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Cultural Resource Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project

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Cultural Resource Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project Cultural Resource Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project Submitted to: WSP USA Seattle, Washington Submitted by: Mimi Sheridan, AICP Historical Research Associates, Inc. Brian Durkin, MS Lynn Compas, MA, RPA Seattle, Washington January 23, 2019 This study was implemented by HRA Principal Investigator Brian Durkin, MS, who meets the Secretary of the Interior's professional qualifications standards for archaeology. The architectural evaluations were conducted by Mimi Sheridan, AICP, who meets the Secretary of the Interior's professional qualifications standards for history and architectural history. This report is intended for the exclusive use of the Client and its representatives. It contains professional conclusions and recommendations concerning the potential for project-related impacts to archaeological resources based on the results of HRA's investigation. It should not be considered to constitute project clearance with regard to the treatment of archaeological resources or permission to proceed with the project described in lieu of review by the appropriate reviewing or permitting agency. This report should be submitted to the appropriate state and local review agencies for their comments prior to the commencement of the project. Cultural Resources Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1 1.1.1 CONSTRUCTION STAGING 9 1.1.2 SOIL DISTURBANCE 9 1.1.3 TRAFFIC 9 1.2 REGULATORY CONTEXT 9 1.3 AREA OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS 10 2. ARCHIVAL RESEARCH 11 2.1 RESEARCH METHODS 11 2.2 RESEARCH RESULTS 11 2.2.1 PREVIOUS CULTURAL RESOURCE STUDIES 11 2.2.2 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES 14 2.2.3 HISTORIC-PERIOD ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES 15 2.2.4 NRHP LISTED PROPERTIES 16 2.2.5 ETHNOHISTORIC PLACES 18 2.2.6 HISTORIC-PERIOD CEMETERIES 18 2.2.7 HISTORIC-PERIOD MAPS 18 2.2.8 DAHP PREDICTIVE MODEL 18 3. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 19 3.1 TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 19 3.2 CLIMATE AND VEGETATION 21 3.3 FAUNA 21 4. CULTURAL CONTEXT 22 4.1 PRECONTACT CONTEXT 22 4.1.1 PALEOINDIAN (~12,500 B.C. TO 10,500 B.C.) 22 4.1.2 ARCHAIC (10,500 B.C. TO 4400 B.C.) 23 4.1.3 PACIFIC (4400 B.C. TO A.D. 1775) 23 4.2 ETHNOHISTORIC CONTEXT 24 4.3 HISTORIC-PERIOD CONTEXT 25 5. EXPECTATION FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 28 6. FIELD STRATEGY AND METHODS 29 6.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVENTORY 29 6.2 ARCHITECTURAL INVENTORY 29 Cultural Resources Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project i 7. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY RESULTS 30 7.1 THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY 30 8. ARCHITECTURAL INVENTORY RESULTS AND EVALUATIONS 32 8.1 CRITERIA AND INTEGRITY 32 8.1.1 NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES CRITERIA 32 8.1.2 INTEGRITY 32 8.2 RAVENNA PARK 33 8.3 HEATHER ARMS APARTMENTS (5800 15TH AVENUE NE) 38 8.4 RAVENNA PARKSIDE APARTMENTS (5808 15TH AVENUE NE) 40 9. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS 43 9.1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES 43 9.2 ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES 43 10. REFERENCES 44 APPENDIX A. INADVERTENT DISCOVERY PLAN FOR THE PROPOSED COWEN PARK BRIDGE RETROFIT PROJECT 51 APPENDIX B. HISTORIC PROPERTY INVENTORY FORMS 57 List of Figures Figure 1-1. Project location and vicinity. 2 Figure 1-2. APE of the Project. 3 Figure 1-3. Proposed retrofitting activities. 6 Figure 1-4. Example of bridge retrofit using CFRP. 7 Figure 1-5. Simulation of infill wall and arch reinforcement. 7 Figure 1-6. Simulation of column reinforcement, showing CFRP wrap. 8 Figure 1-7. Simulation of under-deck and cross-beam reinforcement. 8 Figure 2-1: Historic Resources over 45 years of age located within the APE. 17 Figure 3-1. LIDAR image of the APE. 20 Figure 4-1. Wooden trestle bridge at Cowen Park, Seattle, ca. 1925. 26 Figure 7-1. The pedestrian survey of the APE. 31 Figure 8-1. Ravenna Creek and path at west end of park. 35 Figure 8-2. Picnic area and stone shelter. 35 Figure 8-3. Stone picnic shelter. 36 Figure 8-4. Shelter house, wading pool, and tennis courts at southeast section of the park. 36 Figure 8-5. Entry to shelter house. 37 Figure 8-6. West façade of shelter house. 37 Figure 8-7. North (entry) and west façades, showing replacement window sash. 39 Figure 8-8. Entry detail. 39 Figure 8-9. West and south (entry) façades showing Flemish-style parapets. 41 Figure 8-10. Bay window detail on main façade. 