15 Years of Experience in Construction and Operation of Two Bifacial

operation of two bifacial photovoltaic systems on Land use in Germany … Konstanz, Germany

15 years of experience in construction and

23 April 2012 23 April Thomas Vontobel • Luzi Clavadetscher CH-8706 Feldmeilen/Switzerland [email protected] • [email protected] Swiss roads and railways TNC Consulting AG Thomas Nordmann www.tnc.ch

3 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz 1 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz • • • • • • • Overview Need for Space for Photovoltaics in Germany

Seven Conclusions grid penetration? a high PV How can bifacial PV installations help to support What is the potential of PV in noise barrier systems? PV modules under real operating conditions 1995 - 2010? of threeWhat is the learning curve different types of bifacial orientated structures?How can PV be used in north/south How can we use the bifacial cell concept for PV power ? Is Photovoltaic a land guzzler or why «power without noise»

4 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz 2 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz Need for Space for Photovoltaics Germny

1,4 Mio kWh, Highway A13 Switzerland 103 kW Power without noise! 1990…2004

7 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz 5 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz

October1989

TNC pilot plant in Wallisellen „PV power without noise“ near Zürich built 1998 South ⇒

8 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz 6 ©© TNCNordmann 2012 ISC • BifacialBASt Workshop2008 Konstanz How to use the Bifacial Concept fo PV +5 … 30%? [kWh/kWp] Albedo tion (more kWh) per square foot. sign and site albedo, this results in up to 30% higher power genera- power from the front face of panel. Dependant upon system de- ambient light reﬂected off surrounding surfaces, and combines with The back face of HIT Double solar panels generates electricity from Bifacial Effect Glass to front side Direct sunlight

ntlainwt ihRfeto Vertical Installation Installation with High Reflection

How to use solar power with north-south oriented areas? north-south Glass HIT Solar Cells EVA higher yield to rear side sunlight Reflected atWest East to front side sunlight Direct to rear side sunlight Reflected South • • • • • function and cost true dual use of power production «rectangle» solar noon peak shaving extendet [kWh/kWp] comparable yield application S > E/W ﬁ eld of 11

Irradiance GI is the sum of irradiance on the eastfacing and west-facing sides.

Irradiation, G, Gi [kW/m^2] 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0 1 05:00

07:00 atwest east 50%

09:00

11:00 south Time [h:mm] 100%

13:00

15:00

17:00 50%

19:00

21:00 12 10 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz First Solar bifacial PV irradiation measurements 1994/95

oriented areas? How to use solar power with north-south

…Vineyard for photosynthesis since the 6th century! 15 13 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC© Th. 2012 Nordmann ISC Bifacial Workshop• Tri 2006 Konstanz

First TNC experiments in a vineyard above Lake Zürich How to use solar power oriented areas? with north-south

ASE bifacial PV Panel 1994 - 1995 16 14 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC© Th. 2012 Nordmann ISC Bifacial Workshop• Tri 2006 Konstanz

PV power without noise 1998! First 8.3 kWp Bifacial PV 19 17 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz ©© TNCNordmann 2012 ISC • BifacialDresden Workshop 2006 Konstanz PV power without noise 1998! First 8.3 kWp Bifacial PV

east

west 20 18 © Nordmann • Aubrugg 2005 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz 2 nd

and (

ﬁ rst) Generation: Bifacial Modules/Cells east Size of cells 12.5cm x „Industrial“ manufacturing by 4x glass 3.2/6/2/6/3.2 Type 1 double glass 10/2/10 Type 2 More homogeneous Cell No visible connection box Transparent «installed see 12.8/13.5% (14%/11%) (10cm x 10cm) through» Hitachi west η

23 21 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz Grid-Connected PV Noise Barrier System Learning Curve: Bifacial Module Technology

Lay Out

1998 - 2001 Phase I (ASE One) Modules 8.3 kWp Bifacial Pilot 10 kW Inverter 3 phase The Bifacial Module 1998 Phase 1 •Globale Irradiation •Globale and 2005 Phase II III 47ºsouth! +4% higher than nu Output Input PR = 58% Arr or 17% less 680 kWh/kWp Finale Yield η =7.8% @25º 24 22 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz yeB1Type B-II Type B-1

