Reason, Revelation, and Devotion: Inference and Argument in Religion William J

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-06240-5 - Reason, Revelation, and Devotion: Inference and Argument in Religion William J. Wainwright Index More information

Index

abhinya , 165n41 Anglicanism and Anglicans, 60 – 1 , 91 – 2 Abizadeh, Arash, 92 – 3 Anselm, 33 , 39 – 40 , 48 , 124 , 161 – 2 Acts of John , 135 – 6 devotional use of religious Ad Quirinum (Cyprian), 50 argumentation, 36 – 8 Adam, 22 , 24 – 5 , 26 – 7 , 28 God as greater than can be thought, 139 Adams, Marilyn, 117 – 18 immersion in particular textual Adams, Thomas, 126 tradition, 44 – 5 Advaita Vedanta and Advaitins reading and texts, 51 ascetic practices, 21 – 2 self-explanatory nature of God’s “being-consciousness-bliss” existence, 151n3 formula, 155n39 Aquinas, Thomas, 33 , 89 – 90 , 155n38 , Brahman 159n20 as an absolute unity, 19 – 22 evidence and proper disposition, 60 – 1 , 122 denial of as causal agent, 19 – 20 faith, 106 – 7 denial of as knower, 19 Five Ways, 33 , 161n55 as neti, neti , 150 limited capacity to comprehend God, 138 , nirguna versus saguna , 20 , 155n37 140 , 142 – 3 , 189–190n76 as underlying the Vedas , 104 reason and “inner light”, 111 , 112 non-personal nature of maximally perfect self-explanatory nature of God’s reality, 19 – 22 , 43 – 4 existence, 151n3 reading and texts, 21 argument “theistic elements” of, 20 , 155n41 defi ned, 2 Vedas purposes of religious, 2 – 3 , 32 – 40 , 42 , Brahman as underlying, 104 159n25 as eternal, 179n3 devotional use, 34 – 8 reason as unable to establish authority directed toward unbelievers, 33 of, 111 in inter-religious contexts to establish agnosticism, 57 , 58 , 165n49 common ground, 33 Alciphron (Berkeley), 90 to strengthen the faithful, 34 Alcuin, 48 within traditions to resolve intramural alien religions, defi ned, 164n29 disputes, 34 Alston, William P., 1 , 79 , 133 – 4 reasons for construction of, 32 Ambrose, 177n57 rhetoric versus, 93 – 4 , 176n47 , 176n48 Andrewes, Bartimeus, 126 Aristotelian proofs, 34 , 158n8

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194 Index

Aristotle, 3 , 45 as personal and supreme person, 20 tragic poetry and metaphor, 98 , 99 as superior to other conceptions of use of metaphor and tropes, 94 ultimate reality, 155n38 Arndt, Johann, 133 as unchanging and eternal, 104 atman , 154n24 , 164n18 Buddha, 48 , 191n2 Augustine, 2 , 34 , 124 Buddha of the Western Paradise (Amida Confessions of, 95 – 7 [Amitabha]), 158n98 criticism of teachers of rhetoric, 50 – 1 , buddhavaccana , 49 164n17 Buddhism and Buddhists. See also names equating of free choice and will, 26 , of specifi c Buddhists and forms of 157n67 , 157n68 Buddhism faith and reason, 91 – 2 , 175n39 citation of excerpts, 163n13 grace as unmerited gift, 27 – 8 Indian tradition of public disputation, liberty, 26 – 7 , 157n74 158n3 pride and concupiscence, 24 – 5 , 156n57 non-personal nature of maximally perfect pride and ignorance, 25 reality, 17 – 22 relation between grace and free will, 24 – 8 , oral instruction and memorization, 49 , 163n7 30 – 1 reading and texts, 3 view of sin, 25 revelation and reason, 164n23 avataras , 55 – 6 western view of need for action avidya , 100 – 1 , 160n36 versus, 100 – 1 Burke, Edmund, 175n41 , 177n66 “bare theism”, 116 – 18 , 181n51 , Byrne, Peter, 130 – 1 181n52 , 181n53 Barth, Karl, 106 , 134 – 5 , 179n13 Calvin, John Baxter, Richard, 125 evidence and proper disposition, 60 – 1 , 122 Bayle, Pierre, 114 – 15 justifi cation and faith, 28 – 30 , 158n91 Beam, Craig, 94 – 5 reason and “inner light”, 111 , 112 Belief in God (Mavrodes), 40 – 1 view of sin, 28 benevolence, 61 , 63 , 65 , 77 – 8 , 79 – 80 , 166n8 , Cambridge Companion to Philosophical 172n128 , 178n84 Theology (Taliaferro and Bergson, Henri, 94 Meister), 130 – 1 Berkeley, George, 90 Cambridge Platonism, 4 , 122 , 125 , 127 – 8 Bernard of Clairvaux, 48 , 123 “Canons Concerning Justifi cation” Bhagavad Gita , 21 (Council of Trent), 29 Bhamati school of Advaita Vedanta, 180n20 catechetical instruction, 49 bhava , 18 Catholicism and Catholics. See also names of The Blackwell Guide to the Philosophy of specifi c Catholics Religion (Mann), 130 – 1 Council of Trent on justifi cation, 29 – 30 Blount, Charles, 113 relation between grace and free will bodhisattvas, 184n8 Augustine’s view, 30 Bonaventure, 35 Pelagius’ view, 22 – 6 Bradley, F. H., 169n75 , 176n48 Celestial Hierarchy (Dionysius), 131 , 132 – 3 Brahma (Vedanta ) Sutras , 21 Charlesworth, M. J., 139 Brahma years, 159n21 Chuang Tzu, 150 Brahman Christian Platonism, 37 – 8 , 151n3 as an absolute unity, 19 – 22 Christian Science, 170n88 “being-consciousness-bliss” Christianity and Christians. See also names of formula, 155n39 specifi c Christians as cause of the Vedas , 104 attacks on theism targeted toward, 120 asneti, neti , 150 “bare theism”, 116 – 18 nirguna versus saguna , 20 , 155n37 , 155n38 Confessions of Augustine, 95 – 7

