LABORATORIES RECORD VOLUME XXIV NUMBER III
Building Blocks for Long- Distance Army Communication By J. A. COY Toll Equipment Engineering
MAGAZINE advertisements show the amount of business carried on by these va- radio- equipped tanks speeding into rious agencies makes it necessary to provide action, or GI Joe talking to his extensive telephone and telegraph networks, . command post over the telephone from a which approach those of a toll system as foxhole. This is the spectacular side of we know it here at home. The complexity Army communication -full of action and of the network requires the best obtainable human interest. The equipment is of the in transmission qualities and operating ef- portable type, light of weight but rugged ficiency. Compared to Bell System equip- in construction, and designed specifically ment, more emphasis must be given to suit- for use in the forward areas. It is quickly ability for installation or expansion on short installed, easy to operate and maintain, and notice, and to operation and maintenance provides just enough range to link the -vari- without a highly trained technical person- ous Army units together. nel. The planning must necessarily be done Such equipment is only a part of the in advance, but in such a fashion that the story of Army communication, however. equipment can be manufactured, stored, As Armies move forward, large territories and shipped in bulk to the theaters of oper- are liberated or conquered, and into these ation, and there applied as needed, and rear areas come the Army Service groups applied quickly. It must be a "ready to to set up their shops. Here are the Theater wear" plant in a range of styles and sizes Headquarters, the vast Army supply sys- to fit prospective needs rather than a "cus- tems with their depots, train, truck, and tom tailored" plant. The so -called "Pack- airplane transportation systems, pipe lines, aged Equipment" was designed to meet the rest camps, and hospitals. The tremendous needs of this comparatively fixed system. March 1946 97
www.americanradiohistory.com The equipment was designed in "pack- circuits with which the repeaters are to be ages," each package containing a major used. Under Army conditions the type of equipment unit such as a type -C carrier circuit cannot be foreseen. It may be a telephone terminal. A few options could commercial cable captured from the enemy not be avoided, and are taken care of by or an Army built open -wire line. Because including extra parts. Each unit is complete of this situation, a universal network was in equipment and thoroughly tested before designed that can be adjusted to balance packing. This means that besides the any type of line likely to be encountered. equipment that in the Bell System would In addition, each package includes spare be considered part of such a unit as a C5 replacement parts, the necessary wire for carrier terminal, for example, there are in- connecting to associated units, and instruc- cluded also line filters, composite sets, tions for installation, operation, and main- volume limiters, and other auxiliary equip- tenance. The essential maintenance tools ment needed to round out the installation. are made into office packages, while test- The packages must be complete to the ing equipment is put in convenient pack- smallest item required for both installation ages, each one made complete for a specific -10 and operation. No convenient stores are class of tests. available to the installation forces to draw Packaging of equipment for convenient on for missing parts. manufacture and installation is not, of Some changes in design were necessary. course, new to the Bell System or to this In Bell System practice, for example, the war. During World War I, equipment for balancing networks used with telephone several central offices was packaged and repeaters are designed for the wire or cable sent to France. It included universal toll M
Equipment in use in Australia. The two higher cabinets on the right make up one type -C carrier telephone terminal. The small cabinet contains four voice-frequency ringers and has two transmission test sets on top
www.americanradiohistory.com Unpacking a cabinet from the shipping case. The cabinet will be set on the parallel timbers at the left and the wiring run in the trough between them switchboard sections, toll and repeater sec- connection with the rehabilitation of the tions, testboards, and telephone repeaters. French toll cable between Cherbourg and There were stocked also for ready delivery, Paris was one of the early proofs of its similar equipments for use in military train- suitability. On their hurried retreat through ing camps. Since for World War I our France, the Germans managed to demolish expeditionary forces were confined to Eu- beyond repair quite a number of French rope, no moisture proofing of component repeater stations. The Signal Corps, how- apparatus was necessary so long as the ini- ever, moved in with the packaged voice - tial shipment was made in packages that frequency repeaters and built new repeater were waterproofed. stations in unbelievably short time. Some- PBX's and community dial offices have times the new equipment would be in- been packaged for some time, as also have stalled in a still standing corner of the been two -wire telephone repeaters and damaged repeater building, where the floor type -H carrier equipment for railroad and and partially remaining walls would afford telephone company use. Complete cen- some protection. The roof might be only tral offices have been boxed for emergency a piece of canvas "borrowed" from a truck se as already described.