Phase II and III Hitachi/Saint-Gobain 2005

ASE 1998 (Phase 1) 27 25

extension Aubrugg 2004

28 © TNC 2008 26 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz ef of improvementOvervue in performance und hs eidP elPR A cell P0 Period Phase Final Yield, Yf [kWh/kWp] ﬁ 4 Jul - 2006 3 Mär - 2006 2 Jul - 2004 1 Mär - 2004 1 with different nominal power rating. The old plant south has a wider spread. The normalised power two lines, one for the A side (east) and one for the B side (west) Irradiation to the normalised array power 0 0 0 0 ciency, selectet monthly average . . . . 0 1 2 4 6 8

e 05Mdlsold 1989 Modules new 2005 Modules 0

Operational a J 2009 -2011 J J J Plant north, July 2006 east J J J J J J J J J J J J R J J J J J J 0 J J J J e J J J J J J J J J J J . J J J J J J J J J f J J 2 J J J J J J J J J J e J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J r J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J e J J J J J J J J J J r n J J J J ray ef J J J J J J J J tbp @ EU J J J 0 J J J J J J J J J J c J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J kp [m [kWp] . J e J J 13 17 67 91.76 61 11.36 91.76 11.36 J J J J J 4 J J J J .96 54 55 64 64 8.29 8.29 , J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ﬁ J Y J J J J ciency at J J J J J J r J J J J J

J J J J J J J J J J [ 0 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J k J J J J J . J J J J J J J J J J J J J 6 W J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J h J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J

J P J J J J J J J 25°C cell-tem / J J J J J J J J J J J J J J m J J J J J J J VSEC Fr J J J 0 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ^ J . J J J J west J 8 2 ] 2 ]*) 1 p a erature, rele nkfurt 2 nkfurt Final Yield, Yf [kWh/kWp] 0 0 0 0 10.2 % 9.2 % %8 7.8 % . . . . 0 1 2 4 6 8 0 v 0 J ant to the tot nArr @ 25 J J J 12 Plant south, July 2006 J J J J J J J J J J J R J J J J J J J 0 J J e J J J J J J J J J J . J J J J J J J J J J J f 2 %62 J J J J J J J J J e J J J J J J J J J J J %74 %60 J J J J J J J J J J J J r J J J J J J %83 J J J J J J J J J J e J J J J J J J J J J n J J J J J J J J J J a J 0 J J J J J c J J J J J J J J J J J l cell-area of t J J J J J J J J J J J . J J J J e P nominal J J J J J J J J J 4 J J J J J J J , J J J J Rel. To J J J J

J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J Y J J J J J J J J J J J r J J J J J J J J

J J J J J J J J J [ 0 J J J J J J J J J J %11%20 % % J J J J J J J J J J J J k J J J J J J . J J J J J J J J J J J 6 W J J J J J J J J J J JJ J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J h J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J he plant J J J J J J J J J J J J J / JJ J J J J Improvement J J J J J J J J J J J J m J J J J J J J J J J JJ J JJ J JJ J J J J J J 0 J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J J ^ J J J J J . J J 8 2 ] % % 1 31 29 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz e a a h h a z e f r a e c 2 Mio y Cergue ways iers nen mins de fer sne ovie Brassus + + + rrovie, Autobus e Trasporti a fune hnen, Autobusse he-sur-Foron ilways, Buses and Cableways emins de fer, Autobus et Transports à câbles + + + fiers, Autobus e Funicularas + Rouge Lancy-Pont- + Genève + + + 02 30 km 20 10 Genève-Eaux-Vives Grid-Connected PV Noise Barrier System Learning Curve: Bifacial Module Technology Pontarlier + + + + Annemasse Nyon FRANCE Vallorbe Bière Total 5‘035 linear km and total area 41 km Geographical alignment of soundbarriers in the Swiss rail system Buses Autobus Autobus Autobus Autobusse + + + Les Verrières Apples + + Ste-Croix + Paris | Strasbourg Luxembourg Bruxelles Le Day + + 'Isle l s I L' + Orbe Les Ponts-de-Martel Buttes + les-Bains Thonon- + Morges + +

