Weedy Garden Plants Acknowledgements the Board of the Sydney Weeds Network Inc

Weedy Garden Plants Acknowledgements The Board of the Sydney Weeds Network Inc. gratefully acknowledge permission by Mid Coast Council to adapt its publication “Garden Escapees & Other weeds in Bushland and Reserves - A responsible gardening guide for the Mid North Coast of New South Wales”. Amendments to text and graphics have been made by Amanda Kotlash - Sydney Weeds Network’s Executive Officer, guided by the expertise of members of the Sydney Weeds Network, who, with their extensive ﬁeld experience, provide residents of Sydney with detailed knowledge of the impact of invasive plants growing in their gardens. Principal Author & Researcher: Terry Inkson Design and Layout: Terry Inkson Artwork: Isabelle Strachan and Roy Bisson (unless otherwise marked) Photography: Terry Inkson (unless otherwise marked) Contributors & Reviewers: Isabelle Strachan, Mat Bell, Royce Holtkamp, Terry Schmitzer, Helen Kemp, Hank Bower, Sue Bower, Mike Smith, Grant Taylor, Greg Egan, Wendy Bushell, Mark Tull, Andrew Staniland, Steve Howard, Kerrie Simmons, Miles Dixon, Dr Stephen Johnson, John Hosking, Gordon Rowland, Daryn Apolony. The printing of this booklet was been funded by Greater Sydney Local Land Services. Special thanks goes to Mid Coast Council for their ongoing dedication to weed management and the development of this publication. © 2020 MidCoast Council

Always Read the Label: Users of agricultural (or veterinary) chemical products must always read the label and any Permit, before using the product and strictly comply with the directions on the label and conditions of any Permit. Users are not absolved from compliance with the directions on the label or conditions of the Permit by reason of any statement made or omitted to be made in this publication.

Disclaimer: This booklet has been prepared in good faith on the basis of available information. Although precautions have been taken to ensure the accuracy of information provided, the publishers, authors and printers do not accept responsibility for any claim, loss, damage or liability arising out of the use of this booklet.

Front Cover: Back Cover: Ground asparagus (Asparagus aethiopicus) Common Lantana - red flowering (Lantana camara) Blue heliotrope (Heliotropium amplexicaule) Mickey Mouse plant (flower) (Ochna serrulata) Moon flower (Ipomoea alba) Moth vine (Araujia sericifera) Montpellier broom (Genista monspessulana) Blue passion flower (Passiflora caerulea) Cats claw creeper (Dolichandra unguis-cati) Blue periwinkle (Vinca major) Cotton bush (Gomphocarpus fruticosus) Glory lily (Gloriosa superba) German ivy (Senecio macroglossus) Blue morning glory (Ipomoea indica) Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Mickey Mouse plant (fruit) (Ochna serrulata) Contents P a g e

G e n e ra l Information 2

V in e s a n d S c ra m b le rs 1 5

G ro u n d C o v e rs 3 6

B u lb o u s a n d S u c c u le n t P la n ts 5 4

G ra sse s 7 5

S h ru b s 8 4

Tre e s 1 0 4

A q u a tic P la n ts 1 3 2

C o m m o n P la n t P a r ts 1 4 7

Bibliography a n d F u r th e r R e a d in g 1 4 8

C o n ta c t Information 1 4 9

P la n t M e In ste a d 1 5 0

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9 V in e s a n d S c ra m b le rs Balloon vine S e e d lin g s g e rm in a te m o st o f th e y e a r. P la n ts sp re a d o v e r g ro u n d o r c lim b Cardiospermum grandiflorum tre e s a n d sh ru b s. C o m m o n in m o ist g u llie s a lo n g th e w a rm te m p e ra te to tro p ic a l c o a st o f Q ld a n d NSW. Fa m ily : Sapindaceae O rig in : Tro p ic a l A m e ric a , W e st In d ie s a n d A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: H e rb a c e o u s p e re n n ia l c lim b e r w ith ste m s to m o re th a n 1 0 m lo n g . L e a v e s: 6 -1 6 c m lo n g , o n a le a f sta lk 2 -1 0 c m lo n g , w ith 3 le a fl e ts e a c h fu r th e r d iv id e d in to 3 ; m a rg in s o f le a fl e ts irregularly to o th e d . F lo w e rs: W h ite , 4 p e ta ls, in c lu ste rs, sta lk o f th e fl o w e r h e a d s e n d in a p a ir o f te n d rils. F lo w e rs fo r m o st o f th e y e a r. F ru it: In fl a te d m e m b ra n o u s c a p su le , 6 -rib b e d , 4 -8 c m lo n g , c o v e re d w ith sh o r t stiff h a irs, e a c h c o n ta in in g 3 b la c k ish , ro u n d se e d s, a b o u t 7 m m w id e . R o o ts: S h a llo w a n d fi b ro u s, fra g m e n ts re -ro o t re a d ily. D isp e rsa l: S e e d s sp re a d b y w in d , w a te r a n d contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ). C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, sk ir tin g , fo lia r sp ra y in g . S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 10 V in e s C o lo u r v a ria tio n o f fl o w e rs is encountered Black-eyed Susan w ith p la n ts g ro w n fro m se e d lin g s, in c lu d in g y e llo w o r w h ite , o fte n la c k in g th e d a rk c e n tra l Thunbergia alata b lo tc h . Ve r y fa st a n d e rra tic tw in e r. Fa m ily : Acanthaceae O rig in : Tro p ic a l A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: A d e lic a te h e rb a c e o u s a n d p e rsiste n t tw in in g o r sc ra m b lin g v in e th a t w ill re a d ily re -ro o t fro m fra g m e n ts a n d n o d e s. L e a v e s: Thin-textured, heart-shaped o r triangular. F lo w e rs: B rig h t o ra n g e to y e llo w so m e tim e s w h ite w ith a d istin c t b la c k c e n tre o n a sin g le sta lk . B a se o f fl o w e r e n c lo se d in p a ir o f g re e n se p a ls. Summer-Autumn. F ru it: T h e p a p e r y se p a ls re m a in to c o v e r th e b e a k e d c a p su le c o n ta in in g fe w se e d s. R o o ts: Ta p a n d fi b ro u s, w ill a c tiv e ly se e k a n d b lo c k water/septic p ip e s. D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n a n d se e d w ill sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, sk ir tin g , fo lia r sp ra y in g . S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 11 V in e s Brazilian nightshade A lso k n o w n a s B lu e p o ta to v in e , th is p la n t h a s b e c o m e naturalised in Solanum seaforthianum rainforests a n d is w id e ly distributed fro m N.E. Q ld to N.E. NSW. Fa m ily : S o la n a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (v e r y p o iso n o u s) H a b it: P e re n n ia l sh ru b o r tw in in g c lim b e r to 6 m . L e a v e s: G re e n d e e p ly 3 -9 lo b e d , h a irle ss e x c e p t e d g e s a n d v e in s o n u n d e r su r fa c e . F lo w e rs: Mauve-blue, star-shaped, 2 -3 c m a c ro ss in g ro u p s o f u p to 5 0 in Spring-Autumn. F ru it: G re e n b e rr y u p to 1 c m a c ro ss, rip e n in g to b rig h t re d . R o o ts: S h a llo w a n d fi b ro u s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d is sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, sk ir tin g , fo lia r sp ra y. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 12 V in e s A lso k n o w n a s S e n e c io mikanioides, C a p e iv y C a p e iv y is naturalised in c o a sta l p a r ts o f NSW a n d ra p id ly g ro w s to b la n k e t a n d Delairea odorata sm o th e r surrounding vegetation. Fa m ily : A ste ra c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (v e r y p o iso n o u s) H a b it: A c lim b in g a n d tra ilin g p e re n n ia l, n o n -w o o d y v in e th a t sm o th e rs v e g e ta tio n to h e ig h ts o f 1 0 m . S te m s b re a k e a sily. L e a v e s: Iv y o r sta r sh a p e d w ith 5 -7 lo b e s, fl e sh y, g lo ssy g re e n a b o v e , silv e r y b e lo w , o fte n w ith a p u rp le tin g e . F lo w e rs: S tro n g ly sc e n te d o n w a rm d a y s, y e llo w a n d d a isy -lik e in d e n se c lu ste rs la c k in g ra y fl o re ts (p e ta ls). Autumn-Spring. F ru it: S m a ll, reddish-brown w ith a ‘parachute’ o f fi n e h a irs (p a p p u s). A m a tu re p la n t c a n p ro d u c e in e x c e ss o f 4 0 ,0 0 0 se e d s a n n u a lly. R o o ts: S h a llo w a n d fi b ro u s, fra g m e n ts re -ro o t re a d ily. D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n a n d se e d is sp re a d b y w in d , w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , sk ir tin g , fo lia r sp ra y. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 13 V in e s Cats claw creeper S te m s in established sta n d s h a v e b e e n re c o rd e d a s b e in g u p to 2 5 0 m m in Dolichandra unguis-cati d ia m e te r. D ia m e te r g ro w th o f ste m s is slo w , b u t th e v in e s a re long-lived, n e a rly a s lo n g a s th e tre e s th a t th e y c la im fo r su p p o r t. Fa m ily : Bignoniaceae O rig in : M e x ic o to U ru g u a y S ta tu s: S ta te a n d R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) H a b it: V ig o ro u s, b la n k e tin g c lim b e r in e x c e ss o f 3 0 m w ith distinctive three-pronged c la w s a lo n g th e g ro w in g p o r tio n o f th e p la n t. T h e w e ig h t o f th e v in e ’s m a ss o fte n c o lla p se s th e su p p o r tin g tre e s b ra n c h e s a n d m a y e v e n c a u se m a tu re tre e s to fa ll. M a tu re ste m s c a n b e c o m e v e r y w o o d y to 2 0 c m in d ia m e te r. L e a v e s: L e a fl e ts a re d a rk g re e n a n d fo rm e d in o p p o site p a irs a lo n g th e v in e . N e w le a v e s a n d tip s a re a sh o w y re d /b ro w n c o lo u r. F lo w e rs: A ttra c tiv e b rig h t y e llo w fo rm in g a b e ll sh a p e w h e n fu lly o p e n a n d o n ly o c c u r o n m a tu re p la n ts. Winter-Spring. F ru it: L o n g d a rk b ro w n se e d p o d s a re fo rm e d w h ic h sp lit o p e n w h e n m a tu re e x p o sin g n u m e ro u s h a rd b ro w n se e d s. R o o ts: D e e p underground tu b e ro u s ro o ts a re p ro fu se su c k e rin g re a d ily. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d tu b e rs sp re a d b y w in d , o r w a te r su c h a s a lo n g riv e rs in fl o o d s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 14 V in e s A p o p u la r p la n t fo r h a n g in g b a sk e ts, German ivy / Natal ivy G e rm a n Iv y h a s e sc a p e d cultivation a n d fo u n d its w a y in to sh a d e d a re a s o n Senecio macroglossus th e v e rg e s o f rainforests. Fa m ily : A ste ra c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (v e r y p o iso n o u s) H a b it: E v e rg re e n lig h t o r sle n d e r, tw in in g h e rb a c e o u s p e re n n ia l. L e a v e s: B rig h t g re e n , fl e sh y, tria n g u la r o r fi v e -p o in te d iv y -lik e . F lo w e rs: L a rg e , conspicuous p a le y e llo w d a isy fl o w e rs a b o u t 6 c m a c ro ss a n d c a rrie d sin g ly o n lo n g sle n d e r sta lk s a re b o rn e ju st a b o u t a ll y e a r ro u n d , b u t m a in ly d u rin g th e su m m e r m o n th s. F ru it: T h e se e d s a re sm a ll a n d stic k -lik e w ith a tu ft o f greyish-white b ristle s a t o n e e n d (p a p p u s). Dandelion-like tu fty b a lls. R o o ts: S h a llo w a n d fi b ro u s, fra g m e n ts re -ro o t re a d ily. D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n a n d se e d is sp re a d b y w in d , w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , sk ir tin g , fo lia r sp ra y. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 15 V in e s Glory lily / Flame lily T h is p la n t is e x tre m e ly d iffi c u lt to c o n tro l. It is a m a jo r p ro b le m in so m e Gloriosa superba fo re sts a n d d u n a l sy ste m s o f th e NSW c o a st w h e re it ra p id ly c o lo n ise s a fte r th e re m o v a l o f B ito u b u sh .

Fa m ily : Colchicaceae O rig in : A fric a a n d A sia S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - CONTAINMENT (v e r y p o iso n o u s) H a b it: G lo r y lily is a p e re n n ia l h e rb w ith c lim b in g ste m s u p to 4 m lo n g . To p g ro w th d ie s o ff in w in te r b e fo re re-shooting in th e sp rin g . L e a v e s: S h in y, g re e n a n d h a irle ss w ith 1 0 -2 0 m m lo n g te n d rils a t th e tip s w h ic h c u rl a ro u n d su p p o r tin g p la n ts. F lo w e rs: 4 5 -7 0 m m w id e , y e llo w , o ra n g e a n d re d , b o rn e sin g ly o n sp re a d in g sta lk s w h ic h a rise in le a f fo rk s. F lo w e rs a p p e a r to b e u p sid e d o w n w ith th e p e ta ls p o in tin g u p w a rd s, w h ile 4 0 -7 0 m m lo n g sta m e n s p o in t d o w n w a rd s. S p rin g –S u m m e r. F ru it: T h e se e d p o d is b rig h t g re e n & sh a p e d lik e a ru g b y b a ll 4 0 -1 0 0 m m lo n g a n d 1 0 -2 0 m m w id e b e fo re tu rn in g b ro w n a n d in v e r tin g to e x p o se in itia lly o ra n g e to re d se e d s th a t d r y to 4 -5 m m d ia m e te r b ro w n b a lls. R o o ts: F ib ro u s in itia lly, b e c o m in g a lo n g a n d fl e sh y tu b e r th a t in c re a se s in siz e w ith a g e . Tu b e r fra g m e n ts w ill c re a te n e w p la n ts. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d tu b e rs, sp re a d b y h u m a n s, a n im a ls, b ird s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , fo lia r sp ra y. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

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17 V in e s a n d S c ra m b le rs K u d z u A lth o u g h K u d z u p re fe rs fo re st re g ro w th a n d e d g e h a b ita ts w ith h ig h Pueraria lobata su n e x p o su re , th e p la n t c a n su r v iv e in fu ll su n o r p a r tia l sh a d e a n d c a n g ro w u p to 2 0 m p e r y e a r. Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e O rig in : Te m p e ra te N.E. a n d tro p ic a l S.E. A sia S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - PREVENTION H a b it: A ra p id g ro w in g , v ig o ro u s, te n d ril tw in in g p e re n n ia l v in e w ith th ic k ro p e -lik e , h a ir y ste m s u p to 3 0 m lo n g . L e a v e s: L a rg e , sp a rsle y h a ir y, alternately a rra n g e d , c o m p o u n d w ith th re e lo b e d o r u n -lo b e d le a fl e ts, th e to p o n e u su a lly la rg e r. P a le g re e n a b o v e a n d greyish-green b e lo w . F lo w e rs: P u rp le , b lu e o r p in k c o lo u re d p e a -sh a p e d fl o w e rs w ith a y e llo w sp o t a re b o rn e in e lo n g a te d c lu ste rs 1 5 -4 0 c m lo n g d u rin g S u m m e r. F ru it: L o n g fl a tte n e d p o d s 5 -1 2 c m lo n g a n d a b o u t 1 2 m m w id e a re d e n se ly c o v e re d in reddish-brown h a irs, a n d c o n ta in 8 -1 2 se e d s. R o o ts: T h ic k e n e d sto ra g e ro o ts d e v e lo p in to la rg e tu b e rs u p to 1 .8 m lo n g a n d 1 5 c m w id e , a n d tra v e l a s d e e p a s 1 m e tre . D isp e rsa l: M a in ly vegetatively b u t a lso b y se e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , sk ir tin g , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

F o re st & K im S ta rr F o re st & K im S ta rr V in e s 18 V in e s M a d e ira V in e is a devastating w e e d c a p a b le o f Madeira vine sm o th e rin g h o st v e g e ta tio n in a re la tiv e ly sh o r t p e rio d o f tim e . T h e m a sse s o f fl e sh y le a v e s b e c o m e Anredera cordifolia v e r y h e a v y a n d c a n b re a k b ra n c h e s in la rg e tre e s d e stro y in g th e u p p e r c a n o p y. Fa m ily : Basellaceae O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) H a b it: V ig o ro u s, ro b u st fl e sh y a n d e x te n siv e tw in in g , h a irle ss, p e re n n ia l c lim b e r in e x c e ss o f 3 0 m . L e a v e s: F le sh y b ro a d ly e g g o r h e a r t sh a p e d , alternately a rra n g e d a n d b rig h t g re e n . F lo w e rs: S m a ll, fra g ra n t, c re a m y w h ite c o lo u re d a n d n u m e ro u s in d ro o p in g c lu ste rs to 2 0 c m lo n g . S e p a ra te fl o w e rs o n sta lk s e v e n ly sp a c e d a lo n g a c e n tra l ste m . Spring-Summer. F ru it: R a re ly fru its. R o o ts: F le sh y a n d tu b e ro u s. Tu b e rs a re c a p a b le o f sp ro u tin g e v e n a fte r b e in g pulverised. D isp e rsa l: Tu b e rs transported b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ), g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g a n d w a te r, su c h a s a lo n g riv e rs in fl o o d s. A e ria l tu b e rs w ill b e sh e d fro m ste m s if th e v in e is c u t, a n d re m a in v ia b le in so il fro m 5 to 1 0 y e a rs. C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y. *N e v e r c u t a n d p a in t. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 19 V in e s Morning glory Ip o m o e a s c a n re a d ily b e se e n sp re a d in g a lo n g ro a d e d g e s a s th e y fa v o u r Ipomoea indica I. cairica, d istu rb e d a n d o p e n a re a s. T h e y a re I. alba, I. purpurea, c a p a b le o f to ta lly e n g u lfi n g h o st tre e s in I. quamoclit a re la tiv e ly sh o r t p e rio d o f tim e . Fa m ily : Convolvulaceae O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: R o b u st a n d e x te n siv e tw in in g p e re n n ia l v in e to 1 0 m . L e a v e s: I. in d ic a , I. a lb a , I. p u rp u re a : d a rk g re e n ; v a ria b ly heart-shaped o r 3 -lo b e d , 2 0 -1 8 0 m m lo n g . I. c a iric a : L ig h t g re e n ; h a irle ss, 5 -7 -lo b e d , sta r sh a p e d le a v e s to 9 0 m m lo n g . I. q u a m o c lit: pinnatisect; o v a te in o u tlin e . F lo w e rs: Va ria b le b y sp e c ie s, trumpet/funnel sh a p e d fl o w e rs 2 0 -8 0 m m d ia m e te r; c o m in g in sh a d e s o f p u rp le , b lu e , m a u v e , p in k , re d a n d w h ite . Spring-Autumn. F ru it: I. c a iric a : 4 -v a lv e d c a p su le c o n ta in in g 4 -6 se e d s, w h ic h h a v e parachute-like attachments. in d ic a , p u rp u re a : 3 -v a lv e d c a p su le ; se e d s lo o se ly sc u r fy. S e e d ra re ly se t w ith I. in d ic a . R o o ts: F ib ro u s in itia lly, b e c o m in g d e n se , e x te n siv e a n d c ro w n -lik e w ith a g e . W ill se t ro o t fro m ste m fra g m e n ts w h e n in c o n ta c t w ith th e so il. D isp e rsa l: S e e d is sp re a d b y w in d , w a te r, b ird s, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . (particularly I. in d ic a ). C o n tro l: H a n d d ig , sk ir tin g , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y.

Ip o m o e a in d ic a Ip o m o e a c a iric a

Ip o m o e a p u rp u re a Ip o m o e a a lb a S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 20 V in e s Ip o m o e a a lb a

Ip o m o e a in d ic a

Ip o m o e a c a iric a

Ip o m o e a p u rp u re a

Ip o m o e a c a iric a Ip o m o e a q u a m o c lit S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

Ip o m o e a q u a m o c lit V in e s 21 V in e s M o t h v in e A g a rd e n e sc a p e e th a t sm o th e rs sh ru b s a n d sm a ll tre e s, suppressing Araujia sericifera th e ir g ro w th . W e e d o f w a ste la n d a n d fo re sts a d jo in in g settlement, m a in ly in c o a sta l a re a s w ith h ig h ra in fa ll. Fa m ily : Apocynaceae O rig in : S o u th e rn B ra z il, P a ra g u a y a n d U ru g u a y S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: Tw in in g p e re n n ia l c lim b e r re a c h in g u p to 6 m o n su p p o r tin g vegetation. M ilk y la te x e x u d e d fro m d a m a g e d ste m s a n d le a v e s. L e a v e s: O p p o site , o b lo n g to triangular, 3 -1 1 c m lo n g , 1 -6 c m w id e , d a rk g re e n a b o v e , g re y -g re e n b e lo w . F lo w e rs: F ra g ra n t, tu b u la r, 0 .8 -1 .4 c m lo n g , 5 -lo b e d , 5 -sta m e n s, w h ite to p a le p in k in g ro u p s o f 2 -5 . F lo w e rs la te sp rin g to a u tu m n . F ru it: G re y -g re e n c h o k o sh a p e d p o d , tu rn in g b ro w n a n d w o o d y w ith a g e , o p e n in g to re le a se n u m e ro u s b la c k se e d s a p p ro x 4 m m lo n g e a c h p o sse ssin g a tu ft o f w h ite silk y h a irs th a t a id its sp re a d b y w in d . R o o ts: S h a llo w a n d fi b ro u s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d s sp re a d b y w in d , w a te r a n d contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ). C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, sk ir tin g , fo lia r sp ra y. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 22 V in e s G a rd e n e sc a p e e th a t c a n Mysore thorn fo rm impenetrable th ic k e ts to a n im a ls a n d p e o p le . Caesalpinia decapetala Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e O rig in : S o u th e a st A sia S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - ERADICATION (poisonous) H a b it: S c ra m b lin g p e re n n ia l sh ru b w ith d e n se ly p ric k le d a rc h in g c a n e s th a t fo rm se lf sta n d in g th ic k e ts u p to 7 m h ig h . C a n c lim b u p to 2 0 m o n su p p o r tin g vegetation. L e a v e s: A lte rn a te , b ip in n a te , a n d so m e w h a t h a ir y o n b o th sid e s, d a rk g re e n a b o v e , p a le r b e lo w . F lo w e rs: Va r y in g sh a d e s o f y e llo w , w ith fi v e p e ta ls (1 0 -1 5 m m lo n g ), fi v e se p a ls (9 -1 0 m m lo n g ), te n sta m e n s (1 0 -1 6 m m lo n g ), a n d a sty le (1 5 -2 0 m m lo n g ). F ru it: F la tte n e d , o b lo n g , h a ir y, w o o d y p o d s 6 -1 0 c m lo n g b y 2 5 m m w id e . G re e n tu rn in g b ro w n w h e n fu lly m a tu re , th e y sp lit o p e n to re le a se 4 -9 b ro w n / b la c k se e d s 6 -1 0 m m a c ro ss, p e rsistin g fo r m a n y m o n th s a n d sc a tte rin g se e d s a s th e y b re a k o p e n . R o o ts: S h a llo w a n d fi b ro u s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d s sp re a d b y b ird s, w in d , w a te r a n d contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ). C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig se e d lin g s, c u t o r sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y. R o o tsto c k s w ill re g ro w if th e ro o ts a re n o t re m o v e d o r if th e c u t stu m p s a re n o t tre a te d w ith h e rb ic id e . S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 23 V in e s Passion flower / Passion fruit E v e n e d ib le passionfruit sp e c ie s Passiflora edulis, P. subpeltata, P. tarminiana, h a v e b e c o m e problematic P. caerulea P. suberosa, P. foetida, P. m iniata w e e d s. M a in ly d u e to h u m a n n e g lig e n c e fa ilin g to h a r v e st rip e fru it, c a re le ssly d isc a rd in g Fa m ily : P a ssifl o ra c e a e u n w a n te d fru it, o r su c k e rin g O rig in : C h ie fl y tro p ic a l S o u th A m e ric a ro o t sto c k fro m g ra fte d sp e c ie s. S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: V ig o ro u s c lim b e r w ith te n d rils. L e a v e s: Va r y in g w ith sp e c ie s; fro m 1 0 m m u p to 1 5 0 m m lo n g ; g e n e ra lly 3 -lo b e d so m e tim e s o v a te ; p a le g re e n w ith p o w d e r y fi lm a n d b lu n t tip s to d a rk g re e n w ith p o in te d tip s. F lo w e rs: P a ssio n fl o w e rs a re v e r y distinctive in sh a p e . T h e y ra n g e fro m 1 -5 c m a c ro ss w ith c o lo u rs fro m p la in w h ite to w h ite b lo tc h e d p u rp le , p in k s a n d re d s; 5 -1 0 p e ta ls; n u m e ro u s cream/yellow sta m e n s a n d a p ro m in e n t d iv id e d stig m a . Spring-Summer. F ru it: G lo b e o r e g g sh a p e d d ru p e s, g e n e ra lly p u lp y, 1 5 -5 0 m m lo n g , g lo ssy, y e llo w , g re e n , re d o r purple/black. R o o ts: L a te ra l ro o ts fo rm a t rig h t a n g le to ste m , b re a k e a sily w h e n p u lle d , re -sh o o t fro m re m n a n t ro o t sto c k . D isp e rsa l: S e e d s sp re a d b y h u m a n s, w a te r, a n im a ls a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: S c ra p e a n d p a in t, c u t a n d tre a t ro o t sy ste m , F o lia r sp ra y w ith p e n e tra n t.

