C.P., de Vuyst L., Grosu-Tudor S.S., selistat/) (Figure 1). of haystacks (Mallows and Brummell, 2017). Microbiology, Composition, Fermentation, 2014. Biodiversity and biotechnological potential of Typical for Transylvanian villages, houses have Pop et al. (2011) stated that the botanical Beneficial Effects, Toxicity, and Tea Fungus. lactic acid bacteria. AgroLife Scientific Journal, 3 Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food (1), p. 169-176. a large gate for hay-wagon (Akeroyd, 2016), diversity of a meadows represent a combination Safety, 13, p. 538-550. Wiermann R., Ahlers F., Schmitz-Thom I., 2005. significant aspect considering the well-known of environmental factors with the traditional Kozyrovska N., Foing B.H., 2010. Kombucha might be Sporopollenin. Biopolymers Online, Wiley-VCH role of hay in a rural existence (Figure 2). land use, since hundreds of years ago. promising probiotics for consumption on the Moon. Verlag GmbH & Co. KGa. The biodiversity of the Transylvanian On the other hand, in the context of village Abstract Book Cospar 38 (Bremen, Germany), P. 3. landscapes with traditional villages, medieval restoration of church and buildings, the human- churches, extensive flowering meadows and influenced ruderal plants of Saxon villages wealth of invertebrate wildlife has been requires special conservation measures documented before by various authors (Akeroyd, 2007). Also, Molnár et al. (2016) 157 have shown that hay meadow management shrubs, pastures and surrounding woodlands species were provided by several data bases as 6. Colchicum autumnale L. (autumn crocus), regulations are important for the protection of (Figure 3). Invasive Species Compendium, Plants For A Colchicaceae; insects. Secondly, the work of John Akeroyd’s Future or The Plant List 7. Dactylis glomerata L. (cock’s foot), Bordered by soybean, alfalfa and corn crops, specialist within ADEPT Foundation dedicated (http://www.cabi.org/isc/; http://pfaf.org/; Poaceae; meadows from Seliştat harbor a variety of to biodiversity conservation and community http://www.theplantlist.org/). 8. Daucus carota (wild carrot), Apiaceae; species, some of them protected or important development in Transylvania was an inspiration 9. Dianthus carthusianorum L. (carthusian for their medicinal properties, whilst other are and a real milestone in documentation of the pink), Caryophyllaceae*; considered a threat for the environment due to present report (http://www.fundatia-adept.org/). 10. Dipsacus fullonum L. (teasel), Dipsacaceae; their invasive status. In the study area, the biological material was 11. Echium russicum J.F. Gmel. (viper’s This paper aims to reveal the potential of collected in September 2017 from various bugloss), Boraginaceae*; biodiversity in a Saxon village with a real sampling points (SP) (Figure 4): 12. Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail), cultural value, manifested by the age of SP 1: 45°59′30.11″ N; 24°51′34.94″ E; Equisetaceae; traditional houses and fortified church, but also SP 2: 45°59′25.31″ N; 24°51′59.14″ E; 13. Erigeron annuus L. (Pers.) (annual by the richness of species encountered in the SP 3: 45°59′25.90″ N; 24°51′41.91″ E; fleabane), Asteraceae; meadows ecosystems. SP 4: 45°59′13.30″ N; 24°52′4.16″ E; 14. Galega officinalis L. (goat’s rue), Fabaceae; SP 5: 45°59′24.62″ N; 24°51′28.92″ E; 15. Galium aparine L. (goosegrass), SP 6: 45°59′5.22″ N; 24°52′10.65″ E; Rubiaceae; 16. Genista tinctoria L. (dyer’s greenweed), Fabaceae*; Figure 5. Gathering biological material at Seliştat 17. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort), (September 2017) Hypericaceae; 18. Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalayan The results of our short survey led to compiling balsam), Balsaminaceae (Figure 6); two species checklists (one for plants, one for 19. Lamium maculatum L. (spotted insects and spiders) associated with deadneattle), Lamiaceae; Figure 1. Fortified church in Seliştat (location of the biodiversity of Seliştat. In accordance with 20. Lavatera thuringiaca L. (tree lavatera), village - red spot, left; map source: previous study (Stavrescu-Bedivan et al., Malvaceae; https://www.google.ro/maps) 2018), all species on the two checklists were 21. Linum flavum (golden flax), Linaceae*;

Figure 3. Meadows from Seliştat at mowing time, given in alphabetical order of the scientific 22. Lotus corniculatus L. (bird’s foot trefoil),

