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Toby of and Photography Aerovisualism Aerial Aircraft: the an of out Falling h i hti okda fagatshn a ane hmars h ilsfrnal a nearly for fields the across them painted had hand giant’s a if length.’’ as in looked mile it that air the T be should thus practice this is on modernity investigations and further here visuality and undertaken. explored aerial ambivalent, collection between and Bradford’s the relationship with ambiguous from conflict The often images rhetoric. which of concerns, district textual underlying a analysis air, of the variety close in a high A to demonstrates from ‘‘Seen appears secrets.’’ study world: Aerovisualism few the case knowing practice. holds of a who visual means provides persuasive distinctive archaeologist a work, this as an academic an act into his Bradford, and investigation of J.S.P. the colonialism, part for of as modernity, photographs collection between aerial The link employed perspective. intriguing visual an aerial explores article This OBY # .W C. ...Bafr,‘Ara apn fAcetCvlztos’[96 2–71] [1956: Civilizations’’ Ancient of Mapping ‘‘Aerial Bradford, J.S.P. alr&FacsGop LLC Group, Francis & Taylor ILKINSON 1 83,2008 18–38, 21: , = 5552 online 1545-5920 tde rhelg n nhoooya el olg,Ofr,before Oxford, College, Keble at anthropology and archaeology studied 18 ... t ulnswr ocerfrom clear so were outlines Its ] Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 conso i is xeine fCioi 80 is ihihe yTimothy bedazzlement by initial highlighted the first over 1850, scarcely in am Cairo ‘‘I of 21]: experiences [l988: Mitchell first his view. of grounded accounts a power by ‘‘lust of provided the neglected sense not as the the is toward map, highlight which is comments or elevation, argument his picture his pedestrian, in a of the as thrust of the practices below Although everyday out viewpoint.’’ laid a city be to the having of exhilaration ‘akn h iy’o h rud hsi hth al ‘ueerotics’’ ‘‘pure calls of he knowledge what [2000] is pedestrian This Certeau everyday ground. de confusing the heights Michel the on the with living, from city’’ York Towers the urban New ‘‘walking viewing Twin of in the practices certainty God-like of spatial of sense on the contrasts essay an In PERSPECTIVE MODERNITY, AERIAL COLONIALISM, THE AIR’’: AND THE FROM CLEAR ‘‘SO for practices. possibilities visual the such analysis raise of The and critique aerovisualism, rhetoric. a of for textual concept avenues and Bradford’s further the concerns nuance with of to variety contrast the attempts sometimes shows and that practices, affects photographic aerial of geneity esyugaptewoe’ sCrsohrPne oe nhsepoainof exploration his the in it notes on concentrate Pinney you Christopher more As the whole.’’ and visuality, the you; colonial pinches grasp it you you; less grip to out reaches oc:‘i ice o’ ihtescrt fdsacsadhih,wihpristhe permits [Pinney which perspective.’’ height, of laws and the distances with into of accordance collapses ‘‘in security 206–207] totality vision 2003: the a which of with (in observation you’’ closeness detached pinches of ‘‘it experience threatening touch: a contrasts Flaubert h atclrcnen ihnadbhn rdodsvsa rcie.Aclose collection A at working practices. his detail alongside from visual photographs some set of Bradford’s in series Oxford), behind a looking of and in analysis by within visual Museum enquiry asso- concerns approach Rivers the and particular to frame Pin photographs the means helps the of a publications, archive in As Bradford’s small (now achievement. this documents technical all aerovisualism, ciated documents their around as of military issues visuality favor a the their outside in and The those ignored under-studied practice. of but generally academic especially been his photographs, has of created, aerial context, part II of War as World significance photographs after social air and published during who and archaeologist collected, an Bradford, J.S.P. by ‘anri hc uoenmdriyhdpoue rfudcleavage profound [ a world’’ produced had the modernity and European man a between which in ‘‘manner netgtosit h aueo iin[rr 98 94,as rae a created also to 1994], unable felt 1988; contemporaries [Crary his stimulated and vision and Flaubert revolution of which scientific in nature environment the the cultural facilitated into which investigations object, and subject etcl biu,adseesoi eilphotographs aerial stereoscopic and oblique, vertical, hsepoi n etit nhih id aalli utv Flaubert’s Gustave in parallel a finds height in certainty and euphoria This hsatcetksoepriua aesuy olcino eilphotographs, aerial of collection a study, case particular one takes article This hstninbtentomdso xeinigpaevsal eal the recalls visually place experiencing of modes two between tension This ibid :27.TeCreindtcmn between detachment Cartesian The 207]. .: — aln u fa icat19 Aircraft an of out Falling eosrtstehetero- the demonstrates ... ahdetail Each . — including — the Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 olwn ol a ,ara htgah ea ob ple oarange a to applied be to began photography aerial I, War World Following ADAPTATIONS CIVILIAN LANDSCAPES’’: ‘‘ANCIENT way; empirical objective, supposedly picture. a view as in eye world God’s world that or the re-present eye see to bird’s and a to three assume landscape; least such to at the desire two, of the over convergence visuality: the historical photography, Western the between Aerial in allowed 1958]. desires thus gap represen- [Peirce technology, perceptive military the truthful a more between the as appear relationship closed photographs indexical these objec- represented The aerial that of viewer. the force world, a and greater of that a tation eyes reproducing landscape the of of in representations means tivity its mechanical gave also a photography As knowledge. based) Pne 03 0] u esfeunl oe sta nhoooit uhas such anthropologists that is noted rural frequently less and known but urban well 207], is