Index 195

evidence and proper disposition, 60 – 1 contingent beings as having at least some goodness, 120 reason, 8 – 9 , 10 idolatrous nature of deism, 119 – 20 contingent beings as having suffi cient medieval view of perfection, 16 reason for existence, 8 , 10 modern science and, 178n80 contingent beings as requiring and having mystery, 4 suffi cient reason, 8 , 11 centrality of concept, 129 – 30 contingent beings, defi ned, 151n1 criticism of, 129 , 183n3 contingent beings, existence of a series defi nitions of, 134 – 5 of, 6 – 7 fear and suspicion regarding, 131 necessary beings, defi ned, 151–152n4 inconsistency with “common nine-step formulation of, 5 – 6 notions”, 135 – 6 person-relativity of, 43 – 4 lack of relevant information, 136 “principle of suffi cient reason”, 7 – 11 , problems versus mysteries, 152–153n8 136 – 7 , 187n39 inadequacy of reason, 108 – 9 unexpectedness, 135 need for revelation and faith, 107 uses of, 135 – 7 Clarke, W. Norris, 9 – 10 passional reasoning, 3 Clayton, John, 51 Pelagius’ view of Christ and grace, 23 – 4 Clayton, Philip, 44 – 5 reading and texts, 3 Clement of Alexandria, 124 anthologies and commentaries, 50 , Clifford, W. K., 72 – 3 163n12 , 163n13 Clooney, Francis X., 3 , 51 , 53 , 54 , 55 – 6 , 58 debate between Muir and three Hindu Cloud of Unknowing , 133 , 137 pandits, 53 Cobb, John, 56 – 7 oral instruction and memorization, 49 – 50 Coleridge, Samuel T., 98 , 148 revelation, 4 , 105 – 9 , 122 Companion Encyclopedia of Theology (Byrne Cambridge Platonism, 125 , 127 – 8 and Houlden), 130 – 1 faith and, 106 – 7 A Companion to the Philosophy of Religion God communicating truths about himself (Quinn and Taliaferro), 130 – 1 and the world, 105 comparative theology, 53 – 6 God revealing himself, 105 – 6 comparative nature of, 53 – 4 inadequacy of reason, 108 – 9 comparative religion versus, 54 – 5 “loan” hypothesis, 124 confessional nature of, 54 – 6 moments of religious discovery and dialogical nature of, 54 insight, 105 , 106 , 179n14 interreligious nature of, 53 need for, 107 – 8 problems with, 56 Puritanism, 124 – 7 search for objective truth, 55 Tertullian’s objection to philosophy, 123 transformation of understanding traditional Christian attitudes toward through, 55 – 6 philosophy, 123 – 8 compatibilists, 15 – 16 rhetoric, 96 “compositions”, 152n5 space-time world as mirror of God’s Confessions (Augustine), 95 – 7 , 177n61 being, 155n38 contemporary naturalism, 46 Chrysostom, John, 4 , 129 – 30 , 144 , 184n6 , contingent beings 189n61 , 190n81 defi ned, 151n1 Cicero, 85 , 95 – 6 , 97 existence of a series of, 6 – 7 Clarke, Samuel, 2 , 37 as fully determined by other facts, 7 , 9 – 10 cosmological argument for the existence of as having at least some reason, 8 – 9 , 10 God, 5 – 11 , 30 – 1 as having suffi cient reason for causeless beings, defi ned, 151n2 existence, 8 , 10 contingent beings as fully determined by as requiring and having suffi cient other facts, 7 , 9 – 10 reason, 8 , 11

