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Inventory of the Chicago Boys and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011

Finding aid prepared by Hoover Institution Library and Archives Staff Hoover Institution Library and Archives © 2011 434 Galvez Mall Stanford, CA 94305-6003 [email protected] URL: http://www.hoover.org/library-and-archives

Inventory of the Chicago Boys 2011C39 1 and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011 Title: Chicago boys and Latin American market reformers collection Date (inclusive): 1992-2011 Collection Number: 2011C39 Contributing Institution: Hoover Institution Library and Archives Language of Material: In Spanish and English Physical Description: 1 manuscript box, 42 digital audio files (2.6 GB), media(0.4 Linear Feet) Abstract: Sound recordings and transcripts of interviews, and associated material, relating to free market policies in Chile and elsewhere in , and to the influence of economists associated with the University of Chicago in instituting them. Interviews conducted by Tobias Switzer and William E. Ratliff. Those interviewed include Rolf Lüders Schwarzenberg, Sergio de Castro, Martín Costabal Llona, Alvaro Donoso, Ernesto Fontaine, Gonzalo Vial Correa, Miguel Schweitzer, Roberto Kelly, Domingo Cavallo and Hernán Cubillos Sallato. Hoover Institution Library & Archives Access Original sound recordings and videorecordings restricted; use copies available for most materials at the Reading Room workstation. The remainder of the collection is open for research; materials must be requested at least two business days in advance of intended use. Publication Rights For copyright status, please contact the Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Acquisition Information Acquired by the Hoover Institution Library & Archives in 2011. Preferred Citation [Identification of item], Chicago boys and Latin American market reformers collection, [Box no., Folder no. or title], Hoover Institution Library & Archives. Historical Note The first truly methodical though flexible implementation of market reforms in the mid-twentieth century was by the Chicago Boys in Chile. This cadre of market-oriented economists was trained chiefly at the University of Chicago (UC); they sprang to public attention after the military coup that ousted Socialist president Salvador Allende in September 1973. Between 1958 and the 1973 coup, Chile had elected successive Conservative, Christian Democratic, and Marxist governments, all of which failed to address adequately the demands of the often combative and unruly Chilean electorate. As early as the mid-1950s U.S. government officials were lamenting the paucity of good economists in Latin America, where the discipline was dominated by the structuralist and import-substitution ideas of Argentine Raúl Prebisch, head of the -based United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America. With support from the Ford Foundation, a program was launched that enabled many Chilean students to pursue graduate studies in economics in the United States, mostly at UC, and U.S. professors to conduct research from a base at the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile (PUC) in Santiago. Contrary to the common assumption that Milton Friedman was the dominant influence in Chile, a different UC (later University of California at Los Angeles) professor, Arnold Harberger, was in most respects the father of the Chicago boys. His goal was to teach economics fundamentals to students from Chile and demonstrate how economics is linked to the real world. Harberger taught for decades at UC but, beginning in 1984, moved to UCLA, though still teaching for a while at UC. As a professor and private consultant with international development agencies, Harberger is renowned for successfully relating the fundamentals of economics to the challenges and needs of the real world through his enthusiastic hands-on involvement and his pioneering studies on taxation, development, cost-benefit analysis, and trade policy. Although best known for his work with Chilean reformers, he also worked on shorter-term projects with reformers from all parts of the world. Harberger is a former president of the American Economic Association. For two decades neither teaching nor research under the program had any direct policy influence in Chile. But deep and long-standing disorientations throughout society quickly worsened during the Allende period; by September 1973 inflation had reached 1,000 percent, setting the stage for a military coup. After a year and a half of procrastination, the military government, headed by General and later President Augusto Pinochet, turned the national economy over to the Chicago Boys in 1975. Given a free hand in economic policy, they transformed Chile--not without hitting some potholes along the way--from a failing statist economy into the soundest internationally integrated market economy in Latin America. Even before the Chicago Boys became active players in Chile, Harberger had begun including other Latin Americans in the program; in time those people had an impact around the world. As of 2011, several Chicago Boys are ministers in the