P a ssifl o ra e d u lis S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

Passiflora subpeltata Passiflora subpeltata V in e s 24 V in e s P a ssifl o ra c a e ru le a

P a ssifl o ra c a e ru le a

P a ssifl o ra su b e ro sa P a ssifl o ra c a e ru le a

P a ssifl o ra m in ia ta P a ssifl o ra m in ia ta S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 25 V in e s Pampas lily of the valley G ro w s in fu ll sh a d e o r su n , in sa n d o r Salpichroa origanifolia w e tla n d s a n d to le ra te s lo n g d r y p e rio d s. It g ro w s ra p id ly a n d c a n sm o th e r o th e r vegetation. O n c e established, th is w e e d is d iffi c u lt to re m o v e . Fa m ily : S o la n a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: A sc ra m b lin g o r c lim b in g h e rb w ith sto u t sp re a d in g ro o ts a n d rh iz o m e s. L e a v e s: O v a l sh a p e d le a v e s a re u n e q u a l in siz e , v a rio u sly h a ir y, w ith le a f sta lk s a b o u t th e sa m e le n g th a s th e le a f b la d e s. F lo w e rs: Bell-shaped w h itish fl o w e rs 6 -8 m m lo n g , fo rm a t th e le a f a x ils. F ru it: S m o o th y e llo w b e rr y w h e n rip e , c o n ta in in g a b o u t tw e n ty b ro w n to p a le y e llo w fl a tte n e d se e d s. R o o ts: H a s a th ic k , w o o d y, e x te n siv e m o stly h o riz o n ta l ro o t sy ste m , w h ic h c a n b e u p to 1 m e tre d e e p . D isp e rsa l: R e p ro d u c e s fro m se e d a n d ro o t se g m e n ts, w h ic h a re sp re a d b y b ird s a n d m a c h in e r y. C o n tro l: S e e d lin g s c a n b e re m o v e d b y h a n d . M a tu re p la n ts h a v e h o riz o n ta l ro o ts u p to 3 m w id e a n d 1 m d e e p . T h e y c a n b e re m o v e d b y p e rsiste n t d ig g in g o v e r se v e ra l se a so n s. F ru it sh o u ld b e c u t a n d b a g g e d .

DPI V ic to ria S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 26 V in e s H ig h ly in v a siv e , ra p id ly fo rm s th ic k e ts w ith a B la ck b e rr y d e n se c a n o p y o f sh a d e , e x c lu d e s a n d re p la c e s Rubus fruticosus sp p a g g .. n a tiv e vegetation.

Fa m ily : R o sa c e a e O rig in : E u ro p e S ta tu s: S ta te l P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) H a b it: Semi-deciduous sh ru b w ith lo n g sc ra m b lin g th o rn y c a n e s g e n e ra lly 2 to 3 m h ig h g ro w in g fro m a w o o d y ste m . F o rm s impenetrable th ic k e ts. T h e a rc h in g ste m s a re g re e n to re d d ish p u rp le a n d c o v e re d in p ric k le s. L e a v e s: H a ir y, p ric k ly, d iv id e d in to 3 o r 5 se rra te d le a fl e ts, d a rk g re e n o n to p , p a le r underneath. F lo w e rs: F lo w e rs a re 5-petalled, re se m b le a sin g le ro se , p in k to w h ite . O c u u r fro m N o v e m b e r to m a rc h . F ru it: B u n c h e s o f su c c u le n t b e rrie s rip e n fro m g re e n to b la c k , a g g re g a te d b e rr y o c c u rin g in la te su m m e r. R o o ts: G ro w s fro m a w o o d y, sto c k y rh iz o m e w ith se v e ra l la te ra l ro o ts. D isp e rsa l: S e e d s sp re a d b y a n im a ls - m o stly b ird s. C a n re sh o o t v ig o ro u sly fro m its c ro w n , c a n e s ro o t d o w n to p ro d u c e n e w p la n t, it se n d s u p sh o o ts fro m its ro o ts a n d c a n re g ro w fro m ro o t fra g m e n ts. R o o ts su c k e r a fte r fi re . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig se e d lin g s, c u t o r sc ra p e a n d p a in t ste m s. S c ra m b le rs S c ra m b le rs

a n d a n d

V in e s 27 V in e s Ground Covers

T h e se herbaceous, slig h tly w o o d y o r stra p lik e p la n ts m a y se e m in sig n ifi c a n t in re se r v e s a n d b u sh la n d a re a s, b u t th e y d isp la c e n a tiv e g ro u n d c o v e rs a n d th u s re d u c e th e biodiversity o f n a tu ra l a re a s, w h ic h a lte rs th e w h o le e c o lo g y o f th a t c o m m u n ity.

M a n y o f th e se p la n ts a re still fo u n d fo r sa le in n u rse rie s a n d lo c a l m a rk e ts. L ik e a ll c a te g o rie s o f p la n ts in th is b o o k le t, a c tiv e m a n a g e m e n t is a k e y issu e w h ic h in c lu d e s re g u la r p ru n in g to m a in ta in p la n t h e a lth a n d v ig o u r a n d th e c o n sta n t re m o v a l o f sp e n t fl o w e rs to p re v e n t se e d se t.

T h e m a in w e e d sp e c ie s a re fe a tu re d o n th e ir o w n p a g e s b u t b e lo w is a list o f :-

O th e r problematic g ro u n d c o v e rs: C o m m o n N a m e : Botanical N a m e

B e a c h D a isy : Arctotheca populifolia C o m m o n ta n sy : Tanacetum vulgare C o re o p sis: Coreopsis lanceolata C re e p in g c in d e re lla w e e d : Calyptocarpus vialis C ru c ifi x o rc h id : Epidendrum radicans E v e n in g p rim ro se : Oenothera spp. Horehound: Marrubium vulgare Horsetails: Equisetum spp. F ire w e e d : Senecio madagascariensis (W o N S ) G in g e r lily : Hedychium gardnerianum Ja p a n e se k n o tw e e d : Persicaria capitata K o ste rs c u rse : Clidemia hirta M ist fl o w e r: Ageratina riparia M o u se -e a r h a w k w e e d : Hieracium pilosella O b e d ie n t p la n t: Physostegia virginiana O p iu m p o p p y : Papaver somniferum (Prohibited p la n t) O ra n g e h a w k w e e d : Hieracium aurantiacum O x -e y e d a isy : Leucanthemum vulgare P a r th e n iu m w e e d : Parthenium hysterophorus (W o N S ) P a te rso n s curse/Bugloss: Echium spp. P e n n y w o r t: Hydrocotyle bonariensis P o lk a d o t p la n t: Hypoestes phyllostachya S c a rle t sa g e : Salvia coccinea C o v e rs S t Jo h n s w o r t: Hypericum perforatum Thistles: Carduus spp; Carthamus spp; Centaurea spp; Cirsium spp; Cynara spp; Onopordum spp; Picnomon spp; Silybum spp; Scolymus spp; Sonchus spp; Rhaponticum spp. Ve in e d v e rb e n a : Verbena spp. (e x o tic s) Witchweed: S trig a sp p .(e x c e p t th e n a tiv e S . p a rv ifl o ra ) G ro u n d 28 G ro u n d r l: tro n o C l: rsa e isp D ts: o o R it: ru F rs: e w lo F s: e v a e L it: b a H s: tu ta S : in rig O : ily m Fa ts a M ound n u ro g d n a s b ru sh

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29 G ro u n d C o v e rs B lu e s t a r s Naturalises in d istu rb e d w o o d la n d . Ta k e s Aristea ecklonii u p sp a c e w h e re n a tiv e p la n t sp e c ie s sh o u ld b e p ro v id in g fo o d a n d h a b ita t fo r n a tiv e fa u n a .

Fa m ily : Irid a c e a e O rig in : F o re st m a rg in s in w e ste rn a n d d o u th e rn A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: E v e rg re e n p e re n n ia l h e rb re se m b lin g a c lu m p o f g ra ss. L e a v e s: U p to 6 0 c m lin e a r a n d le a th e r y, re d a t th e b a se . F lo w e rs: B rig h t b lu e fl o w e rs in a lo o se p a n ic le o n a ta lle r ste m . C lo se e a rly a fte rn o o n . F ru it: P o d s 2 c m lo n g , three-sided, c o n ta in n u m e ro u s sm a ll se e d s. R o o ts: A g g re ssiv e d e n se fi b ro u s ro o t sy ste m o f rh iz o m e s d e v e lo p in g in to tu b e rs a n d c o rm s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a re sp re a d b y w a te r fl o w, w in d , m a c h in e r y o r o n b o o ts o f w a lk e rs. Iso la te d occurrences su g g e st th a t it m a y a lso b e sp re a d b y a n im a ls e ith e r in g e stin g th e fru its o r c a tc h in g se e d s o n th e ir fe a th e rs o r fu r. C o n tro l: B e st re m o v e d b y h a n d . If in a b u n d a n c e fo lia r sp ra y in g is a n o p tio n . C o v e rs

G ro u n d 30 G ro u n d A v e r y p o p u la r c o tta g e p e re n n ia l. B u t t e r fl y fl o w e r / G a u ra G a u ra h a s e sc a p e d fro m cultivation a n d is n o w re g a rd e d a s a w e e d Oenothera lindheimeri sp e c ie s o f c o n c e rn . O e n o th e ra c u rtifl o ra (F o rm e rly G a u ra p a rv ifl o ra )

Fa m ily : O n a g ra c e a e O rig in : USA a n d M e x ic o b o rd e r re g io n S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: S p ra w lin g p e re n n ia l h e rb , 0 .6 -1 .2 m h ig h w ith a 0 .6 -0 .9 m sp re a d . L e a v e s: T h e le a v e s a re sim p le , n a rro w , irre g u la r a n d sp o o n sh a p e d , 2 .5 -7 .6 c m lo n g , w ith to o th e d m a rg in s. O fte n b lo tc h e d re d . F lo w e rs: S m a ll, b u tte r fl y -lik e b lo o m s a d o rn lo n g w illo w y ste m s. B lo o m s a re w h ite w h e n th e y o p e n a t d a w n , fa d in g to ro se -p in k b y th e e n d o f th e d a y a n d a re p ro d u c e d fo r a v e r y lo n g p e rio d . O th e r v a rie tie s p ro d u c e fl o w e rs o f p in k s a n d c rim so n . Spring-Autumn. F ru it: S m a ll 4 sid e d e lo n g a te d c a p su le p e rsistin g a fte r th e fl o w e rs c o n ta in in g n u m e ro u s tin y se e d s. R o o ts: F ib ro u s ro o t sy ste m to le ra n t o f a w id e ra n g e o f so il ty p e s fro m sa n d to c la y. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d v e g e ta tio n sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th moving/slashing e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , fo lia r sp ra y. Oenothera lindheimeri

M a in ly a w e e d o f d istu rb e d site s a n d ro a d sid e s c lo se to w h e re it h a s b e e n cultivated, h o w e v e r it c a n e a sily sp re a d in to m o re n a tu ra l b u sh la n d a re a s. C o v e rs

Oenothera lindheimeri G ro u n d 31 G ro u n d G a z a n ia G a z a n ia s h a v e b e c o m e naturalised o n c o a sta l d u n e s, p a rk s a n d a lo n g ro a d sid e s fro m so u th e rn Gazania spp. S y d n e y to th e m id n o r th c o a st, th e E y re P e n in su la a n d M t L o fty re g io n o f S th A u stra lia a n d in th e M o re to n re g io n o f S.E. Queensland. Fa m ily : A ste ra c e a e O rig in : M a in ly S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: C lu m p in g , low-growing p e re n n ia l h e rb to 1 5 c m h ig h , th a t w ith sta n d s sa lt-la d e n w in d s a n d g ro w s w e ll in sa n d y so ils. L e a v e s: E llip tic to narrow-oblanceolate, irregularly pinnatisect, d a rk g re e n a b o v e w h ite h a ir y underneath. F lo w e rs: B rig h tly c o lo u re d lo n g ste m m e d d a isy -lik e fl o w e rs to 8 c m w id e , in re d , b ro n z e , y e llo w a n d o ra n g e to n e s. S p rin g to A u tu m n .

F ru it: A c h e n e s. 4 m m lo n g ; p a p p u s sc a le s la n c e o la te 2 -3 m m lo n g , w ith h a irs c o v e rin g a c h e n e . R o o ts: F ib ro u s ro o t sy ste m to le ra n t o f a w id e ra n g e o f so il ty p e s fro m sa n d to c la y p re fe rrin g d r y e r to fre e d ra in in g conditions. D isp e rsa l: A b u n d a n c e o f se e d sp re a d b y w in d . S e e d a n d v e g e ta tio n sp re a d b y g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g , contaminated so il. C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , fo lia r sp ra y. C o v e rs

G ro u n d 32 G ro u n d R e a d ily so ld a t m o st n u rse rie s a n d lo c a l Impatiens / Busy Lizzy m a rk e ts, th e se c o lo u r fu l p la n ts sp re a d e a sily b y se e d a n d fra g m e n ts. C o m m o n ly Impatiens walleriana v a rie tie s fo u n d a lo n g d ra in s a n d w a te r c o u rse s. Fa m ily : Balsaminaceae O rig in : A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: B u sh y, succulent-stemmed te n d e r p e re n n ia l th a t g ro w s in a sp re a d in g m o u n d 1 5 -6 0 c m ta ll d e p e n d in g o n v a rie ty. S h a d e to le ra n t, fa v o u rin g m o ist conditions. L e a v e s: O v a te to e llip tic le a v e s lig h t to d a rk g re e n , so m e tim e s w ith a b ro n z e -re d c a st a n d se rra te d e d g e s. T h e o p p o site le a v e s a re a rra n g e d sp ira lly a ro u n d a th ic k , g re e n o r b ro w n ish , b rittle ste m . F ra g m e n ts o f ste m re -ro o t re a d ily. F lo w e rs: L a rg e (to 5 c m a c ro ss), fl e sh y, w ith 5 p e ta ls. P in k , ro se , re d , lila c , p u rp le , o ra n g e , w h ite & b ic o lo rs. Spring-Autumn. F ru it: E x p lo siv e c a p su le s c o n ta in h u n d re d s o f sm a ll, v ia b le se e d s, w h ic h a re e x p e lle d so m e d ista n c e w h e n rip e . R o o ts: F ib ro u s ro o t sy ste m to le ra n t o f a w id e ra n g e o f so il ty p e s fro m sa n d to c la y. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d v e g e ta tio n is sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y. C o v e rs

G ro u n d 33 G ro u n d L ip p ia In tro d u c e d a s a la w n sp e c ie s a n d o n c e u se d to sta b ilise so il o n b a n k s o f irrig a tio n Phyla canescens c a n a ls a n d a ro u n d w e irs. O v e rru n s n a tiv e vegetation, a n d is c a p a b le o f suppressing th e g ro w th o f neighbouring p la n ts. Fa m ily : Verbenaceae O rig in : A m e ric a s fro m C a lifo rn ia to A rg e n tin a a n d C h ile S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: H a rd y, m a t fo rm in g , p e re n n ia l h e rb w ith ste m s th a t ro o t a t n o d e s. L e a v e s: O v a te , w ith b lu n t sh o r t te e th ; 0 .5 -3 c m lo n g , 2 -1 0 m m w id e , w ith o u t h a irs o r w ith sh o r t d e n se h a irs; le a f sta lk a b se n t o r sh o r t. F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e a d e n se sh o r t cylindrical to globe-shaped sp ik e o f tu b u la r fl o w e rs, o n a sta lk w h ic h is 1 -6 .5 c m lo n g a n d u su a lly m u c h lo n g e r th a n le a v e s a t th e sta lk b a se ; p e ta ls u su a lly lila c o r p in k . F lo w e r tu b e s 2 -3 m m lo n g . S p rin g to la te a u tu m n . F ru it: E llip so id to g lo b o se , 1 .5 -2 m m lo n g . R o o ts: D e n se a n d m a t fo rm in g . D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d fra g m e n ts sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: F o lia r sp ra y, p a stu re improvement techniques. C o v e rs

G ro u n d 34 G ro u n d R e a d ily so ld a t n u rse rie s a n d lo c a l m a rk e ts, N a s t u r t iu m th e se c o lo u r fu l p la n ts sp re a d e a sily b y se e d a n d fra g m e n ts. A c tiv e m a n a g e m e n t in Tropaeolum majus g a rd e n s is re q u ire d to m in im ise th e sp re a d . Fa m ily : Tropaeolaceae O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: Q u ic k g ro w in g , so ft sp ra w lin g su c c u le n t a n n u a l h e rb . To le ra te s a w id e ra n g e o f so il c o n d itio n s b u t p re fe rs fu ll su n . L e a v e s: B ro a d c irc u la r le a v e s a re a rra n g e d sp ira lly a ro u n d ste m su p p o r te d b y lo n g sta lk s jo in e d a t th e c e n tre o f th e le a f. L e a v e s a n d ste m s a re so ft a n d fl e sh y. F lo w e rs: L a rg e fi v e -p e ta lle d funnel-formed fl o w e rs in sh a d e s o f y e llo w re d a n d o ra n g e . Spring-autumn. F ru it: G re e n a n d su c c u le n t, 1 0 m m lo n g . R o o ts: F ib ro u s a n d su c c u le n t. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d v e g e ta tio n is sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site , F o lia r sp ra y. C o v e rs

G ro u n d 35 G ro u n d Seaside daisy It is h ig h ly to le ra n t o f p o o r, d r y so ils a n d g ro w s in a Erigeron karvinskianus w id e ra n g e o f conditions.

Fa m ily : A ste ra c e a e O rig in : S o u th M e x ic o to Ve n e z u e la S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: A n a g g re ssiv e sp re a d in g p e re n n ia l h e rb to a b o u t 5 0 c m h ig h . G ro w s v ig o ro u sly sm o th e rin g lo w n a tiv e g ro u n d c o v e rs. H ig h ly to le ra n t o f p o o r d r y so ils a n d g ro w s in a w id e ra n g e o f conditions. T h e p la n t is a b le to to le ra te h ig h sa lin ity a n d d ro u g h t. L e a v e s: S im p le , e v e rg re e n , e llip tic a l to o v a l, p u b e sc e n t o n b o th sid e s, a n d re a c h 3 2 m m lo n g b y 1 3 m m w id e . F lo w e rs: S m a ll d a isy fl o w e rs 1 -2 c m a c ro ss a re b o rn e a ll y e a r ro u n d . E a c h fl o w e r h a s a y e llo w c e n tre , a c o ro lla th a t is 5 -lo b e d w ith w h ite p e ta ls, w h ic h b e c o m e p in k a n d fi n a lly p u rp le w ith a g e . F ru it: Dandilion-like tu fts; 1 m m lo n g h a rd d r y se e d (a c h e n e ) a tta c h e d to a p a p p u s o f fi n e w h itish h a irs, 2 m m lo n g . R o o ts: F ib ro u s, sh a llo w ; ro o tin g a t th e n o d e s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w in d , h u m a n s a n d contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . P la n ts w ill sp re a d vegetatively b y c u ttin g s ro o tin g a t th e n o d e s. C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y. C o v e rs

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Still m istaken for native Lo m a n d ra lo n g ifl o lia Spiny headed / and planted in bushland. High potential to Slender mat rush / hybridise with local species leading to loss of vigour and genetic integrity. R iv e r re e d Lomandra hystrix Fa m ily : Lomandraceae O rig in : R iv e rin e sub-tropical A u stra lia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: Tu fte d h a rd y p la n t w ith d a rk g re e n , stra p p y le a v e s to 1 .3 m L e a v e s: L e a f tip s p o in te d w ith 2 -4 tin y sid e te e th lo w e r d o w n . F lo w e rs: C lu ste rs o f fl u ff y y e llo w le m o n g re e n o r c re a m sc e n te d fl o w e r sp ik e s a s ta ll a s le a f b la d e s. F ru it: C lu ste rs o f fl u ff y y e llo w le m o n sc e n te d fl o w e r sp ik e s o n fe m a le p la n ts m a in ly in sp rin g . P rim a r y b ra n c h e s o f fl o w e r sp ik e s a re in fo u rs. R o o ts: F ib ro u s ro o t sy ste m . D isp e rsa l: W id e ly u se d in la rg e sc a le revegetation p ro je c ts a lo n g ro a d sid e s a n d watercources. S e e d lin g s e a sily sp re a d in to neighbouring b u sh la n d . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , re m o v e fl o w e r h e a d s b e fo re se e d se t. C o v e rs

G ro u n d 39 G ro u n d T r a d T h is sh a d e lo v in g , w e a k ro o te d h e rb is o fte n th e c a u se o f sk in irritations in Tradescantia albiflora, T. zebrina, d o g s. M a n y o th e r fo rm s o f Tra d a re Callisia fragrans (B a sk e t P la n t) w e ll k n o w n g a rd e n p la n ts in c lu d in g th e p o p u la r “M o se s in th e c ra d le ” Fa m ily : Commelinaceae (R h o e o ). O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: W e a k , p e re n n ia l, c re e p in g su c c u le n t h e rb , ro o tin g fro m d istin c t n o d e s. G ro w s vigorously, la y e rin g a n d sm o th e rin g lo w n a tiv e g ro u n d c o v e rs. S h a d e to le ra n t a n d m o istu re lo v in g . L e a v e s: S im p le , a lte rn a te , o v a te le a v e s th a t a re g lo ssy a n d d a rk g re e n , to 6 c m lo n g . S lig h tly fl e sh y. F lo w e rs: S m a ll (1 -2 c m ) w h ite fl o w e rs, w ith th re e p e ta ls a n d six h a ir y sta m e n s. Spring-Summer. F ru it: P a p e r y c a p su le , se e d n o t v ia b le in A u stra lia . R o o ts: S to lo n s fo rm underground, w ith w e a k , sh a llo w ro o ts fo rm in g a t n o d e s. D isp e rsa l: M a in m e th o d o f reproduction is v e g e ta tiv e w h e re b y ste m fra g m e n ts re -ro o t. S te m fra g m e n ts sp re a d b y w a te r, a n d contaminated so il (g re e n w a ste d u m p in g , e a r th m o v in g e tc ). C o m m o n in watercourses. C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y. S im ila r N a tiv e S p e c ie s: Commelina cyanea (p h o to b o tto m R). T h is n a tiv e g ro u n d c o v e r h a s h a ir y le a f sh e a th s, b lu e fl o w e rs a n d a stro n g p rim a r y ro o t sy ste m .