196 Index

cosmological argument for the existence of Dodd, C. H., 105 God (Clarke), 2 , 5 – 11 , 30 – 1 Dow, Jamie, 87 causeless beings, defi ned, 151n2 duhkha , 17 , 100 – 1 contingent beings defi ned, 151n1 Edwards, Jonathan, 1 , 7 , 12 , 38 – 9 , existence of a series of, 6 – 7 140 – 1 , 160n37 as fully determined by other facts, 7 , 9 – 10 believing the apparently contradictory, as having at least some reason, 8 – 9 , 10 115 – 16 , 181n46 as having suffi cient reason for benevolence, 61 , 63 , 65 , 166n8 , 178n84 existence, 8 , 10 evidence, argument, and rule of reason, as requiring and having suffi cient 188–189n60 reason, 8 , 11 God as only true cause and only true necessary beings, defi ned, 151–152n4 substance, 63 – 4 , 166n20 nine-step formulation of, 5 – 6 God’s relation to his elect, 64 , 65 person-relativity of, 43 – 4 holiness and sin, 134 , 135 – 7 “principle of suffi cient reason”, 7 – 11 , incomprehensibility, 142 , 143 152–153n8 , 153n11 limited capacity to comprehend, 137 – 8 Council of Trent, 29 – 30 moral agency, 15 – 16 Cudworth, Ralph, 54 mystery, 135 – 7 , 141 , 143 – 4 Culverwel, Nathaniel, 127 – 8 “new spiritual sensation”, 172n128 , 182n66 Cur Deus Homo (Anselm), 159n27 passional reasoning, 61 – 5 Cyprian, 50 , 163n5 circularity of views on, 78 – 9 , 81 , 82 – 3 , 172n125 Dasika, Sri Vedanta, 51 , 54 subjectivism of views on, 77 – 8 De Pace Fidei (Nicholas of Cusa), 54 redeemed’s knowledge of God’s reality, 61 – 3 de Sousa, Ronald, 168–169n70 revelation and reason, 121 , 122 “Decree Concerning Justifi cation” (Council rhetoric, 86 of Trent), 29 spiritual sense, 61 – 2 , 63 , 64 deism spiritual truths, 62 fl awed conception of sound reason, 120 – 3 thought and actual ideas, 61 idolatrous nature of, 119 – 20 Egeria, 49 as parasitic on Christianity, 119 – 20 Eliot, John, 125 – 6 religious inadequacy of empirical generalizations, 9 , 152–153n8 effi cacy in the life process of mankind, 118 Epicureanism, 46 problem of evil, 117 – 18 Epistola de IncarnationeVerba view of revelation and reason, 113 – 14 , 115 , (Anselm), 37 – 8 116 , 180n34 “equal weight view”, 57 , 165n48 Dennet, Daniel, 90 An Essay concerning Human Understanding Dent, Arthur, 125 (Locke), 59 Descartes, 37 essence Devi, 155n41 defi ned, 157n72 dharmas, 17 – 19 , 51 , 104 God as beyond, 138 – 9 , 187n46 , 187n47 Diderot, Denis, 118 eudaimonia , 99 Dionysius the Areopagite (Pseudo-Dionysius), evidentialism, 59 – 60 , 112 4 , 129 , 131 – 3 , 145 , 185n14 Ezekiel, 35 Discourse on the Trinity (Edwards), 142 disputatio , 89 – 90 Farmer, H. H., 105 – 6 doctrinal exclusivism, 56 – 8 Farrell, James, 96 defi ned, 165n46 Fate, 25 philosophical, 57 Faustus, 177n57 religious, 56 – 8 Ferré, Frederick, 118 salvifi c exclusivism versus, 165n46 fi deism, 114 – 15 , 123