surveys, interest 2003: Griaule’s Marcel topographical [Pinney research. academic including indeed and activities, planning, nonmilitary of nwn h world the knowing iwn fteeeyhdbe elcdb ehooiso asdestruction itself picture mass con- the not of noted, were Heidegger technologies knowledge as of by Rather types relevant. replaced pedestrian sidered been 1989], [Virilio had remote-viewing enemy and as the space, of into increased. later viewing landscape) and (the air, object the thus and in surveyor) photography surveillance (the of subject Aerial tool between distance panoptic obliterated. the a field as soon vertical battle role were its changing from began rapidly landmarks translation the where of geometric maps landscape, allowed photographic cameras, accurate to with photographs and fitted height steady were a when at manouvers flown speed, be it, could that known, Aircraft initiated be controlled. to then first needed and that understood, landscape that the in posturing incisions on national boundaries, around planned the Like war. graphic 0T .Wilkinson C. T. 20 photograph ob sdo ag cl.Tecnlc htdoetedvlpeto ohaerial both of development the drove that conflict began The concurrently they aviation scale. that and large photography aircraft, photo- a stable accurate on more used through of be grid to flexibility cartographic the a with to combined photographs grammetry, the aerial with only link Daguerre was It to after perspective. photographic lit- ability years new know this currently 20 to We responses around early photographs. about earliest Paris, tle the over producing started balloon Talbot Fox a and from 1859 in Tournachon) uhrt fclna apn rjcs[de 97,wihi hi latest their in which surveys. 1997], objective photographic aerial [Edney cold, massive the of projects form to from mapping the painters, took representations: colonial Orientalist incarnations aerial the of or of distanced authority landscapes picture. of romanticized a incarnations of the form different the many in with world the of knowledge fix to the desire characterizes a response in This distanced, described photographs. a Heidegger take finding and modernity survey without to to, which traveled over they view cities the truly understand nti eoecnrle a nwihhn-ohn ihigaddirect and fighting hand-to-hand which in war remote-controlled this In h is eilpoorp ssi ohv entknb aa aka Fe (a.k.a. Nadar by taken been have to said is photograph aerial first The littered is history visual Colonial forms. of variety a take may pictures But — a rmr en fudrtnig nwn h enemy the Knowing understanding. of means primary a was — eurddsacd emtia,and geometrical, distanced, required h g fteWrdPicture World the of Age The — ol a I War World — a efre sacarto- a as performed was — objectif Hiegr1977]: [Heidegger h a raerial or map the ie,lens- (i.e., elevated — like ´ lix Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 ology oto Si 98 93,epcal nafedlk rhelg nwihmany which in archaeology like field a and in documentation especially of practices 1993], colonialist 1978, of [Said continuation control a form they to whether come 2005]. has [Stepney photograph completely aerial landscape the of landscapes. of conceptions ancient visuality archaeological the of other that dis- maps replace argued for of been research, production has empirical archaeology the it of and Indeed, to tool sites be essential archaeological practice to an of come as covery the has archaeologists photography introducing modern aerial Crawford, during by in Since seen Survey 44]. influential 1929: Ordnance 42; highly the 1928: anthro-[Crawford of were to officer as 1920s, survey archaeology such Figures the aerial was 1974]. apply who Vogt [e.g., Crawford, to since O.G.S. attempts ever [Evans- intermittently and continued publications XVI]; have their pology Plate in 146, photographs 1940: aerial Pritchard included Evans-Pritchard E.E. nKn,aprnl ufrn rmadgnrtv etliles ede on died He illness. mental hospital 2006]. degenerative a 2005, in a [Radcliffe spent the 1975 sadly from were 12, after suffering life August his Museum apparently of Rivers years Kent, prehis- 15 in in Pitt last photography The aerial the of anthropology. university applications and at the tory a on many ethnology publishing became collecting and in teaching as Bradford war, lecturer well purposes. as archaeological and archaeological Italy, of when demonstrator in for photographs time landscapes photographs aerial 2–7], general a many RAF and 1956: at capture systems, [Bradford to 1945, field available’’ opportunity sites, May temporarily the of In were took thousands 9]. facilities he through other 2005: looking and Reconnais- onward, [Radcliffe 1939]. and ‘‘aircraft 1943 photographs Photography the from Goodchild Air aerial Italy British of the and vertical in in president stationed officer [Bradford Unit becoming an at was sance involved university, Society he studied war became the and the Archaeological He During of l918, II. University 23, circles War Oxford August archaeological World on before the just born with Oxford, was College, Bradford Christchurch Purvis Spencer John COLLECTIONS AND LIFE HIS BRADFORD: J.S.P. authoritative or objective an in and superiority space, nexus: the cartographic colonialist–modernist visuality? with or the concerned from mathematical necessarily about emerge height, us and the tell that always this colonialist did desires it does any, confirm What same Is if century? or generally? 