* In this new pack - or trailer. The cracks in the walls would ge project for the Signal Corps, however, be neatly covered by tacking up blueprints he package idea has been carried much of schematics and wiring diagrams fur- urther as regards both the range of equip- nished with the package. Other installa- ment and the flexibility with which it can tions were started from the ground up, so be combined to meet field requirements. to speak, with the installations mounted on The use of this packaged equipment¡ in 4x4's laid down in the mud of a vacant *RECORD, March, 1944, page 336. lot or a town market place. Afterwards, tRECORD, July, 1945, page 255. the Army engineers would move in and March 1946 99
www.americanradiohistory.com erect a suitable building around the work- in this manner include type -C" and type - ing equipment. Some of the French re- H ¡ carrier- telephone terminals, voice -fre- peater stations were taken over in good quency carrier -telegraph terminals, two - condition and made part of the Army net- wire and four -wire telephone repeaters, work, with the new packaged equipment voice-frequency ringers, d -c telegraph re- and the old French equipment working in peaters, transmission testing equipment, tandem on the same long -distance circuits. testboards, and line fault location equip- Although the units are the same as their ment, distributing frames, and miscellane- Bell System equivalents in circuit and ma- ous auxiliary units. The various units that jor operating characteristics, a number of might be required at a terminal for an modifications were required to fit Army re- open -wire line of four wires are shown in quirements. Each unit is mounted in a the block diagram on this page. steel cabinet with doors back and front. Instruction books were prepared in unit No unit is more than seven feet high nor form so that the information applying to weighs more than about 600 pounds net. To the equipment in any one package can be permit the equipment to be set in rows packed in that package. An additional in- of uniform height, and to simplify shipping struction book covers the engineering of and storage, three sizes of units are em- systems. The cabinets at any one location ployed, seven feet, three and one -half feet, are set up side by side on two 4x4's -one and two and one -third feet, and thus two under the front and one under the back of of the middle -sized units or three of the the cabinets. These provide a trough un- smaller ones when stacked on top of one der the base in which wiring is run. another will occupy the full seven -foot Since the apparatus may be used by the height of the largest unit. Where more than Army anywhere from the Equator to the one unit is needed to supply a complete Arctic Circle, all apparatus must be able package such as a C5 carrier terminal, the to withstand high humidity and a wide boxed units are marked to indicate the range in temperature. Apparatus such as other boxes to be associated with them. *RECORD, October, 1940, page 53. Packaged units arranged and assembled tRECORD, November, 1937, page 76.
TO SWBD. OPEN WIRE LINE AND -- 4 WIRES TLC LOOPS
W O} co- 1 -4 z< >. TOLL á CCá TELEPHONE (8 CIRCUITS) TELEGRAPH t t (28 CIRCUITS)---"r DC CHAN.I-6 CHAN.7-12 CHAN.1-6 CHAN.7-I2 TELEGRAPH 1-2 REPEATERS VF CARRIER VF CARRIER TELEGRAPHIII TELEGRAPH 3 -4 I I Apparatus provided for a terminal of a packaged type -C carrier system 100 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com a filter is hermetically sealed in its case. Special compounds are employed for coils and condensers that will not crack at low temperatures, and moisture- resistant wiring and finishes are used throughout. In addi- tion, the equipment must be rugged in de- sign to protect the units from the rough handling it receives during shipment, and its crating, or export packing, must be sturdy and waterproof to protect the units from the elements when it is piled up on the muddy open -air depots of a recently won beachhead. All of the equipment is designed for op- eration from 115 -volt a -c supply, which may be either the commercial supply, if available, or Army portable gas -engine generators. THE AUTHOR: J. A. COY, after receiving