Tradescantia zebrina C o v e rs

Tradescantia albiflora Commelina cyanea G ro u n d 40 G ro u n d T h e se p la n ts n e e d a c tiv e m a n a g e m e n t in a ll g a rd e n s. W ild ir is T h is m a y b e a s sim p le a s a c tiv e ly re m o v in g sp e n t fl o w e r sta lk s p rio r to se e d se t, o r a s comprehensive Dietes bicolor a s c o m p le te re m o v a l fro m g a rd e n s. Dietes iridioides

Fa m ily : Irid a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: P e re n n ia l rhizomatous c lu m p s o f e re c t sword-shaped le a v e s. T h e a d u lt p la n t is approximately 1 m w id e a n d 1 m ta ll. L e a v e s: L e a th e r y, sw o rd sh a p e d , stra p p y le a v e s 1 -2 c m w id e to 6 0 c m lo n g ; a rra n g e d in fl a t fa n s. F lo w e rs: Short-lived, iris-lik e fl o w e rs th a t a re e ith e r w h ite , y e llo w a n d m a u v e o r y e llo w w ith b ro w n sp o ts p ro d u c e d Spring-Summer. F ru it: G re e n , three-celled c a p su le c o n ta in in g n u m e ro u s h a rd a n g u la r se e d s 1 -2 m m in d ia m e te r. R o o ts: Rhizomatous a n d fi b ro u s, w ill re -sh o o t fro m a n y ro o tsto c k le ft in so il. D isp e rsa l: S e e d is sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , fo lia r sp ra y.

T h is stra p le a f p la n t c o u ld e a sily b e re p la c e d w ith th e A u stra lia n n a tiv e M a t R u sh (Lomandra longifolia ) o r th e B lu e F la x L ily (Dianella caerulea )

M a in p h o to : Dietes bicolor Inset: Dietes iridioides.

Dietes bicolor C o v e rs

G ro u n d 41 G ro u n d B u lb o u s & S u c c u le n t P la n ts

T h e se p la n ts a re e x tre m e ly h a rd y d u e to th e ir a b o v e g ro u n d a n d b e lo w g ro u n d sto ra g e structures, w h ic h a re m o d ifi e d le a v e s, ste m s a n d ro o ts.

In th is g ro u p o f p la n ts w e h a v e in c lu d e d a ll o f th e A sp a ra g u s sp e c ie s. T h e se p la n ts a re p ro lifi c, h a rd y (drought-resistant), sh a d e to le ra n t a n d h ig h ly in v a siv e . T h e y h a v e e x te n siv e underground rh iz o m e s th a t fo rm th ic k m a ts c a p a b le o f re d u c in g w a te r penetration in to so il; v ig o ro u s v e g e ta tiv e stru c tu re s th a t a re c a p a b le o f sm o th e rin g n a tiv e v e g e ta tio n a n d p ro d u c e c o p io u s a m o u n ts o f b e rrie s (re d o r b la c k ) th a t a re re a d ily c o n su m e d a n d sp re a d b y a n im a ls a n d b ird s. T h e y a re a lso sp re a d b y g re e n w a ste d u m p in g a s rh iz o m e s a re c a p a b le o f su r v iv in g fo r lo n g p e rio d s o f tim e o u t o f th e so il.

B rid a l C re e p e r fa c t: F irst re c o rd e d in A u stra lia in 1 8 5 7 in a n u rse r y c a ta lo g u e . B y th e 1 8 7 0 s b rid a l c re e p e r w a s a c o m m o n g a rd e n p la n t; its fl o w e rs w e re u se d in fl o ral arrangements, particularly in w e d d in g b o u q u e ts. W ith in 5 0 y e a rs o f introduction, b rid a l c re e p e r h a d b e c o m e naturalised in m a n y a re a s a c ro ss m o st o f so u th e rn A u stra lia a n d h a s e a rn e d its sta tu s a s a W e e d o f N a tio n a l S ig n ifi c a n c e .

T h e m a in w e e d sp e c ie s a re fe a tu re d o n th e ir o w n p a g e s b u t b e lo w is a list o f :- O th e r Problematic B u lb o u s & S u c c u le n t P la n ts: C o m m o n N a m e : Botanical N a m e

A lo e s: A lo e sp p . C a b b a g e Tre e : Cordyline australis Cactus/Prickly P e a rs: Opuntia spp. (W o N S ) Cactus/Prickly P e a rs: Harrisia spp. (W o N S ) P la n ts Cactus/Prickly P e a rs: Cylindropuntia spp. (W o N S ) C e n tu r y P la n t: Agave americana, Agave spp. C o a sta l G la d io lu s: Gladiolus gueinzii F re e sia : Freesia hybrida G la d io lu s: Gladiolus spp . S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

M a c h o F e rn : Nephrolepis biserrata & &

Mother-in-law’s To n g u e : Sansevieria spp. N a k e d L a d y : Amaryllis belladonna O n io n g ra ss: Romulea rosea Soursob/Shamrock/Wood S o rre l: Oxalis spp. Va rio u s Succulent’s: Sedums, Kalanchoe , a n d m a n y o th e r G e n e ra B u lb o u s 42 B u lb o u s O n e o f th e m o st w id e ly p la n te d o rn a m e n ta l A g a p a n th u s la n d sc a p e p la n ts, A g a p a n th u s h a v e in v a d e d n a tu ra l a re a s in c lu d in g th e B lu e M o u n ta in s w o rld A g a p a n th u s sp p . h e rita g e a re a . Fa m ily : A llia c e a e O rig in : A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (P o iso n o u s P la n t) H a b it: A n e re c t fl e sh y, c lu m p in g , p e re n n ia l lily w ith lo n g stra p p y le a v e s. L e a v e s: L o n g (u p to 7 0 0 m m ), strap-like, g lo ssy b rig h t g re e n , fl e sh y. F lo w e rs: S m a ll (3 0 m m ) tru m p e t sh a p e d b lu e o r w h ite fl o w e rs th a t fo rm la rg e sp h e ric a l c lu ste rs (u m b e ls) a t th e e n d o f lo n g (1 2 0 0 m m ) sm o o th tu b u la r sta lk s. Ve r y sh o w y fl o ral d isp la y in S u m m e r. F ru it: Three-sided le a th e r y g re e n c a p su le s fo rm in c lu ste rs a t th e e n d o f sta lk s, d r y in g b ro w n a n d p a p e r y w h e n m a tu re . C o n ta in n u m e ro u s w in g e d , sm a ll b la c k se e d s. R o o ts: S h a llo w , fl e sh y, d e n se ly m a tte d a n d q u ite ro b u st. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d tu b e rs sp re a d b y w a te r, w in d , h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y, c u t a n d p a in t.

T h is is a p o p u la r g a rd e n p la n t th a t n e e d s a c tiv e m a n a g e m e n t in a ll g a rd e n s. T h is m a y b e a s sim p le a s a c tiv e ly re m o v in g sp e n t fl o w e r sta lk s p rio r to se e d se t, o r a s comprehensive a s c o m p le te re m o v a l fro m g a rd e n s. P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 43 B u lb o u s A r u m lily U se d extensively in fl o ral arrangements a ll Zantedeschia spp . a re h ig h ly to x ic . T h e y a re Zantedeschia aethiopica k n o w n to h a v e c a u se d th e d e a th s o f c h ild re n , c a ttle a n d c a ts. A ll p a r ts o f th e p la n t a re to x ic , a n d p ro d u c e irrita tio n a n d sw e llin g o f Fa m ily : A ra c e a e th e m o u th a n d th ro a t, a c u te v o m itin g a n d O rig in : S o u th A fric a d ia rrh o e a . S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (v e r y p o iso n o u s p la n t) H a b it: E re c t, tu b e ro u s, e v e rg re e n p e re n n ia l h e rb to 1 .5 m h ig h . L e a v e s: A rro w h e a d sh a p e d , d a rk g re e n le a v e s to 4 5 c m lo n g a n d 2 0 c m w id e b o rn e a t th e e n d s o f sto u t, sm o o th , su c c u le n t g re e n ste m s to 7 5 c m lo n g a n d w in g e d a t th e b a se . F lo w e rs: P a le y e llo w sp ik e to 9 c m lo n g su rro u n d e d b y a p u re w h ite fu n n e l sh a p e d sp a th e to 2 5 c m c o m in g to a p o in t. Winter-Summer. F ru it: B e rr y, g re e n o r y e llo w m a tu rin g to o ra n g e 5 -1 0 m m lo n g c o n ta in in g a b o u t 4 yellow-brown se e d s. R o o ts: F le sh y tu b e ro u s rh iz o m e . D isp e rsa l: R h iz o m e s, c o rm le ts a n d S e e d is sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y, c u t a n d p a in t. P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 44 B u lb o u s B rid a l c re e p e r is w id e sp re a d in W e ste rn B rid a l c re e p e r - A u stra lia , S o u th A u stra lia a n d V ic to ria . It is a lso a sp a ra g u s sp re a d in g in N e w S o u th W a le s a n d Ta sm a n ia . It h a s th e p o te n tia l to sp re a d fu r th e r a n d in c re a se A sp a ra g u s asparagoides its d e n sity in a ll so u th e rn sta te s. Fa m ily : Asparagaceae O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) H a b it: W ir y tw in n in g c lim b e r to 3 m in le n g th a n d b ra n c h extensively. S te m s e m e rg e a n n u a lly in a u tu m n fro m a m a t, 0 -1 0 c m d e e p . L e a v e s: B rig h t g re e n w ith a lte rn a te , fl a tte n e d, sh in y, ste m s (leaf-like) th a t a re p o in te d o v a te sh a p e a n d h a v e p a ra lle l v e n a tio n , le a v e s 4 -3 0 m m w id e a n d 1 0 -7 0 m m lo n g w h ic h o c c u r a lo n g th e le n g th o f w ir y g re e n ste m s. F lo w e rs: W h ite , 6 -p e ta lle d fl o w e rs, 5 -8 m m in d ia m e te r, a p p e a r in e a rly S p rin g . F ru it: P e a -siz e d g re e n b e rrie s tu rn in g p in k th e n red/burgundy in la te spring-early su m m e r. B e rrie s c o n ta in 1 -9 se e d s th a t a re b la c k w h e n m a tu re . R o o ts: B ra n c h in g rh iz o m e s th a t b e a r n u m e ro u s fl e sh y tu b e rs. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - F o lia r sp ra y, c ro w n in g o f m a tu re p la n ts. E n su re c ro w n s a re re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s. B io lo g ic a l c o n tro l is e ff e c tiv e .

S im ila r N a tiv e S p e c ie s: W o m b a t B e rr y (Eustrephus latifolius) P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 45 B u lb o u s Bridal veil asparagus M o st populations a re lo c a te d in th e c o a sta l a re a s o f south-eastern S o u th Asparagus declinatus A u stra lia , b u t it is a lso naturalised in th e c o a sta l d istric ts o f south-western W e ste rn A u stra lia a n d in w e ste rn V ic to ria . Fa m ily : Asparagaceae O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - PREVENTION (W o N S ) H a b it: H ig h ly in v a siv e , h e rb a c e o u s p e re n n ia l. S p ra w lin g g ro u n d c o v e r o r semi-climber u p to 3 m th a t fo rm s d e n se m a ts. A b o v e g ro u n d ste m s d ie b a c k a n n u a lly d u rin g su m m e r. S o ft a n d th o rn le ss. L e a v e s: S o ft, g re y ish o r bluish-green needle-like c la d o d e s u p to 2 0 m m lo n g a n d 0 .5 -1 .5 m m w id e fo rm in g ro u p s o f th re e a lo n g ste m se g m e n ts. F lo w e rs: W h ite so m e tim e s w ith g re e n ish o r b ro w n ish m a rk in g s. B o rn e in p a irs o r so lita r y, 5 -8 m m a c ro ss. M a in ly d u rin g w in te r. F ru it: R o u n d o r e g g -sh a p e d b e rr y, 8 -1 5 m m lo n g a n d a ro u n d 7 m m w id e , tu rn in g fro m g re e n to bluish-grey o r w h ite w ith a g e . E a c h b e rr y g e n e ra lly c o n ta in s 5 -8 b u t so m e tim e s u p to 1 4 se e d s. R o o ts: E x te n siv e , p e re n n ia l, underground rh iz o m e s a n d tu b e rs. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d rh iz o m e s sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - F o lia r sp ra y, d ig o r g ru b o u t m a tu re p la n ts. E n su re th a t rh iz o m e s a n d tu b e rs a re re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s.

H illa r y C h e rr y H illa r y C h e rr y P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

G le n S a n d e rs S h a u n a P o tte r B u lb o u s 46 B u lb o u s O ld w o rld g a rd e n p la n t. M a in ly fo u n d in rip a ria n B ro o m a sp a ra g u s a re a s a n d n e a r fo re st m a rg in s, o r in d istu rb e d site s n e a r h u m a n habitation; c a n g e rm in a te in A sp a ra g u s v irg a tu s c o n d itio n s fro m fu ll su n to ra in fo re st w ith >8 0 % c a n o p y c lo su re . Fa m ily : Asparagaceae O rig in : E a ste rn a n d so u th e rn A fric a S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - CONTAINMENT (W o N S ) H a b it: E re c t p e re n n ia l h e rb o r sh ru b w ith stiff ste m s, 0 .4 -0 .8 m h ig h ; c a n a tta in v e r y la rg e a n d c o n tin u o u s infestations. L e a v e s: Needle-like c la d o d e s, 3 -6 in e a c h a x il, cylindrical, 3 -1 5 m m lo n g 0 .5 - 1 m m w id e . F lo w e rs: S o lita r y, g re e n ish w h ite , sta lk s 7 -1 2 m m lo n g , p e ta ls 3 -4 m m lo n g m a in ly spring-summer. F ru it: O ra n g e b e rr y ro u n d - e g g sh a p e d , 4 -6 m m d ia m e te r c o n ta in in g 1 se e d . F ru its m o st o f y e a r. R o o ts: F ib ro u s, fo rm in g a n e x te n siv e rhizomatous ro o t m a ss. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d rh iz o m e s sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - C ro w n in g , e n su re th a t th e c ro w n a n d rh iz o m e s a re re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s. F o lia r sp ra y, p o ssib ly w ith lo w e r ra te s o f herbicides. P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

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B u lb o u s 47 B u lb o u s Climbing asparagus fern A v e r y p o p u la r in d o o r p la n t b e c a u se Asparagus plumosus o f its a b ility to w ith sta n d lo w lig h t a n d n e g le c t, th is p la n t is re la tiv e ly w id e sp re a d a n d naturalised in sh e lte re d site s a n d Fa m ily : Asparagaceae rainforests in fe stin g m a n y h e c ta re s o n th e O rig in : S o u th A fric a NSW c o a st. S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) H a b it: To u g h , p e re n n ia l, w ir y, tw in in g c lim b in g v in e w ith o c c a sio n a l sp in e s a n d fi n e, fe a th e r y fe rn lik e fo lia g e . L e a v e s: F in e , fe a th e r y, le a f-lik e c la d o d e s a rra n g e d in h o riz o n ta l sp ra y s. F lo w e rs: F lo w e rs a re sm a ll, greenish-white a n d a rra n g e d a t th e tip s o f b ra n c h e s in S u m m e r. F ru it: Bluish-green b e rrie s to 4 -5 m m a c ro ss th a t tu rn b la c k w h e n rip e a n d c o n ta in 1 -3 se e d s. A u tu m n . R o o ts: A w o o d y c ro w n w ith rh iz o m e s a t b a se o f ste m s, w ith a fl e sh y ro o t m a ss ra d ia tin g o u t fro m th e c ro w n . (N o d istin c t tu b e rs). D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - C u t & p a in t, b a sa l b a rk , fo lia r sp ra y, c ro w n in g . E n su re th a t th e c ro w n is re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s. P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

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49 B u lb o u s & S u c c u le n t P la n ts Fern asparagus F e rn a sp a ra g u s is th o u g h t to h a v e a m u c h g re a te r p o te n tia l ra n g e th a n it c u rre n tly in h a b its. Asparagus scandens It c o u ld se rio u sly im p a c t Australia’s b u sh la n d if it is n o t m a n a g e d c o rre c tly. Fa m ily : Asparagaceae O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) H a b it: P e re n n ia l c lim b e r w ith th o rn le ss, w ir y sc ra m b lin g ste m s to 2 m lo n g . S te m s b ra n c h in o n e fl a t p la n e . L e a v e s: B rig h t g re e n , fl a tte n e d le a f-lik e c la d o d e s in c lu ste rs o f 3 o f u n e q u a l le n g th , 5 -1 5 m m lo n g , 0 .5 -1 m m w id e , w ith a d istin c t m id rib , ta p e rin g a t th e b a se . F lo w e rs: S m a ll, w h ite to p a le p in k , b e ll sh a p e d so lita r y fl o w e rs o r in c lu ste rs o f 2 -3 p ro d u c e d in w in te r a n d e a rly sp rin g . F ru it: O ra n g e -re d b e rr y ro u n d to e g g sh a p e d , 5 -7 m m d ia m e te r c o n ta in in g 1 se e d . F ru its u n til su m m e r. R o o ts: S m a ll c e n tra l c ro w n w ith fi b ro u s ro o ts a n d sle n d e r tu b e rs D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - C u t & p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y, c ro w n in g m a tu re p la n ts. E n su re th a t th e c ro w n is re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s.

S h a u n a P o tte r S h e ld o n N a v ie S h e ld o n N a v ie

S h e ld o n N a v ie P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

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B u lb o u s 50 B u lb o u s A v e r y p o p u la r p o t p la n t b e c a u se o f its a b ility to G ro u n d a sp a ra g u s w ith sta n d lo w lig h t a n d n e g le c t. G ro u n d a sp a ra g u s is naturalised in sa n d d u n e s a n d rainforests in fe stin g A sp a ra g u s aethiopicus T h o u sa n d s o f h e c ta re s o n th e NSW c o a st.

Fa m ily : Asparagaceae O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) H a b it: H ig h ly in v a siv e , h e rb a c e o u s p e re n n ia l. S p ra w lin g g ro u n d c o v e r w ith sh o r t sh a rp sp in e s a n d b ra n c h e d ste m s u p to 2 m . A to u g h , w o o d y c ro w n is fo rm e d a t b a se o f ste m s. D e n se m a ts sm o th e r lo w n a tiv e v e g e ta tio n a n d su p p re ss n a tu ra l regeneration. L e a v e s: B rig h t g re e n , fl a tte n e d le a f-lik e c la d o d e s u p to 2 0 m m lo n g , w ith a d istin c t m id rib a n d a b ru p t p o in t. S in g le o r in c lu ste rs o f 2 -5 . F lo w e rs: S m a ll, w h ite to p a le p in k , b e ll sh a p e d fl o w e rs in c lu ste rs o f 4 -8 p ro d u c e d d u rin g S u m m e r. F ru it: P a le g re e n b e rrie s th a t rip e n to re d in la te w in te r e a rly sp rin g . R o o ts: C e n tra l c ro w n w ith a th ic k m a t o f fi b ro u s ro o ts, rh iz o m e s a n d fl e sh y tu b e rs e x te n d in g fro m th e c e n tre . D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d rh iz o m e s sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - C u t & p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y, c ro w n in g m a tu re p la n ts. E n su re th a t th e c ro w n is re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s. P la n ts

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S te v e H o w a rd B u lb o u s 51 B u lb o u s Pompom ming asparagusT h is sp e c ie s is so m e tim e s c o n fu se d w ith A . retrofractus, b u t th e y a re e a sily se p a ra te d Asparagus macowanii (S e e d iff e re n c e s b e lo w ). It is recommended th a t in fu tu re A . m a c o w a n ii b e c a lle d ‘P o m p o m A sp a ra g u s‘ Fa m ily : Asparagaceae a n d A. retrofractus ‘Z ig z a g A sp a ra g u s’ to O rig in : S o u th e a ste rn A fric a p re v e n t fu r th e r c o n fu sio n . S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (W o N S ) H a b it: S h ru b b y p e re n n ia l w ith sm o o th e re c t ste m s, 1 -2 .5 m ta ll, b e a rin g sh o r t re c u r v e d sp in e s o n lo w e r p a r t o f ste m s o n ly. L e a v e s: C la d o d e s, 8 -1 5 m m lo n g , <0 .5 m m w id e , c lu ste re d in e a c h a x il (c lu ste rs a re d e n se ly p a c k e d & g lo b o se e sp e c ia lly n e a r th e e n d s o f th e b ra n c h e s). F lo w e rs: S m a ll, w h ite , m o re o r le ss in d e n se c lu ste rs a p p e a rin g o n b ra n c h e s b e fo re th e c la d o d e s h a v e fu lly developed). F ru it: D a rk p u rp lish to b la c k b e rr y, ro u n d to e g g sh a p e d , 7 -1 0 m m d ia m e te r u su a lly c o n ta in in g 1 -2 se e d s. R o o ts: C e n tra l underground c ro w n , w ith fi b ro u s o r semi-succulent ro o ts. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - c ro w n in g , e n su re th a t th e c ro w n is re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s. C u t & p a in t, b a sa l b a rk , fo lia r sp ra y.

Asparagus macowanii Asparagus retrofractus • d e n se ly c lu ste re d c la d o d e s in ‘p o m p o m s’. • sparsely clustered cladodes. • stra ig h t sm o o th ste m s. • zigzaged & ribbed stem s. • P u rp lish to b la c k fru its. • orange-red fruits. • e re c t ste m s w ith fe w e r & sm a lle r sp in e s. • longer m ore scram bling stem s & num erous obvious spines.

S h e ld o n N a v ie P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

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K a re n L W ilso n S h e ld o n N a v ie B u lb o u s 52 B u lb o u s R e c o rd e d a s naturalised in S y d n e y, Sicklethorn a sp a ra g u s W y o n g , L a k e C a th ie a n d P o r t M a c q u a rie in NSW, g ro w in g in L itto ra l Rainforest, W e t A sp a ra g u s fa lc a tu s Sclerophyll, S w a m p O a k a n d Subtropical R a in fo re st e c o lo g ic a l c o m m u n ity ty p e s. Fa m ily : Asparagaceae O rig in : E a ste rn a n d so u th e rn A fric a , th e A ra b ia n P e n in su la , In d ia a n d S ri L a n k a S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - PREVENTION (W o N S ) H a b it: R o b u st c lim b e r w ith w o o d y p e re n n ia l ste m s to 5 -7 m lo n g , w ith sto u t h o o k e d sp in e s to 3 c m lo n g ; L e a v e s: C la d o d e s, 3 0 -9 0 m m lo n g , 3 -7 m m w id e , lin e a r, m o st a re slig h tly sickle-shaped. F lo w e rs: S m a ll, w h ite , fra g ra n t, n u m e ro u s a rra n g e d in b ra n c h e d c lu ste r. S p rin g - su m m e r. F ru it: R e d d ish , ro u n d b e rr y 7 -1 0 m m w id e , c o n ta in 1 -3 se e d s. M a tu re in w in te r. R o o ts: C e n tra l underground c ro w n , w ith fi b ro u s ro o ts to sw o lle n tu b e rs th a t re se m b le sw e e t p o ta to e s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l - c ro w n in g , e n su re th a t th e c ro w n is re m o v e d o ff site . R e m o v e a n d b a g b e rrie s. F o llo w -u p - h a n d p u ll a ll e m e rg in g se e d lin g s. C u t & p a in t, b a sa l b a rk , fo lia r sp ra y.