September 2017 name of the genera. For both categories, most Fabaceae;

of the species listed herein were identified in 23. Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa), Fabaceae

the sampling trip. Only a small amount, noted (Figure 7);

with “*” represent the species that we found 24. Melilotus officinalis (sweetclover),

mentioned on the bilingual informative panels Fabaceae;

of Seliştat but which we have not encountered 25. Mentha longifolia L. (Huds.) (horsemint),

in September 2017. Lamiaceae;

26. Orchis morio L. (green-winged orchid),

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Orichidaceae*;

27. Pastinaca sativa L. (wild parsnip),

I. Herbs species checklist Apiaceae; Figure 2. Traditional Saxon village houses from Seliştat, A list comprising 40 species included in 20 Transylvania 28. Plantago major L. (common plantain), Figure 4. Sampling points for biological material families was prepared. Asteraceae and Plantaginaceae; Fabaceae were the most dominant, in terms of MATERIALS AND METHODS The plants and arthropods were gathered by 29. Polygala major Jacq. (milkwort), number of species: hand pulling and entomological net, Polygalaceae*; 1. Adonis aestivalis L. (summer pheasant’s First, data regarding the traditional landscape, respectively (Figure 5). A part of material was 30. Salvia nemorosa L. (meadow sage), eye), Ranunculaceae*; biodiversity and ecological education route in recorded in the fieldwork; another was Lamiaceae; 2. Agrimonia eupatoria L. (common Seliştat was provided by Romanian-German preserved in alcohol 95% and identified in the 31. Salvia nutans L. (nodding sage), agrimony), Rosaceae; explanatory panels (made in the frame of a laboratory of Faculty of Agriculture from Lamiaceae*; 3. Artemisia vulgaris L. (common mugwort), Project of the Evangelical Church of Făgăraş USAMV Bucharest. Field identification guides 32. Scabiosa ochroleuca L. (cream scabious), Asteraceae; with the financial support of the German were used for arthropod taxonomy (Cozari, Dipsacaceae; 4. Centaurea triumfettii All. (squarrose Ministry for Foreign Affairs) located in the 2008; Leraut, 2012; Rakosy, 2013). The 33. Senecio jacobaea L. (common ragwort), knapweed), Asteraceae; vicinity of the fortified church, meadows, taxonomic position and nomenclature for herbs Asteraceae; 5. Cichorium intybus L. (chicory), Asteraceae; 158 have shown that hay meadow management shrubs, pastures and surrounding woodlands species were provided by several data bases as 6. Colchicum autumnale L. (autumn crocus), regulations are important for the protection of (Figure 3). Invasive Species Compendium, Plants For A Colchicaceae; insects. Secondly, the work of John Akeroyd’s Future or The Plant List 7. Dactylis glomerata L. (cock’s foot), Bordered by soybean, alfalfa and corn crops, specialist within ADEPT Foundation dedicated (http://www.cabi.org/isc/; http://pfaf.org/; Poaceae; meadows from Seliştat harbor a variety of to biodiversity conservation and community http://www.theplantlist.org/). 8. Daucus carota (wild carrot), Apiaceae; species, some of them protected or important development in Transylvania was an inspiration 9. Dianthus carthusianorum L. (carthusian for their medicinal properties, whilst other are and a real milestone in documentation of the pink), Caryophyllaceae*; considered a threat for the environment due to present report (http://www.fundatia-adept.org/). 10. Dipsacus fullonum L. (teasel), Dipsacaceae; their invasive status. In the study area, the biological material was 11. Echium russicum J.F. Gmel. (viper’s This paper aims to reveal the potential of collected in September 2017 from various bugloss), Boraginaceae*; biodiversity in a Saxon village with a real sampling points (SP) (Figure 4): 12. Equisetum arvense L. (field horsetail), cultural value, manifested by the age of SP 1: 45°59′30.11″ N; 24°51′34.94″ E; Equisetaceae; traditional houses and fortified church, but also SP 2: 45°59′25.31″ N; 24°51′59.14″ E; 13. Erigeron annuus L. (Pers.) (annual by the richness of species encountered in the SP 3: 45°59′25.90″ N; 24°51′41.91″ E; fleabane), Asteraceae; meadows ecosystems. SP 4: 45°59′13.30″ N; 24°52′4.16″ E; 14. Galega officinalis L. (goat’s rue), Fabaceae; SP 5: 45°59′24.62″ N; 24°51′28.92″ E; 15. Galium aparine L. (goosegrass), SP 6: 45°59′5.22″ N; 24°52′10.65″ E; Rubiaceae; 16. Genista tinctoria L. (dyer’s greenweed), Fabaceae*; Figure 5. Gathering biological material at Seliştat 17. Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John’s wort), (September 2017) Hypericaceae; 18. Impatiens glandulifera Royle (Himalayan The results of our short survey led to compiling balsam), Balsaminaceae (Figure 6); two species checklists (one for plants, one for 19. Lamium maculatum L. (spotted insects and spiders) associated with deadneattle), Lamiaceae; Figure 1. Fortified church in Seliştat (location of the biodiversity of Seliştat. In accordance with 20. Lavatera thuringiaca L. (tree lavatera), village - red spot, left; map source: previous study (Stavrescu-Bedivan et al., Malvaceae; https://www.google.ro/maps) 2018), all species on the two checklists were 21. Linum flavum (golden flax), Linaceae*;