his E. E. degree from Syracuse University in 1915, spent one year with the Westinghouse Electric and Manu- facturing Company. He then joined the equipment section of the Long Lines De- partment, where in Buffalo and later in New York he re- Type -C carrier telephone repeaters installed ceived twelve years and ready for service. The two open cabi- of field experience. nets make up one repeater In 1928 he trans- ferred to the Equip- ment Development Department of the Labora- It is recognized that packaging of equip- tories where he has since been associated with ment for bulk manufacture and supply is development of equipment for toll telephone not effected without some penalty in fitness systems, being in charge of a group working on to specific jobs. A universal package can- carrier systems and voice -frequency terminals not be expected to exactly fit each set of for radio circuits. Some of the projects to field conditions. Under Army conditions, which he has contributed are pilot -wire regu- however, the losses in these respects are lators for four -wire repeaters; voice- frequency negligible compared with the advantage of terminals for transoceanic radio circuits; ter- having the equipment available quickly. minal equipment for telephoto systems; type -C There may likewise be conditions in the and type -J carrier systems; and terminal equip - ent for coaxial systems. During the war he Bell System where this quick availability was occupied chiefly with packaged communi- will be of great value in giving emergency ations equipment, terminal equipment for service, and where the ease of installing piral -4 cable and terminals for overseas radio- and removing packaged equipments will be telephone circuits. important in giving short term service. March 1946 101 www.americanradiohistory.com Frequency Modulation by Noll-Linear Coils By L. R. WRATHALL Transmission Research These sets incorporate many novel features, one of which is a new and simple method of frequency modulation, which was devel- oped in these Laboratories. The great ad- vantage of this new method is that the fre- quency modulation is accomplished by ADIO communication has been of means of a small coil wound on a perm - vital importance during this war, not alloy core less than a quarter of an inch in only because of its inherent advan- diameter. Besides eliminating the vacuum tages for rapidly moving military forces. tubes previously employed for modulation, but because of the many new developments this method simplifies the stepping up of that have greatly increased its scope and the frequency that results in a higher per- flexibility. One of the most widely used and centage modulation. highly satisfactory military radio sets is the Frequency modulation by use of this frequency -modulated transmitter- receiver small coil is made possible by the non- used for tanks and command cars, which linear relationship between the current in has already been described in the RECORD.* the windings and the magnetic flux in the core -which is shown in Figure 1 in a page 1. *RECORD, January, 1945, highly idealized form. If the o' current changes at a fairly uniform rate from a negative value M to a positive value Q, the corresponding changes of flux would be from M' to Q'. It can be easily seen that a very large portion of the VOLTAGE ACROSS \\A- CURRENT IN COIL COIL / P \ - 0 + CURRENT IN COIL TIME Fig. 1 (above)-Idealized representation of N relationship between current and magnetic / / flux in the non-linear coil / / Fig. 2 (right) -Variation in voltage across / non - linear coil when a sinusoidal current flows through it 102 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com change of flux will occur when the current the signal mesh. The signal in turn is amplitude lies in the region bounded by N blocked from the carrier circuit by con- and P. This interval is often referred to as denser c2. the unsaturated magnetic region. In the middle diagram of Figure 4, the If the resistance of the winding is negli- solid -line sinusoidal curve represents the gible, the voltage across the terminals of carrier current passing through the coil L the winding is directly pro- portional to the rate of change RECTIFIER of flux in the core, and hence { will be much higher in the R unsaturated region than in the saturated one, provided the current changes at a sub- stantially uniform rate. Figure 2 shows the variation of the voltage across the coil with a sinusoidal current in the Fig. 3- Simplified schematic of modulating circuit using winding. When the core is un- non - linear coil saturated, corresponding to current values between the '1 horizontal dashed lines, the E1O i voltage across the coil will be ii f 3 comparatively large as indi- SIGNAL cated. When the current re- i. .