20th way, the to more what of aerovisualism conform part In middle effect. photography the this during aerial interests to nuanced nonmilitary study a of case practices create a provide to Bradford close hope John work. can a at processes produced Only of media colonialism. range visual the European assume example). of to the of for understanding mistake of character Rivers, a study be Pitt one-sided course empirical (General or of would training monolithic it military the critiques, had postcolonial current founders Given key the of rdodsoemjrpublication, major one Bradford’s archaeologist the of publications and collections the sections, following the In of question the raises applications academic these of context social The a ulse n15 n a erne wc,i 94ad18.This 1980. and 1974 in twice, reprinted was and 1957 in published was , nin adcps td nFedArchae- Field in Study A Landscapes: Ancient aln u fa icat21 Aircraft an of out Falling Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 hr r lotoeh olce nIa,Eyt um,Sa,adCia sig- from A came RAF China. category latter (namely, and this military Siam, in sources: Burma, prints mounted main Egypt, and two Iraq, archaeology. loose Italy, in the in aerial of collected took portion he of himself nificant those he application that also photographs are worldwide of there numbers the diverse substantial are similarly in photo- there is While aerial interested photographs from stereoscopic the was photographs of and Bradford copy distribution oblique, mission; geographical be vertical, Italian The to his includes graphs. mainly from collection lantern appear negatives The which publication; film books. negatives, loose for lectures; glass-plate mounted collection and and occasionally working teaching study, Photo- this for Museum for of slides, Rivers well his prints Pitt assemblage the as of loose The in purposes before Collection. selection includes remained own other Manuscripts RAF small his and and of the a graphs negatives teaching, but from of publication, number University, way a for Keele as systematic collection at a working housed in own now obtained are he destruction that photographs survey the 2005]. archaeological Radcliffe regional in cited of topo- 3; organic 1957: [Bradford popularity as spectrum’’ landscapes’ the ‘ancient theory of wholes archaeological and concept graphical recent ‘‘The 221] in 63–88]. landscape 1981: is xi, in traditional [Ammerman this interest that indirectly, 1994: the gaps although of [Tilley ways, the much also many of toward was precursor In sites, it a ignored. landscape isolated method, had of between of analysis appreciation look an archaeological description to toward a is research attempting as book archaeological by simply The shift to collection. not attempt illus- photographic was an practice, own it archaeological his because aerial from interesting examples for many manifesto with and trated guidebook his was book oe n etr fvroskns oesre,prastrw oehrwhen together thrown perhaps sorted, none kinds, various of also are letters There and Aerosurveys). Hunting notes (including companies survey aerial mercial lhuhadarmue yBafr in grid, Bradford means visible by by no grid used has that into photograph diagram and fitted particular a objectivity be This lan to its although The adjustment. subject, coordinates. recalling measurable universal mathematical wartime map, or of of measured grid regular projectionist a global was is of a their here into shot form of linked the align a and day features part authority, These of as number. as time mission photograph the and RAF the of altitude, direction, indications the compass are substantial the by it taken, a collection. On from taken working missions. comes Bradford’s was of reconnaissance 1 part Figure East’’ photograph in Middle and This seen ‘‘Asia type the the of proportion of photograph vertical PHOTOGRAPHY The AERIAL VERTICAL NOWHERE: FROM VIEW THE 1960 in hospitalized was he after communication]. permanently personal up [Radcliffe, packed was office Bradford’s 2T .Wilkinson C. T. 22 hto a,atog t eaint h eitdlnsaei neia rather indexical is landscape depicted the to recalls 1958]. relation strongly [Peirce its symbolic photograph although than the map, of a visuality of that The 2]. [Figure practice widespread rdodscleto fpoorpswsdvreadhtrgnos ayof Many heterogeneous. and diverse was photographs of collection Bradford’s ... novsgooya n n n otya h te n fthe of end other the at poetry and end one at geology involves = oa i oc rUSF n com- and USSAF) or Force Air Royal nin Landscapes Ancient it tthis at hints dscape — Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 ideEs n fia’(ht erdcdwt emsino itRvr uem University Museum, Rivers Pitt of permission with reproduced Oxford). (Photo of Africa’’ and East Middle iue1RFvria eilpoorp fEbl rq rmPRM.1998.296 from Iraq, Erbil, of photograph aerial vertical RAF 1 Figure n h s fseilzdisrmnssc stedlts adcpscudbe could landscapes theodolites, as 2004:128–129]. such instruments [Pickles trigonometry, specialized and of representation triangulation use as its the such and survey and Enlightenment of science’’ then techniques space empirical and military Through mathematical Renaissance of first in ‘‘core to Accurate momentum. interest linked the gaining was was became end colonialism cartography European mapping the geometric as survey toward and as topographical 18] founded century 1997: European were [Edney eighteenth the Survey, of the Ordnance Many Britain’s of 2004]. as Hsu such Harley cf. institutions, 1997; [Edney 2004; colonialism Pickles to 2001; practices cartographic of association intimate osdrbeaon fltrtr a endvtdt eosrtn the demonstrating to devoted been has literature of amount considerable A aln u fa icat23 Aircraft an of out Falling = o Ia ‘‘Asia, AI.a, Box Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 rp omp eody hycetdlbldoely o niaigthe indicating version. aerial for indexical symbolic photographs. the the the enough, overlays than never of useful are out labeled themselves less maps photographs view the creating created though photo- effect as of they is in conversion It nonspecialists, the Secondly, how to aid features show to map. main photograph, and and aerial interpreters to batteries, vertical booklets photographic a buildings, graph catalog in military of look produced to examples would they interest they type First, of classify uncer- image features twofold. to