Figure 3. Meadows from Seliştat at mowing time, given in alphabetical order of the scientific 22. Lotus corniculatus L. (bird’s foot trefoil),

September 2017 name of the genera. For both categories, most Fabaceae;

of the species listed herein were identified in 23. Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa), Fabaceae

the sampling trip. Only a small amount, noted (Figure 7);

with “*” represent the species that we found 24. Melilotus officinalis (sweetclover),

mentioned on the bilingual informative panels Fabaceae;

of Seliştat but which we have not encountered 25. Mentha longifolia L. (Huds.) (horsemint),

in September 2017. Lamiaceae;

26. Orchis morio L. (green-winged orchid),

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Orichidaceae*;

27. Pastinaca sativa L. (wild parsnip),

34. Setaria glauca (L.) P. (Beauv.) (yellow In September 2017, meadows of Seliştat from 12. Gerris lacustris L. (common pond skater), CONCLUSIONS foxtail), Poaceae; which we collected biological material were at Heteroptera: Gerridae; 35. Solidago canadensis L. (Canadian the mowing time. In Figure 3 can be noticed a 13. Globicornis nigripes Fabricius Coleoptera: A total of 40 plant species under 20 families, goldenrod), Asteraceae; motorized vehicle and also hay bundles left on Dermestidae; 19 insect species belonging to five orders and 36. Symphytum officinale L. (comfrey), a field after mowing. Some plant species 14. Gryllus campestris L. (field cricket), three spider species were inventoried for the Boraginaceae; growing in this environment (Erigeron annuus, Orthoptera: Gryllidae*; surrounding meadows of Seliştat, one of the 37. Tanacetum vulgare L. (tansy), Asteraceae; and Solidago canadensis) are weed known to 15. Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Asian ladybird), Saxon villages from southern Transylvania. 38. Tragopogon pratensis L. (goat’s beard), colonize the meadows. Zimmermann et al. Coleoptera: Coccinellidae (Figure 8); The resulting species checklists could be the Asteraceae; (2015) have classified annual fleabane and 16. Pardosa lugubris Walckenaer (wolf basis for further in-depth studies that will 39. Trifolium medium L. (zigzag clover), Canadian goldenrod among highly invasive spider), Araneae: Lycosidae; debate the issue of biodiversity components in Fabaceae; alien plants species of southern Transylvania. 17. Pisaura mirabilis Clerck (nursery web various Transylvanian rural landscapes. 40. Trifolium pannonicum Jacq. (Hungarian Others herbs as Hypericum perforatum have a spider), Araneae: Pisauridae; These data are important in the actual context clover), Fabaceae. beneficial role for human health and therefore 18. Plebejus argus L. (silver-studded blue), of conservation of natural resources in the are collected by the local people (Pop et al., Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae; historic settlements with tourism potential. 2011; Akeroyd, 2016). 19. Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (firebug), Impatiens glandulifera (Figure 6) is part of Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae; REFERENCES riparian habitat in Seliştat village, being 20. Salticus scenicus Clerck (zebra black observed in moist environment such as spider), Araneae: Salticidae; Akeroyd J.R., 2007. Ruderal Flora of The Saxon roadside ditches. Farmers should take care not 21. Vanessa cardui L. (painted lady), Villages: A Neglected Conservation Constituency. Transylvanian Review of Systematical And to spread the seeds of Himalayan balsam on Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae; Ecological Research 4: p. 65-72. their boots, due to the fact that this alien 22. Zygaena carniolica Scopoli (crepuscular Akeroyd J.R., 2016. Transylvania: Biodiversity, Living invader is an effective coloniser in the teritory burnet), Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae*. Tradition and Future Prosperity. Bulletin of the of local native plants (Williams, 2011). Transilvania University of Braşov. Series IV: Philology and Cultural Studies, 9 (1): p. 83-100. Akeroyd J.R., Page N., 2006. The Saxon Villages of II. Arthropod species checklist southern Transylvania: conserving For the study area, 19 insect species and three biodiversity in a historic landscape. In: Gafta D. and spider species were listed. Of all five orders of Akeroyd J.R., eds. Nature insects collected from Seliştat, Hemiptera was Conservation: Concepts and Practice, Springer Figure 6. Impatiens glandulifera the most numerous in species: Verlag, Heidelburg, p. 199-210. Cozari T., 2008. Fluturii. Mică Enciclopedie, Edit. Arc, 1. Aphrophora alni Fallén (European alder Chişinău, 160 pp. spittle bug), Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae; Knowles B., 2011. Mountain hay meadows: the 2. Calliptamus italicus L. (Italian locust), Romanian context and the effects of policy on High Nature Value farming, in: Knowles B. (Ed.), Orthoptera: Acrididae; 3. Cercopis vulnerata Rossi (black-and-red Mountain Hay Meadows: Hotspots of Biodiversity and Traditional Culture. Society of Biology, London, froghopper), Hemiptera: Cercopidae; UK. Figure 8. Harmonia axyridis on Artemisia plants 4. Chrysopa perla L. (green lacewing), Leraut P., 2012. Le guide entomologique, Delachaux et