-SIGNAL + CARRIER verses, the voltage across the : coil is also reversed. If the A amplitude of the current is , increased, the interval spent ' .. .;" V in the unsaturated state is de- CARRIER "'rag, creased because the saturat- ing value of current is TIME reached sooner. The width of Ego - the voltage pulse can thus be made as small as desired by sufficiently increasing the am- Fig. 4- Combination of signal and carrier indicated by plitude of the current. the middle curves results in the pulses indicated in the How this non -linear coil L is upper part of the diagram. The rectified output appears associated in a circuit for fre- as in the lower diagram quency modulation is shown FUNDAMENTAL in Figure 3. The carrier -sup- ply generator, e, is crystal controlled, and has a power capacity sufficient to send a large carrier current through , Í , L. To secure maximum cur- rent, L and L2 are resonated liAAAMAAA to the carrier frequency with /. c2. The signal frequency is ; ,,',- '.í / ,,',/ much lower than that of the 10TH HARMONIC carrier, and is fed into L through the inductance L1. This latter inductance is large, and prevents much of Fig. 5 -The fundamental and tenth harmonic for an 18- the carrier from getting into degree phase shift of the fundamental March 1946 103 www.americanradiohistory.com diagram. The effect of adding the voice and carrier currents is to shift the positions along the time axis at which the voltage pulses appear. The voltage pulses resulting from the combined current would thus be as indicated by the dashed lines in the upper diagram, and the larger the signal current the greater will be the shift. With positive voice current, the shift is in one direction, and with negative voice current, Fig. 6 -The extremely small size of the non- in the other. linear coil on which the permalloy tape is The positive and negative pulses are wound is made apparent by the inserted pin phase modulated ( shifted) by the signal in opposite directions. In order to obtain the desired phase modulated output the pulse of one polarity must be eliminated. This is done by inserting a rectifier in the circuit as shown in Figure 3. The rec- tified output appears as in the lower dia- gram of Figure 4, where the solid lines rep- resent the output when no signal is present, and the dashed lines represent the shifted pulses caused by the signal current indi- cated in the middle diagram. A Fourier analysis of a set of pulses as indicated on the lower diagram shows that they have as components the fundamental carrier fre- quency and all odd and even harmonics, and that over a wide range of frequencies these harmonics are nearly equal in ampli- tude. When a series of pulses is shifted, as by the amount t indicated in the lower dia- gram, the fundamental and all the harmonics to Fig. 7 -The non -linear coil is fastened are shifted by the same time interval. This is the cover of its container indicated for the fundamental and the 10th of Figure 3. The current is assumed to be WI&THALL obtained a large enough to make the voltage pulses THE AUTHOR: L. R. they B.S. degree from the University of Utah in very narrow, and thus when plotted 1927 and returned would appear as vertical lines at the points the following year where the carrier crosses the zero axis. for graduate work. These are indicated by the solid lines in the In 1929 he joined upper diagram. Since the carrier is very the Laboratories' Re- much higher in frequency than any possible search Department. voice wave, the time covered by Figure 4 Here he was prima- permits only a fraction of a voice wave to rily occupied with studies of charac- be indicated. The solid line marked SIGNAL the of non -linear in the middle diagram could thus represent teristics be- coils and condensers. the decreasing section of a voice wave During World War fore and after it crosses the zero axis. With II non -linear coils the voice wave present, the current produc- were used exten- ing the voltage pulses is the sum of the sively in radar systems, and his work in this voice and carrier currents, which is repre- field was intensified. Since the end of the war sented by the dashed curve of the middle he has been engaged in general circuit research. 104 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com harmonic in Figure 5, where the shift t is tion. The degree of modulation may be fur- 5 per cent of the total time between pulses ther increased by frequency multiplication. when no signal flows. This 5 per cent rep- Because of the high frequency at which resents an 18- degree phase shift for the fun- they operate, the non-linear coils used for damental, but for the 10th harmonic it is frequency modulation are much smaller 180 degrees, or ten times the phase shift of than those used for carrier generation.