Index 197

Foley, Richard, 173n140 Hindu God, Christian God (Clooney), 55 – 6 forensic model of philosophy, 89 – 90 Hinduism and Hindus. See also names of Foster, Michael, 134 specifi c Hindus and schools Foucault, Michel, 90 debate between Muir and three Hindu foundationalism, 171n115 pandits, 53 Francis, Convers, 39 personal nature of God, 17 Francis de Sales, 51 , 54 Vishishtadvaita Vedanta, 17 Frederick, James L., 53 , 58 Hiriyana, M., 155n39 freedom Hobbes, Thomas, 90 autonomy and righteous activity, 16 , rhetoric, 85 – 6 153–154n20 use of metaphor and tropes, 94 compatibilists versus incompatibilists, 15 – 16 Holy Spirit (Holy Ghost), 28 God’s decision to create, 7 home religion, defi ned, 164n29 human free will and divine Hooker, Thomas, 86 sovereignty, 12 – 13 Hopkins, Samuel, 38 – 9 , 160n37 moral agency and omnipotence, 15 – 16 Horton, Robin, 178n81 relation between grace and free will, 22 – 30 Houlden, Leslie, 130 – 1 Fumerton, Richard, 173n140 hsu , 171n120 Hugh of St. Victor, 132 – 3 Gallus, Thomas, 133 Hume, David, 10 , 33 , 90 , 118 Gaunilo, 39 – 40 , 139 mystery, 129 , 183n3 Gavrilyuk, Paul, 135 – 6 , 186–187n36 rhetoric, 85 – 6 Geach, Peter, 13 – 14 , 103 , 153n15 use of metaphor and tropes, 94 Gellman, Jerome, 1 gewu , 77 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), 34 al Ghazali, 34 , 51 Ibn Sina (Avicenna), 34 Gnosticism, 135 – 6 , 156n55 illiteracy, 49 – 50 , 163n10 Goetz, Stewart, 130 – 1 incompatibilists, 15 – 16 Gorgias (Plato), 96 Irenaeus, 163n5 grace. See also Augustine ; Council of Trent ; Isaac the Blind, 184n8 Pelagius Isaiah, 134 , 186n34 Calvin’s view of justifi cation and faith, 28 – 9 Isha Upanishad , 21 relation between free will and, 22 – 30 ishvara , 20 , 32 – 3 Grassi, Ernesto, 91– 2 , 93 , 94 , 175n45 Islam and Muslims, 33 Gregory of Nyssa, 145 Gregory the Great, 185n19 James, William, 3 , 13 – 14 , 37 – 8 , 100 – 1 , Griffi ths, Paul J., 3 , 16 123 , 166n3 Guyon, Madame de, 133 congruence between mind’s structure and structure of reality, 74 – 5 Hadot, Pierre, 46 , 51 – 2 , 89 , 164n23 “deepest organ of communication” with Halliwell, Stephen, 98 – 9 reality, 74 , 170n107 The Handbook of Philosophy of Religion defense of the “religious hypothesis”, 71 (Wainwright), 130 – 1 epistemic rationality, 73 , 75 , 170n114 Harrison, Victoria S., 130 – 1 evolution, 75 – 6 Hartshorne, Charles, 8 free will, 57 – 8 Hasidism, 35 , 191n2 generic religious hypothesis, 118 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, metaphysics and theoretic need, 169n75 , 176n48 69 – 70 , 118 Hick, John, 95 , 151–152n4 monism (absolute idealism) versus hierophants, 134 , 186n28 pluralism, 69 – 70 , 71 , 168n68 Hilbert, David, 181n45 mystical states versus non-mystical states, Hinayana Buddhism, 154n23 , 155n38 72 , 169–170n86

198 Index

James, William (cont.) katharsis , 99 , 178n76 objective nature, 69 , 168n62 Kellenberger, James, 142 passional reasoning, 69 – 76 Kierkegaard, Søren, 134 – 5 , 146 , 166n3 , circularity of views based on, 78 , 81 , 83 176n48 , 178n83 criticism of argument for, 75 knowledge pragmatic justifi cations of, 76 by acquaintance, 145 – 6 , 191n91 subjectivity of views based on, 77 – 8 God’s own knowledge of himself, 144 – 5 , person-relativity of proofs, 43 – 4 147 , 191n95 , 191n97 proposed “science of religions”, 71 – 2 , as mixed concept, 160n49 171n117 Koons, Robert, 152n5 regarding something as real, 42 – 3 , Krishna, 55 – 6 , 116 – 17 , 191n2 160–161n51 Kung, Peter, 172n126 satisfactions as reliable indicators of truth, kutasthanityata , 104 – 5 73 – 4 , 170n105 science and the “personal point of Lactantius, 108 view”, 72 – 3 Lanfranc, 44 – 5 scientifi c enterprise as intrinsically infused “law of nature” (moral law), 22 , with interests, 69 23 , 156n44 subjective factors and non-coercive Leibniz, Gottfried, 7 , 10 , 180n22 objective evidence, 70 – 1 li , 77 three “departments” of the mind, 74 liangzhi , 77 , 171n120 weak and strong version of will to Ling, Trevor, 18 – 19 believe doctrine, 170n96 “loan” hypothesis, 124 Jayanta, 104 – 5 Locke, John, 3 , 90 , 166n3 Jefferson, Thomas, 118 defi nition of reason, 59 Jerusalem Tract (al Ghazali), 34 evidentialism, 59 – 60 , 112 Jesus Christ, 116 – 17 , 119 , 124 , 135 – 6 rhetoric, 85 – 6 , 100 as model, 24 testing revelation by reason, 109 – 10 , mystery and, 131 111 – 12 , 180n22 Pelagius’ view of, 23 – 4 truth and unknown essences, 141 as redeemer, 23 – 4 use of metaphor and tropes, 94 as revealer, 24 Lonergan, Bernard, 161n55 jiriki , 158n98 Luther, Martin, 133 Job, 23 , 134 , 142 Jodo (“Pure Land” sect), 158n98 Mackie, J. L., 60 Jodo Shin-Shu (“True Sect of Pure Land”), Madden, Peter, 170n96 158n98 Madhva, 32 – 3 , 104 John of the Cross, 133 , 137 Madhyamika school, 4 , 115 , 160n36 John the Scot (Johannes Scotus Eriugena), 131 , Maimonides, 184n8 132 – 3 , 138 – 9 , 187n47 Manichaeism, 96 Johnstone, Henry W., Jr., 99 – 100 , 178n78 Manjushri, 184n8 Judaism and Jews Mann, William, 130 – 1 healing effi cacy of Torah study, 156n55 Marcel, Gabriel, 136 – 7 , 187n39 Pelagius’ view of Mosaic law, 23 Marshall, Donald G., 177n61 rational legal argument, 34 – 5 Mather, Cotton, 126 – 7 Justin Martyr, 124 Mavrodes, George, 2 – 3 , 32 , 40 – 2 , 140 – 1 Maximus the Confessor, 145 Kabbalism, 184n8 Mayhew, Dr., 38 – 9 , 160n37 Kahane, Guy, 168–169n70 “Meditation on Human Redemption” Kalam proofs, 34 , 158n8 (Anselm), 48 Kant, Immanuel, 97 – 8 , 100 , 161n55 , 177n67 Meister, Chad, 130 – 1 karma, 17 , 36 meliorism, 170n113