this raw other Without was interpreters to this image photograph. response trained read aerial intelligence and aerial to the military difficult an of The is building anonymized. tainty in it is as seen maps, landscape such extant the be already symbols, cannot with and comparison placenames, icons or conventional information functions specific in certain ground, encapsulated map-image. the this of normally from interpretation knowledge the pedestrian alters above. the map from a Without which view than objectivity in actual and the value representation truth with to visual replaced appears a are 1 map urge: of Figure a mapping creation of of this symbols that institutional of the like perfection the photography and the aerial through control provide context, territories, of this process or In topographic a knowledge. vertical landscapes in scaled, entwined of visible, thus governance into were maps then Bradford Colonial and representations. [from numbers into grid first a translated onto photograph aerial an project to how showing 64]. Diagram 1957: 2 Figure Wilkinson C. T. 24 iue3,gnrlyhv h rgnlgoercfae eoe,btte display they but removed, frames geometric original the have generally 3], Figure u h aeidxclt hc per ogv h eilpoorp greater photograph aerial the give to appears which indexicality same the But rdodspbihdvria htgah in photographs vertical published Bradford’s nin Landscapes Ancient frexample, [for — Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 ehiu en htiae utb aeul ae ihfaiglabels. framing photo- with lost. aerial geographically vertical tamed the feel are, viewer carefully you the where be of makes indication the graph some must fix or labels, images to photographic the order the Without that of in means rawness labels the supplementary technique about and Something 43]. classification interpretation. plate 1957: in archaeological Bradford interest [from same divisions land the Roman of photograph aerial Vertical 3 Figure aln u fa icat25 Aircraft an of out Falling Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 etclve ftemphsisoiisi niaie n rubydehuma- arguably and imagined an the in The possible, origins been perspective. its Although long roofs. has visual has the at map as view nized closely the well elevated Looking as of oblique buildings view azimuth. an of vertical the sides of the lens, assumption see the human to the of possible infini- is one center it in the 1, vertical at Figure truly flat only imaginary point an is small on photograph reprojected tesimally aerial is the everything earth, which textured) in (though map, the of verticality sal 6T .Wilkinson C. T. 26 civd ihtedsac fara lgtadtlsoi lenses. telescopic and flight aerial of distance the with achieved, hog rmtciae.Nntees rdodsrvsfrsinii validity scientific for enchantment strives to and introduction Bradford closeness his Nonetheless, for in yearning images. with dramatic tempered through is landscape that of images totality aesthetic are viewer. strong 3) the also Roman in Figure but response land-type in of pleasurable particular depicted a photographs a land produce of published of maps division the simply cartographically imperial useful not Indeed, ancient only not intricate. (the is ‘‘centuriation’’ attractively 1 classi- a Figure also of those in what to but and photograph similar visible are the is of archaeology what colonialist; the limits aerial both vertical fying the by of Unlike of surprised techniques be aware The ix]. to truth- not. keenly prepared is and too was 1957: total and only be eye, seemed [Bradford to aerial Bradford India the view’’ 25–26], of more 1997: map are air [Edney their etc., thought ful the representative pottery, who of of surveyors than finds British ‘‘tour idealistic surface discovery a and Cyprus, of foot a on of productive studying field-work photographs after that that aerial showed us vertical sites tells He RAF technology. of the of series limitations accepts and scape, a rpa snvrtuypsil oaot vnfra ibrehmneye, view’’ human of airborne points multiple an of for product even ‘‘net adopt, This abstraction. to an [So possible always truly thus never is and is plan or map oqeo lMtwki tteacetrie iyo aar nIa,adwere and Aerosurveys Iraq, Hunting in the Samarra of archive of the city from ruined Bradford de ancient by 5] obtained the and at 4 al-Mutawakkil [Figures of here mosque shown photographs aerial oblique two PHOTOGRAPHS The AERIAL OBLIQUE FITTEST’’: THE OF objectivity ‘‘SURVIVAL scientific for desire a for documents coverage. visual totalizing and strongest the provide Fgr ] osntse ohv enpbihdi n fBafr’ works. Bradford’s of any in published taken were been photographs the have that likely seems to it directions, seem however opposite from other, not Although The like does illustrations comment.’’ that further 5], ‘‘short-circuit obvious below] [Figure so are 4 merits [Figure ‘‘their 17’’ say mani[Plate] to make on ‘‘to goes have obliques Bradford Indeed, that place’’ ‘‘special the of stration oqe h hdwdrcina h ieas ugssta hywr ae nthe in taken were they that suggests the also by site cast shadows the the at of direction length shadow and The angle mosque. the given other, each of minutes within ay odn In London. pany, ¨ h ans fpoorpylasoti te asa el nieteuniver- the unlike well: as ways other in out leaks photography of rawness The sw ilsei h etscin,tedsr o aigadudrtnigthe understanding and taming for desire the sections, next the in see will we As land- the knowing of way only the as photography aerial see not does Bradford derstro ¨ 96 5]o ltpoetoimi nysmltd lhuhnever although simulated, only is projectionism flat of 258] 1996: m nin Landscapes Ancient nin Landscapes Ancient ichnographic h is mg Fgr ]sre sademon- a as serves 4] [Figure image first the , n hs etclara photographs aerial vertical these and , esetv fatwo-dimensional a of perspective etkonsites.’’ known fest = eoim com- Aerofilms ittegreat the pict Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 eaievsa mato eti iwonsoe tes(hte ntearor air the in (whether others over viewpoints certain of impact visual relative 50]. 1957: [Bradford site’’ the circling res always the by is determined all there than be better practice only is in that fittest; photograph oblique the an of for position survival one the selection, curiou of publis process a are a able that But through ‘‘[T]hose chosen: was them. were and few of those images, [ which few by of archaeology mechanism a thousands aerial only many of publish to strategy to access common had Bradford a Clearly 31–41]. is this is this accidental: by exaggerated terrain not of 17]. contrasts the plate and long 1957: are shadows Bradford the That evening. [from Iraq Samarra, at mosque of Image 4 Figure o rdod e ako odara rhelgs sassmn fthe of assessment is archaeologist aerial good a of task key a Bradford, For omn assqetosaotthe about questions raises comment s aln u fa icat27 Aircraft an of out Falling ,adwihcan which and t, rdod1957: Bradford e aebeen have hed Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 o hwn h a nwihast a itdit h adcp’ [ landscape’’ the into fitted was unequalled site is a oblique to which allowed an in be rest.’’ positioned way the almost the skilfully all may than showing ‘‘[W]hen ‘‘better they for is themselves. powerful, that one so for the are speak get photographs to order oblique Rivers in Certain studio) Pitt the of in permission down back with reproduced (Photo Africa’’ PRM.1998.296 Iraq, and Samarra, Oxford). at East of mosque University Middle al-Mutawakkil Museum, of ‘‘Asia, photograph AI.a, aerial Oblique Box 5 Figure Wilkinson C. T. 28 h eeto ss nosiu,temrt fago biu htgah‘‘so clues. photograph for themselves oblique images good the a to back of turn merits must the we instead unconscious, that so obvious,’’ is selection the ntentr n ieo h acaooia]st’ [ depends site’’ ‘‘[m]uch [archaeological] that the ‘‘best saying of as by inches) size this (5–10 and qualifies length nature he focal the But lighting and on on purpose.’’ pro- feet), recommendations definitive general few (1,000 No a for selection? height makes skillful He flying this Bradford. for conditions, by make provided that is features cedure the are what So ibid. 0.FrBradford, For 50]. ibid 51]. . = Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 xso h oqeisl.Bttepoeso eeto em ohneo h tension the on hinge to seems the selection to of even process the nor But grid, 5. itself. cartographic Figure mosque universal of the any of levels into axes confused fit more to the attempts image than Neither rather geometry Renaissance, Albertian the of drawings, from perspectival inherited elevated of conventions the follows here trenches The (1914–18).’’ War deeply inauthentic First and the the distracting need from both no along date are is which ‘‘[t]here wander trenches handwriting: the Bradford’s to show in apparently tempted to ink, stapled is the red from in clear axis, written is undesirable note, was linear this That foreground. clear the of in length this lines inscribed without the and of extenuating confused, more image, guidance is eye the viewer’s the the of 5, right Figure in top contrast, By the mosque. the to minaret the from running iue6Rvreo iue5soigBafr’ oe Poorpoue ihpriso fPitt of permission with reproduced (Photo notes Bradford’s Oxford). showing of 5 University Figure Museum, of Reverse Rivers 6 Figure ‘ae rm100fe iha2-nhln’ in been lens’’ having 24-inch as a 4 with Figure feet notes 1,000 Bradford from Although ‘‘univer- photographs ‘‘taken the elsewhere. the are on nor confirm indicated or axis, each site mapping of themselves the direction obvious and any of coordinates on maps geographical taken sal’’ been with not Comparison have 10]. they that 1948: [Hart survey topographic ehp atybcueo h ihe rm n,mr motnl,bcueof 4 because Figure importantly, In more symmetry. and, point vanishing lack frame the tighter images of the angle both the of this, because of partly is because point perhaps vanishing and, the and centered, angled diagonally in are not factor mosque that the of a of unlikely lines not back The thus attention. is the is this on and It written survey, 6]. topographic note [Figure selection.’’ was the ‘‘skillful given’’ image the given either height guess, of ‘‘no purpose a records the been which have 5, may Figure this 52], 1957: n ih ugs htFgr a eetdfrfnlpbiainbcueit because publication final for selected was 4 Figure that suggest might One sbt mgsaelwolqe,lcigahrzn ete svr sflfor useful very is neither horizon, a lacking obliques, low are images both As nbt iue n ,temsu scnee nawyta meitl draws immediately that way a in centered is mosque the 5, and 4 Figures both In — h y sdanaogtesrn xso walls of axis strong the along drawn is eye the — hyaeucmotbymodern. uncomfortably are they nin Landscapes Ancient aln u fa icat29 Aircraft an of out Falling [Bradford — Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 ofrsissgiiac.Hwvr hr r eyfwseesoi images stereoscopic stereoscopically, few used very be are could there that collection However, his significance. in its prints confirms loose of number hsbo a enbsdo trocpcpoorps’[rdod15:6] His in 62]. practice 1957: [Bradford the photographs’’ to stereoscopic attention on based detailed been has book this ls itne[iny20:23.A oki h nosiu eeto of selection unconscious Aerofilms the (by in distribution work for first At at photographs, 203]. photography aerial through 2003: oblique objects what of recalls these [Pinney far hold’’ fixity ‘‘get least distance too the at to less or pedestrian; urge a close of opacity the to mere for objectness as reduced desire a and described This the landscape Benjamin to picture. surrounding the and reduced the in by viewer role right close crowded important the the is Too mosque and exert clarity. the must lost, and and they be effective, flatness).’’ would distance, total be mosque of intimacy, to effect at of an photographs taken give when aerial level can (e.g., they oblique ground, relief these falling natural For or of are rising impression to ‘‘obliques angles misleading photographs: right a oblique giving some of by capable produced uncertainty and minacy un h ltsraeo h mg ftovria htgah noadetailed contours a instruments, into survey. specialized topographic photographs Using aide vertical to height. two reconstructed and of be topography image may stereograph the the a of of of stereo- surface record effect him by flat three-dimensional studied the the were had collection, turns purposes, he Keele military photographs the work. in aerial For now Corps vertical scopically. are the Intelligence Bradford which of his and many and from to, in that access importance oblique, assume application their reasonably average of greater may aware the We have well than doubt 7 no surveillance Figure was and as survey such topographic photographs aerial PHOTOGRAPHS AERIAL Stereoscopic STEREOSCOPIC MID-AIR’’: IN SUSPENDED IF ‘‘AS desired a the transmit is a to in publishers), one order site. this pictured in his like the manner sites about and pleasurable of message representation and Bradford and opaque, framing (by dramatized, desires publication that schema then visual and Aerosurveys) 0T .Wilkinson C. T. 30 anig.Ytteei loadne ftasrsino ofso nproximity, in above. Orientalist confusion noted of or was repertoire transgression which the Flaubert, of of by danger part case experienced a this was common also in as a Other,’’ is was ‘‘the there to that hand, Yet closer subject one paintings. get a the to ruin, desire On and exotic 2004]. about an 1983, curiosity [Bhabha deep a stereotypes of is demonstration colonial there ambivalence emo- Bhabha’s of and feel Homi complexity and ambiguity by the out the highlighted of reach discourse recalls to colonial tension and other, This hand, Orientalist the detail. one on the by and, on inspired to, mosque inti- tively desire and the ambiguous [Bradford detailed objectify an a distance’’ is gain and there to the distance monument way, the into another to Put mile enough portrait. close upon mate get to mile also but stretching depict 52], ‘‘evocatively’’ streets 1957: to it, of contex- puts to ‘‘remains Bradford order as in the subject, eye the photographic spectacularize the and elevate and tualize distance to need the between rdodmkstecamin claim the makes Bradford In nin Landscapes Ancient rdodas oe oegnrludsrbeindeter- undesirable general more a notes also Bradford nin Landscapes Ancient nin Landscapes Ancient ht‘[]ms l h okin work the all ‘‘[a]lmost that n h xsec fa of existence the and , = Hunting Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 erdcdin reproduced undocu- for used pairs Oxford). permission stereoscopic of with of University reproduced sets Museum, (Photo two Rivers IV with Pitt PRM.1998.296-Box collections of Bradford’s from from purposes, page demonstration A mented 7 Figure lobmasta ti ‘h rbe fcmuiaigteefc aiyin easily effect the archaeology’’ communicating in of employment [stereoscopy’s] problem restrict ‘‘the as to is [reproduced tends Bradford contradiction, pair that it intriguing visible an publications that In one images. plate bemoans and 75 of 8] also total a [Figure of out viewers 9], stereoscopic Figure of use the nin Landscapes Ancient — ned nyoepoorp demonstrating photograph one only indeed, aln u fa icat31 Aircraft an of out Falling Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 2T .Wilkinson C. T. 32 aro ri nIa tepoorpsrmi ntePMcleto f iue1 Bafr 195 [Bradford 1) Figure cf. – collection PRM the in remain photographs (the 16]. plate Iraq in Erbil of pair iesos sBafr usi,te‘seesoi mrsino h earth’s the of impression ‘‘stereoscopic interocular gigantic the with it, one albeit puts being, Bradford binocular a As to dimensions. viewer the return do they Another also 8]. sought. Figure concerns be should [i.e., did must publisher’s aimed he explanations pair The was of particular book the equipment. set chose the Bradford inexpensive why which this explain at not to readership access the therefore is that have it and expect audience, to general a the reasonable for as photographs such anaglyphic or publications stereoscopic easily. contemporary effect for stereoscopic News uncommon the stereoscopic London view not and to was 12] people 2005: it many book [Radcliffe But allow a publish to in to required cost years are of 10 viewers issues taken are have there to Certainly seems that pairs. stereoscopic with print images to such publishers publishing of methods describes he ease. but relative 61], 1957: [Bradford from image An 8 Figure hs yswr sfraata h itnetaeldb h icatbetween aircraft the by giant travelled a distance by the obtained as be would apart which far that as effect, were in eyes is, whose received is which surface e etr faseegaho e fiae iwdseesoial sthat is stereoscopically viewed images of set or stereograph a of feature key A the of part the on reluctance by part in explained be may discrepancies These hc rdodas olce PM 98269–0] opublish to 1998.296.97–103], [PRM. collected also Bradford which , nin Landscapes Ancient hwn trocpcvee n A stereoscopic RAF and viewer stereoscopic showing Illustrated 7: Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 eilpoorpyt eprva oorpy[rdod15:pae15b]. plate 1957: [Bradford topography reveal help to photography aerial ucsiecmr xoue’ [ exposures’’ camera successive from images of pair A 9 Figure utb eevn w ifrn mgsbtsen only seeing eye but Each images convergence. different ocular two and themselves receiving decouple focus must be between viewers must relationship 9, or normal 7 the Figures from in those like pair, stereoscopic rdodwsceryke otanhssuet ypoiiglcue with lectures providing by students Indeed, his equipment. train specialized by to slides aided something keen lantern suggest, or images ‘‘stereoscopic trained clearly two be was the must than Bradford eye nearer the point which a for