* The the fundamental. A corresponding phase entire coil is only about one -quarter inch in shift is suffered by each harmonic -the shift diameter. It is made up by winding about for any one harmonic being equal to the a foot of permalloy tape, less than one- number of the harmonic times the phase eighth inch in width and a little over a ten - shift in degrees of the fundamental. Thus, thousandth of an inch thick, on the soap- for the 20th harmonic it would be 360 de- stone mandrel shown in Figure 6. Some grees for an 18- degree shift of the funda- forty turns of fine copper wire are then mental frequency. wound on this assembly by threading the While such a modulator produces phase wire through the mandrel. The ends of the displacement proportional to signal ampli- wire are then soldered to terminals project- tude, the effect, for a single frequency sig- ing through the cover of a small container nal, is, in most cases, indistinguishable from as shown in Figure 7. A mounted coil and that produced by a frequency modulator. its container is shown about three- quarter Insertion of a conventional resistance -ca- size at the head of this article. After pacity network preserves this equivalence the coil has been mounted, the cover is for a complex signal such as a speech wave. placed so as to bring the coil near the cen- With such a resistance -capacity network ter of the container. The container is then in the signal circuit, each of the carrier har- filled with oil through the small hole in the monics is thus frequency modulated by the side of the can, and this hole sealed. signal, and the higher the harmonic, the This small coil does the work that for- greater the degree of modulation. The band merly required four vacuum tubes and two pass filter in the output circuit of Figure 3 tuned circuits; it is extremely rugged and selects one of these frequency- modulated free from maintenance difficulties. harmonics and passes it on for amplifica- *RECORD, July, 1937, page 357. W. S. Gifford Awarded Medal for Merit WALTER S. GIFFORD, President of placed laborious and inadequate manual the American Telephone and Tele- operations with high-speed semi -automatic graph Company, has received the Nation's teletypewriter service for the handling of highest civilian award -the Medal for Merit. an unprecedented volume of messages. Presentation of the medal and accompany- "Not only did Mr. Gifford place the tech- ing citation was made by Major General nical facilities of his company at the dis- Harry C. Ingles, Chief Signal Officer of posal of the Army, but he directed it in the Army, on February 15. playing a major rôle in furnishing highly Text of the citation, signed by President trained technical specialists to the Army Truman, follows: through the affiliated plan. Under this plan "As President of the American Telephone technically qualified personnel left their and Telegraph Company, Mr. Gifford, civilian jobs to serve as officers and enlisted throughout the entire emergency, from De- men and to form the nucleus of new Signal cember 7, 1941, to August 14, 1945, made Corps units. By this means the Army ob- every effort to assure that the facilities of tained full benefit of the technical training his organization were utilized to the maxi- gained by this personnel through long years mum extent possible in the successful pros- of experience. The leadership of Mr. Gifford ecution of the war. Under his direction was an inspiring force that helped immeas- and outstanding leadership radio teletype- urably in the guiding of this organization writer systems were developed, which re- as a part of the Army of Democracy." March 1946 105 www.americanradiohistory.com Sulfur in Synthetic Rubbers By F. S. MALM Chemical Laboratories of solution of these three types of sulfurs in the synthetic polymers was studied by adding sulfur to the samples on a mill and removing them every two minutes dur- ing the mixing operation for observation under a microscope. When the sulfur was nearly dissolved they were observed every minute to determine precisely when solu- tion in the polymers was complete. The ratio of the rates of solution for three parts of sulfur in cR -S is approximately 1:3:5 for the A, B, and C grades, respec- tively. These data show the large influence of fineness on the rate of solution of sulfur in rubber. The rate in natural rubber, GR-S, and Neoprene, CN, is about the same. It is appreciably slower for Hycar and Perbunan SYNTHETIC rubbers, like nature's even at the higher milling temperatures product, have to be combined chem- used with these latter materials. The rate ically with small amounts of sulfur by the application of heat in a process 99 539 called vulcanization to give them the per- manent elastic properties commonly asso- 95 ciated with rubber. When Far Eastern 3.9 sources of natural rubber were lost, quick 1.8 conversion to synthetic products had to be i.5 made and studies of the solubility and dif- 39 fusion rates of sulfur in synthetics were 98 undertaken by the Laboratories to deter- 95 90 mine compounding and processing proce- s dures for their use in the manufacture of 80 70 insulated wire and telephone equipment. A The elastomers studied were