Index 199

Menzel, Christopher, 153n13 Neo-Platonism, 131 – 2 Mill, John Stuart, 54 Newman, John Henry, 120 – 1 Mimamsa school of Vedanta and conscience, 67 , 167n43 Mimamsikas, 34 , 164n23 , 179n6 “illative sense”, 65 – 8 , 167n23 “The Mind” (Edwards), 141 employed assigning prior probabilities, modal arguments, 43 , 161n54 65 – 6 , 167n25 Molinos, Miguel de, 133 employed conducting arguments, 65 monism (absolute idealism) versus pluralism, employed evaluating argument’s 69 – 70 , 71 , 168n68 overall force, 66 Monologion (Anselm), 33 , 36 – 8 , 161 – 2 formal reasoning versus, 66 More, Henry, 122 proper use of, 67 – 8 Morris, Thomas V., 153n13 reasons to trust, 68 Mosaic law, 23 subjectivity of, 66 – 7 Moses, 133 , 186n34 passional reasoning, 65 – 9 Muir, John, 53 circularity of views on, 78 , 80 – 1 mystery, 4 , 129 – 47 , 150 subjectivism of views on, 77 – 8 centrality of concept, 129 – 30 , 184n8 Newton, Isaac, 105 , 106 Christian uses of, 135 – 7 Nicholas of Cusa, 54 , 164–165n32 inconsistency with “common Nicholson, Hugh, 56 notions”, 135 – 6 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 90 , 176n48 , 178n83 lack of relevant information, 136 nirvana, 154n29 problems versus mysteries, 136 – 7 , 187n39 Nobili, Roberto de, 33 unexpectedness, 135 Northern school (Vadagalai ) of epistemological and ontological, 146 – 7 , ShriVaishnavism, 30 191n98 no-self (anatman ) doctrine, 164n18 , 184n8 God’s own knowledge of himself and, Nyayakusumanjali (Udayana), 36 144 – 5 , 147 , 191n95 , 191n97 Nyaya-Vaisheshika school and Naiyayikas, love mysticism and God’s unknowability, 32 – 3 , 36 , 104 – 5 , 155–156n42 , 158n3 , 132 – 3 , 185n19 179n6 nature and extent of God’s unknowability, 140 – 3 objective reason, 60 , 166n3 neglect of, 131 , 133 – 4 Oldtown Folks (Stowe), 38 – 9 reasons for the “Divine Mystery Thesis”, omnipotence, 2 , 11 – 16 , 159n25 137– 40 almightiness versus, 13 – 14 experiences of Christian mystics, 137 essential goodness and inability to sin, 14 God as beyond essence, 138 – 9 , 187n46 , human free will and divine 187n47 sovereignty, 12 – 13 God as greater than can be thought, logically impossible tasks, 11 , 139 – 40 , 188n54 153n12 , 153n13 insoluble problems, 137 moral agency and, 15 – 16 limited capacities, 137 – 8 perfection and, 12 simplicity of God, 139 – 40 , 188n56 , 188n57 triumph of good over evil, 13 – 14 removability of, 143 – 7 voluntary limitation, 12 senses of, 134 – 5 On Christian Doctrine (Augustine), 96 , 97 , Mystery and Philosophy (Foster), 134 177n57 Mystical Theology (Pseudo-Dionysius), 129 On Liberty (Mill), 54 “On the Very Strongest Arguments” Nagel, Thomas, 46 (Mavrodes), 40 Nalanda monastery, 49 , 163n7 Origen, 124, 163n5 “natural religion”, 60 – 1 Osgood, Dr., 39 The Nature of True Virtue (Edwards), 63 Otto, Rudolf, 130 – 1 , 146 Neo-Confucianism, 3 , 77 , 171n120 Owen, John, 119