S h e ld o n N a v ie

S h e ld o n N a v ie P la n ts

S h e ld o n N a v ie S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

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S h e ld o n N a v ie B u lb o u s 53 B u lb o u s Canna lily / Indian shot A v e r y w id e ly p la n te d sp e c ie s th a t p re fe rs Canna indica w e t b o g g y site s. C o m m o n ly u se d in se p tic Canna x generalis ta n k a b so rp tio n tre n c h e s. G a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g a n d d e lib e ra te p la n tin g in re se r v e s Fa m ily : C a n n a c e a e a n d w e tla n d a re a s is th e m a in p ro b le m . O rig in : Tro p ic a l a n d S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: E re c t, h e rb a c e o u s p e re n n ia l to 2 m h ig h w ith N o tru e ste m s. S te m s a re a c o lle c tio n o f tig h tly fu rle d le a f b a se s. L e a v e s: D a rk g re e n to m u lti c o lo u re d a n d strip e d , la rg e (6 0 x 2 5 c m ), a rra n g e d alternately o n ste m s. F lo w e rs: Tu b u la r fl o w e rs (y e llo w s o ra n g e s, re d s a n d p in k s) fo rm e d in asymmetrical c lu ste rs. Spring-Autumn. F ru it: B la c k , g lo b u la r se e d s 5 -7 m m lo n g b o rn e in c a p su le , a n d sp re a d b y b ird s. R o o ts: E x te n siv e , fl e sh y rh iz o m e fo rm e d underground. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d rh iz o m e s sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y, c u t a n d p a in t. P la n ts

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B u lb o u s 54 B u lb o u s Ta ro is a sta p le fo o d so u rc e o f th e P a c ifi c E le p h a n ts e a rs / Ta ro Isla n d s a n d is a lso v e r y p o p u la r th ro u g h o u t m a n y p a r ts o f A sia . T h e tu b e r c a n su b stitu te C o lo c a sia e sc u le n ta p o ta to in a lm o st a n y d ish , b a k e d , b o ile d o r m a d e in to c h ip s.

Fa m ily : A ra c e a e O rig in : S.E. A sia , H a w a ii, a n d th e P a c ifi c Isla n d s S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (P o iso n o u s P la n t) H a b it: E re c t, rhizomatous tu b e ro u s, e v e rg re e n p e re n n ia l h e rb to 1 .5 m h ig h . L e a v e s: H e a r t sh a p e d , d a rk g re e n le a v e s to 6 0 c m lo n g prominently v e in e d . S te m & le a f c o lo u r v a rie s d e p e n d in g o n v a rie ty o f p la n t. F lo w e rs: P a le Ye llo w sp ik e e n c lo se d b y a g re e n ish y e llo w h o o d lik e sp a th e . F lo w e rs Winter-Summer. F ru it: S m a ll b e rr y, g re e n o r y e llo w m a tu rin g to o ra n g e 5 -1 0 m m lo n g c o n ta in in g a b o u t 4 yellow-brown se e d s. R o o ts: F le sh y tu b e ro u s rh iz o m e . D isp e rsa l: R o o ts, tu b e rs a n d se e d is sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y, c u t a n d p a in t. P la n ts

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B u lb o u s 55 B u lb o u s Fishbone fern O n c e a p o p u la r b a sk e t a n d ro c k e r y p la n t d u e to its a b ility to w ith sta n d lo w lig h t a n d n e g le c t. A Nephrolepis cordifolia lo c a l n a tiv e o n th e fa r n o r th c o a st o f NSW a n d L o rd H o w e Isla n d , th is p la n t h a s b e c o m e w e e d y fro m S y d n e y to th e m id n o r th c o a st o f NSW.

Fa m ily : Davalliaceae O rig in : N o r th E a ste rn A u stra lia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: Terrestrial fe rn th a t fo rm s d e n se c lu m p s o f u p rig h t, a rc h in g fro n d s th a t re se m b le fi sh b o n e s w ith e re c t rh iz o m e a n d sle n d e r sto lo n s. L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d fro n d s w ith o p p o site o r a lte rn a te le a fl e ts, o fte n o v e r la p p in g a t b a se , to 1 m . L e a fl e ts to 6 c m lo n g . F lo w e rs: N il. F ru it: S p o re s c a rrie d in ro u n d , b ro w n c lu ste rs (so ri) th a t fo rm in tw o ro w s o n u n d e rsid e o f fro n d . R o o ts: E re c t, b ra n c h in g rh iz o m e s a b o v e o r b e lo w g ro u n d le v e l, w ith w ir y sto lo n s b e a rin g ro u n d e d , h a ir y tu b e rs. D isp e rsa l: S p o re s c a rrie d b y w a te r, w in d a n d contaminated so il (ty re s, e a r th w o rk s, p e o p le ’s sh o e s, g re e n w a ste d u m p in g ). Problematic in a n y d a m p , sh a d y a re a s, w h e re it w ill c o m p le te ly d o m in a te g ro u n d c o v e r la y e r. C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y. S im ila r lo c a l n a tiv e sp e c ie s: R a sp F e rn Doodia aspera & S ic k le F e rn Pellaea falcata . P la n ts

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B u lb o u s 56 B u lb o u s A lso k n o w n a s Ta iw a n L ily, th is p la n t is ra p id ly F o rm o sa lily b e c o m in g a naturalised w e e d in m a n y sta te s o f A u stra lia in fe stin g ro a d sid e s, d istu rb e d a re a s, L iliu m fo rm o sa n u m w a ste la n d s a n d e v e n b u sh la n d . Fa m ily : L ilia c e a e O rig in : A sia (Ta iw a n ) S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: D e c id u o u s p e re n n ia l h e rb w ith a n n u a l fl o w e rin g sta lk s 1 -2 m lo n g .

L e a v e s: M id to d a rk g re e n , e lo n g a te d , lin e a r, se ssile le a v e s a re a rra n g e d sp ira lly o r w h irle d a lo n g th e ste m s. F lo w e rs: L a rg e tru m p e t sh a p e d h ig h ly fra g ra n t fl o w e rs, p u re w h ite o n th e in sid e , p in k o r purple/brown strip e s o n th e o u tsid e b e a rin g p ro m in e n t y e llo w a n th e rs. S u m m e r. F ru it: C o p io u s p a p e r y w in g e d se e d s b o rn e in a la rg e c a p su le . R o o ts: Underground b u lb w ith n u m e ro u s fl e sh y sc a le s (resembling g a rlic ).

D isp e rsa l: S e e d s, b u lb s a n d b u lb sc a le s sp re a d b y w a te r, w in d , h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt. H a n d d ig , e n su rin g a ll sc a le s a re re m o v e d . B e st d o n e b e fo re fl o w e rin g. E x te n siv e fo llo w -u p re q u ire d . R e m o v e a n d b a g se e d h e a d s (capsules). F o lia r sp ra y s in e ff e c tiv e . P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 57 B u lb o u s Ginger lily L a rg e , sp re a d in g p la n t out-competes n a tiv e s Hedychium gardnerianum fo r lig h t a n d m o istu re in m o st h a b ita ts. H e a v y a n d d iffi c u lt to re m o v e fro m th e b u sh ..

Fa m ily : Zingiberaceae O rig in : H im a la y a s S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: R o b u st p e re n ia l h e rb 2 -3 m h ig h w ith c re e p in g underground ste m s (rh iz o m e s) u p to 1 m lo n g . L e a v e s: A b o u t4 0 c m lo n g a n d 1 5 c m w id e . Alternately a rra n g e d a n d la n c e - d h a p e d w ith lo n g p o in te d tip s..

F lo w e rs: Ye llo w w ith re d fi la m e n ts a n d v e r y fra g ra n t, in sp ik e -lik e c lu ste rs, su m m e r to a u tu m n .. F ru it: P ro d u c e s la rg e a m o u n ts o f se e d . R o o ts: L a r fe fl e sh y rh iz o m e s fo rm in g d e n se la y e rs u p to 1 m th ic k . . D isp e rsa l: G in g e r lily is m o stly d isp e rse d b y se e d , sp re a d m a in ly b y b ird s, b u t o th e r a n im a ls a s w e ll. O n c e established, p la n ts c a n e x p a n d vegetatively b y rh iz o m e s. H o w e v e r, n e w p la n ts c a n a lso d e v e lo p fro m sm a ll p ie c e s o f rh iz o m e , w h ic h m a y b e sp re a d b y th e d u m p in g o f g a rd e n w a ste .. C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt. P h y sic a l re m o v a l o f a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d /o r h e rb ic id e application. P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 58 B u lb o u s T h is p re tty b u lb in v a d e s b u sh la n d , ro a d sid e s M o n t b r e t ia stre a m s b a n k s a n d e v e n g a rd e n s. T h e y to le ra te fu ll su n , m o ist a re a s, fro st, sh a d y a n d Crocosmia x crocosmiiflora w in d y conditions. Ta k e s o v e r a n d d isp la c e s in d ig e n o u s g ra sse s a n d g ro u n d c o v e rs.

Fa m ily : Irid a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: E re c t d e c id u o u s p e re n n ia l h e rb to 0 .9 m . L e a v e s: B a sa l lin e a r stra p lik e fl a t le a v e s a ro u n d 3 0 -8 0 c m lo n g a n d 1 -2 c m w id e d ie d o w n in a u tu m n a fte r p ro d u c in g its se e d s, a n d re a p p e a r in S p rin g . F lo w e rs: O ra n g e y e llo w tu b u la r fl o w e rs a re fo rm e d so lita r y in sp ik e in fl o re sc e n c e s o n sh o r t w isp y u n b ra n c h e d ste m s d u rin g S u m m e r. F ru it: P ro d u c e s la rg e a m o u n ts o f se e d . R o o ts: G lo b u la r c o rm s liv e a n d p ro d u c e p la n ts fo r tw o y e a rs o r m o re , a n d n e w c o rm s a re fo rm e d a n n u a lly, lo n g rh iz o m e s a re a lso p ro d u c e d , e a c h o f w h ic h g ro w s in to a n e w p la n t. D isp e rsa l: R o o ts, rh iz o m e s, c o rm s a n d se e d sp re a d b y h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt. H a n d d ig , e n su rin g a ll c o rm s a re re m o v e d . E x te n siv e fo llo w -u p re q u ire d . F o lia r sp ra y w ith p e n e tra n t w h e n fl o w e rin g . P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 59 B u lb o u s M o th e r o f m illio n s O fte n c o n fu se d w ith th e A u stra lia n n a tiv e C h ristm a s B e lls, th is m a t fo rm in g p la n t w ill g ro w Bryophyllum sp p . u n d e r th e p o o re st o f c o n d itio n s in a re a s su c h a s a c ra c k in a ro c k , g ra v e l o n th e sid e o f a ro a d o r o n c liff fa c e s, sa n d d u n e s a n d p a stu re s. Fa m ily : Crassulaceae O rig in : Madagascar, S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (Ve r y Poisonoust) H a b it: E re c t, sm o o th fl e sh y su c c u le n t ste m s to 2 m , w ith g re e n -p in k g re y ste m s. L e a v e s: L e a v e s v a r y d e p e n d in g o n th e sp e c ie s, b u t a ll a re su c c u le n t e ith e r cylindrical o r b o a t sh a p e d a n d h a v e m a n y sm a ll te e th o n th e le a f tip o r m a rg in s th a t p ro d u c e n e w p la n tle ts (vegetative reproduction). F lo w e rs: P ro d u c e d in a c lu ste r a t th e tip o f lo n g ste m s. F lo w e rs a re d ro o p in g , bell-shaped, o ra n g e -re d to sc a rle t, 4 -lo b e d to 2 -3 c m lo n g . F lo w e rs m a in ly Winter-Spring. F ru it: D r y c a p su le , p ro d u c in g h u n d re d s o f tin y b la c k se e d s. P ro lifi c se e d e r. R o o ts: W e a k fi b ro u s ro o ts fo rm fro m a ll v e g e ta tiv e p a r ts. D isp e rsa l: M a in m e th o d o f reproduction is v e g e ta tiv e w h e re b y ste m fra g m e n ts re -ro o t. H u m a n a c tiv itie s su c h a s mowing/slashing a n d g re e n w a ste d u m p in g a re th e c o m m o n m e th o d o f v e g e ta tiv e sp re a d . S e e d s a re sp re a d b y w a te r a n d contaminated so il. C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt. H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site . F o lia r sp ra y. B. x h o u g h to n ii B. d e la g o e n se P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 60 B u lb o u s T h is sp e c ie s is b e c o m in g w id e ly naturalised in th e c o a sta l d istric ts o f Peruvian lily / Christmas so u th e rn a n d e a ste rn A u stra lia . Alstroemeria psittacina Alstroemeria pulchella

Fa m ily : Alstroemeriaceae O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (sk in Irrita n t) H a b it: A n e re c t, lo n g ste m m e d p e re n n ia l lily to 1 m h ig h , w ith sp ra y s o f re d a n d g re e n sp o tte d fl o w e rs fro m c lu ste rs o f tu b e rs. L e a v e s: P a le g re e n , a lte rn a te , spoon-shaped, 3 -1 0 c m lo n g , 1 0 -3 5 m m w id e w ith a lo n g , n a rro w , b a se , a ro u n d e d tip a n d e n tire m a rg in , tw iste d o n th e p e tio le s so th a t th e u n d e rsid e s fa c e u p P e tio le 1 -6 c m lo n g . F lo w e rs: S o lita r y o r b o rn e in u m b e ls. P e ria n th re d a n d g re e n , sp o tte d b la c k . S u m m e r fl o w e rin g . F ru it: G lo b e sh a p e d , th re e v a lv e d c a p su le w ith p ro m in e n t rib s, 1 0 -1 5 m m d ia m e te r. R e d d ish b ro w n se e d s 2 .5 -3 m m d ia m e te r. R o o ts: F ib ro u s ro o ts fo rm in g rh iz o m e s a n d tu b e rs. D isp e rsa l: R h iz o m e s, tu b e rs a n d se e d a re sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . P o ssib ly a lso sp re a d b y a n im a ls a n d b ird s. C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt. H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g g in g a ll p la n t p a r ts a n d re m o v in g fro m site , c u t a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y w ith h e rb ic id e a n d p e n e tra n t.

Ja m e s G a ith e r P la n ts

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& &

B u lb o u s 61 B u lb o u s S p a n ish b a y o n e t C o m m o n ly cultivated, th is g a rd e n e sc a p e e is fo u n d o n ro a d sid e s a n d sa n d d u n e s o f th e M id N o r th Yu c c a a lo ifo lia C o a st. Ve r y d iffi c u lt to c o n tro l d u e to sp in y n a tu re Yu c c a sp p . o f p la n t c re a tin g impenetrable th ic k e ts.

Fa m ily : A g a v a c e a e O rig in : N o r th & C e n tra l A m e ric a a n d th e W e st In d ie s S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: E v e rg re e n , herbaceous, slo w g ro w in g p e re n n ia l sh ru b o r sm a ll tre e , fo rm in g la rg e sp in y ro se tte s o f le a v e s. O fte n fre e ly b ra n c h e d . L e a v e s: D e p e n d in g o n sp e c ie s. Green-bluish g re y fl e sh y, lin e a r to n a rro w - lanceolate, 0 .3 -1 m lo n g , 2 -5 c m w id e , a p e x a c u te w ith te rm in a l sp in e 1 0 -2 0 m m lo n g , m a rg in s fi n e ly to o th e d , su r fa c e s g la b ro u s. F lo w e rs: C re a m y w h ite , m u lti fl o w e re d p a n ic le 1 -3 m lo n g . F ru it: O b lo n g p u rp lish c a p su le , 6 -8 c m lo n g , indehiscent (d o e sn ’t o p e n o n its o w n a c c o rd a t m a tu rity ); se e d s b la c k . R o o ts: L a rg e , d e n se a n d fl e sh y. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d v e g e ta tiv e reproduction w h e re ste m se g m e n ts a n d le a f ro se tte s ta k e ro o t. S p re a d b y h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d o r m e c h a n ic a l re m o v a l, c u t a n d p a in t, d rillin g , fo lia r sp ra y. A ll p la n t p a r ts sh o u ld b e re m o v e d fro m site . P la n ts

S u c c u le n t S u c c u le n t

& &

B u lb o u s 62 B u lb o u s W a t s o n ia O n c e w id e ly, p la n te d a s a n ornamental. Watsonia meriana ‘bulbillifera’ M a jo r environmental w e e d o f d istu rb e d b u sh la n d a n d ro a d sid e s, particularly n e a r w a te r. S e rio u s w e e d in NSW. Fa m ily : Irid a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: E re c t p e re n n ia l h e rb to 2 m . L e a v e s: B a sa l linear/Sword-shaped le a v e s u p to 0 .6 m lo n g w ith d istin c t m id rib a re a rra n g e d in a fa n -lik e fo rm a tio n . A b o v e g ro u n d p a r ts d ie b a c k to underground c o rm e a c h a u tu m n . F lo w e rs: C u r v e d tru m p e t sh a p e d sa lm o n p in k to O ra n g e re d fl o w e rs fo rm e d so lita r y in sp ik e in fl o re sc e n c e s o n ta ll re d d ish u n b ra n c h e d ste m s. Spring-Summer. F ru it: N o se e d se t, b u t sm a ll b u lb ils a re p ro d u c e d in c lu ste rs o f u p to 1 6 a lo n g th e ste m b e lo w th e fl o w e rs. R o o ts: G lo b u la r c o rm . 1 -3 n e w c o rm s p ro d u c e d e a c h g ro w in g se a so n . D isp e rsa l: R o o ts, b u lb ils a n d c o rm s sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: D iffi c u lt. H a n d p u ll/d ig , e n su rin g a ll c o rm s a re re m o v e d . E x te n siv e fo llo w -u p re q u ire d . R e m o v e a n d b a g a ll b u lb ils. F o lia r sp ra y s a v a ila b le .

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W id e ly c u ltiv a te d a s a g a rd e n o rn a m e n ta l Bamboo - Rhizomatous o r fo r p riv a c y. Rhizomatous b a m b o o s a lm o st in v a ria b ly e sc a p e c u ltv a tio n a n d Phyllostachys spp. in v a d e n a tu ra l a re a s o r im p a c t o n o th e rs a n d o w n e rs. Fa m ily : P o a c e a e O rig in : C h in a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: A lo n g -liv e d b a m b o o w ith e re c t ste m s u su a lly g ro w in g 2 -8 m ta ll, b u t occasionally h ig h e r. O fte n fo rm s d e n se sta n d s fro m c re e p in g underground rh iz o m e s th a t fo rm su c k e rs e m e rg in g in to n e w c a n e s. L e a v e s: S te m le a v e s la n c e o la te to narrow-lanceolate, b e n t d o w n w a rd , so m e tim e s w rin k le d , q u ic k ly d y in g a w a y. F o lia g e le a f b la d e s lanceolate, u su a lly 5 -1 5 c m lo n g , 6 -2 2 m m w id e , c o v e re d w ith d e n se so ft-h a irs o r a lm o st h a irle ss. F lo w e rs: R a re ly p ro d u c e d in A u stra lia . F ru it: S e e d s ra re ly p ro d u c e d in A u stra lia . R o o ts: R o b u st, c re e p in g a b o v e a n d b e lo w g ro u n d rh iz o m e s. D isp e rsa l: M a in ly b y rh iz o m e c re e p fro m d e lib e ra te p la n tin g s, contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . R a re ly if e v e r g ro w s fro m se e d . C o n tro l: C u t a n d p a in t in d iv id u a l ste m s. A n o ff la b e l p e rm it e x ists fo r fo lia r sp ra y in g w ith specialised herbicides, b y professional w e e d m a n a g e rs, in c e r ta in situations. S te m s o f Phyllostachys spp . h a v e a p ro m in e n t g ro o v e , c a lle d a su lc u s, th a t ru n s a lo n g th e le n g th o f e a c h se g m e n t. T h is fe a tu re m a k e s th e m o n e o f th e m o st e a sily id e n tifi a b le g e n e ra o f b a m b o o .

Phyllostachys a u re a 65 G ra sse s C rim so n fo u n ta in g ra ss / A v e r y p o p u la r la n d sc a p e g ra ss, it is n o w S w a m p fo x ta il g ra ss a n o ff e n c e to se ll, p ro p a g a te o r k n o w in g ly d istrib u te C e n c h ru s se ta c e u s. C e n c h ru s se ta c e u s / C e n c h ru s purpurascens

Fa m ily : P o a c e a e O rig in : A fric a , E a ste rn A u stra lia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d s H a b it: Tu fte d o r clump-forming p e re n n ia l g ra ss to 1 m . L e a v e s: T h in le a th e r y, a rc h in g le a v e s to 8 0 c m lo n g , w ith p ro m in e n t v e in s. F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e sp ik e -lik e a n d fe a th e r y, p u rp lish , a t th e e n d o f lo n g c a n e s. F lo w e rin g tim e : Summer-Winter. P. se ta c e u m -se e d h e a d s to 3 0 c m lo n g , P. alopecuroides, se e d h e a d s to 8 c m lo n g . S e e d : B o th sp e c ie s stro n g ly se lf-se e d . S o m e n e w v a rie tie s a re c la im e d to h a v e lo w se e d v ia b ility. R o o ts: F ib ro u s a n d sh a llo w . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, w in d , h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: In b u sh la n d situations: H a n d d ig (b a g se e d h e a d s), fo lia r sp ra y. In th e g a rd e n : c u t fl o w e r h e a d s b e fo re se e d in g , b a g a n d d isp o se o f b y d e e p b u ria l a t a w a ste m a n a g e m e n t c e n tre .

U se d extensively in th e Landscaping in d u str y, fo r its eye-catching se e d h e a d s. B a n n e d in NZ. P u rp le F o u n ta in G ra ss, is c o n sid e re d to b e le ss w e e d y a n d a b le to b e so ld if la b e le d c o rre c tly a s C e n c h ru s a d v e n a ‘R u b ru m ’

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67 G ra sse s L irio p e / L ily tu r f A v e r y p o p u la r g a rd e n p la n t th a t is u se d extensively in landscaping fo r its h a rd in e ss in e x tre m e conditions. It L irio p e sp p . is ju st sta r tin g to b e c o m e a p ro b le m a t P o r t M a c q u a rie e sp e c ia lly L. sp ic a ta in sh a d e d rip a ria n a re a s.

Fa m ily : Asparagaceae O rig in : E a st A sia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: C lu m p fo rm in g a n d sp re a d in g , g ra ss lik e p e re n n ia l lily. L e a v e s: G lo ssy d a rk g re e n , n a rro w stra p lik e , d e n se lin e a r fo lia g e fro m 2 0 - 5 0 c m lo n g a n d th e n re c u r v e s to w a rd th e g ro u n d to fo rm ro u n d e d c lu m p s. F lo w e rs: S p ik e s o f sm a ll p u rp le , v io le t o r w h ite fl o w e rs rise fro m th e c e n te r o f c lu m p s. F ru it: B la c k , p e a siz e d b e rrie s, e a c h c o n ta in in g o n e se e d . R o o ts: D e n se , fi b ro u s ro o t m a ss. S o m e sp e c ie s d e v e lo p fl e sh y tu b e rs. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, b ird s a n d h u m a n s v ia contaminated so il a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . S p re a d lo c a lly b y se e d fa llin g fro m p la n t a n d rh iz o m e s. C o n tro l: In b u sh la n d situations: H a n d d ig (b a g se e d h e a d s), fo lia r sp ra y. In th e g a rd e n : c u t fl o w e r h e a d s b e fo re se e d in g , b a g a n d d isp o se o f b y d e e p b u ria l a t a w a ste m a n a g e m e n t c e n tre . A c tiv e m a n a g e m e n t is n e c e ssa r y in a ll g a rd e n situ a tio n s to p re v e n t th is p la n t fro m d e g ra d in g b u sh la n d a n d rip a ria n a re a s.