Neuroptera: Chrysopidae; Niestle SA Paris. In the analyzed sample of insects, only adult Linnell J.D.C., Kaltenborn B., Bredin Y., Gjershaug J. 5. Cicadella viridis L. (green leafhopper), individuals were identified except for O., 2016. Biodiversity assessment of the Fagaras Hemiptera: Cicadellidae; Moroccan locust and Italian locust, which were Mountains, Romania - NINA. Report 1236, 86 pp. 6. Coreus marginatus L. (dock bug), Loos J., 2014. Prospects for sustainable development: also found in larval stage. Hemiptera: Coreidae; The future of plants and butterflies in Transylvania. Figure 7. Medicago sativa 7. Coriomeris denticulatus Scopoli Euphydryas aurinia, Plebejus argus, Vanessa Academic dissertation, 159 pp., http://opus.uni- (denticulate leatherbug), Heteroptera: cardui and Zygaena carniolica were among the lueneburg.de/opus/volltexte/2015/14349/pdf/Loos_Ja The diverse flora of the hay-meadows is Coreidae; butterfly species that have already been cqueline_Dissertation_2015.pdf. observed by Loos (2014) in some Mallows L., Brummell P., 2017. Romania: Transylvania. conserved through land management practices 8. Decticus verrucivorus L. (wart-biter), Bradt Travel Guides Ltd UK, Third Edition, 304 pp. as regular mowing, nowadays small tractors Orthoptera: Tettigonidae; Transylvanian farm lands. Molnár, Z., Sáfián L., Máté J., Barta, S., Sütő D.P., being used by Transylvanian farmers for 9. Dociostaurus maroccanus Thunberg Of araneid species, Pardosa lugubris and Molnár Á., Varga A., 2016. It Does Matter Who cutting leys of alfalfa or clover (Akeroyd, (Moroccan locust), Orthoptera: Acrididae; Pisaura mirabilis were recorded within Făgăraş Leans on the Stick: Hungarian Herders’ Perspectives 2016). Hay mowing has an essential ecological 10. Dolycoris baccarum L. (sloe bug), Mountains Site of Community Interest (Linnell on Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and their et al., 2016). The preference of wolf spiders for Drivers. In: Indigenous and local knowledge of role, preventing shrub and forest encroachment Hemiptera: Pentatomidae; biodiversity and ecosystem services in Europe and (Linnell et al., 2016). 11. Euphydryas aurinia Rottemburg (marsh meadows of Europe has been also registered by Central Asia, Paris UNESCO Publishing. fritillary), Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae*; Nadolny et al. (2016).