200 Index

Paine, Thomas, 118 informal reasoning, 44 paramatman , 20 , 36 interests and concerns of person, 42 – 3 Pascal, Blaise, 3 , 38 , 65 – 6 , 123 , 166n3 objective and subjective propositional passional reasoning, 3 , 4 , 59 – 83 , 148 – 9 concepts, 40 – 1 affectively-laden evaluations, 168–169n70 passional reasoning, 3 , 45 , 148 – 9 evidence and proper disposition, 60 – 1 plausibility of comprehensive explanatory examples of, 61 – 77 systems, 44 Edwards, 61 – 5 probativeness of argument, 41 – 2 James, 69 – 76 purposes of religious arguments, 32 – 40 , Newman, 65 – 9 42 , 159n25 Wang, 77 devotional use, 34 – 8 objections regarding, 77 – 83 directed toward unbelievers, 33 circularity, 78 –83 , 172n125 , in inter-religious contexts to establish 172–173n132 , 173n136 , 173n139 common ground, 33 subjectivism, 77 – 8 to strengthen the faithful, 34 rhetorical persuasion and, 90 , 175n40 within traditions to resolve intramural subjective versus objective reason, disputes, 34 60 , 166n3 reading and texts, 3 , 148 – 9 Paul, 22 , 23 , 27 , 129 – 30 , 132 , 134 , spatio-temporal location of person, 42 157n75 , 186n34 strength of argument, 40 Pelagius, 2 , 34 universality of argument, 40 fi ve components of grace, 24 world views, 46 relation between grace and free will, Phaedo (Plato), 46 22 – 6 , 30 – 1 Phaedrus (Plato), 85 , 175–176n46 time of grace inaugurated by Christ, 23 – 4 phronimos , 88 time of nature, 23 Pike, Nelson, 14 time of the law, 23 , 156n48 Plantinga, Alvin, 1 , 40 view of sin, 22 , 23 – 4 , 156n47 Plato, 3 , 4 , 108 , 148 – 9 Pemble, William, 126 ignorance versus wisdom, 156n55 Penelhum, Terence, 114 , 140 – 1 materialism, views on, 46 , 57 – 8 Penry, John, 86 , 125 – 6 moral failure, 91 – 2 Pensees (Pascal), 38 mystery, 134 , 150 , 191n3 Pepper, Stephen, 175n46 natural inclination and attainment of truth, perfection 37 – 8 , 45 , 91 – 2 God as greater than can be thought, 139 – 40 poetry, 99 medieval Christian view of, 16 rhetoric, 84 , 85 , 96 , 100 , 174n29 , 175–176n46 pure and mixed, 139 , 187n48 use of metaphor and tropes, 94 Perkins, William, 124 – 5 Platonism personal nature, 2 , 16 – 22 Cambridge, 4 , 122 , 125 , 127 – 8 Buddhist views of, 17 – 22 Christian, 37 – 8 , 151n3 medieval Christian view of God, 16 Neo-Platonism, 131 – 2 theistic Hindu view, 17 Plotinus, 51 – 2 , 94 , 131 – 2 , 185n14 , 188n53 person-relativity of proofs, 2 – 3 , Poetics (Aristotle), 98 32 – 47 , 148 – 9 poetry, 97 – 9 assessment of overall force, 44 Potter, Karl H., 155n39 cogency of argument, 41 Pragmatism (James), 171n117 convincingness of argument, 41 prajnaparamita , 160n36 craving for explanatory completeness, 43 – 4 , pravaharupanityata , 104 – 5 161n55 Preston, John, 126 – 7 cumulative case arguments, 43 – 4 propositional concepts, defi ned, 160n44 experiences and interests of persons, 43 – 4 Proslogion (Anselm), 36 – 8 , 44 –5 , 139 , 161 – 2 immersion in particular textual Protestantism and Protestants, 123 . See also tradition, 44 – 5 names of specifi c Protestants