68 G ra sse s

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69 G ra sse s Pampas grass A v e r y p o p u la r g a rd e n p la n t in th e 1 9 6 0 s a n d ‘7 0 s, P a m p a s Cortaderia jubata (P in k p a m p a s g ra ss) g ra ss is p o p u la r a s a w e d d in g Cortaderia selloana (P a m p a s g ra ss) b a c k d ro p p la n t. Fa m ily : P o a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a a n d N e w Z e a la n d S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - CONTAINMENT H a b it: L a rg e , lo n g liv e d p e re n n ia l tu sso c k fo rm in g o rn a m e n ta l g ra ss to 4 .5 m ta ll. L e a v e s: L ig h t g re e n , u p to 2 m lo n g a n d fi n e ly ta p e rin g w ith p ro m in e n t m id rib a n d sh a rp e d g e s th a t w ill c u t th e sk in . A rim o f h a irs (to 3 m m lo n g ) a t le a f b a se (lig u le ). F lo w e rs: L a rg e fe a th e r y h e a d s o n ste m s to 3 m ta ll. White-biege (C. se llo a n a ), o r p in k -m a u v e (C. ju b a ta ). U p to 5 0 p lu m e s fo rm e d o n o n e m a tu re p la n t. B o th sin g le se x a n d b ise x u a l p la n ts e x ist. Summer-Winter. S e e d : S m a ll (2 m m ), short-lived, u p to 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 se e d s se t p e r p lu m e . R o o ts: S tro n g fi b ro u s ro o t w ith rh iz o m e s c a p a b le o f re-shooting. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, w in d , h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: C ro w n in g , sla sh a n d h a n d d ig w ith m a tto c k , fo lia r sp ra y. B a g a ll se e d h e a d s.

C o r ta d e ria se llo a n a C o r ta d e ria se llo a n a

70 G ra sse s A n aggressive, p e re n n ia l g ra ss a lm o st c o n sta n tly in P a n ic v e ld tg ra s se e d , E h rh a r ta sp re a d s ra p id ly e x c lu d in g m a n y sm a ll n a tiv e g ro u n d c o v e r sp e c ie s. E h rh a r ta e re c ta S im ila r N a tiv e S p e c ie s: W e e p in g M e a d o w G ra ss (Microlaena stipoides). Fa m ily : P o a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: V ig o ro u s, shade-tolerant, rhizomatous a n d lo o se ly tu fte d p e re n n ia l g ra ss, th a t w ill out-compete n a tiv e g ro u n d c o v e rs in n e a rly a ll so il conditions. L e a v e s: B rig h t g re e n , fl a t le a f b la d e w ith so ft h a irs o n su r fa c e , to 5 -2 0 c m lo n g , 2 -1 0 m m w id e , S te m s ro u n d e d , p ro m in e n t m id -v e in o n th e u n d e rsid e o f le a f. F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e s b o rn e o n ste m s, 1 0 -8 0 c m lo n g a n d g ro w a t a n y tim e d u rin g th e y e a r. T h e ste m c a n b e u p rig h t o r c u r v e d , o fte n b ra n c h e d n e a r th e b a se a n d so m e tim e s tin g e d re d . S e e d : P ro fu se a n d ra p id p ro d u c tio n o f 3 m m lo n g a n d oval-shaped, sh in y se e d s. T h e y ra n g e fro m im m a tu re g re e n to a b le a c h e d , d r y appearance. S e e d in g o c c u rs e v e r y 6 w e e k s a n d v ia b ility a p p ro a c h e s 1 0 0 % . R o o ts: R e la tiv e ly w e a k a n d fi b ro u s, e a sily re m o v e d b y h a n d . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (m a in ly b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , b a g a ll se e d h e a d s. F o lia r sp ra y. Information Information

G e n e ra l G e n e ra l

7171 G ra sse s S h ru b s

S h ru b s a re w o o d y p la n ts th a t fo rm sin g le o r m o re c o m m o n ly multi-stemmed b u sh e s. T h e y c a n ra n g e in siz e fro m 0 .5 m -3 m a n d a re q u ite o fte n th o rn y p la n ts th a t c a n fo rm impenetrable th ic k e ts a n d /o r h a v e c o lo u r fu l, su c c u le n t b e rrie s th a t b e c o m e b ird a n d a n im a l “lo llie s”. S o m e sh ru b s fo rm sc ra m b le rs th a t, w ith th e su p p o r t o f la rg e r tre e s c a n g ro w ta lle r (e .g . L a n ta n a , B ito u b u sh ).

M o st o f th e sh ru b w e e d s a re e sc a p e d g a rd e n p la n ts a n d th e m a in p ro b le m a rise s fro m th e irresponsible d u m p in g o f g a rd e n w a ste in b u sh la n d a n d re se r v e s o r in a d e q u a te g a rd e n maintenance a llo w in g p la n ts to se e d a n d sp re a d to n e a rb y a re a s v ia w in d a n d w a te r o r in th e d ro p p in g s o f fa u n a th a t h a v e e a te n th e m . E sc a p e d in v a siv e g a rd e n p la n ts a re th e b ig g e st so u rc e o f agricultural a n d environmental w e e d s, a n d ju st o n e e sc a p e d in v a siv e g a rd e n p la n t - L a n ta n a - n o w d e g ra d e s o v e r 4 m illio n h e c ta re s o f Australia’s environment.

L a n ta n a fa c t: F irst re c o rd o f L a n ta n a c a m a ra in A u stra lia w a s in 1 8 4 1 in th e o ld A d e la id e B o ta n ic G a rd e n s. It w a s fi rst re c o rd e d in cultivation in NSW in 1 8 4 3 n e a r S y d n e y. T h e sp e c ie s q u ic k ly sp re a d n o r th w a rd a n d w a s re c o rd e d a s naturalised in th e 1 8 5 0 s, in B risb a n e in 1 8 6 1 , a n d in th e H a stin g s a n d C la re n c e c a tc h m e n ts o f NSW in th e la te 1 8 6 0 s. In 1 8 9 5 it w a s liste d a s o n e o f th e te n w o rst w e e d s in NSW a n d c u rre n tly it h a s e a rn e d its S ta tu s a s a W e e d o f N a tio n a l S ig n ifi c a n c e, o n e o f th e tw e n ty w o rst w e e d s in A u stra lia . T h e m a in w e e d sp e c ie s a re fe a tu re d o n th e ir o w n p a g e s b u t b e lo w is a list o f :- O th e r problematic sh ru b s:

C o m m o n N a m e : Botanical N a m e B u tte r fl y B u sh : Buddleja davidii / Buddleja madagascariensis C a sto r O il P la n t: Ricinus communis C ro fto n W e e d : Ageratina adenophora Elderberry: Sambucus nigra G o rse : Ulex europaeus (W o N S ) G ro u n d se l B u sh : Baccharis halimifolia H a w th o rn s: Crataegus spp. Information

M im o sa : Mimosa pigra (W o N S ) M im o sa B u sh : Vachellia farnesiana Narrow-leaved C o tto n B u sh : Gomphocarpus fruticosus O ra n g e Je ssa m in e : Murraya paniculata (se e d g ro w n sp e c ie s) Oleander: Nerium oleander (sin g le fl o w e rin g sp e c ie s) S p a n ish H e a th : Erica lusitanica GS h e ru n e b ra s l 72 G e n e ra l 1 2 P la n te d in e a ste rn A u stra lia b e tw e e n B ito u b u sh / B o n e se e d

1 9 4 6 -1 9 6 8 to sta b ilise d u n e s a fte r 1 sa n d m in in g . It su r v iv e s a w id e ra n g e Chrysanthemoides m o n ilife ra ssp . ro tu n d a ta o f h a b ita ts, fro m e x p o se d c o a sta l Chrysanthemoides m o n ilife ra ssp . m o n ilife ra 2 d u n e s to sh a d e d fo re sts. Fa m ily : A ste ra c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d s - CONTAINMENT1 & ERRADICATION2 (W o N S ) H a b it: A sp ra w lin g w o o d y e v e rg re e n sh ru b s to 2 -3 m (w ill g ro w m u c h h ig h e r if su p p o r te d b y ta lle r vegetation). L e a v e s: S im p le , a lte rn a te , practically h a irle ss e x c e p t fo r a c o tto n y d o w n o n y o u n g le a v e s. B ito u B u sh 1 : o b o v a te to broad-obovate o r b ro a d - e llip tic 3 -8 c m lo n g a n d 1 .5 -5 c m w id e , u su a lly sm o o th e d g e d o r irregularly to o th e d . B o n e se e d 2 : o b o v a te to e llip tic ta p e rin g a t th e b a se 2 -9 c m lo n g a n d 1 .5 -5 c m w id e v e r y c o a rse ly to o th e d a n d h a v e p o in te d tip s. F lo w e rs: B rig h t le m o n y e llo w d a isy lik e fl o w e r 2 .5 -3 c m in d ia m e te r, c lu ste re d a t th e e n d s o f b ra n c h e s fo r m u c h o f th e y e a r. M a in fl o w e rin g p e rio d A u tu m n . B ito u B u sh 1 : 5 -1 3 p e ta ls. B o n e se e d 2 : 4 -8 p e ta ls. F ru it: F le sh y g re e n b e rrie s 5 -7 m m in d ia m e te r th a t tu rn b la c k o n rip e n in g . T h e b e rrie s a re p ro d u c e d in c lu ste rs fo rm e d a t th e e n d s o f b ra n c h e s. E a c h b e rr y c o n ta in s o n e se e d . B ito u B u sh 1 : o b o v o id to e llip so id , b la c k se e d . B o n e se e d 2 : g lo b o se to subglobose, w h ite se e d . R o o ts: G e n e ra lly sh a llo w in y o u n g p la n ts, b e c o m in g e x te n siv e w ith a g e . O n d u n e s, ro o ts b e c o m e d e e p d u e to c o n sta n t sa n d accruement. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig ju v e n ile p la n ts, c u t a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y a d u lt p la n ts. S h ru b s

B ito u B u sh B ito u B u sh

73 Winter senna 1 , Popcorn senna 2 , Smooth senna 3 Senna pendula var. glabrata 1 ; S. didymobotrya 2 ; S.septemtrionalis 3 A sim ila r sp e c ie s, S e n n a a c c lin is is a th re a te n e d n a tiv e p la n t o n Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e th e M id N o r th C o a st o f NSW. O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a 1 ; A fric a 2 ; M e x ic o 3 S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d s D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig ju v e n ile p la n ts, c u t a n d p a in t, sc ra p e a n d p a in t, b a sa l b a rk o r fo lia r sp ra y a d u lt p la n ts.

W in te r se n n a 1 : M e d iu m siz e d a t 2 -4 m ta ll. L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d , 3 -6 p a irs o f o b o v a te le a fl e ts w ith ro u n d e d tip s, 2 0 -5 0 m m lo n g ; 1 0 -2 0 m m w id e w ith p ro m in e n t y e llo w ish c o lo u re d m a rg in s. F lo w e rs: B rig h t y e llo w , to 3 c m b o rn e in a b u n d a n c e in lo o se c lu ste rs. S e e d p o d s: R e la tiv e ly stra ig h t, h a irle ss a n d a lm o st cylindrical, occasionally w ith o n e o r m o re constrictions, 1 0 -2 0 c m lo n g ; 8 -1 2 m m d ia m e te r.

P o p c o rn se n n a 2 : M e d iu m siz e d a t 2 -3 m ta ll. L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d w ith 7 -1 5 p a irs o f o b lo n g ish , o p p o site le a fl e ts, p u b e sc e n t underneath, 1 5 -6 0 m m lo n g ; 6 -2 0 m m w id e . F lo w e rs: B rig h t y e llo w w ith d a rk p e rsiste n t u p p e r b ra c ts, b o rn e in e re c t, sp ik e - lik e c lu ste rs 1 0 -4 0 c m lo n g c a rrie d w e ll a b o v e th e le a v e s. S e e d p o d s: o b lo n g , fl a t, 7 -1 0 c m lo n g , 1 5 -2 0 m m w id e , glabrescent d e p re sse d b e tw e e n th e se e d s.

S m o o th se n n a 3 : M e d iu m siz e d a t 1 -3 m ta ll. L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d , 3 -5 p a irs o f o v a te , o p p o site le a fl e ts w ith p o in te d tip s, 4 5 - 7 0 m m lo n g ; 1 5 -3 5 m m w id e . F lo w e rs: B rig h t y e llo w , to 3 c m b o rn e in lo o se e lo n g a te d c lu ste rs. S e e d p o d s: S tra ig h t, h a irle ss a n d a lm o st cylindrical 7 -8 c m lo n g 1 0 -1 5 m m d ia m e te r.

S e n n a p e n d u la v a r. g la b ra ta S e n n a p e n d u la v a r. g la b ra ta

74 S h ru b s S e n n a didymobotrya S e n n a didymobotrya

S e n n a septemtrionalis

S e n n a p e n d u la v a r. g la b ra ta

75 S h ru b s Coral berry A c o m m o n in d o o r p la n t d u e to it lo w lig h t requirements, A rd isia h a s Ardisia crenata e sc a p e d cultivation a n d is re c o rd e d a s b e in g w e e d y fro m th e Mullumbimby a re a to S y d n e y. Fa m ily : Myrsinaceae O rig in : NE In d ia , C h in a to Ja p a n S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: E v e rg re e n , c o m p a c t sh ru b 1 -2 m h ig h w ith a b u sh y h e a d . L e a v e s: D a rk g lo ssy g re e n a b o v e , p a le r a n d d u ll b e lo w , e llip tic to slig h tly oblanceolate, 5 -1 2 c m lo n g , 1 .5 -3 .5 c m w id e ; m a rg in s se rra te d a n d c rin k le d . F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e is a m a n y -fl o w e re d, u m b e l. F lo w e rs ra th e r inconspicuous, w h ite a n d sta rr y, p e ta ls 4 m m lo n g . S u m m e r - A u tu m n . F ru it: S c a rle t re d g lo b o se b e rr y, 5 -8 m m d ia m . L o n g la stin g u su a lly p e rsistin g th ro u g h W in te r. R o o ts: S h a llo w a n d fi b ro u s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y.

76 S h ru b s A t le a st n in e sp e c ie s o f Cotoneaster h a v e Cotoneaster naturalised in A u stra lia . T h e re a re n u m e ro u s n a tiv e alternatives a v a ila b le w h ic h w ill Cotoneaster sp p . a ttra c t b ird s to th e g a rd e n . Fa m ily : M a la c e a e (o fte n in c lu d e d in R o sa c e a e ) O rig in : C h in a , A sia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: E v e rg re e n sh ru b o r sm a ll tre e to 4 m h ig h u su a lly w ith a rc h in g b ra n c h e s. L e a v e s: Va r y in g w ith sp e c ie s b u t, u su a lly e llip tic to o v a te 1 .5 -4 c m w id e , g re e n a b o v e p a le r o r silv e r y b e lo w . Yo u n g g ro w th o fte n w o o lly. F lo w e rs: W h ite c lu ste rs. E a c h fl o w e r a b o u t 8 m m w id e , 5-petalled. F lo w e r sta lk d e n se ly h a ir y. S p rin g a n d su m m e r. F ru it: R e d fl e sh y fru it (p o m e ) 6 -1 0 m m lo n g , a lm o st globe-shaped. C o n ta in in g 2 y e llo w ish , fl a tte n e d se e d s. R o o ts: Substantial w o o d y ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (m a in ly b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . T h e m a in p ro b le m is th a t p e o p le p la n t Cotoneaster to a ttra c t b ird s to th e g a rd e n . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig ju v e n ile p la n ts. C u t a n d p a in t o r sc ra p e a n d p a in t m a tu re p la n ts.

Cotoneaster fra n c h e tii

Cotoneaster p a n n o su s Cotoneaster glaucophyllus

77 S h ru b s F ir e t h o r n F ire th o rn se e d s n e e d to b e c h ille d (stra tifi e d) b e fo re th e y w ill g e rm in a te so th e y m a y Pyracantha spp. b e c o m e m o re o f a p ro b le m in c o o le r c lim a te a re a s su c h a s B u la h d e la h to Gloucester. Fa m ily : M a la c e a e (o fte n in c lu d e d in R o sa c e a e ) O rig in : S o u th e rn E u ro p e to W e ste rn A sia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: S c ra p p y, la rg e , e v e rg re e n sh ru b 3 -6 m h ig h a n d 3 .5 m w id e a rm e d w ith sh a rp th o rn s a t th e e n d s o f th e a rc h in g b ra n c h e s. L e a v e s: Va r y in g w ith sp e c ie s b u t u su a lly d a rk , g lo ssy g re e n , o v a te to la n c e sh a p e d to 3 .5 c m lo n g so m e tim e s w ith a to o th e d m a rg in . F lo w e rs: C lu ste rs o f sm a ll w h ite fl o w e rs a p p e a r a s c o r y m b s u p to 5 c m a c ro ss in sp rin g in m a sse s. F ru it: Va r y in g w ith sp e c ie s. G re e n , ro u n d fl a tte n e d b e rrie s 0 .6 c m in d ia m e te r rip e n to sh a d e s o f re d , o ra n g e , o r y e llo w in A u tu m n / W in te r. R o o ts: Substantial w o o d y ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (m a in ly b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . T h e m a in p ro b le m is th a t p e o p le p la n t F ire th o rn to a ttra c t b ird s to th e g a rd e n . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig ju v e n ile p la n ts. C u t a n d p a in t o r sc ra p e a n d p a in t m a tu re p la n ts.

78 S h ru b s A c o m m o n ly c u ltiv a te d g a rd e n p la n t Indian hawthorn e sp e c ia lly in c o a sta l a re a s d u e to its a b ility to to le ra te d ro u g h t c o n d itio n s a n d Rhaphiolepis indica sa lt la d e n w in d s. L e ss w e e d y o r ste rile c u ltiv a rs m a y b e a v a ila b le .

Fa m ily : M a la c e a e O rig in : A sia , e sp e c ia lly In d ia a n d so u th e rn C h in a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: D ro u g h t h a rd y, sa lt to le ra n t e v e rg re e n , lo w g ro w in g , sp re a d in g sh ru b to 1 -1 .5 m h ig h . L e a v e s: D a rk g re e n o n to p , p a le r b e lo w ; th ic k , le a th e r y, se rra te d , o v a te to e llip tic o r o b o v a te , 3 -7 c m lo n g , 5 -3 0 m m w id e , p u b e sc e n t o r h a ir y a t fi rst, sh a rp ly to o th e d . F lo w e rs: P a n ic le o f sta r sh a p e d fl o w e rs 1 0 m m d ia m . P e ta ls a re w h ite o r p in k , w ith fi v e p e ta ls, a n d m a y b e lig h tly fra g ra n t. F ru it: B lu e -b la c k p o m e fru its e a c h c o n ta in in g 1 o r 2 se e d s. R o o ts: E x te n siv e la te ra l, w o o d y a n d re la tiv e ly d e e p . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y a n im a ls (m a in ly b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig , c u t a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y.

79 S h ru b s L a n ta n a G a rd e n v a rie tie s w h ile ‘ste rile ’, m a y c ro ss p o llin a te w ild v a rie tie s a n d Lantana camara (C o m m o n ) a lte r th e g e n e p o o l h a m p e rin g Lantana montevidensis (S p re a d in g ) b io lo g ic a l c o n tro l e ff o r ts. Fa m ily : Verbenaceae O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION (W o N S ) (v e r y p o iso n o u s, so m e ty p e s a re m o re to x ic th a n o th e rs) H a b it: A n e v e rg re e n , p ric k ly, sq u a re ste m m e d , sc ra m b lin g w o o d y th ic k e t fo rm in g sh ru b 2 -4 m h ig h . W ill c lim b to 1 0 m if su p p o r te d . L e a v e s: P a le to m id g re e n , o v a te , a rra n g e d in o p p o site p a irs, ro u g h ly h a ir y, fi n e ly to o th e d m a rg in s a n d h ig h ly sc e n te d . F lo w e rs: R o u n d e d h e a d s to 3 c m w id e o f n u m e ro u s sm a ll tube-shaped fl o w e rs o f v a rio u s c o lo u rs in c lu d in g p in k , re d , y e llo w , o ra n g e a n d w h ite p ro d u c e d a ll y e a r. C o m m o n Lantana-usually m u lti c o lo u re d combinations; S p re a d in g Lantana-usually so lid c o lo u rs. F ru it: C lu ste rs o f su c c u le n t g re e n b e rrie s rip e n in g b la c k to 5 m m w id e , e a c h c o n ta in in g o n e se e d . R o o ts: E x te n siv e la te ra l, w o o d y a n d re la tiv e ly sh a llo w . W ill re -sh o o t fro m a n y ro o t sto c k le ft in th e g ro u n d . D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n & se e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (m a in ly b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig ju v e n ile p la n ts. C u t a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y.

L a n ta n a montevidensis L a n ta n a c a m a ra

L a n ta n a c a m a ra (P in k ) L a n ta n a c a m a ra (R e d )

80 S h ru b s Mickey Mouse plant O c h n a h a s naturalised in b u sh la n d th ro u g h o u t G re a te r S y d n e y, a s Ochna serrulata th e c o p io u s su p p ly o f se e d s fro m su b u rb a n g a rd e n s is re a d ily a v a ila b le to fo ra g in g b ird s. Fa m ily : O c h n a c e a e O rig in : S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: A d e n se e v e rg re e n sh ru b 2 -4 m h ig h w ith ro u g h ste m s. B a rk h a s n u m e ro u s le n tic e ls (c o rk y sp o ts) p ro tru d in g o u tw a rd ly. L e a v e s: Alternately a rra n g e d o b lo n g to la n c e o la te le a v e s to 6 c m lo n g , g lo ssy g re e n o n b o th su r fa c e s, slig h tly p a le r b e lo w . L e a f m a rg in s fi n e ly se rra te d a n d o fte n w a v y, n e w g ro w th is reddish-brown in c o lo u r. F lo w e rs: Ye llo w w ith 5 p e ta ls in Spring-Summer. G re e n c a ly x tu rn s re d a fte r p e ta ls d ro p a n d fru it m a tu re s. F ru it: S u c c u le n t g re e n b e rrie s to 8 m m a c ro ss, in c lu ste rs o f 4 -6 . R ip e n to b la c k in S u m m e r. E a c h b e rr y c o n ta in s a sin g le se e d . R o o ts: S tro n g ta p -ro o t fo rm e d , w ith characteristic k in k th a t re n d e rs it susceptible to b re a k in g . W ill re sh o o t fo rm a n y ro o t sto c k le ft in g ro u n d . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig ju v e n ile p la n ts. S c ra p e a n d p a in t. *Ve r y h a rd to k ill.

81 S h ru b s Pigeon berry / Golden dewdrop T h is w e e d h a s b e c o m e Duranta erecta cultivars naturalised in so m e a re a s. It re q u ire s a c tiv e m a n a g e m e n t in a ll g a rd e n s. Fa m ily : Verbenaceae O rig in : W e st In d ie s, C e n tra l a n d S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (Ve r y P o iso n o u s P la n t) H a b it: A stra g g ly e v e rg re e n sh ru b 1 -5 m h ig h w ith d ro o p in g b ra n c h e s a n d sh a rp sp in e s. L e a v e s: T h e o v a te le a v e s a re 2 .5 -7 .6 c m lo n g a n d a rra n g e d o n th e ste m in p a irs o p p o site e a c h o th e r, o r in w h o rls o f th re e . F lo w e rs: S h o w y in fl o re sc e n c e s b lo o m a lm o st a ll y e a r lo n g in te rm in a l o r la te ra l ra c e m e s u p to 1 5 c m lo n g . T h e in d iv id u a l fl o w e rs a re tu b u la r w ith fi v e p e ta ls, w h ite , lig h t b lu e , v io le t o r p u rp le , a n d sp re a d o u t a t th e m o u th a b o u t 1 c m a c ro ss. F ru it: S p h e ric a l y e llo w b e rr y to 1 .5 c m in d ia m e te r b o rn e in sh o w y h a n g in g b u n c h e s. R o o ts: Substantial ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (m a in ly b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig . C u t a n d p a in t o r sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y.