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Nadolny A.A., Omelko M.M., Marusik Y.M., Blagoev county, Romania). Book of Abstracts, International G., 2016. A new species of spider belonging to the Conference „Agriculture for Life, Life for Pardosa lugubris - group (Araneae: Lycosidae) from Agriculture”, Section 1: Agronomy: 161. SAFFLOWER YIELDS AND QUALITY DEPENDING ON CULTIVATION Far East Asia. Zootaxa 4072 (2): p. 263-281. Williams G., 2011. 100 Alien Invaders. Bradt Travel Pop O.G., Gruia R., Mărculescu A., Onete M., 2011. Guides Ltd. UK, 160 pp. TECHNOLOGY IN THE IRRIGATED CONDITIONS Invasive alien plant species monitoring on meadow Zimmermann H., Loos J., von Wehrden H., Fisher J., habitats sheltering medicinal and aromatic species in 2015. Aliens in Transylvania: risk maps of invasive Raisa VOZHEHOVA1, Viktor USHKARENKO2, Mykhailo FEDORCHUK3, Piatra Craiului National Park. The 4th International alien plant species in Central Romania. NeoBiota 24: 1 1 4 Conference Computational Mechanics and Virtual p. 55-65. Pavlo LYKHOVYD , Serhii KOKOVIKHIN , Serhii VOZHEHOV ***http://seligstadt.ro/en/. Engineering COMEC 2011, 20-22 October 2011: p. 1 78-83. ***http://kirchenburgen.org/en/location/seligstadt- Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, Naddniprianske, Kherson, Ukraine, 73483, Phone: 0552361196, Rakosy L., 2013. Fluturii diurni din România. selistat. Email: [email protected] Cunoaştere, protecţie, conservare. Ed. Mega, Cluj, ***http://www.fundatia-adept.org. 2Kherson State Agrarian University, Kherson, 23 Stritenska Street, 73006, Phone: 0552416216, 352 pp. *** http://www.theplantlist.org/. Email: [email protected] Stavrescu-Bedivan M.M., Săndulescu E., Gutue M., *** http://www.cabi.org/isc/. 3 Ciceoi R., Dobrin I., 2018. Updated checklists of ***http://www.pfaf.org. Mykolaiv National Agrarian University, Mykolaiv, 9 Heorhiia Honhadze Street, Ukraine, 54000, plant and insect species of Ilganii de Sus (Tulcea Phone: 380512340136, Email: [email protected] 4 Institute of Rice, Antonivka, Kherson region, Ukraine, 75705, Phone: 0553734742, Email: [email protected]

Corresponding author email: [email protected]

Abstract

The article presents the results of scientific researches devoted to investigation of safflower yields and quality depending on cultivation technology in the irrigated conditions. Field trials were carried out during 2010-2012 at the irrigated lands of the Institute of Rice of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine in four replications by using the randomized split plot design method. We studied the effect on the crop yield and quality of such cultivation technology elements as: soil tillage, time of sowing, inter-row spacing and mineral fertilizers doses. We determined that all the studied factors had significant effect on the yields of safflower. The highest safflower seed yield averaged to 2.11 t ha-1 under the plowing at the depth of 20-22 cm, sowing in the 3rd decade of March with inter-row spacing of 30 cm, application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N90P90. The yield of safflower under the lower dose of mineral fertilizers -1 N60P60 averaged to 2.02 t ha , however, the difference between the treatment with N90P90 was proved to be insignificant. We also established that the studied cultivation technology elements caused significant effect on the safflower seed quality, except of husks content in the seeds. The maximum weight of 1000 seeds of 42.5 g, and the highest oil content of 29.31% were determined under the agrotechnological complex with plowing at the depth of 20-22 cm, sowing in the 3rd decade of March with inter-row spacing of 30 cm, application of mineral fertilizers in the dose of N90P90. The husks content in the seeds of the crop fluctuated within the values of 54.2-56.1%.

Key words: inter-row spacing, mineral fertilization, productivity, soil tillage, time of sowing.

INTRODUCTION over the world. The main cultivation areas are situated in the USA, Mexico, India, China, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is well- Australia and Argentina. Gross yields of the known industrial crop. It is cultivated for the crop are estimated to be near 500,000 mt per needs of paint and varnish industry (for year (Gilbert et al., 2008). Scientists began to example, to obtain natural red and yellow investigate the reaction of the crop on different dyes), oil industry and medicine (Corleto et al., cultivation practices in different climatic and 1997; Zohary and Hopf, 2000; Singh, 2007). agricultural conditions to supply farmers with Safflower seeds contains from 30 to 50% of oil scientifically based recommendations on the (Camas et al., 2007), which is a rich source of cultivation of the crop. However, cultivation fats, minerals and vitamins (Velasco et al., technology of safflower is not studied 2005). It might be used as an alternative for sufficiently, especially, for the irrigated sunflower oil. International interest to safflower conditions. A number of agrotechnological in the world continues to increase due to its issues still remains unsolved, viz., tillage high nutritive and industrial value and specific effects on the crop productivity, influence of biological properties, for example, short period mineral fertilizers on yielding capacity and of vegetation, drought tolerance etc. Nowadays, quality of yields, best time of sowing for safflower is cultivated on the large areas all different climatic zones, etc. The goal of our 162