Index 201

Calvin’s view of justifi cation and faith, 28 – 30 reverence for one’s teacher, 50 – 1 Dionysian tradition and, 133 theistic versus non-theistic Vedantins’ Psalms , 44 – 5 , 48 interpretation of texts, 21 psalter collects, 162n2 truthfulness of revealed texts, 103 , 179n1 Pure Land Buddhism, 158n98 reason. See also passional reasoning ; Puritanism and Puritans, 119 , 124 – 7 revelation evidence and proper disposition, 91 – 2 Edwards’ defi nition of, 1 revelation, 4 , 124 – 7 faith and, 91 – 2 , 175n39 rhetoric, 86 – 7 “inner light” and, 111 , 112 Locke’s defi nition of, 59 qi , 77 objective, 60 , 166n3 Quarles, Francis, 124 – 5 subjective, 60 , 166n3 Quinn, Philip, 130 – 1 Reason and the Heart (Wainwright), 60 Quran , 34 “Refl ex Action and Theism” (James), 74 “Religious Experience and Language” Radha, 191n2 (Wainwright), 130 – 1 Rahner, Karl, 139– 40 , 142 – 3 , 144 – 5 , 147 , Republic (Plato), 148 – 9 , 174n29 188n57 , 189n75 Rescher, Nicholas, 93 – 4 , 176n48 Rainolds, John, 125 – 6 revelation, 4 , 103 – 28 , 149 – 50 Rama, 55 – 6 , 116 – 17 Bayle’s skeptical fi deist view of, 114 – 15 Ramanuja, 20 – 2 , 103 . See also Vishishtadvaita Christian view of, 105 – 9 , 122 Vedanta and Vishishtadvaitins Cambridge Platonism, 125 , 127 – 8 attitudes toward proofs for the existence of faith and revelation, 106 – 7 God, 32 – 3 God communicating truths about himself Brahman as underlying the Vedas , 104 and the world, 105 Ramsey, Ian, 95 God revealing himself, 105 – 6 reading and texts, 3 , 4 , 48 – 58 , 148 – 9 inadequacy of reason, 108 – 9 “acknowledged constraints” on, 50 “loan” hypothesis, 124 anthologies and commentaries, 50 , 163n12 moments of religious discovery and appreciation of connotations and insight, 105 , 106 , 179n14 associations, 52 need for revelation, 107 – 8 comparative theology, 53 – 6 Puritanism, 124 – 7 comparative nature of, 53 – 4 Tertullian’s objection to philosophy, 123 comparative religion versus, 54 – 5 testing revelation by reason, 109 – 10 confessional nature of, 54 – 6 traditional Christian attitudes toward dialogical nature of, 54 philosophy, 123 – 8 interreligious nature of, 53 deism, 113 – 14 , 115 , 116 , 180n34 problems with, 56 fl awed conception of sound reason, search for objective truth, 55 120 – 3 transformation of understanding idolatrous nature of, 119 – 20 through, 55 – 6 religious inadequacy of, 117 – 18 doctrinal exclusivism, 56 – 8 reasons for subscribing to alleged, defi ned, 165n46 109 – 13 philosophical, 57 believing versus knowing, 112 – 13 religious, 56 – 8 choosing between world views, 110 – 11 salvifi c exclusivism versus, 165n46 criteria for assessment, 110 ingestion of texts as essential, 48 – 9 reason and “inner light”, 111 – 12 insularity of traditions, 53 , 164n24 Vedantin view of, 104 – 5 , 179n3 necessity of reasoning from within a arguments in favor of accepting the tradition, 51 Vedas , 109 non-religious reading traditions, 51 – 2 Brahman as underlying the Vedas , 104 oral instruction and memorization, 49 – 50 , Vedas as eternal, 179n3 163n10 , 163n7 Vedas as revealed texts, 104 – 5 , 179n3

202 Index

rhetoric, 3 , 4 , 84 – 102 , 149 salvifi c exclusivism, 165n46 Aristotle’s view, 87 – 9 Samkhya Yoga, 155n38 rhetoric and dialectic, 87 samsara , 36 , 160n36 rhetoric as virtuous, 88 – 9 Sayana, 109 suiting discourse to the occasion, 87 – 8 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 176n48 Augustine’s view, 85 Seutonius, 89 – 90 authenticity of revealed truths, 103 , 179n2 Sgaravatti, Danielle, 172n125 Confessions of Augustine, 95 – 7 ShaivaSiddhanta and Shaivites, 55 – 6 , audience for, 96 – 7 155–156n42 intended effect of, 97 Shankara, 104 – 5 rhetorical message of, 97 Shinran, 158n98 rhetoric’s cavalier attitude toward truth, Shiva, 32 – 3 , 36 , 155n41 , 155–156n42 95 – 6 Shri, 116 – 17 Hobbes’ view, 85 – 6 shunya , 160n36 Hume’s view, 85 – 6 Shvetashvatara Upanishad , 21 Locke’s view, 85 – 6 Sibbes, Richard, 62 objections to claim that rhetoric is simplicity of God, 120 , 139 – 40 , 182n60 , intrinsic to good philosophical 188n56 , 188n57 reasoning, 97 – 102 sin persuasion of versus benefi t of audience, Augustine’s view of, 25 84 , 173n1 Calvin’s view of, 28 philosophy versus, 84 – 7 Pelagius’ view of, 22 , 23 – 4 , 156n47 philosophy’s use of, 89 – 91 skepticism, 57 , 58 , 165n49 analytic philosophy, 90 – 1 , 175n35 Smith, John, 122 , 125 , 127 argumentation versus rhetoric, 93 – 4 , Smith, Michael, 80 176n47 , 176n48 Social Contract (Rousseau), 57 – 8 “critical rhetoric”, 90 , 174n29 Socrates, 96 , 108 forensic model, 89 – 90 , 174n27 solipsism, 161n52 imaginative and emotional appeals, Song of Songs , 48 , 132 – 3 92 , 175n43 The Soul’s Journey (Bonaventure), 35 metaphor and tropes, 94 – 5 Southern school (Tengalai ) of necessity of, 91 – 5 ShriVaishnavism, 30 phronetic reasoning, 93 Speculum de Scriptura Sacra ( A Mirror of rational persuasion and rhetorical Sacred Scripture ) (Augustine), 163n12 persuasion, 90 Spencer, Herbert, 69 teaching philosophy, 92 Spinoza, Baruch, 176n48 Plato’s view, 84 , 173n1 Spurr, John, 60 – 1 Puritans’ view, 86 – 7 Sterenberg, Matthew, 90 – 1 teaching and persuasion, 85 Sterry, Peter, 128 Rhetoric (Aristotle), 94 Stoicism, 46 Richard of St. Victor, 140 – 1 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 38 – 9 Ricoeur, Paul, 62 , 87 subjective reason, 60 , 166n3 Rogers, Richard, 126 Summa Contra Gentiles (Aquinas), 33 , 138 Rorty, Amelie, 89 Summa Theologiae (Aquinas), 89 – 90 Rous, Francis, 124 – 5 Suso, Henry, 133 Rousseau, 57 – 8 Sweeny, Eileen, 161 – 2 Routledge Companion to Theism (Taliaferro, Swinburne, Richard, 1 , 40 , 60 , 140 – 1 Harrison, Goetz), 130 – 1 Rowe, William, 30 – 1 , 81 , 136 T’ai-hsu , 171n120 Ruse, Michael, 130 – 1 Taliaferro, Charles, 130 – 1 Ruysbroek, John, 133 tariki , 158n98