D u ra n a ta ‘sh e e n a s G o ld ’

D u ra n a ta ‘G e ish a G irl’

82 S h ru b s In tro d u c e d to A u stra lia in th e 1 8 0 0 s a s a n ornamental. S c o tc h b ro o m A m a jo r w o o d y w e e d o f te m p e ra te a re a s, e sp e c ia lly th e B a rrin g to n To p s, NSW. T h e re a re o th e r h y b rid s a n d sp e c ie s C y tisu s sc o p a riu s w ith d iff e re n t c o lo u re d fl o w e rs th a t m a y a lso naturalise. Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e O rig in : N a tiv e to E u ro p e S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - CONTAINMENT (WoNS)(Very P o iso n o u s) H a b it: L a rg e , E re c t, p e re n n ia l, w o o d y, semi-deciduous sh ru b to 4 m ta ll. L e a v e s: S p a rse , tin y g re y -g re e n le a v e s w ith th re e le a fl e ts; o ld e r p la n ts m a y b e a lm o st le a fl e ss. F lo w e rs: N u m e ro u s y e llo w , P e a -lik e , 1 .5 -2 .5 c m lo n g la te w in te r to su m m e r.

F ru it: S e e d p o d s 2 -7 c m lo n g a n d a b o u t 1 c m w id e c o n ta in in g u p to 2 2 se e d s p e r p o d b u t o fte n le ss. S e e d g re e n ish to b ro w n . S e e d s a re re le a se d explosively fro m rip e p o d s. R o o ts: E x te n siv e w ith a sto u t ta p ro o t a n d la te ra ls th a t su c k e r re a d ily. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . S e e d p o d s c a n e je c t se e d s u p to 4 m fro m th e p la n t. C o n tro l: H a n d p u ll/d ig . C u t a n d p a in t o r sc ra p e a n d p a in t, fo lia r sp ra y.

M a rk Tu ll M a rk Tu ll

83 S h ru b s Tre e s

T h e tre e w e e d s a re o fte n th e m o st o b v io u s, sim p ly b y v ir tu e o f th e fa c t th a t th e y o c c u p y a la rg e a re a in a n e c o sy ste m . B e c a u se o f th e sh e e r siz e m a n y o f th e se p la n ts c a n a tta in , it m a k e s th e m o n e o f th e m o st c o stly a n d d iffi c u lt g ro u p o f p la n ts to tre a t o r re m o v e .

O liv e fa c t: Olea europaea a n d ssp . w a s a n e a rly introduction to A u stra lia a n d is n o w naturalised w id e ly th ro u g h o u t so u th e rn re g io n s, e sp e c ia lly S o u th A u stra lia . Its fru it a re re a d ily d isp e rse d b y b ird s a n d fo x e s. B e tw e e n 1 9 9 5 a n d 2 0 0 5 o v e r 7 m illio n tre e s w e re p la n te d a n d w ith e x p a n sio n o f p o p u la rity th e p o te n tia l fo r fu r th e r d isp e rsa l in to b u sh la n d h a s a lso in c re a se d . E u ro p e a n o liv e s a re w id e ly a v a ila b le fo r sa le in n u rse rie s. T h e o n ly p o ssib le re d u c tio n in its sp re a d d e p e n d s o n m o d e rn b re e d in g te c h n iq u e s w h ic h c o u ld p ro d u c e ra d ic a lly im p ro v e d c u ltiv a rs w ith ste rile se e d s a s w e ll a s su p e rio r fru it. Unfortunately th e in c e n tiv e fo r re se a rc h to a c h ie v e th is lie s a lm o st c e r ta in ly in th e p ro m ise o f h ig h e r o il y ie ld ra th e r th a n o n e o f re d u c e d w e e d p o te n tia l.

T h e A fric a n o liv e is c u rre n tly th e m a in sp e c ie s naturalised in NSW a n d , is still so ld in n u rse rie s. It h a s e sc a p e d fro m o rn a m e n ta l h e d g e s in h o m e g a rd e n s. T h e m a in w e e d sp e c ie s a re fe a tu re d o n th e ir o w n p a g e s b u t b e lo w is a list o f :- O th e r Problematic Tre e s: C o m m o n N a m e : Botanical N a m e A fric a n Tu lip Tre e : Spathodea campanulata A th e l P in e : Tamarix spp. (W o N S ) C a d a g h i G u m : Corymbia torelliana C e c ro p ia : Cecropia spp. C o ff e e: C o ff e a a ra b ic a Cootamundra W a ttle : Acacia baileyana Ic e C re a m B e a n : Inga edulis Ja c a ra n d a : Jacaranda mimosifolia L e u c a e n a : Leucaena leucocephala L o q u a t: Eriobotrya japonica M o u n t M o rg a n W a ttle : Acacia podalyriifolia N ig h t S c e n te d Ja sm in e : Cestrum nocturnum N o r fo lk Isla n d H ib isc u s: Lagunaria patersonia P a p e r m u lb e rr y : Broussonetia papyrifera P ric k ly A c a c ia : Acacia nilotica ssp. indica (W o N S ) P rin c e ss Tre e : Paulownia fortunei, P. tomentosa P o n d A p p le : Annona glabra (W o N S ) Ta g a sa ste : Chamaecytisus palmensis Tu n g O il Tre e : Vernicia fordii W illo w s: S a lix sp p . (W o N S )

84 Tre e s Brugmansia, D a tu ra a n d o th e r tropane-bearing Angels trumpet p la n ts a re potentially v e r y d a n g e ro u s a n d c a n c a u se se rio u s m e n ta l a n d p h y sic a l re a c tio n s o r B ru g m a n sia su a v e o le n s d e a th if c o n su m e d . B ru g m a n sia x c a n d id a (ra re ly naturalised) Fa m ily : S o la n a c e a e O rig in : T h e A n d ie s, N o r th e rn S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (Ve r y P o iso n o u s P la n t) H a b it: U n tid y, e v e rg re e n sh ru b o r sm a ll tre e to 4 .5 m h ig h , b ra n c h in g lo w fro m a sh o r t tru n k . L e a v e s: D u ll g re e n , o v a l, v e lv e ty le a v e s w ith w a v y m a rg in a re a rra n g e d alternately, b u t c o n fi n e d to th e b ra n c h tip s. F lo w e rs: L a rg e , w h ite , p a le v io le t, p a le o ra n g e o r p e a c h , h ig h ly n ig h t sc e n te d , p e n d u lo u s, tru m p e t sh a p e d fl o w e rs to 3 0 c m lo n g a re b o rn e in th e S u m m e r. F ru it: G re e n , e g g -sh a p e d to n a rro w ly o v a l b e rr y, u p to 2 0 c m lo n g c o n ta in in g m a n y se e d s 8 -1 2 c m a c ro ss. R o o ts: W o o d y, b ra n c h in g a n d re la tiv e ly sh a llo w . D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n & se e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s (d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t).

B ru g m a n sia x c a n d id a

B ru g m a n sia x c a n d id a B ru g m a n sia x c a n d id a

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B ro a d le a f p e p p e r tre e h a s b e e n in B ro a d le a f p e p p e r tre e cultivation in A u stra lia fo r a lm o st 1 5 0 y e a rs a n d is re c o rd e d in n u rse r y S c h in u s terebinthifolius c a ta lo g u e s in V ic to ria in th e m id 1 8 6 0 s. Fa m ily : Anacardiaceae O rig in : B ra z il, A rg e n tin a a n d P a ra g u a y S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: S m a ll tre e u p to 6 -1 0 m ta ll a n d 4 .5 m w id e b e a rin g a sh o r t tru n k w ith m u ltip le b ra n c h e s. D io e c io u s i.e . th e re a re se p a ra te m a le a n d fe m a le tre e s. L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d , p in n a te w ith 3 -9 le a fl e ts L e a fl e ts to 3 -8 c m lo n g , m id to d a rk g re e n , M a in ste m re d tin g e d , p e p p e r y a ro m a w h e n c ru sh e d .

F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e a p a n ic le . F lo w e rs sm a ll, 5 p e ta ls, c re a m to w h ite in c lu ste rs a t e n d s o f b ra n c h e s. Intermittent Spring-Autumn. F ru it: R o u n d d ru p e , g re e n rip e n in g to g lo ssy re d , a b o u t 0 .5 c m a c ro ss. R o o ts: S tro n g ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f c o p p ic in g a n d su c k e rin g . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l.

87 Tre e s Camphor laurel O n c e a c o m m o n p a rk a n d p a d d o c k sh a d e tre e , C a m p h o r Cinnamomum camphora la u re ls a re n o w extensively naturalised in m a n y a re a s o f NSW. Fa m ily : L a u ra c e a e O rig in : C h in a , Ja p a n , Ta iw a n , V ie tn a m a n d C h e ju -d o (K o re a ) S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: A la rg e , h a rd y e v e rg re e n sp re a d in g tre e 2 0 -3 0 m in h e ig h t. G re y - b ro w n , te x tu re d b a rk , b e c o m in g fi ssu re d w ith a g e . L e a v e s: L e a v e s 5 -1 1 c m lo n g , o v a te , g lo ssy o n u p p e r su r fa c e ; d u ll a n d c h a lk y o n lo w e r su r fa c e . 3 m a in v e in s a rise fro m p e tio le jo in t a t b a se o f le a f. S tro n g c a m p h o r sm e ll w h e n c ru sh e d . F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e a p a n ic le . F lo w e rs S m a ll, w h ite , p ro d u c e d in c lu ste rs in S p rin g . F ru it: G lo ssy g re e n sp h e ric a l b e rr y to 1 c m w id e , rip e n to b la c k in la te a u tu m n . E a c h b e rr y c o n ta in s o n e se e d . R o o ts: S tro n g ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f c o p p ic in g a n d su c k e rin g . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l. P la n te d in e a ste rn A u stra lia in 1 8 5 4 a s a sh a d e a n d stre e t tre e in sc h o o l y a rd s, playgrounds, cemeteries, p a rk s a n d agriculturally. It h a s naturalised fro m th e N o w ra re g io n to n o r th Queensland, in a re a s o f h ig h a n n u a l ra in fa ll.

88 Tre e s r l: tro n o C l: rsa e isp D ts: o o R rs: e w lo F s: e v a e L it: b a H s: tu ta S : in rig O : ily m Fa uit: ru F ur ied lise ra tu a N f o eas. a re a . .W .S N urvi e iv v r su

erways, y a w r te a w

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in een e re g obe-haped, d e p a -sh e b lo G eaf a le d n a e; te a v O ed re e v o c y b d n a H ) tc e ili ecton; n tio c je rill-in d r g n tro S d e e S nf es es c n e sc re o fl In s u o u id c e D l a c o L , a in h C e a e c a lm U plish rp u p

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89 Tre e s Chinese tallow tree / S till a p o p u la r p a rk a n d A u tu m n Chinese tallowood fo lia g e tre e , C h in e se Tallowood’s a re naturalised in m a n y a re a s o f NSW. Triadica sebifera T h e m ilk y sa p in b o th th e le a v e s a n d th e b e rrie s is p o iso n o u s to a n im a ls. Fa m ily : Euphorbiaceae O rig in : C h in a a n d Ja p a n S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (poisonous) H a b it: A h a rd y d e c id u o u s m e d iu m tre e to 7 m in h e ig h t. Grey-brown, te x tu re d b a rk , b e c o m in g fi ssu re d w ith a g e . L e a v e s: D ia m o n d sh a p e d , a b ru p tly p o in te d a t th e tip , sim p le , a lte rn a te a n d 5 -8 c m lo n g . In A u tu m n th e le a v e s tu rn b rillia n t sh a d e s o f sc a rle t, o ra n g e , y e llo w a n d m a ro o n . F lo w e rs: Ye llo w ish g re e n c a tk in s o n th e b ra n c h tip s p ro d u c e d in S p rin g . F ru it: Three-lobed c a p su le w ith o n e se e d in e a c h lo b e . S e e d s a re c o v e re d w ith v e g e ta b le ta llo w , a w h ite w a x y c o a tin g . R o o ts: S tro n g ta p ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f su c k e rin g . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l.

90 Tre e s C o m m o n ly cultivated, b e c o m in g w id e ly C o c k sp u r c o ra l tre e naturalised, e sp e c ia lly in c o a sta l d istric ts a lo n g d ra in s & stre a m s. C o u n c il re c o m m e n d s E r y th rin a crista-galli th e re m o v a l o f th is sp e c ie s. Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e O rig in : B ra z il, B o liv ia , P a ra g u a y, A rg e n tin a a n d U ru g u a y S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: D e c id u o u s tre e to 5 -9 m ta k in g o n a g n a rle d a p p e a ra n c e w ith a g e , b a rk is c o v e re d w ith la rg e c u r v e d p ric k le s. L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d trifo lia te le a v e s w ith p ric k le s o n ste m s. F lo w e rs: Ve r y la rg e sp ik e s 3 0 -4 0 c m lo n g o f b rig h t sc a rle t o r c o ra l-re d p e a lik e b ird a ttra c tin g fl o w e rs in Spring-Summer. F ru it: L o n g g re e n p o d s a g e b ro w n a n d o p e n w ith a tw ist re v e a lin g la rg e , h a rd , b e a n lik e se e d s. R o o ts: Substantial ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f in v a d in g p lu m b in g p ip e s. W ill su c k e r fro m ro o t fra g m e n ts le ft in g ro u n d . B ra n c h e s sh o u ld n o t b e le ft o n th e g ro u n d a s th e y c a n re -g ro w in to n e w p la n ts. D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n & se e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. Ve r y d iffi c u lt to c o n tro l. H a s th e p o te n tia l to in v a d e n a tu ra l a re a s su c h a s hind-dunes, rainforests, w e tla n d s c re e k s, a n d saltmarshes.

91 Tre e s C o r a l t r e e G ro w s re a d ily fro m fa lle n b ra n c h e s, a n d w o o d c h ip s sh o u ld n o t b e u se d a s m u lc h u n le ss Erythrina x sykesii c o m p o ste d . H a s th e p o te n tia l to in v a d e n a tu ra l a re a s su c h a s hind-dunes, rainforests, w e tla n d s, c re e k s, a n d saltmarshes. Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e O rig in : U n c e r ta in S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: D e c id u o u s tre e 1 0 -1 5 m h ig h b y 1 5 -2 0 m w id e w ith a d e n se ro u n d e d c a n o p y, sh o r t sto u t tru c k a n d a sc e n d in g b ra n c h e s w ith sm o o th g re e n ish b a rk , a n d ro se lik e th o rn s. Ve r y b rittle b ra n c h e s a re sh e d w h e n w in d y. L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d ; tri-foliolate; le a fl e ts tria n g u la r to o b o v a te , 7 -2 0 c m lo n g , 7 -1 2 c m w id e m id g re e n . F lo w e rs: R a c e m e s u su a lly 8 -3 0 c m lo n g a n d e re c t b e a rin g u p to 3 0 -sc a rle t re d p e a lik e fl o w e rs. M o st o f y e a r b u t m a in ly W in te r - S p rin g . F ru it: N il. R o o ts: Substantial ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f in v a d in g p lu m b in g p ip e s. W ill su c k e r fro m ro o t fra g m e n ts le ft in g ro u n d . B ra n c h e s sh o u ld n o t b e le ft o n th e g ro u n d a s th e y c a n re -g ro w in to n e w p la n ts. D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n sp re a d b y w a te r a n d h u m a n s v ia g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g .

C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll sm a ll p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. Ve r y d iffi c u lt to c o n tro l.

92 Tre e s G o ld e n W re a th W a ttle se lf so w s a n d G o ld e n w re a th w a ttle su c k e rs fre e ly a n d sh o u ld n o t b e u se d fo r landscaping o r p la n tin g in a re a s A c a c ia sa lig n a n e a r b u sh la n d in th e e a ste rn sta te s. Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e O rig in : W e ste rn A u stra lia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: E re c t o r sp re a d in g tre e o r sh ru b 2 -8 m h ig h w ith w e e p in g n e w growth.life-span o f o n ly 1 0 -2 0 y e a rs. L e a v e s: S im p le , re la tiv e ly n a rro w , 7 -3 0 c m lo n g a n d 2 -2 0 m m w id e g re e n o r bluish-green in c o lo u r, e ith e r stra ig h t o r sickle-shaped. F lo w e rs: R o u n d , b rig h t o r g o ld e n y e llo w fl u ff y b a lls, b o rn e in sm a ll c lu ste rs 9 -1 2 m m a c ro ss th a t a re a rra n g e d in to la rg e r e lo n g a te d c o m p o u n d c lu ste rs o f 2 5 -5 5 fl o w e rs, o r ra re ly u p to 7 5 . Ju ly –S e p te m b e r. F ru it: P o d s a re fl a t, lo n g a n d n a rro w , stra ig h t to stro n g ly c u r v e d , a n d slig h tly constricted b e tw e e n se e d s, 5 -1 4 c m lo n g , 4 -6 m m w id e . R o o ts: Substantial ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f su c k e rin g . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (a n ts a n d b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . T h e lo n g -liv e d se e d s c a n re m a in d o rm a n t in th e so il fo r m o re th a n a d e c a d e . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Drill-injection; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t, b a sa l b a rk , fo lia r sp ra y.

93 Tre e s 94 Tre e s r l: tro n o C l: rsa e isp D ts: o o R it: ru F rs: e w lo F s: e v a e L it: b a H s: tu ta S : in rig O : ily m Fa m u r t s e c n e e r G tum qui u rq a p m stru e C

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In tro d u c e d a s a fo d d e r tre e a n d c u ltiv a te d a s a n ornamental. F o u n d in d e n se th ic k e ts Honey locust a lo n g watercourses o n th e c e n tra l & m id Gleditsia triacanthos n o r th c o a st, w e ste rn slo p e s a n d ta b le la n d s o f n o r th e rn NSW a n d in S.E. Queensland. Fa m ily : Fa b a c e a e O rig in : C e n tra l & E a ste rn N o r th A m e ric a S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION H a b it: S p re a d in g d e c id u o u s m e d iu m to la rg e tre e 1 5 m to 2 5 m , b e a rin g sin g le o r b ra n c h e d c lu ste rs o f la rg e sa v a g e th o rn s 2 -1 0 c m ’s lo n g . L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d , 1 5 -2 0 c m lo n g , u su a lly b ip in n a te w ith 2 -7 p a irs o f p in n a e a n d 1 2 -3 0 p in n u le s p e r p in n a e ; le a fl e ts e llip tic to o v a te , 1 0 - 3 5 m m lo n g , 5 -1 2 m m w id e , sp a rse ly to o th e d . F lo w e rs: F ra g ra n t, brownish-yellow p u b e sc e n t p e a -lik e fl o w e rs b o rn e in ra c e m e s 1 0 -1 5 c m lo n g in sp rin g a s le a v e s d e v e lo p o r a fte r le a v e s a p p e a r. F ru it: P o d slig h tly sic k le sh a p e d , 1 5 -4 0 c m lo n g , 3 -4 c m w id e , d a rk b ro w n n o t o p e n in g a t m a tu rity, c o n ta in in g 1 5 -2 5 h a rd b ro w n se e d s. R o o ts: S tro n g ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f c o p p ic in g a n d su c k e rin g w h e n d istu rb e d o r stre sse d . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. D iffi c u lt to c o n tro l.

G e o rg e W ise m a n te l

95 Tre e s O liv e s T h e m a in p ro b le m is th a t 1 p e o p le fa il to h a r v e st fru it, O le a e u ro p a e a ssp . c u sp id a ta - A fric a n O liv e le a v in g it fo r b ird s a n d O le a e u ro p a e a ssp . e u ro p a e a - E u ro p e a n O liv e 2 a n im a ls to e a t a n d sp re a d . Fa m ily : O le a c e a e O rig in : Mediterranean re g io n o f E u ro p e , P o r tu g a l, S o u th A fric a S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - ASSET PROTECTION1 H a b it: M u c h b ra n c h e d e v e rg re e n tre e 5 -1 5 m h ig h w ith d ro o p in g branchlets. T h in g re y ish b a rk c o v e re d b y p ro tru d in g le n tic e ls. L e a v e s: S im p le , n a rro w , o p p o site , lance-shaped, 5 -1 0 c m lo n g a n d u p to 2 c m w id e w ith p ro m in e n t m id rib , d a rk g re e n o n u p p e r su r fa c e ; A fric a n O liv e 1 - yellowish-brown o n lo w e r su r fa c e , o fte n w ith a h o o k e d tip . E u ro p e a n O liv e 2 - silvery-grey o n lo w e r su r fa c e , p o in te d tip . F lo w e rs: S m a ll w h ite to c re a m o r g re e n ish tu b u la r fl o w e rs fo rm in g in ra c e m e s a t b ra n c h tip s. Spring-Summer. F ru it: G re e n b e rrie s th a t rip e n to purplish-black in su m m e r. A fric a n O liv e 1 - ro u n d 1 -2 c m in d ia m e te r. E u ro p e a n O liv e 2 - o v a l sh a p e d 2 -5 c m lo n g . R o o ts: Substantial ta p ro o t th a t g iv e s rise to m a n y la te ra ls. W ill re -sh o o t fro m a n y ro o t sto c k le ft in g ro u n d . D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (fo x e s, ra ts & b ird s), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. Drill-injection; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t, b a sa l b a rk , fo lia r sp ra y. B a g a n d d isp o se o f a ll b e rrie s.

E u ro p e a n O liv e D r S te p h e n Jo h n so n

A fric a n o liv e Jo h n H o sk in g

96 Tre e s A d e c id u o u s sh ru b o r sm a ll tre e w ith b rig h t R h u s tre e re d le a v e s in a u tu m n . A ll p a r ts o f th e p la n t Toxicodendron succedaneum a re to x ic a n d c a n c a u se se v e re dermatitis. Fa m ily : Anacardiaceae O rig in : N o r th e rn P a k ista n to Ja p a n a n d so u th to In d o n e sia S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (v e r y p o iso n o u s - sk in irrita n t) H a b it: R h u s is a sm a ll, d e c id u o u s tre e 5 –8 m ta ll w ith sm o o th g re y b a rk . L e a v e s: T h e le a v e s a re d iv id e d in to 9 –1 5 le a fl e ts (m o stly 1 1 ) a rra n g e d in p a irs, fo rm in g a le a f fro n d 2 0 –3 5 c m lo n g . T h e le a fl e ts a re 4 –1 0 c m lo n g a n d 2 –3 c m w id e . T h e y a re b rig h t g re e n a b o v e a n d o fte n g re y ish b e n e a th b e c a u se o f a w a x y b lo o m o n th e le a f su r fa c e . In a u tu m n th e y c h a n g e to a b rillia n t re d b e fo re th e y fa ll. F lo w e rs: S m a ll creamy-white to y e llo w fl o w e rs o c c u r in la rg e c lu ste rs (8 –1 5 c m lo n g ) a m o n g th e n e w le a v e s in sp rin g a n d e a rly su m m e r. F ru it: T h e h a rd fru its a re 5 –1 1 m m in d ia m e te r, a n d p a le b ro w n w ith a p a p e r y sk in . R o o ts: D e v e lo p s e x te n siv e la te ra l ro o ts w h ic h a re a lso to x ic . D isp e rsa l: S c a tte re d p la n ts still o c c u r in d o m e stic g a rd e n s. B ird s e a t th e fru it a n d sp re a d th e se e d in th e ir d ro p p in g s, a n d m a n y th o u sa n d s o f se e d lin g s g e rm in a te in h o m e g a rd e n s, p u b lic a re a s a n d u rb a n b u sh la n d . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts. C u t d o w n o ld e r tre e s b a g a ll se e d s.