Inventory of the Chicago Boys 2011C39 2 and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011 Chilean government of President Sebastián Piñera. In the early 1970s Hernán Cubillos, the foreign minister during the Beagle Channel dispute with Argentina, and former naval officer Roberto Kelly urged ten Chicago Boys to produce "The Brick" ("El Ladrillo") that outlined future policies of the Chicago Boys. El Ladrillo was based on an earlier reform program drawn up for (and rejected by) Conservative president Jorge Alessandri (1958-64) by Sergio de Castro, minister of finance from 1977 to 1982, whom Harberger called "the most prominent leader of the first big wave of Chilean reform." The Chilean experience attracted the attention of governments from Latin America, Russia and former Communist Eastern Europe to Hong Kong and the People's Republic of (PRC). The PRC, rapidly expanding its trade relations in Latin America, recognized Chile's economy as the most effective and stable in the region and in 2006 signed its first bilateral free trade agreement in the Latin world with Santiago. As of 2011, Chile exports more to China than it does to the United States. Scope and Content of Collection The collection consists primarily of interviews with the Chicago Boys. The early interviews in this collection on audiocassettes were conducted by Hoover Americas curator William Ratliff in 1992 in Santiago and Entre Lagos, Chile. The interviewees included key early supporters of the Chicago Boys, most importantly Roberto Kelly and Hernán Cubillos, in addition to historian Gonzalo Vial. Five later interviews (January 2011) were set up with the assistance of a second-generation Chicago Boy and PUC dean, Francisco Rosende; they were conducted at the Libertad y Desarrollo think tank in Santiago (Luis Larraín, executive director) by Tobias Switzer, an officer in the U.S. Air Force studying at the PUC, and PUC adjunct professor Luis Gonzales. The five interviewed were Sergio de Castro, Rolf Luders, Juan Andrés Fontaine, Alvaro Donoso and Martín Costabal. Full transcripts of the interviews are available, as are a recorded lecture and PowerPoint presentation on the Chicago Boys that Luders gave at the Hoover Institution in March 2011. The main non-Chilean market reformer in this collection is Domingo Cavallo, a doctoral graduate of Harvard University, who was minister of the economy under two Argentine presidents. Material on him includes an interview conducted by Ratliff in Buenos Aires in 1993; a seminar (including a discussion of currency boards and related matters with Milton Friedman), and an interview with Ratliff, at the Jordan Winery in Healdsburg, California in May 1997; and a lecture in 2007 at Stanford University. In addition to the interviews there is a copy of "El Ladrillo," some manuscripts and papers of Cubillos and Cavallo, and other related documents. An increment received in 2011 consists of interviews with Arnold C. Harberger. Alito (as Harberger is known in Latin America) was a guest at the Hoover Institution for a week in late June 2011 and gave interviews on the Chicago Boys and related projects. Subjects and Indexing Terms Audiotapes Free enterprise Latin America -- Economic conditions Chile -- Economic conditions

Sound recordings 1992

onsite digital Sound recording of William Ratliff interviewing Hernan Cubillos Sallato 1992 June 12-16 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0001323 Scope and Contents note Ratliff interviews the former Chilean foreign minister in Santiago. In Spanish and English. Digitized from two compact sound cassettes that remain in a private collection

Inventory of the Chicago Boys 2011C39 3 and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011 Sound recordings 1992

onsite digital Sound recording of William Ratliff interviewing Hernan Cubillos Sallato 1992 June 20-21 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0001324 Scope and Contents note Recorded in Entrelagos, Chile. In Spanish and English. Digitized from one compact sound cassette that remains in a private collection

onsite digital Sound recording of William Ratliff interviewing Hernan Cubillos Sallato 1992 June 21 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0001325 Scope and Contents note Recorded in Entrelagos, Chile. In Spanish and English. Digitized from one compact sound cassette that remains in a private collection

onsite digital Sound recording of William Ratliff interviewing Hernan Cubillos Sallato, Gonzalo Vial, and Fernando Brevo 1992 June 21-26 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0001326 Scope and Contents note The Sallato interview was recorded in Entrelagos, Chile on 1992 June 21; the Gonzalo Vial and Fernando Brevo interview was recorded in Santiago on 1992 June 26. In Spanish and English. Digitized from two compact sound cassettes that remain in a private collection

onsite digital Sound recording of Hernan Cubillos Sallato lecture at the Hoover Institution 1992 March 12 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0001327 Scope and Contents note In Spanish and English. Digitized from two compact sound cassettes that remain in a private collection

onsite digital Jordan Winery Seminar sound recording 1997 May 5 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005690 Scope and Contents note Domingo Cavallo delivers a speech, "The Role of Monetary Policy in Emerging Economies." Milton Friedman responds with comments, followed by a panel discussion with many speakers. In English. 3 compact sound cassettes

onsite digital Domingo Cavallo speech 1993 August 9 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005697 Scope and Contents note In Spanish. 1 compact sound cassette

onsite digital Interview of Domingo Cavallo at Stanford University 2007 November 13 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005698 Scope and Contents note This interview was conducted at the Stanford Center for Latin American Studies. In English. 1 compact sound cassette