Index 203

tathata , 160n36 Vajracchedikasutra , 48 Tauler, Johannes, 133 validity, defi ned, 1 , 151n2 , 158n1 Teresa of Avila, 133 , 191n2 Vedanta and Vedantins, 32 – 3 . See also names Tertullian, 123 , 124 of specifi c schools textual traditions. See reading and texts reading and texts, 21 Thagard, Paul, 94 – 5 revelation, 4 The Minister’s Wooing (Stowe), 38 – 9 arguments in favor of accepting Theologica Germanica , 133 the Vedas , 109 Theravada Buddhism and Theravadins, Brahman as underlying the Vedas , 104 154n23 , 154n32 reason as unable to establish authority of dharmas, 17 – 19 the Vedas , 111 nirvana, 18 – 19 Vedas as eternal, 179n3 non-personal nature of maximally perfect Vedas as revealed texts, 104 – 5 , 179n3 reality, 17 – 19 theistic versus non-theistic views, 21 – 2 , no-self (anatman ) doctrine, 17 – 18 34 , 43 – 4 samsara , 17 – 19 Vedas , 21 , 32– 3 , 34 , 51 , 52 – 3 , 103 , Thomists, 161n55 164n22 , 164n23 thymos , 91 – 2 arguments in favor of accepting, 109 Tillich, Paul, 24 – 5 , 118 , 156n56 Brahman as underlying, 104 Tindal, Matthew, 113 , 121 as eternal, 179n3 Toland, John, 113 – 14 , 115 – 16 , 121 , 129 , reason as unable to establish authority of, 111 181n42 , 183n3 as revealed texts, 104 – 5 , 179n3 Tolstoy, Leo, 105 , 106 Vimalakirti, 184n8 Topics (Aristotle), 98 Vishishtadvaita Vedanta and Vishishtadvaitins, “total intelligibility,” drive toward, 9 – 10 17 , 20 – 1 tragedy, 98 – 9 Vishnu, 20 , 21 – 2 , 32 – 3 , 104 , 116 – 17 trishna , 100 – 1 , 160n36 Vivarana school of Advaita Vedanta, 179n3 , The Trojan Women , 99 180n20 True Intellectual System of the Universe (Ralph Cudworth), 54 Wang Yangming, 77 – 8 , 171n120 Tuggy, Dale, 186n34 Ward, Benedicta, 48 , 163n5 “Two Cheers for Mystery” (Alston), 133 – 4 Warren, Austin, 38 – 9 Whichcote, Benjamin, 125 Udall, John, 126 Whitehead, A. N., 178n80 Udayana, 2 – 3 , 104 – 5 , 155–156n42 “The Will to Believe” (James), 70 attitudes toward proofs for the existence Wisdom, John, 95 of God, 32 – 3 world views purposes of arguments of, 33 , 34 , 36 person-relativity of proofs and, 46 reading and texts, 51 , 164n18 specifi c cultures and, 102 , 178n85 Unitarianism, 118 wu , 171n120 Upanishads , 21 Wynn, Mark, 46 , 162n66 , 168–169n70

Vacaspati, 109 , 180n20 Yamada, Masahiro, 172n126 Vaishnavism and Vaishnavas, 21 – 2 , 30 , 116 – 17 , 155–156n42 zhenzhi , 77 embodiment of God, 55 – 6 , 165n41 zhi , 77 reading and texts, 3 zhizhi , 77