97 Tre e s Privet - large leaf W a s w id e ly c u ltiv a te d a s a h e d g e p la n t, n o w a w id e sp re a d w e e d o f c o a sta l Ligustrum lucidum b u sh la n d a n d w a ste la n d , e sp e c ia lly a lo n g stre a m s; a lso e x te n d in g to th e w e ste rn slo p e s o f NSW a n d a d ja c e n t a re a s in O ld . Fa m ily : O le a c e a e O rig in : C h in a , K o re a & Ja p a n S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (P o iso n o u s P la n t) H a b it: E v e rg re e n sh ru b o r sm a ll tre e to 1 2 m h ig h . L e a v e s: O v a te to e llip tic o r narrow-ovate, 4 -1 3 c m lo n g , 3 -5 c m w id e , d a rk g re e n a b o v e , p a le r b e lo w w ith e n tire m a rg in . F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e is a d e n se , p a n ic le 1 5 -2 5 c m lo n g . F lo w e rs fra g ra n t w ith 4 w h ite p e ta ls, e a c h 3 -5 m m lo n g ; S p rin g –S u m m e r. F ru it: B e rr y 6 -8 m m lo n g , purple-black a n d su c c u le n t w h e n rip e . S e e d s dark-brown, fi n e ly p itte d , a b o u t 5 m m lo n g . F ru its in a u tu m n a n d w in te r. R o o ts: Substantial ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f in v a d in g p lu m b in g p ip e s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (m a in ly Currawongs), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll sm a ll p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. R e la tiv e ly e a sy to c o n tro l.

98 Tre e s O fte n still c u ltiv a te d a s a h e d g e . W id e ly P riv e t - sm a ll le a f naturalised, e sp e c ia lly a lo n g fe n c e lin e s in c le a re d a re a s, w a ste la n d , stre a m b a n k s a n d L ig u stru m sin e n se m a rg in s o f rainforest.

Fa m ily : O le a c e a e O rig in : C h in a , H o n g K o n g , Ta iw a n , L a o s a n d V ie tn a m S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (P o iso n o u s P la n t) H a b it: E v e rg re e n to semi-deciduous (in c o o le r a re a s) sh ru b to sm a ll tre e 3 -5 m h ig h . L e a v e s: E llip tic to o v a te , m o stly 2 -5 c m lo n g , 1 .5 -2 .5 c m w id e . F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e is a d e n se , p a n ic le 5 –1 0 c m lo n g . F lo w e rs fra g ra n t w ith 4 w h ite p e ta ls e a c h 3 -5 m m lo n g w ith pink/purple p o lle n . L a te w in te r to sp rin g . F ru it: B e rr y o v o id 4 -7 m m lo n g , b la c k a n d su c c u le n t w h e n rip e ; se e d s 3 -4 m m lo n g . R o o ts: Substantial ta p a n d la te ra l ro o t sy ste m c a p a b le o f in v a d in g p lu m b in g p ip e s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls (m a in ly Currawongs), h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll sm a ll p la n ts. Va rio u s fo lia r sp ra y m e th o d s a lso d rillin je c tio n ; frillin g ; c u t a n d p a in t. R e la tiv e ly e a sy to c o n tro l.

99 Tre e s Tree of heaven A h a rd y p la n t w ith a d e e p ro o t sy ste m Ailanthus altissima w h ic h fo rm s d e n se th ic k e ts.

Fa m ily : Simaroubaceae O rig in : C h in a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d (m ild ly p o iso n o u s, sk in irrita n t) H a b it: R a p id ly g ro w in g d e c id u o u s su c k e rin g sh ru b o r tre e to 1 5 m w ith p a le g re y b a rk . L e a v e s: 9 -2 1 o p p o site p a irs o f stro n g ly v e in e d , o v a te le a fl e ts w ith a sm a lle r le a f a t th e tip . L e a fl e ts h a v e a conspicuous g la n d th a t p ro d u c e s a n u n p le a sa n t sm e ll w h e n c ru sh e d . F lo w e rs: M a le a n d fe m a le fl o w e rs a p p e a r in c lu ste rs o n se p a r te p la n ts in su m m e r. F ru it: S e e d s a re c o v e re d in a fl a tte n e d w in g , g re e n tu rn in g re d d ish . R o o ts: D e e p ta p ro o ts, a m a z e o f la te ra l ro o ts. D isp e rsa l: T h e se e d s a re m o stly sp re a d b y w in d a n d w a te r. T h e y c a n a lso b e d isp e rse d b y b ird s, m a c h in e r y, m o w e rs, a n d in d u m p e d g a rd e n w a ste . C o lo n ie s a lso sp re a d la te ra lly o v e r tim e , v ia th e ro o t C o n tro l: S c ra p e a n d p a in t ste m s. D rill tru n k s o f la rg e r sp e c im e n s.

P h o to : R o b G le e so n

100 Tre e s P o p u la r b e c a u se o f its m a g n ifi c e n t fl o ral d isp la y, Ye llo w b e lls Ye llo w B e lls is o n th e in c re a se o n ro a d sid e s a n d d istu rb e d b u sh la n d . E a sy to g ro w , th e y a re o fte n Te c o m a sta n s so ld a t lo c a l fe te s o r b a c k y a rd tra d e d . Fa m ily : Bignoniaceae O rig in : C e n tra l a n d S o u th A m e ric a . M e x ic o , P e ru a n d E q u a d o r S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: E v e rg re e n m a n y b ra n c h e d sh ru b o r sm a ll tre e 4 -7 m h ig h . L e a v e s: C o m p o u n d le a v e s to 8 -2 5 c m lo n g , c o m p rise d o f 5 -1 3 le a fl e ts. L e a fl e ts a re to o th e d a n d p o in te d , 2 .5 -1 0 c m lo n g a n d 8 -3 0 m m w id e .

F lo w e rs: L a rg e c lu ste rs o f sh o w y, b rig h t y e llo w trumpet-shaped fl o w e rs in Spring-Summer. F o rm e d a t th e b ra n c h tip s a n d fo rk s. F ru it: G re e n b e a n lik e se e d p o d s a g in g b ro w n , 1 0 -2 2 c m lo n g x 2 0 m m w id e p ro d u c e d fro m sp rin g to a u tu m n , e a c h c o n ta in in g n u m e ro u s w in g e d se e d s. R o o ts: Substantial ta p ro o t th a t g iv e s rise to m a n y la te ra ls. D isp e rsa l: S e e d sp re a d b y w a te r, w in d , h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t, c a r ty re s e tc ) a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d D ig ju v e n ile p la n ts. C u t a n d p a in t o r sc ra p e a n d p a in t. B a g a n d d isp o se o f a ll se e d p o d s.

101 Tre e s A q u a tic W e e d s A q u a tic w e e d s a re p la n ts th a t in v a d e watercourses, d a m s a n d w e tla n d s. T h e se w e e d s a re e x tre m e ly detrimental to th e a q u a tic environment, w h e re th e y c h o k e w a te r w a y s, a lte r o x y g e n le v e ls a n d re d u c e lig h t penetration.

M o st o f th e w a te r w e e d s h a v e o rig in a te d fro m b a c k y a rd fi sh p o n d s o r h o m e a q u a riu m s a n d h a v e b e e n accidentally re le a se d in to th e environment. T h e y h a v e b e e n fu r th e r sp re a d b y d e lib e ra te se e d in g o f w a te r w a y s b y b la c k m a rk e t p la n t tra d e rs a n d accidentally sp re a d b e tw e e n fa rm d a m s v ia fi sh, y a b b ie a n d e e l tra p s o r a s a contaminant w ith b a c k y a rd tra d e d w a te r lilie s.

W a te r w e e d s m a y b e sp re a d e ith e r b y v e g e ta tio n fro m p la n t fra g m e n ts a n d /o r b y se e d d e p e n d in g o n th e p la n t.

O n c e established w a te r w e e d s a re d iffi c u lt to e ra d ic a te a n d m a y re q u ire a combination o f c o n tro ls m e th o d s in c lu d in g c h e m ic a l, b io lo g ic a l tre a tm e n ts a s w e ll a s p h y sic a l o r m e c h a n ic a l re m o v a l. W a te r w e e d c o n tro l is tim e - c o n su m in g , e x p e n siv e w o rk a n d u su a lly re q u ire s m a n y fo llo w -u p se ssio n s.

T h e k e y to w a te r w e e d c o n tro l is e a rly d e te c tio n a n d to p re v e n t th e ir m o v e m e n t in to u n in fe ste d w a te r w a y s. If y o u th in k y o u m ig h t h a v e a n y o f th e fo llo w in g w a te r w e e d s, c o n ta c t C o u n c il’s W e e d s O ffi c er fo r e x p e r t id e n tifi c a tio n , a d v ic e a n d a ssista n c e in p re p a rin g a c o n tro l p la n .

T h e m a in w e e d sp e c ie s a re fe a tu re d o n th e ir o w n p a g e s b u t b e lo w is a list o f :-

O th e r Problematic A q u a tic P la n ts: C o m m o n N a m e : Botanical N a m e

A rro w h e a d : Sagittaria montevidensis (W o N S ) A n c h o re d W a te r H y a c in th : Eichhornia azurea B o g m o ss: M a ya c a fl u v ia tilis Cabomba: C a b o m b a sp p . E a st In d ia n Hygrophila: Hygrophila polysperma E lo d e a : Elodea canadensis E u ra sia n W a te r M ilfo il: Myriophyllum spicatum Frogbit: Limnobium laevigatum Horsetails: Equisetum spp . Hydrilla: Hydrilla verticillata (N a tiv e ) Hydrocotyl: Hydrocotyle ranunculoides Lagarosiphon: Lagarosiphon major P la n ts O liv e hymenachne: Hymenachne amplexicaulis P e ru v ia n Primrose: Ludwigia peruviana S m a r t w e e d : Persicaria spp . (N a tiv e s a n d e x o tic s) Spongeplant: Limnobium spongia W a te r C a ltro p : Trapa natans W a te r P rim ro se : Ludwigia peploides ssp. montevidensis (N a tiv e ) W a te r S o ld ie r: Stratiotes aloides Ye llo w Burrhead: L im n o c h a ris fl a va A q u a tic 102 A q u a tic T h is p la n t is o fte n c o n fu se d w ith o th e r A llig a to r w e e d sp e c ie s o f Alternanthera (Jo y w e e d s), W a te r P rim ro se (L u d w ig ia sp p .), o r Smartweeds, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Persicaria sp p .) D iffi c u lt to id e n tify in d e n se v e g e ta tio n a n d w h e n n o t in fl o w e r. Fa m ily : Amaranthaceae O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - CONTAINMENT (W o N S ) H a b it: P e re n n ia l w ith m o stly h a irle ss su r fa c e ste m s th a t ro o t a t th e n o d e s stoloniferous a n d underground ste m s p ro d u c in g sh o o ts & ro o ts (rhizomatous). C a n fo rm d e n se m a ts in o r o u t o f w a te r. L e a v e s & G lo ssy g re e n la n c e sh a p e d le a v e s a rra n g e d in o p p o site p a irs o n S te m s : h o llo w ste m s. Terrestrial p la n ts c a n h a v e re d d ish ste m s. F lo w e rs: W h ite , cylindrical to globe-shaped, p a p e r y, p o m -p o m lik e h e a d s o n sta lk s to 9 c m lo n g th a t a rise fro m th e le a f-ste m ju n c tio n . S u m m e r. F ru it: V ia b le se e d n o t re c o rd e d in A u stra lia . R o o ts: E x te n siv e underground ro o tin g sy ste m to 1 m d e e p . D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n sp re a d b y w a te r, h u m a n s, a n im a ls (liv e sto c k ), contaminated so il, e a r th m o v in g m a c h in e r y, b o a ts a n d tu r f, A lso sp re a d b y its m isg u id e d u se a s a c u lin a r y h e rb . C o n tro l: M e c h a n ic a l a n d m a n u a l re m o v a l, fo lia r sp ra y. C o n ta c t y o u r lo c a l w e e d o ffi c e r. O n e o f Australia’s w o rst a q u a tic w e e d th re a ts. A d a p te d to g ro w in g o n d a m p la n d , occasionally fl o o d e d la n d , in sh a llo w w a te r (ro o te d in th e substrate), a tta c h e d to th e b a n k (in d e e p w a te r) o r fre e fl o a tin g. W ill su r v iv e fo r a fe w d a y s in se a stre n g th sa lin ity a n d th riv e in 1 0 % se a stre n g th (3 ,5 0 0 m g /I) sa lin e w a te r. P la n ts

A q u a tic 103 A q u a tic H y g r o p h ila S o ld a s a n a q u a riu m p la n t. N o w a sig n ifi c a n t w a te r w e e d in n o r th e rn c o a sta l Hygrophila costata NSW a n d so u th e a ste rn Q ld w h e re it d isp la c e s m o st o th e r sp e c ie s in sh a llo w w a te r a n d neighbouring d a m p so il. Fa m ily : Acanthaceae O rig in : S o u th e rn M e x ic o to A rg e n tin a S ta tu s: L o c a l P rio rity W e e d H a b it: A q u a tic a n d semi-aquatic h e rb to 2 m h ig h . S te m s b lu n tly 4 a n g le d a n d h a irle ss to sh o r tly h a ir y, o fte n re d d ish . L e a v e s: O p p o site , la n c e o la te to e llip tic , 3 .5 –1 8 c m lo n g , 0 .5 –5 c m w id e , m a rg in s e n tire to u n d u la te . F lo w e rs: In fl o re sc e n c e o f 1 0 o r m o re fl o w e rs in a x illa r y w h o rls. W h ite , a b o u t 5 -1 0 m m lo n g a n d 1 .5 –3 m m w id e , p e ta ls jo in e d in a 2 -lip p e d tu b e , u p p e r lip sh o r tly 2 -lo b e d a n d h o o d e d , lo w e r lip 3 -lo b e d , w ith se p a ls jo in e d b e lo w h a lf w a y. F lo w e rs a ll y e a r. F ru it: Spindle-shaped c a p su le , 6 –8 m m lo n g , c o n ta in in g approximately 2 0 se e d s. S e e d s p a le b ro w n , ro u n d , fl a tte n e d, a b o u t 0 .3 m m w id e . R o o ts: D e n se fi b ro u s m a t, ro o tin g a t ste m n o d e s. D isp e rsa l: S e e d a n d fra g m e n ts sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, h u m a n s, contaminated so il (e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t e tc , d e lib e ra te p la n tin g fo r sa le o n th e b la c k m a rk e t) a n d p o n d o r a q u a riu m d u m p in g .

C o n tro l: M e c h a n ic a l a n d m a n u a l re m o v a l, fo lia r sp ra y. C o n ta c t y o u r lo c a l w e e d o ffi c e r. P la n ts

A q u a tic 104 A q u a tic Kidney-leaf m u d p la n ta in is p o p u la r a s Kidney-leaf m u d p la n ta in a n o rn a m e n ta l p o n d p la n t, a n d e sc a p e d p la n ts h a v e established to th re a te n lo c a l Heteranthera re n ifo rm is a q u a tic h a b ita ts. Fa m ily : Pontederiaceae O rig in : N o r th , C e n tra l a n d S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - ERADICATION H a b it: A sp ra w lin g a n n u a l o r p e re n n ia l p la n t, fo rm in g d e n se m a ts in o p e n sh a llo w w a te r b o d ie s, su c h a s w e tla n d s a n d c re e k s, threatening lo c a l fre sh w a te r a q u a tic h a b ita ts. L e a v e s: Kidney-shaped, b rig h t g re e n a n d g lo ssy, u p to 5 c m w id e a n d a rra n g e d alternately a lo n g th e ste m . T h e y a re a tta c h e d to a sta lk 2 -1 3 c m lo n g a n d a re e ith e r fl o a tin g o r e m e rg in g a b o v e th e w a te r. L e a v e s o f se e d lin g s a re v e r y n a rro w b ro a d e n in g w ith a g e . F lo w e rs: Ve r y sm a ll 3 -6 .5 m m ; v e r y sh o r t liv e d ; w ith six white-to-pale b lu e p e ta ls; 2 -8 fl o w e rs a p p e a r in sp ik e s 1 -9 c m lo n g . F ru it: C a p su le s 0 .5 -0 .9 m m lo n g a n d c o n ta in 8 -1 4 w in g e d se e d s. R o o ts: F o rm s d e n se fi b ro u s / fl e sh y m a ts a lo n g th e m u d a n d o n d a m p so il a t th e w a te r ’s e d g e . D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n a n d se e d sp re a d b y w a te r, a n im a ls, contaminated e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t a n d h u m a n s. Ve g e ta tiv e p a r ts w ill e sta b lish a n d a re sp re a d b y d u m p in g fro m o rn a m e n ta l p o n d s a n d a q u a riu m s in to w a te r w a y s. C o n tro l: M e c h a n ic a l a n d m a n u a l c o n tro ls, fo lia r sp ra y. C o n ta c t y o u r lo c a l w e e d o ffi c e r.

C h a rlie M ifsu d P la n ts

S u e H a y w o o d A q u a tic 105 A q u a tic Longleaf willow primrose In tro d u c e d to A u stra lia a s a g a rd e n Ludwigia longifolia o rn a m e n ta l a n d fi rst re c o rd e d a s naturalised n e a r S y d n e y in 1 9 9 1 . C a p a b le o f p ro d u c in g u p to 2 .5 m illio n se e d p e r p la n t a n d 1 0 Fa m ily : O n a g ra c e a e m illio n se e d s p e r sq u a re m e tre . O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a fro m B ra z il to A rg e n tin a S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - CONTAINMENT H a b it: Spring/Summer g ro w in g , w o o d y, p e re n n ia l, sin g le ste m m e d o r m u lti b ra n c h e d , e re c t, sh ru b ra n g in g fro m 0 .5 m to 2 .5 m ta ll. R e d , n a rro w , a n g u la r ste m s w ith u n u su a l w in g lik e characteristics. L e a v e s: S im p le , d a rk g re e n lin e a r to lanceolate/oblanceolate, u p to 1 5 c m lo n g a n d 2 .5 c m w id e , re d u c in g in siz e u p th e ste m . F lo w e rs: S o lita r y, 4 0 -5 0 m m a c ro ss w ith 4 y e llo w p e ta ls, prominently rib b e d , fo u n d in th e ju n c tio n o f le a v e s a n d ste m s. Summer-winter. F ru it: S h a rp ly 4 a n g le d , o b lo n g to n a rro w o b lo n g 1 0 -4 0 m m lo n g , 4 -8 m m w id e . U n rip e - g re e n to re d /g re e n w ith p ro m in e n t tria n g u la r se p a ls. R ip e - b ro w n , p a p e r y a n d d e sic c a te d e a c h c o n ta in in g a ro u n d 7 0 0 0 sawdust-like se e d s. R o o ts: S to u t ta p ro o t a n d d e n se la te ra l ro o ts. D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n a n d se e d sp re a d b y w a te r, w in d , a n im a ls, b ird s, h u m a n s, contaminated so il, e a r th m o v in g m a c h in e r y a n d g a rd e n re fu se d u m p in g . C o n tro l: H a n d d ig /p u ll ju v e n ile p la n ts a n d re m o v e a s ste m s re a d ily g ro w fro m c u ttin g s, S c ra p e a n d P a in t, fo lia r sp ra y. N o c h e m ic a ls a re re g iste re d fo r u se o n th is p la n t, b u t a n o ff la b e l p e rm it (7 3 4 4 ) is a v a ila b le fo r sp ra y in g b ia c tiv e Glyphosate. C o n ta c t y o u r lo c a l w e e d o ffi c e r. P la n ts

A q u a tic 106 A q u a tic W a n d e re r b u tte r fl ie s p o llin a te th e fl o w e rs Senegal tea plant a n d a re so m e tim e s u se d to id e n tify iso la te d infestations d u rin g th e fl o w e rin g p e rio d . Gymnocoronis spilanthoides S te m s a re h o llo w b e tw e e n th e n o d e s, a llo w in g th e p la n t to fl o a t o n w a te r. Fa m ily : A ste ra c e a e O rig in : Tro p ic a l a n d subtropical A m e ric a , fro m M e x ic o to A rg e n tin a . S ta tu s: R e g io n a l P rio rity W e e d - ERADICATION H a b it: P e re n n ia l p la n t g ro w in g in d e n se sta n d s o r a s ro u n d e d b u sh e s u p to 1 m h ig h , im p a c tin g o n a q u a tic environments. C a p a b le o f g ro w in g o v e r th e w a te r su r fa c e o r in w e t, b o g g y so ils. L e a v e s: S h in y dark-green; e llip tic to la n c e o la te o r o v a te , 4 -2 0 c m lo n g , 1 .5 -8 c m w id e , m a rg in s irregularly to o th e d . F lo w e rs: W h ite ; p o m p o m lik e ; 1 5 -2 0 m m in d ia m e te r o c c u r in g ro u p s a t th e e n d s o f ste m s. L a te S p rin g to e a rly A u tu m n . F ru it: A c h e n e , yellow-brown, 5 m m in d ia m e te r, a n d rib b e d . R o o ts: F ib ro u s, o fte n fo rm in g a t n o d e s a lo n g th e ste m s. D isp e rsa l: Ve g e ta tio n a n d se e d sp re a d b y w in d , w a te r, a n im a ls, contaminated e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t a n d h u m a n s. Ve g e ta tiv e p a r ts w ill e sta b lish a n d a re sp re a d b y d u m p in g fro m o rn a m e n ta l p o n d s a n d a q u a riu m s in to w a te r w a y s. C o n tro l: M e c h a n ic a l a n d m a n u a l re m o v a l, fo lia r sp ra y. C o n ta c t y o u r lo c a l w e e d o ffi c e r. P la n ts

G ra h a m P ritc h a rd R e b e c c a C o v e n tr y A q u a tic 107 A q u a tic W a te r h y a c in th A ttra c tiv e b u t troublesome p la n t th a t h a s sp re a d w o rld w id e , obstructing w a te r w a y s, re d u c in g E ic h h o rn ia c ra ssip e s fi sh production, h a rb o u rin g mosquitoes, a n d se v e re ly d isru p tin g life in so m e communities a lo n g riv e rs a n d la k e s. Fa m ily : Pontederiaceae O rig in : S o u th A m e ric a S ta tu s: S ta te P rio rity W e e d - CONTAINMENT (W o N S ) H a b it: A fre e -fl o a tin g fl e sh y p e re n n ia l w a te r w e e d to 6 5 c m ta ll th a t fo rm s d e n se ra ft o f v e g e ta tio n a c ro ss still o r slo w m o v in g fre sh w a te r b o d ie s. L e a v e s: G lo ssy, d a rk g re e n w a x y /fl e sh y, spoon-shaped le a v e s o n sw o lle n , b u lb o u s sta lk s. F lo w e rs: S h o w y c lu ste rs o f p a le blue/lavender sh o r t liv e d fl o w e rs o n a n u p rig h t sp ik e , w ith a b o tc h o f y e llo w a n d p u rp le o n u p p e r p e ta ls. Spring-Summer. F ru it: Ovate-oblong, rib b e d to 1 m m lo n g , re le a se d in to w a te r w h e n fl o w e r is sp e n t. M a y re m a in v ia b le fo r u p to 1 5 -2 0 y e a rs. R o o ts: To 1 m lo n g , fe a th e r y, b la c k to p u rp le , u su a lly sh o r te r if w a te r is n u trie n t ric h . D isp e rsa l: D a u g h te r p la n ts a re p ro d u c e d o n sto lo n s fro m m o th e r p la n t. Ve g e ta tio n a n d se e d sp re a d b y w in d , w a te r, a n im a ls, contaminated e a r th m o v in g e q u ip m e n t a n d h u m a n s. Ve g e ta tiv e p a r ts w ill e sta b lish a n d a re sp re a d b y d u m p in g fro m o rn a m e n ta l p o n d s a n d a q u a riu m s in to w a te r w a y s. C o n tro l: M e c h a n ic a l a n d m a n u a l re m o v a l, fo lia r sp ra y. C o n ta c t y o u r lo c a l w e e d o ffi c e r. P la n ts