+ und Seilbahnen Cableways Funicularas Trasporti a fune Transports à câbles Seilbahnen + + + Cossonay Les Brenets + Conventional east -west PV arays Renens VD La Chaux-de-Fonds + Lay Out + + Chavornay + Fleurier +

les-Bains Evian-

Ouchy Lausanne FRANCE + + 1998 - 2001 Phase I + + St. Gobain Lam. 3.9 kWp Hitachi/ 7.5 kWp ASE 3p 10 kW Inv. les-Bains Yverdon- Le Locle Puidoux + Travers Moudon + + Bercher Champéry + Vevey + St-Gingolph Montreux + + Le Châtelard Le Noirmont Neuchâtel Pèlerin Mt.- + + + + Montbéliard Monthey + + Saignelégier + + Boudry + + + Palézieux + + + + Belfort Mt. Blanc Chamonix- Aigle + + Boncourt Blonay Châtel-St-D. + + + Pléiades Les + + Romont Leysin + + Payerne + + + + + Porrentruy + + de-Naye Rochers- Pré-St-Didier Sembrancher + + + + + Bex Sombeval Sonceboz- St-Maurice + + Orsières Murten Delle Prêles Ligerz + + + + Montbovon Le Sépey Villars Bulle Tavannes Biel/Bienne Ins + + + Glovelier + Col-de-Bretaye Martigny + + Broc + Schwarzsee + + d'Oex Château- + + + + Les Diablerets + + Fribourg Schönried + Laupen + Bonfol + St-Bernard Le Grand- Mulhouse Rosshäusern Delémont + Zweisimmen + Kerzers + + Le Châble + Grenchen Verbier + + Moutier Schwarzenburg + + Gstaad + + Rodersdorf -Nord + + + + Flamatt + Lyss Aosta Bern + + + + Haudères Les Jegenstorf + + EuroAirport Basel Erlenbach i.S. Crans Büren a/A + + Sion Laufen + + Solothurn + + -Süd Belp + Basel + Lenk i.S. St-Louis + + Leukerbad + + Montana Adelboden Arolla + + + + + + + Aesch Reichenbach + + Gümligen Frutigen Niederbipp Oensingen + + + + + Ferpècle Siders Sierre/ + + + + + Burgdorf Waldenburg Goppenstein Worb + Weil a.R. Spiez + + + Basel Bad Bf + Dornach + + + + + Zermatt + + Zinal Konolfingen Balsthal Gornergrat + + Thun Leuk + Karlsruhe | Frankfurt Dortmund Hamburg Berlin R'felden + St. Niklaus + + + + Hasle-Rüegsau Unterbäch + Lörrach Wynigen + + Kandersteg Täsch + + + + Sissach + + + + + + Pratteln Lauterbrunnen + + Herzogenbuchsee + Schilthorn Raron berg Beaten- + + + + Ramsei Grütschalp Liestal Wilderswil + + + + Stalden Affoltern-Weier + + + + + -West + + + + Langenthal ITALIA Langnau Mürren Olten + + + + Möhlin + + •Globale Irradiation •Globale DEUTSCHLAND + + -Ost + + + St. Urban + + + Grächen Huttwil + + Gelterkinden Zell (Wiesental) Schüpfheim south! +4% higher than 47º + berg Stechel- + + + Fafleralp + + + + Interlaken (Winter) 10-2005…3-06 Phase II + + Visp Riederalp + + + + Laufenburg Brig Bettmeralp + Frick Schynige Platte Rothorn Wengen Brienz Wolhusen + Aarau + + Saas Fee Stein-Säckingen + + Zofingen + Schöftland Kl. Scheidegg + Jungfraujoch nu Output Input + + + + + + Wildegg Sörenberg + + + Grindelwald + Menziken Mörel Meiringen + + + Beromünster + + Emmenbrücke Waldshut + Suhr Betten + + Alpnachstad Sursee Brugg Koblenz + + Luzern Fiesch Trasquera Iselle di Pilatus Brünig + + + + Lenzburg Wohlen + + + + + Othmarsingen + + + + Beinwil + + + Hasliberg + Innertkirchen + + Turgi + Gletsch + + + + Bad Zurzach + + (Baden) Erzingen + + + + + Baden + Wettingen Domodossola Hergiswil Ulrichen a. Albis Affoltern Oberwald + weningen Nieder- Furka + + Uetliberg Vitznau + + Rigi Dietikon Göschenen Engelberg + Rotkreuz Realp + + Sihlbrugg Sihlwald + + Andermatt Seelisberg Stresa + + Spruga + Verbania Bignasco + + Oberglatt + Camedo Wädenswil + Treib + Eglisau + Zug + Bülach + + + Thayngen + + + + Zürich Arth-Goldau + + Thalwil + + + + Flughafen Zürich + + + Intragna + + Pfäffikon SZ + + + + + + + + Brunnen + Stuttgart + + + + Airolo Schaffhausen + + Flüelen Schwyz Meilen + + Erstfeld + + Stoos + + Fusio Effretikon + Etzwilen Sonogno + + + + + Esslingen Uster Winterthur + Biberbrugg Milano | Malpensa Venezia Firenze Roma Torino + + Einsiedeln + Engen Luino + Locarno + + Wetzikon + + + + + Faido Tresa Ponte Rapperswil + + Singen + Stein a. R. + Hinwil + Ziegelbrücke Rüti ZH + + Braunwald + Bauma Disentis/Mustér Varese + + + + Frauenfeld + Wald + ² + + Olivone Radolfzell + Wattwil Cadenazzo + + + Uznach Lugano Stockach + + + Biasca Linthal + Wil + + + Capolago + Uzwil Giubiasco + + Vetta Generoso + + + + + + Bellinzona + + Chiasso Glarus Lichtensteig Schwanden + + Weinfelden Flawil + Vrin + + + + Como Bifacial PV + Amden St. Gallen + + + + Rossa Kreuzlingen + + + + + Elm + + Konstanz + + Insel Mainau + Sulgen Laax + Nesslau Vals PR = 61% Arr Gossau + Flims Ilanz Splügen + + + + + + Meersburg Herisau Menaggio + + Urnäsch Rhäzüns + Sargans + Schwägalp Buchs SG + Wasserauen Andeer l üce München Ulm | München + Thusis Bad Ragaz + + + + Romanshorn η Landquart + + Appenzell + + Heiden + Chiavenna Reichenau + + Gais + + + Feldis + + + =9.2% @25º Chur + Trogen + Lecco + Friedrichshafen Rorschach LIECHTENSTEIN + + + + + + Vaduz Schaan Tiefencastel hausen Walzen- + + + + Schellenberg Castasegna + + Altstätten SG + Lenzerheide/Lai + + + + Ravensburg Rheineck + + Juf + + Feldkirch Malbun Filisur + St. Margrethen + + Lindau Silvaplana Bludenz + + + Arosa Schiers St. Moritz + + + + Dornbirn ITALIA Bregenz Davos + Samedan Bergün/Bravuogn + + + + -Platz + -Dorf + + + Klosters + + + + Bever Schruns Pontresina ÖSTERREICH Langen a.A. + Poschiavo + + Sagliains Zernez + + + + Livigno + + Ftan + Immenstadt Tirano + + + + + St. Anton Sonthofen + Oberstdorf + Kempten + Samnaun Sta. Maria Tarasp Scuol- Stilfserjoch/ + Landeck-Za S-charl Martina Müstair + + + Èdolo + + Stelvio Bormio 32 30 + Màll + © TNC© TNC 2012 ISC2012 Bifacial ISC Bifacial Workshop Workshop Konstanz Konstanz + © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz M + m e a M I b k|S l b |Wi 5‘035 linear km and total area 41 km Geographical alignment of soundbarriers in the Swiss rail system

Bifacial PV plant near railway station Münsingen/Bern

² 35 33 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz

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Masstab: LW,25 Rastermass) 2.5m (LSW7, 802082019 lkr Verschaltung Elektr. 36 = 36 34 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz «Strom statt Lärm» Bahnhof Münsingen IEA