42 Figure 8-11. Detached garage (date unknown) at north end. 42 ii Cultural Resources Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project List of Tables Table 2-1. Previous Cultural Resource Studies within 1 mi of the APE 12 Table 2-2. Historic Period Architectural Resources within the APE. 15 Table 6-1. Architectural Resources Evaluated for the NRHP. 29 Cultural Resources Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project iii 1. Introduction WSP USA contracted with Historical Research Associates, Inc. (HRA), and Mimi Sheridan, AICP, to provide cultural resource services for the Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project. HRA conducted the archaeological portion of the project, while Mimi Sheridan conducted the architectural portion. It should be noted that this Project involves the seismic retrofit of a bridge listed in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Portions of the area of potential effects (APE), to the west and north of Cowen Park, are within a NRHP-listed historic district, and several of the other properties have previously been recorded and evaluated; therefore, only three properties were evaluated for this project. 1.1 Project Description Cowen Park Bridge is a concrete open-spandrel arch bridge built in 1936. It carries 15th Avenue NE over a deep ravine. The bridge is the boundary between Cowen Park to the west and Ravenna Park to the east. The bridge spans in the north–south direction from NE 62nd Street south to Cowen Place NE, connecting the Ravenna neighborhood with the University District neighborhood (Figure 1-1). The Cowen Park Bridge is owned by the Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT). It is listed in the NRHP and is designated a City of Seattle Landmark. Figures 1-1 and 1-2 show the location of the project and the APE, respectively. Currently, there are two lanes of traffic on the bridge, one in each direction. Bicycle lanes are located to either side of the traffic lanes, with a narrow, slightly elevated barrier separating the bike lanes and the sidewalks on both sides of the road. WSP USA completed a Bridge Concept Study in October 2017. The purpose of this study was to evaluate options to address structural and functional deficiencies of the bridge. As part of the study, engineers assessed the bridge serviceability, vertical load carrying capacity, and seismic vulnerability through a bridge rehabilitation, retrofit, or full replacement. Various improvements for bridge components were packaged into separate and combined rehabilitation and retrofit alternatives. Partial and full replacement alternatives were also considered. The criteria for selection of the preferred alternative included: balance cost and effectiveness, minimize traffic disruption, and preserve the historical features of the bridge (e.g., arch, spandrel columns, art deco lighting and railing). Cultural Resources Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project 1 Figure 1-1. Project location and vicinity. 2 Cultural Resources Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project Figure 1-2. APE of the Project. Cultural Resources Report for the Proposed Cowen Park Bridge Retrofit Project 3 At the conclusion of the study, the preferred alternative incorporated specific measures to seismically retrofit the bridge to address the structural weaknesses of the bridge. During conceptual design, the seismic retrofit measures were refined. The construction is planned for 2019. All planned retrofit work will occur on the structure above the ground line. Some bridge improvements would extend beyond the roadway right-of-way as only the western half of the existing bridge is within the right-of-way. The proposed retrofitting of the Cowen Park Bridge would involve reinforcing the bridge columns that support the bridge deck, as well as reinforcing structural elements where they attach to the bridge deck (Figures 1-3 to 1-7). Figure 1-3 shows the engineering plans for the construction work. The process involves tightly wrapping the columns and other structural elements with a few thin layers of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) wrap, which does not alter the shape of the columns. Figure 1-4 shows an example of bridge retrofitting using CFRP. Figures 1-5 through 1-7 are simulations of retrofitted elements of the Cowen Park Bridge. If necessary, the jackets can be coated with a textured colored coating to match the surrounding surface CFRP is a common method of strengthening concrete columns. It consists of very thin layers of ceramic (carbon or glass) fibers embedded in a polymeric resin that acts as a binder to hold the fibers in place. The layers of carbon fiber fabric saturated in epoxy resin are applied to the concrete surface, encapsulating the column. The material increases shear capacity and improves ductility of the retrofitted element. WSDOT used the product to reinforce columns and cross-beams on the SR 99 Bridge Seismic Retrofit Project (Schwab 2010). Planned Retrofitting Activities • Apply CFRP jackets to each of the two columns adjacent to the south bridge abutment. • Partially remove the enclosure walls of the two expansion columns at the end of the arches to install CFRP jackets to the interior columns comprising each of these expansion columns. • Apply CFRP jackets to several of the spandrel columns (columns between the arch and bridge deck).
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