cn -s, which 50 30 has been made in large quantities under 20 Hycar, Perbunan, Government supervision, 10 Butyl, Neoprene and for comparison, nat- ural rubber. Three grades of sulfur, des- 2 ignated A, B, and C, were employed. B and C were commercial grades of ground sulfur ).5 in the rubber industry, and A was a 2 3 4 5 10 20 30 50 IOO 200 used PARTICLE SIZE IN MICRONS micronized product with an average par- ticle size of three to four microns. Distri- Fig. 1- Distribution of particle sizes in the bution of the particle sizes of the B and C sulfur used to vulcanize the samples of samples are shown in Figure 1. The rate synthetic rubber studied 106 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com 6 5 Fig. 2- Solubility of sulfur in natural and CR -S rubber at 78 4 degrees C. during the milling operation: (1) Crêpe rubber 3 with sulfur A, (2) CR -S with sulfur B, and (3) Crêpe rub- ber with sulfur B 2 00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 MILLING TIME IN MINUTES 110 t1 100 N W W Fig. 3 -Heat developed in W 90 0 elastomers during milling: H year (1), Perbunan (2 ), Crêpe rubber (3), CR -S (4), Neoprene Butyl -ì (5), (6) 500 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 MILLING TIME IN MINUTES IO in î 5 March 1946 107 www.americanradiohistory.com 68 U 66 w2 Fig. 5 -The temperature at 2 which saturation with sulfur 60 ¢ w occurs decreases with in- a 58 creased time of mastication in w I- some elastomers. 1, Crêpe z O 56 rubber; 2, cx -s Q 54 Q 4 52 O 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 TIME OF MASTICATION IN MINUTES 8 Fig. 6- Sulfur diffuses faster through natural crêpe rubber (1) than through Ga -s (2), 4 Hycar (3) and Butyl (4) Al O ,----- 250 DIFFUSION PERIOD IN HOURS FIBERGLASS INSULATED NICHROME HEATING PYREX GLASS WINDOWS COIL 411 ; . //Q . f \ Fig. of 7- Comparative rates oói i¡ . . óOg; . re-solution of sulfur crystals of o .;#' ,00 p,00 i po, o ó'O.ó0 different sizes in natural rub- i ó.o ./ Ì onll ber were observed under a . f\il Elll p microscope in a micromold at ;;/2 141.5 degrees C. COOLING COIL THERMOCOUPLE TRANSITE 108 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com Fig. 8-If a sulfur-elastomer mixture is al- lowed to cool before the sulfur is com- pletely dissolved, sulfur recrystallizes on the undissolved crystals and produces the large ones shown in the microphotograph (X45) Fig. 9- Sulfur crystals change from the branched dendritic form to large rhombic crystals when the mixture is cooled Fig. 10-/f the sulfur-elastomer mixture is milled when below its solubility tempera- ture, very fine uniformly dispersed rhombic crystals are formed for 1.5 parts of sulfur in Butyl rubber was each elastomer. The slow cooling and con- very slow since the temperature required stant agitation during this procedure elimi- for this concentration was not reached. nated the supersaturation effects of the Plotted in Figure 2 are values obtained for sulfur in solution. natural crêpe and ca -s with different grades Solubilities at lower temperatures were of sulfur. determined by making stocks of crêpe rub- Batch temperatures of the various elas- ber, ca -s, Perbunan and Hycar with small tomers on the mill varied somewhat. This differences in the sulfur content on each was due to differences in internal friction side of their approximate saturation values. in these materials and a study was made of These stocks were placed in constant tem- the temperature variation of the batch dur- perature rooms at different temperatures ing milling where all conditions were kept for long periods and observed periodically constant, except the type of elastomer used. under a microscope for undissolved sulfur. The data are plotted in Figure 3. Equilib- The solubility values plotted semilogarith- rium batch temperatures of the synthetic mically are shown in Figure 4. elastomers after considerable milling are Solubility of sulfur in some elastomers higher than those obtained for natural increases with the amount of mastication crêpe rubber. Solubility temperatures for to a limiting value. This characteristic was sulfur in the elastomers were obtained* observed with natural crêpe rubber and by observing the clear -to- cloudy transition ca -s. Figure 5 records the change in sulfur which takes place on cooling samples, while solubility with mastication for these two being masticated on mill rolls. After the elastomers when they contain three parts sulfur was completely dissolved the batch of sulfur. was cooled but not cut on the moving rolls Rates of sulfur diffusion through masti- until cloudiness appears at its edges. The cated GR -s, Hycar, and Butyl rubber were temperatures of the clear and cloudy sec- measured at 86 degrees C. The data, which tions in the bank were taken with a ther- is plotted in Figure 6, shows that the rates mocouple. Several checks were made for decrease in the order -natural crêpe, cE -s, Rseoan, April, 