International Energy International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme - PVPS -Task 2 39 39 nd 37 © TNC 2012 ISC© TNCBifacial Th. Workshop Nordmann Konstanz • 22 EU-PV Conf. Milano 2007 © TNC © 2012 TNC ISC 2012 Bifacial ISC Workshop Bifacial Workshop Konstanz Konstanz

Spec. production Strg D [kWh/kWp] 113 150 38 75

Speci a e a p a u u u e c o Dec Nov Oct Sep Aug Jul Jun May Apr Mar Feb Jan ﬁ c Production for one string in Münsingen 2011 40 38 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz IEA The development of bifacial cells 1997 - 2012 The development of bifacial cells 1997 - 2012

International Energy International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme - PVPS -Task 2 Zürich. Fig 5: Normalized yield of 2012e 2008 2005 1997 2 1 1 5051 520 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 - Back Front the bifacial PV plant in the bifacial PV Ef ﬁ ciency of cells …

plant in Münsingen. Fig 6: Normalized yield of the newest bifacial PV PR 60% PR 80% PR 70%

43 43 nd 41 © TNC 2012 ISC© TNCBifacial Th. Workshop Nordmann Konstanz • 22 EU-PV Conf. Milano 2007 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz IEA 1997 2012/13 2005 & 2008 The development of bifacial cells 1997 - 2012 International Energy International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme - PVPS -Task 2 elsd egh10m 2. m155m 156 mm 125.5 mm 125.5 mm 100 mm Cell side length Development of bifacial cells 1997 - 2012 Cell ef Cell ef

Ratio back to front side front side back side ﬁ ﬁ ciency ciency

100x100mm 14.3 11.6 ASE Cells 81 (1997)

125x 125 mm %87 Au 12.3 % 10.7 %

b 156 156 mm ugMnignFuture Münsingen rugg Hitachi Cells Size of cells … (2005) %73 15.0 % 11.0 % Hitachi Cells (2008) ca. 96 % % >19 % % ca. 18.5 % % EarthOn Cells EarthOn (2012)

42 44 42 nd ©TNC 2012 © TNC 2012 ISC© TNCBifacial Th. Workshop Nordmann Konstanz • 22 EU-PV Conf. Milano 2007 00 00 Bifacial contribution to grid net integration bifacial PV plant Münsingen Solar irradiation measurements 01.08.2011 10 30 50 70 91 11 31 51 71 92 12 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01

10 30 50 70 91 11 31 51 71 92 12 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01

50% normal south 45°deg south 45°deg + 50% bifacial e+w normal bifacial = 100% both 24 24

© TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz 47 45 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz • • • • 00 Bifacial contribution to net integration Seven Conclusions dilemma of solar power Bifacial PV plants overcome „look to the south“ Thursday tracking of the two new inverters. A shift of PR from 61% to 67% due improved MPP Wednesday of the nominal to effective ef overall ef An improvement of PR from 55% to 61% due higher Tuesday oriented surface. 98-01 about 4 % higher!! than on a south facing optimal The combined irradiation for this bifacial PV plant was Monday 10 30 50 70 91 11 31 51 71 92 12 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01

south 45°deg

fi ciency of the new modules and closer matching → normal bifacial Suf fi cient light on vertical N/S! Text fi ciency of the new cells. 24 48 46 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz • • • Seven Conclusions (continued):

with high PV penetration and better then peek shaving! characteristics. This capability is essentiel for the grid sunrise to sunset with almost rectangular power exposed PV plants allows PV power production from A good match of bifacial PV plants with normal south Sunday substitute BOS of bifacial PV plants. can partially elements and save costs. Noise barrier infrastructure can fully substitute conventional glass noise barrier The multi-functional bifacial PV noise barrier modules Saturday to match the market price of PV modules today. We need industrial bifacial cell production lines Friday 49 © TNC 2012 ISC Bifacial Workshop Konstanz

www.tnc.ch pdf

an other good idea have learned from mother earth! … bifacial PV 50 © TNC© Th. 2012 Nordmann ISC Bifacial Workshop• Tri 2006 Konstanz