Inventory of the Chicago Boys 2011C39 4 and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011 Sound recordings 1992

onsite digital Roberto Kelley and William Ratliff interview 1992 July 1 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005700 Scope and Contents note In Spanish. 2 compact sound cassettes

onsite digital Rolf Lüders speech at the Hoover Institution 2010 March 24 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005703

onsite digital Sound recording of Gonzalo Vidal, Hernan Cubillos, and Fernando Bravo 1992 June 17 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005705 Scope and Contents note In Spanish. 1 compact sound cassette

onsite digital Sound recording of Gonzalo Vidal, Fernando Bravo, and Miguel Schweitzer 1992 June 26 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005708 Scope and Contents note In English. 1 compact sound cassette

onsite digital Interview with Miguel Schweitzer 1992 June 26 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005719 Scope and Contents note In English. 1 compact sound cassette

onsite digital William Ratliff interviews Hernan Cubillos 1992 June 21 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005720 Scope and Contents note In English. 1 compact sound cassette

onsite digital William Ratliff interviews Ricardo Lopez Murphy 2002 October 1 Conditions Governing Access note Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0005742 Scope and Contents note In English. 1 compact sound cassette

onsite digital Interview with Arnold C. Harberger conducted by William Ratliff, Kurt Leube, and Robert Leeson. 2 CD sound discs 2011 June 28 Access Use copy reference number: 2011c39_a_0008811_a01_pt01 and 2011c39_a_0008811_a01_pt02 Originals housed in MC2, which is restricted.

Videorecordings 2009

Inventory of the Chicago Boys 2011C39 5 and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011 Videorecordings 2009

box MC5 Liberty Fund presents: A Conversation with Arnold Harberger, interviewed by Richard Lanham. 1 DVD disc 2009 Access Original sound recordings and videorecordings restricted.

box MC5 Interviews with Rodrigo Cerda, Julio Dittborn, Cristian Larroulet, Ernesto Silva, Carlos Williamson, and Juan Andres Fontaine. Presented by the Universidad del Desarrollo. 2 DVD discs. undated Access Original sound recordings and videorecordings restricted; use copies available for most materials at the Reading Room workstation.

box MC5 Interviews with Alfredo Moreno, Hernan Cheyre, Francisco Parro, Joaquin Lavin, Sergio Urzua, and Matias Acevedo. Presented by the Universidad del Desarrollo. 2 DVD discs. undated Access Original sound recordings and videorecordings restricted.

box MC2 Undescribed DVD disc undated Access Original sound recordings and videorecordings restricted.

Chicago Boys interview transcripts 2011

box 1, folder 1 Sergio de Castro interview conducted by Tobias Switzer with Luis Gonzales, transcript 2011 January 11 box 1, folder 2 Rolf J. Lüders interview conducted by Tobias Switzer with Luis Gonzales 2011 January 12 box 1, folder 3 Juan Andrés Fontaine interview conducted by Tobias Switzer with Luis Gonzales 2011 January 13 box 1, folder 4 Alvaro Donoso interview conducted by Tobias Switzer with Luis Gonzales 2011 January 15 box 1, folder 5 Martín Costabal interview conducted by Tobias Switzer with Luis Gonzales 2011 January 18 Additional Chicago Boys interview transcripts 2017 Scope and Contents Thirteen transcriptions of interviews conducted by Ernesto Silva and others at the Universidad del Desarollo in Santiago, Chile, in 2017. Mostly in Spanish.

box 1, folder 6 Acevedo, Matias box 1, folder 7 Cerda, Rodrigo box 1, folder 8 Cheyre, Hernán box 1, folder 9 Dittborn, Julio box 1, folder 10 Fontaine, Juan Andrés box 1, folder 11 Harberger, Arnold box 1, folder 12 Larroulet, Cristián box 1, folder 13 Lavín, Joaquín box 1, folder 14 Moreno, Alfredo box 1, folder 15 Parro, Francisco box 1, folder 16 Silva, Ernesto box 1, folder 17 Urzua, Sergio box 1, folder 18 Williamson, Carlos Related material 1988, 2011

box 1, folder 19 Draft of untitled manuscript on economic policy in Chile 1988

Inventory of the Chicago Boys 2011C39 6 and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011 Related material 1988, 2011

box 1, folder 20 "The 'Chicago Boys': a Free Market Revolution," presentation at Hoover Institution by Rolf J. Lüders 2011 March 24

Inventory of the Chicago Boys 2011C39 7 and Latin American Market Reformers Collection, 1992-2011