1942, page 190. Hycar and Butyl. March 1946 I09 www.americanradiohistory.com Microscopic observations were made on These small crystals required only one and the behavior of sulfur in a mixture of CR -S one -half minutes to dissolve completely. to which three parts of sulfur had been Larger crystals which separated on stand- added. If the sulfur -elastomer mixture is ing at room temperature required thirteen allowed to cool and remain at room tem- minutes to dissolve at 141.5 degrees C. This perature before a complete solution takes difference in rate of re- solution is depend- place, the excess of the sulfur which had ent on the solubility and the rate of diffu- dissolved will recrystallize on the undis- sion of the sulfur in the elastomer and solved particles and produce large crystals determines whether a heterogeneous or a like those shown in Figure 8. If the mixture homogeneous vulcanizate will be formed. is slowly cooled after complete solution Studies showed that the rate of solution and is held at room temperature, the sulfur of sulfur in various synthetic elastomers, precipitates in the branching dendritic and during milling, depends on their tempera- also in the rhombic state. Transformation ture, the solubility and rate of diffusion of from the dendritic form into large rhombic sulfur in them, the particle size and type crystals takes place on standing as is shown of the sulfur used and the extent of elas- in Figure 9. If the mixture is milled below tomer mastication. This information has its solubility temperature after complete been helpful in the change from natural to solution, the sulfur precipitates as uniformly synthetic rubber which has been required dispersed rhombic crystals. This pattern, to supply military and Bell System needs. Figure 10, which causes the cloudiness vis- ible to the naked eye, is retained on stand- THE AUTHOR: F. S. Mnr.M transferred to the are heated during Laboratories in 1929 from the Western Elec- ing. As the samples where re- tric Company vulcanization, these very small crystals he had been engaged dissolve quickly and cause the formation during the previous of a homogeneous vulcanizate. If the mix- twenty years in ture is chilled in ice water after complete chemical and engi- solution, the sulfur precipitates in masses neering development of dendrites. Short storage periods at room work on soft and temperature will not alter this sulfur pat- hard rubber. The tern, but it dissolves quickly on heating and year he joined the yields a homogeneous vulcanizate. Laboratories he went Europe on tele- of re- of sulfur to Comparative rates solution phone cable projects. particles of different sizes in natural rubber On his return he be- were determined in a micromold, Figure 7. gan the research The mold was heated to 141.5 degrees C. work on natural and synthetic rubber which and loaded with a sample of crêpe rubber has since occupied his time. Mr. Malm is a which contained fine sulfur crystals. Obser- member of the American Society for Testing vations were then made under a micro- Materials, the American Chemical Society and scope at a magnification of forty diameters. the Institute of the Rubber Industry (England). I S Flying Chemical Laboratory AS DIRECTOR of the Army Air Forces cially equipped as a flying laboratory, which tropical science mission, K. G. Compton had just left Japan when the RECORD went to is flying to Pacific battlefields to study the press. As the plane bears them from one condition of war equipment stored in the location to another, the mission studies tropics. The mission consists of J. Leutritz, the geological and climatic causes of de- Jr., of Murray Hill, eighteen A.A.F. scientists terioration of Army equipment, and records and five crewmen of the giant C -54, espe- the results of destructive organisms. 110 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com Polystyrene Capacitors By J. R. WEEKS Transmission Apparatus Development DURING the development of the M -9 apply the new material to capacitors, and Director,* it became apparent that work in this direction was initiated. The for certain parts of the circuit, ca- problem was to develop a capacitor, using pacitors would be required with character- a new and untried dielectric, that would be istics not obtainable with any existing types. as good as the best mica capacitor in most Without sacrificing the stability obtainable respects, and far better in the matter of with the best mica capacitors, a very low absorption. In view of the fact that mica dielectric absorption was needed -much capacitors had been brought to their pres- lower than possessed by mica or any of the ent satisfactory form only after many years other dielectrics used in capacitors up to of development, and that it was hoped to this time. When an ordinary capacitor is have the new capacitors in production discharged by a brief short circuit, it is within a few months, this was a