A q u a tic 108 A q u a tic Bibliography a n d F u r th e r R e a d in g W e e d s A u stra lia n W e e d C o n tro l H a n d b o o k (1 0 th e d ’n ), J.M. P a rso n s & R.G. R ic h a rd so n (e d s.), In k a ta P re ss, 1 9 9 5 . W e e d C o n tro l H a n d b o o k , A g u id e to w e e d c o n tro l in n o n -c ro p , a q u a tic a n d b u sh la n d situ a tio n s (7 th e d itio n ) NSW DPI In v a siv e P la n ts & A n im a ls B ra n c h 2 0 1 8 . B u sh In v a d e rs o f S.E. A u stra lia , A. M u y t, RG & FJ R ic h a rd so n Publishing, 2 0 0 1 . E ffi c ie nt W e e d Management, P ro te c tin g y o u r in v e stm e n t in th e la n d , D a rre n B a y le y, NSW DPI, CB A le x a n d e r Agricultural C o lle g e , To c a l 2 0 0 1 . Identifying th e W e e d s A ro u n d Yo u , (2 n d e d ’n ) E.M. F e lfo ld i, In k a ta P re ss, 1 9 9 3 . N o x io u s W e e d s o f A u stra lia (re v ise d ) W.T.Parsons & E.G. Cuthbertson (e d s.), CSIRO Publishing, 2 0 0 1 . Waterplants in A u stra lia : A u stra lia n W a te r W e e d s, G.R. S a in ty & S.W.L. Ja c o b s, S a in ty & Associates, 1 9 9 2 . W e e d s: A n Illustrated B o ta n ic a l G u id e to th e W e e d s o f A u stra lia , B.A. A u ld & R.W. M e d d , In k a ta P re ss, 1 9 9 2 . G ra sse s o f th e N o r th C o a st o f NSW (2 n d e d ’n ); H a rr y R o se , C a ro l R o se a n d Ta c C a m p b e ll, NSW D e p a r tm e n t o f In d u str y a n d In v e stm e n t 2 0 1 0 . L e g u m e s a n d H e rb s o f th e N o r th C o a st o f NSW; H a rr y R o se , C a ro l R o se a n d Tre v o r R o se , NSW D e p a r tm e n t o f In d u str y a n d In v e stm e n t 2 0 0 9 . W e e d s o f th e S o u th -E a st – a n id e n tifi c a tio n g u id e fo r A u stra lia ; F.J. Richardson, R.G. R ic h a rd so n a n d R.C.H. S h e p h e rd 2 0 0 6 , R.G. a n d F.J. R ic h a rd so n publishing. Ju m p in g th e G a rd e n F e n c e : In v a siv e G a rd e n P la n ts in A u stra lia a n d th e ir environmental a n d agricultural im p a c ts. G ro v e s, R.H., B o d e n , R. & L o n sd a le , W.M. 2 0 0 5 . CSIRO re p o r t p re p a re d fo r WWF-Australia. N a tiv e F lo ra R e a d in g

A u stra lia n R a in fo re st P la n ts, Vo l 1 - 4 , N & H N ic h o lso n , Te ra n ia R a in fo re st Publishing, 2 0 0 4 . C lim b in g P la n ts In A u stra lia , D a v id L. Jo n e s & B ru c e G ra y, R e e d B o o k s P ty L td 1 9 8 8 . F ie ld G u id e to th e N a tiv e P la n ts o f S y d n e y, L. R o b in so n , K a n g a ro o P re ss, 2 0 0 3 . F u r th e r

F lo ra o f N e w S o u th W a le s, Vo ls. 1 - 4 , G. H a rd e n (e d ), NSW U n iv e rsity P re ss, 1 9 9 0 – 1 9 9 3 . W ild fl o w e rs o f th e N o r th C o a st o f NSW, B. K e m p , R e e d N e w H o lla n d , 2 0 0 4 . a n d K e y g u id e : A u stra lia n w ild fl o w e rs re v ise d e d itio n , L e o n a rd C ro n in , Envirobook. B u sh Regeneration P la n ts B rin g in g B a c k th e B u sh , Jo a n B ra d e ly. E d . b y J. L a rk in g , A. L e n n in g & J. W a lk e r, L a n sd o w n e P re ss, 1 9 9 7 . B u sh Regeneration, R.A. B u c h a n a n , NSW TAFE S tu d e n t L e a rn in g Publications, 1 9 9 1 . T h e N a tio n a l Tru st B u sh Regenerators’ H a n d b o o k (2 n d e d n .), N a tio n a l Tru st o f A u stra lia (NSW), 1 9 9 9 . A q u a tic A q u a tic 109 Bibliography P la n t M e In ste a d

T h e fo llo w in g list h a s b e e n d e v ise d to a ssist th e la n d m a n a g e r a n d h o m e g a rd e n e r w ith a se le c tio n o f in d ig e n o u s (lo c a l n a tiv e ) p la n ts. T h e se a re b u t a fe w o f a v e r y w id e ra n g e o f p la n ts su ita b le fo r th e M id N o r th C o a st o f NSW. C lic k o n th e p la n t n a m e fo r a lin k to v ie w p la n t in fl o ra o n lin e . (F o r L o rd H o w e Isla n d , c o n ta c t th e B o a rd fo r a list o f su ita b le sp e c ie s)

V in e s a n d S c ra m b le rs F e rn s & O rc h id s A u stra lia n W a x P la n t (H o y a a u stra lis) B ird s N e st F e rn (A sp le n iu m australasicum) B e a c h B e a n (C a n a v a lia ro se a ) B u n g w a h l F e rn (B le c h n u m in d ic u m ) C lim b in g G u in e a F lo w e r (H ib b e r tia sc a n d e n s) E lk h o rn (Platycerium bifurcatum) D e sm o d iu m (D e sm o d iu m rhytidophyllum) M a id e n H a ir F e rn (A d ia n tu m aethiopicum) D u sk y C o ra l P e a (K e n n e d ia ru b ic u n d a ) P in k R o c k O rc h id (Dendrobium k in g ia n u m ) F o re st C le m a tis (C le m a tis glycinoides) R a sp fe rn (D o o d ia a sp e ra ) L o v e C re e p e r (G ly c in e clandestina) R o c k L ily (Dendrobium sp e c io su m ) M ilk V in e (M a rsd e n ia ro stra ta ) R o u g h M a id e n H a ir F e rn (A d ia n tu m hispidulum) N a tiv e Passionfruit (P a ssifl o ra herbertiana) R o u g h Tre e F e rn (C y a th e a a u stra lis) O ld M a n ’s B e a rd (C le m a tis a rista ta ) S o ft Tre e F e rn (D ic k so n ia antarctica) P e a rl V in e (Sarcopetalum harveyanum) S ta g h o rn (Platycerium su p e rb u m ) P u rp le C o ra l P e a (Hardenbergia v io la c e a ) S c ra m b lin g L ily (Geitonoplesium c y m o su m ) G ro u n d c o v e rs, B u lb o u s S h in in g G ra p e (Tetrastigma n ite n s) & H e rb a c e o u s P la n ts S m a ll S u p p le ja c k R ip o g o n u m fawcettianum) A n e ile m a (A n e ile m a acuminatum) S n a k e V in e (S te p h a n ia ja p o n ic a ) B lu e F la x L ily (D ia n e lla c a e ru le a ) S tiff Ja sm in e (Ja sm in u m v o lu b ile ) B u sh L ily (Tripladenia cunninghamii) S w e e t M o rin d a (M o rin d a jasminoides) C h ristm a s B e lls (Blandfordia n o b ilis) W a te r V in e (C issu s antarctica) C o m m o n F rin g e L ily (Thysanotus tu b e ro su s) W a te r V in e (F iv e le a f ) (C issu s hypoglauca) C u n je v o i L ily (A lo c a sia brisbanensis) W o m b a t B e rr y (Eustrephus latifolius) C u t-L e a fe d D a isy (Brachyscome m u ltifi d a ) W o n g a V in e (P a n d o re a p a n d o ra n a ) Everlasting D a isy (Coronidium e la tu m ) F la n n e l F lo w e r (A c tin o tu s h e lia n th i) G ra sse s Fa n F lo w e r (S c a e v o la calendulacea) A u stra lia n R iv e r G ra ss (Potamophila parviflora) Iv y -L e a v e d V io le t (V io la h e d e ra c e a ) B a rb W ire G ra ss (Cymbopogon re fra c tu s) K id n e y W e e d (D ic h o n d ra re p e n s) G y m e a L ily (Doryanthes e x c e lsa ) N a tiv e B lu e b e ll (Wahlenbergia g ra c ilis) K a n g a ro o G ra ss (T h e m e d a tria n d ra ) Four-leaved P e p e ro m ia (P e p e ro m ia tetraphylla) In ste a d In ste a d

N a rro w L e a f P a lm L ily (C o rd y lin e stric ta ) P a ste l F lo w e r (Pseuderanthemum v a ria b ile ) S a w S e d g e (G a h n ia sp p .) P u rp le fl a g lily (Patersonia sp p .) M e M e

Spiny-headed M a t Rush(Lomandra longifolia) S a n d P ig fa c e (Carpobrotus glaucescens) S to u t B a m b o o G ra ss (Austrostipa ramosissima) S e ttle rs F la x (Gymnostachys a n c e p s) Tu sso c k G ra ss (P o a labillardierei) S w a m p L ily (C rin u m pedunculatum) M a t R u s h (L o m a n d ra h y strix ) Tu fte d B lu e L ily (Thelionema caespitosum) W e e p in g G ra ss (Microlaena stip o id e s) W o o lly F ro g m o u th (P h ily d ru m lanuginosum) P la n t 110 P la n t S h ru b s & S m a ll Tre e s B la c k S h e -O a k (Allocasuarina littoralis) A u stra lia n In d ig o (Indigofera a u stra lis) B lu e b e rr y A sh (Elaeocarpus reticulatus) B o o b ia lla (M y o p o ru m b o n in e n se su b sp . a u stra le ) B lu e L ily P illy (S y z y g iu m o le o su m ) B le e d in g H e a r t (Homalanthus populifolius) B ro a d -L e a f P a p e rb a rk (M e la le u c a quinquenervia) B ro a d -le a f W e d g e P e a (Gompholobium latifolium) B ru sh C h e rr y (S y z y g iu m a u stra le ) C o a sta l C a n th iu m (Cyclophyllum longipetalum) B ru sh B o x (Lophostemon c o n fe r tu s) C o ff e e B u sh (B re y n ia oblongifolia) C a b b a g e Tre e P a lm (L iv isto n a a u stra lis) C o a sta l B e a rd e d H e a th (Leucopogon parviflorus) C e le r y w o o d (P o ly sc ia s e le g a n s) C o a sta l R o se m a r y (Westringia fru tic o sa ) C h e e se Tre e (Glochidion ferdinandi) C o a sta l W a ttle (A c a c ia lo n g ifo lia ssp . so p h o ra e ) C h ristm a s B u sh (Ceratopetalum gummiferum) C u rra c a b a h (A c a c ia concurrens) C o a st B a n k sia (B a n k sia integrifolia) D o g R o se (B a u e ra microphylla) F la m e Tre e (Brachychiton acerifolia) E ld e rb e rr y P a n a x (P o ly sc ia s sambucifolia) G re y M y r tle (Backhousia myrtifolia) H a ir y Pittosporum (Pittosporum re v o lu tu m ) H a rd Q u a n d o n g (Elaeocarpus o b o v a tu s) H a irp in B a n k sia (B a n k sia sp in u lo sa ) L ily P illy (A c m e n a sm ith ii) H e a th B a n k sia (B a n k sia ericifolia) M a g e n ta L ily P illy (S y z y g iu m paniculatum) L e m o n S c e n te d Te a Tre e (Leptospermum petersonii) M o r to n B a y F ig (F ic u s macrophylla) M id g e n B e rr y (Austromyrtus d u lc is) N a tiv e C e ltis (C e ltis paniculata) N a tiv e F u c h sia (C o rre a re fl e x a) N a tiv e O liv e (O le a paniculata) N a tiv e G a rd e n ia (Atractocarpus benthamianus) N a tiv e F ra n g ip a n i (Hymenosporum fla v u m ) N a tiv e R o se lla (H ib isc u s heterophyllus) N a tiv e G u a v a (Rhodomyrtus psidioides) P in k D o u g h w o o d (M e lic o p e e lle r y a n a ) P lu m P in e (Podocarpus e la tu s) P in k H ib isc u s (H ib isc u s sp le n d e n s) P o r t Ja c k so n F ig (F ic u s rubiginosa) P u rp le P a p e rb a rk (M e la le u c a thymifolia) R e d A sh (Alphitonia e x c e lsa ) R ic e F lo w e r (Ozothamnus diosmifolius) R e d C e d a r (To o n a c ilia ta ) S le n d e r R ic e F lo w e r (P im e le a lin ifo lia ) R e d F o re st O a k (Allocasuarina to ru lo sa ) S h in in g B u rra w a n g (Lepidozamia peroffskyana) S a n d p a p e r F ig (F ic u s fra se ri) W h ite N a tiv e F u c h sia (C o rre a a lb a ) S a w B a n k sia (B a n k sia se rra ta ) Willow-Leaf H a k e a (H a k e a salicifolia) S m a ll-L e a f F ig (F ic u s o b liq u a ) Tu c k e ro o (Cupaniopsis anacardioides) L a rg e r Tre e s W a te r G u m (Tristaniopsis la u rin a ) B a n g a lo w P a lm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana) W e e p in g Bottlebrush (Callistemon v im in a lis) B la c k w o o d (A c a c ia melanoxylon) W illo w Bottlebrush (Callistemon sa lig n u s) W e e p in g L ily P illy (Waterhousea fl o rib u n d a ) K e y W e b site s T h e fo llo w in g w e b site s a re fu ll o f information o n w e e d s. M a n y w e re u se d a s a p o in t o f re fe re n c e fo r th e compilation o f th is b o o k le t. F lo ra O n lin e - http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/floraonline.htm In ste a d In ste a d

W e e d s A u stra lia - http://www.weeds.org.au/ W e e d W ise - https://weeds.dpi.nsw.gov.au M e M e

AABR - A u stra lia n Association o f B u sh Regenerators - http://www.aabr.org.au/ N u rse r y & G a rd e n In d u str y NSW & ACT - http://www.ngina.com.au/ S y d n e y W e e d s N e tw o rk - http://www.sydneyweeds.org.au P la n t 111 P la n t C e ltis sinensis 109 In d e x C e n c h ru s se ta c e u s 7 7 C e stru m p a rq u i 1 1 6 A c a c ia saligna 129 C h in e se Celtis 109 A fric a n O liv e 1 1 9 C h in e se Holly 110 A g a p a n th u s 5 5 C h in e se R a in Tre e 1 1 1 A llig a to r W e e d 1 3 3 C h in e se Tallowood 112 Alstroemeria p sitta c in a 7 2 C h in e se Violet 41 Alternanthera philoxeroides 1 3 3 Chlorophytum c o m o su m 5 1 A n g e l’s Tru m p e t 1 0 5 Chromolaena o d o ra ta 1 0 2 A n re d e ra c o rd ifo lia 2 7 Chrysanthemoides m o n ilife ra Aristolochia elegans 22 ssp . m o n ilife ra 8 5 A rd isia crenata 90 Chrysanthemoides m o n ilife ra A ru a jia sericifera 30 ssp . ro tu n d a ta 8 5 A ru m L ily 5 6 C in n a m o m u m c a m p h o ra 1 0 8 A ru n d o d o n a x 7 8 C o c k sp u r C o ra l Tre e 1 1 3 A sp a ra g u s aethiopicus 6 3 C o lo c a sia e sc u le n ta 6 7 A sp a ra g u s a fric a n u s 6 1 Coralberry 90 A sp a ra g u s asparagoides 5 7 C o ra l Tre e 1 1 4 A sp a ra g u s - B rid a l C re e p e r 5 7 C o r ta d e ria sp p . 8 2 A sp a ra g u s - B rid a l Ve il 5 8 Cotoneaster sp p . 9 1 A sp a ra g u s - B ro o m 5 9 C rim so n F o u n ta in G ra ss 7 7 A sp a ra g u s - Climbing 60 C ro c o sm ia x c ro c o sm iifl o ra 7 0 A sp a ra g u s - Climbing 61 C ro ta la ria lu n a ta 1 2 5 A sp a ra g u s d e c lin a tu s 5 8 C y tisu s scoparius 101 A sp a ra g u s fa lc a tu s 6 5 D e la ire a o d o ra ta 1 9 A sp a ra g u s - F e rn 6 2 D e n se Waterweed 135 A sp a ra g u s - G ro u n d 6 3 D ie te s sp p . 5 3 A sp a ra g u s macowanii 64 Dolichandra unguis-cati 2 1 A sp a ra g u s p lu m o su s 6 0 D u ra n ta e re c ta c v ’s. 1 0 0 A sp a ra g u s - P o m p o m 6 4 D u tc h m a n s P ip e 2 2 A sp a ra g u s scandens 62 E g e ria d e n sa 1 3 5 A sp a ra g u s - Sicklethorn 65 E h rh a r ta e re c ta 8 3 A sp a ra g u s v irg a tu s 5 9 E ic h h o rn ia c ra ssip e s 1 4 3 A sy sta sia g a n g e tic a ssp . micrantha 41 E le p h a n t E a rs 6 7 B a llo o n V in e 1 6 E rig e ro n karvinskianus 4 9 B a m b o o - Rhizamatous 76 E r y th rin a crista-galli 1 1 3 B ito u B u sh 8 5 E r y th rin a x sy k e sii 1 1 4 B la c k E y e d S u sa n 1 7 E u p h o rb ia cyathophora 46 B la c k Locust 106 E u p h o rb ia paralais 47 B lu e Heliotrope 37 E u ro p e a n O liv e 1 1 9 B lu e Periwinkle 38 Fa n W o r t 1 3 4 B o n e se e d 8 5 F ire th o rn 9 2 B ra z ilia n n ig h tsh a d e 1 8 F ish b o n e F e rn 6 8 B ro a d le a f P e p p e r Tre e 1 0 7 F o rm o sa L ily 6 9 B ro o m M ilk w o r t 9 8 F ra x in u s g riffi thii 1 1 7 B ru g m a n sia suaveolens 105 G a u ra 3 9 Bryophyllum S p p . 7 1 G a u v a - C h e rr y / Strawberry 115 B u tte r fl y F lo w e r 3 9 Gazania 42 B u sy L iz z y 4 3 G e n ista monspessulana 97 C a b o m b a caroliniana 1 3 4 G e rm a n Iv y 2 3 Caesalpinia decapetala 31 G ia n t D e v ils F ig 9 3 Californian Geranium 86 G ia n t R e e d 7 8 Caltrop 40 G le d itsia triacanthos & c v ’s. 1 1 8 C a m p h o r L a u re l 1 0 8 G lo rio sa su p e rb a 2 4 C a m p sis radicans 34 G lo r y L ily 2 4 C a n a d ia n Goldenrod 87 G re e n C e stru m 1 1 6 C a n a r y Creeper 20 Gymnocoronis spilanthoides 1 4 2 C a n n a sp p . 6 6 Heliotropium amplexicaule 37 C a p e Iv y 1 9 Heteranthera reniformis 137 Cardiospermum g ra n d ifl o ru m 1 6 Heteranthera zosterifolia 145 C a ssia 8 8 H im ila y a n A sh 1 1 7

112 C a ts C In la d e w x C re e p e r 2 1 H o n e y Locust 118 Hygrophila costata 1 3 6 Psidium cattleanum 1 1 5 Impatiens walleriana 4 3 Pueraria montana var. lobata 2 6 Indian Hawthorn 9 4 Pyracantha spp. 9 2 Ipomoea spp 2 8 Raphiolepsis indica 9 4 Japanese Honeysuckle 2 5 Rattlepod (Giant) 1 2 5 Kidney Leaf Mud Plantain 1 3 7 Red Trumpet Vine 3 4 Koelreuteria spp. 1 1 1 Robinia psuedoacacia & vars. 1 0 6 K u d z u 2 6 Roldana petasitis 8 6 L a n ta n a 9 5 Rubus niveus 3 5 Ligustrum lucidium 1 2 2 Sagittaria platyphylla 1 4 0 Ligustrum sinensis 1 2 3 Salvinia molesta 1 4 1 Lilium formosanum 6 9 S c h e ffl e ra a c tin o p h y lla 1 2 6 L ily Tu r f 7 9 Schinus terebinthifolius 1 0 7 L ip p ia 4 4 Scotch Broom 1 0 1 Liriope spp. 7 9 S e a H o lly 4 8 Lonicera japonica 2 5 S e a S p u rg e 4 7 Longleaf Willow Primrose 1 3 8 Seaside Daisy 4 9 Ludwigia longifolia 1 3 8 Senecio macroglossus 2 3 Madeira Vine 2 7 Senecio tamoides 2 0 Mahonia lomariifolia 1 1 0 Senegal Tea 1 4 2 Mexican Feather Grass 8 0 S e n n a sp p . 8 9 Mickey Mouse Plant 9 6 Setaria palmifolia 8 1 Miconia calvescens 1 2 7 S ia m W e e d 1 0 2 Montbretia 7 0 Singapore Daisy 5 0 Montpellier Broom 9 7 Solanum chrysotrichum 9 3 Morning Glory 2 8 Solanum seaforthianum 1 8 M o th V in e 3 0 Solanum mauritianum 1 3 0 Mother of Millions 7 1 Solanum viarum 1 0 3 Myriophyllum aquaticum 1 3 9 Solidago canadensis var. scabra 8 7 Myrtle-leaf Milkwort 9 9 Spanish Bayonet 7 3 Mysore Thorn 3 1 Sphagneticola trilobata 5 0 Nassella tenuissima 8 0 Spider Plant 5 1 N a stu r tiu m 4 5 S y a g ru s ro m a n z o ffi a na 1 2 1 Nephrolepis cordifolia 6 8 Ta ro 6 7 Nymphaea mexicana 1 4 6 Tecoma stans 1 3 1 Ochna serrulata 9 6 Thunbergia alata 1 7 Oenothera Spp. 3 9 Trad - Tradescantia spp. 5 2 Olea europaea ssp. cuspidata 1 1 9 Triadica sebifera 1 1 2 Olea europaea ssp. europaea 1 1 9 Tribulus terrestris 4 0 Painted Spurge 4 6 Tropaeolum majus 4 5 Palm - Canary Island 1 2 0 Tropical Soda Apple 1 0 3 Palm - Cocos 1 2 1 Umbrella Tree 1 2 6 P a lm G ra ss 8 1 Velvet Tree 1 2 7 Pampas Grass 8 2 Vinca major 3 8 Panic Veldtgras 8 3 Wandering Jew 5 2 Paraserianthes lophantha 1 2 8 Water Hyacinth 1 4 3 Parrot Lily 7 2 Water Lettuce 1 4 4 Parrots Feather 1 3 9 Water Star Grass 1 4 5 P a ssifl o ra sp p . 3 2 Watsonia meriana var. bulbillifera 7 4 Passionfruit / Flower 3 2 Wattle - Crested 1 2 8 Phoenix canariensis 1 2 0 Wattle - Golden Wreath 1 2 9 Phyla canescens 4 4 White Blackberry 3 5 Phyllostachys spp. 7 6 W ild Iris 5 3 Pigeon Berry 1 0 0 Wild Tobacco Tree 1 3 0 P in e Tre e 1 2 4 Wild Watsonia 7 4 Pinus elliottii 1 2 4 Yellow Bells 1 3 1 Pinus radiata 1 2 4 Yellow Waterlily 1 4 6 Pistia stratiotes 1 4 4 Yu c c a sp p . 7 3 Polygala myrtifolia 9 9 Zantedeschia aethiopica 5 6 Polygala virgata 9 8 Privet - Large Leaf 1 2 2 Privet - Small Leaf 1 2 3

113 In d e x