at focusing while scene fstsa fsseddi i-i bv h rud’[ ground’’ the above mid-air in relief suspended topographical the if see as to sites individually, and of collectively able, is audience ‘‘the upne nasnl pc,rayt albtntflig h iwrmybe, may staring, viewer stasis fixed, The enforced the falling. are in not but required being, but large eyes fall powerfully suspended or to The being giant ready a Cairo, you.’’ of suggests, space, Flaubert’s Bradford ‘‘pinch sense single as like and odd a upward: in up the accusingly suspended given come point is hills details out The viewer zoom the hills them. the the direction, above and and focus directly objects correct the nauseating. on tactile and settles unnerving eye as also the but as delightful 7, and Figure surprising In is eye the of ‘‘trick’’ iho ihu h i faln trocp sc si eni iue8,this 8), Figure in seen is as (such stereoscope lens a of aid the without or With nin Landscapes Ancient ... rjce nt ivrdsre’ nawythat way a in screen’’ silvered a to on projected ibid 2.T banteseesoi fetfra for effect stereoscopic the obtain To 62]. . sdt eosrt h s fstereoscopic of use the demonstrate to used aln u fa icat33 Aircraft an of out Falling ibid one 62]. . three-dimensional Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 h esn o ulsigs e trocpciae in images stereoscopic few so publishing the brings for another reasons or the direction dimensions. one two in mon- to eyes in down the manifest back moving not crashing as visual is images the fragile, that Even is height practice. itself in photographic effect fragility standard and and photographs giddiness vertical of ocular sense a is there eeotntre onb ooilgvrmnsweetedneswere dangers the where governments colonial surveys of aerial by ( danger for high a down too applications always considered pilots Contemporary turned was down. the often there shot to aerial were being missions but of of reconnaissance inaccessible, abilities or original previously the crashing, were the extol that may flew The areas Bradford who photogra- vii]. map generally. aerial of to more 1957: danger aviation photography and [Bradford of daring the and observation’’ emphasize phy, ‘‘precise also vertigo rather mathematical and and giddiness to tame the reduced a 7, is be Figure 9, with Figure topography. comparison rationalist publish, confusing Cartesian In to of by choose a lost. view removed did boring of is actually is safety object Bradford object, and and that image distance from window subject planar the viewer consider- between the cold Thus separates division image, the effect. and the than stereoscopic York of contents the New surface image in The the Towers by map. Twin described defines topographic the that a of to of closer top ation perhaps scientific the are be at to vision Certeau book stereoscopic de coffee-table of sites, or erotics of too parlor-room The fascinating, divination frivolous theses. too for to a be tool to used would scientific images close serious be a such dangerously may as less audience effect who archaeological them the general Bradford, his use makes like for to viewer learns also and trained images vertigo the such stereoscopic for While of academic. giddiness and visual the but rts irr,BL.IOR Library, British Wilkinson C. T. 34 oe’ Slod18:7] nweg slkws adt e‘catd’ or ‘‘charted,’’ and be to superiority, said everyday control, likewise and is rationality, academic Knowledge with [ ‘‘Western’’ 79]. ‘‘mapped’’ in 1982: associated [Salmond that is power’’ out ‘‘height pointed language, has Salmond Anne (AM)BIVALENCE AND pictures’’and AEROVISUALISM CONCLUSIONS: ‘‘world INITIAL perspectival freely. publishing monocular in reticence hegemonic publisher’s enfleshed the his unnerved the and or have Bradford’s binocularity to may explains produce to used images return stereoscopic tota- eye that The a object not tool. to and climate, relationship surveillance landscape, people, invincible local by lizing, resistance of courses possible ftemtposcrosyinrd tsaei hte hs eahrclties metaphorical these materiality whether evident meta- is the Salmond’s stake At of and ignored. origin however, curiously potential metaphors unexplored, enquiry the The left of of world. is structure the the associations on of phorical phrases effect understanding considerable literal the have and thus apparently and behind descriptions, and presuppositions metaphorical fundamental rdodmyhv lie ‘iie pc’ r‘dfiut npbiain’as publication’’ in ‘‘difficulty or space’’ ‘‘limited claimed have may Bradford l hssget acnto ihteseesoi fetta cannot that effect stereoscopic the with fascination a suggests this All ibid 86] h ovnin fsinii htrcfeunl hide frequently rhetoric scientific of conventions The 68–69]. . cf napiainfrhl aei dn o edi the in held now Aden, in made help for application an . = R = 20 = A = 37.Fih ean rgl ehooywith technology fragile a remains Flight 3347). nin Landscapes Ancient , Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 eilpoorpyapidt rhelg.H scrano t oiiemoral positive its of certain is He archaeology. to explore applied to photography undertaken aerial been be to long an and need itself height has further. representations towers, theme to view aerovisual of this attitudes to construction surveillance. elevated cross-cultural raised and the of Further ‘‘oblique’’ or elevation the technology. object land, an from surveillance higher the of emerges to ancient of vision.’’ ascent prison assumption vision through ‘‘elevated perfect human possible totalizing of Bentham’s the of superiority in a But perspective: this jailer offers distanced of a panopticism intellectual and of of materiality of and analysis power the classic prevalence metaphorical The into Foucault’s the this route being. that into enabled potential conversely come material or to efficacy, and system aerovisual practice of aerovisual basis the formed itrin,adt nwmnmnshlsial u niaey hl some of While images intimately. dramatic but by holistically ocular and enchanted monuments know visions know or to the practices by or to entranced unnerved dominate, and and be are to surprised distortions, desire to be there a to rather publications, features, to archaeological related but his not totality, and are technology. in that photographs the tensions of of fragility and the concerns collection of the us but Bradford’s reminds control, use, and flight Within capture, surveillance in of of mortality aspects human strategies have functions unstated may different which photographs gaze’’ with aerial ‘‘aerial practices these the of in of superiority set The representation. linked and we purpose, rubric: a What collection. is the Bradford’s instead of bear heterogeneity see the should with faced book when problematic the this of in knowledge viii]. page 1957: ground-level ‘‘every [Bradford the also excavate’’’ that required: but Bradford ‘Please things still see, reveal ‘‘grids.’’ not is may alternative could they landscape or exhaustive: observer not hidden, pedestrian are the ancient, photographs advance,’’ for aerial in that knowing search always realizes ‘‘mathematical not a view not does is rather it to It similar activity, but and gaze. be enemy may aerial ‘‘colonizing’’ new, or hidden same batteries the something the of for for serve see search reconnaissance project this to military While the surprised, Bradford’s way. to different be a to in to field landscape Vital desire a the in the uncertainty. archaeology is aerial epistemological archaeology places more photographs greater a oblique proxim- reveal of and of The distance choice publish, between practices. the tension to visual within the its or ity or images and use stereoscopic modernity the to of to Bradford’s giddiness photographs relationship in ambiguous visuality of and of military choice complex forms the and the variant of the and knowledge uncritical However, collection, is mathematical surveillance. he aerial objective unsurprisingly, of within use Perhaps totalizing enmeshed world. clearly example, of the is for Bradford representing concerns sense providing, this modernist In in world. the knowledge the of archaeological mapping’’ ‘‘total bettering in imperative bu wesi rsrelac n oeaotcroiyadpesr,and pleasure, hegemonic the and of transgression curiosity photographs, stereoscopic about the more of case and the less in surveillance are even, collection or this in ownership aerovisualism of about styles other knowledge, cartographic to h dao eilpoorpya igepatc rvsa tl sevidently is style visual or practice single a as photography aerial of idea The of benefits the in belief his in unequivocal is Bradford practices, textual his In — o xml,tevria eilphotographs aerial vertical the example, for aln u fa icat35 Aircraft an of out Falling — a ecoeyrelated closely be may Downloaded By: [University of Oxford] At: 11:16 17 December 2007 eie fpoorpi iult Jy1998] [Jay visuality photographic of regimes osqecsdpnigo h pcfct ftemdu n t experience. its power and medium whose aerovisualism the photography, into of different specificity investigation stereoscopic has the perspective Further or aerial on an of Adopting oblique depending aerial visuality criteria. of consequences by vertical the set different of shared emulating a on role documents depends not the objective deli- is example, and and found maps For scientific be documented. to as need effects photographs that their practices’’ and ‘‘aerovisual of neated, plurality a exists there publication. mgs uha al ayoin hns,o oa as rbo ers such genres, of book publications or coffee-table aerial maps; successful Roman cross-cultural immensely or the and Chinese, as Babylonian, drawings; early elevated as painting; such images, landscape as such views, i rliga hyd ntestlietcnlg ftecretimperialist current the with of mostly greeted technology been satellite has the wonder distribution and on public enthusiasm moder- their do as However, seen ori- they be institutional superpower). suspect as may their tools (relying given these Heidegger’s especially hand, gin supersede tool, one to mapping the phase may total On new ultimate We picture.’’ a nity’s elevation. world in and the result of will proximity this ‘‘age own pedestrian whether and their to aerial choose as between speculate may distinction users Certeau’s as de tech- elide perspectives, computer to Life,’’ are start ‘‘Second these may like As nology technologies world. reality’’ entire down the ‘‘virtual space for with from potentially integrated zooming buildings, allow of WorldWind models NASA’s ground-level to and tools the Earth Increasingly, Google 381–398]. even 2005: as and [Yusoff such dif- cinema obliques; the and low-altitude maps maps; and between and relationship verticals images, high-altitude satellite between further photographs, ference eroded aerial recently between have differences Systems the Information Geographic in Developments ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2]. 1956: [Bradford surveillance ofotdwt a with confronted ehooyo power of technology emulators and [1999] Arthus-Bertrand 6T .Wilkinson C. T. 36 itRvr uem htgah n aucit olcin:19.9.112.Bafr Collection Bradford 1–1129. 1998.296. collections: Manuscripts and Photographs Museum: Rivers Pitt Primary Grover. Philip REFERENCES and Dudding article, Jocelyne this especially of including drafts Museum, early Rivers on Pitt comments the their for at Radcliffe staff Francesca the and to Pinney also Chris and to grateful particularly am I hsivsiainit hsoecleto fara htgah a hw that shown has photographs aerial of collection one this into investigation This ntemdr ol,arvsaimcniust ucina ninstitutional an as function to continues aerovisualism world, modern the In N:idvda htgah r o urnl ubrdi h olcin.BiihLibrary: British collection). the in numbered currently not are IOR photographs individual (NB: = R = 20 = A — = 37 eildcmnso dnDirectorate. 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