challeng- found a little later that a charge has built ing undertaking. up again. This is ordinarily described by Intensive development work was started saying that some of the charge which is by members of both the capacitor devel- absorbed by the dielectric is released opment group and the Chemical Labora- slowly. What was desired for the Director tories. Also, the supplier of the film was was a capacitor that would completely encouraged to develop an improved mate- discharge on only a momentary short cir- rial: one of more uniform thickness, and cuit. Of the insulating materials available free from conducting particles and pin- in form suitable for capacitors, only poly- holes that reduce the insulating value of the styrene, one of the newer plastics, had suf- material. He was asked as well to develop ficiently low dielectric absorption. methods of making polystyrene sheets of The sheets at first available were too brit- adequate flexibility without the use of a tle to use in capacitors, but this difficulty plasticizer. Requirements for polystyrene was shortly overcome by adding a small film were formulated jointly with the amount of plasticizer. Although this re- Chemical Laboratories, and the supplier moved the objectionable brittleness, the who was involved coöperated whole- plasticizer detracted somewhat from the heartedly in making them effective. desirable electrical characteristics, but not Within six months, preliminary design in- sufficiently to discourage the attempts to formation was furnished to the Western *RECORD, January, 1944, page 225. Electric Company on a capacitor which had March 1946 111 www.americanradiohistory.com ticizer, even this inferiority was reduced to the vanishing point. Electrically in only one respect are these capacitors now in- ferior to mica capacitors, and that is in the temperature coefficient of capacitance. This is inherent in the polystyrene material it- self, but fortunately in applications where this factor is important, it can be offset by associating with the capacitors resistances 0.8 07 0.6 f 0.5 Fig. 1 -The polystyrene capacitor for the 0.4 M -9 Director is made from four units se- Ú POLYSTYRENE Q 0.3 lected to give the desired capacitance F- 0.2 far less absorption than the mica capacitor Q 0.1 to it in re- U and was only slightly inferior Z spect to stability of capacitance with time. 0 - 0.1 When the supplier, with the help of the z < - 0.2 Laboratories' engineers, found means of X -0.3 a film without the plas- 1- making satisfactory z w -0.4 1,000 o 800,00 - 0.5 PAPER 700.00 1 a 600,00 ) -0.6 500,00 0.7 400,00 I POLYSTYRENE -0.8 300,00 o -40 0 40 80 120 160 200 TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT 200,00 ) with tem- N Fig. 3- Change in capacitance x perature for polystyrene, mica, and paper ° 100,00 1 capacitors °' 80,00 ) ï 70,00 60,00 ) with a temperature coefficient of opposite 50,00 1 40,00 ) sign. A change in capacitance in a capacitor is usually detrimental because it changes 30,00 1 the value of the time constant of the circuit 20,00 ) in which the capacitor is used. The time constant, however, is equal to the product \ a 10,00 of capacitance and resistance, and thus in one direction may 8,00 ) change of capacitance 7,00 ) \ 6,00 be offset by a change of resistance in the 5,00 other. By associating with the capacitors 4,00 ) : PAPER\\\ MICA resistances with temperature coefficients of 3,00 \ constant of the \ the opposite sign, the time 2,00 D \ circuit can be maintained at the same value \ over a wide range of temperature. \ The capacitor designed especially for the 1,00 o \ 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 I60 180 200 M -9 Gun Director is shown at the left in TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES FAHRENHEIT the illustration at the head of this article. Fig. 2- Insulation resistance is here plotted It has a capacitance of 1 mf, which is held against temperature of polystyrene, mica, to limits of ±2 per cent. It consists of and paper capacitors four units as shown in Figure 1, each unit 112 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com bility. The stiffer TABLE I- RELATIVE RESIDUAL CHARGE FOR POLY- foils such as aluminum STYRENE, MICA, AND PAPER CAPACITORS or lead produced capacitors with exces- sively large capacitance changes Type of Capacitor Relative Residual Charge when they 40° F. 75° F. 150° F. were subjected to the wide temperature Polystyrene 1 1 2 range encountered in military apparatus. Silvered Mica 10 20 23 All these capacitors Mineral Wax -Paper 8 8 40 are enclosed in her- Mineral Oil -Paper 15 25 30 metically sealed containers to preserve their high quality in service, since the fin- being wound on a brass tubular arbor in ished capacitors, in addition to being ex- such a way that there are two 1 -mil sheets posed to a wide range of temperature, of polystyrene between adjacent 0.25-mil must also withstand tropical humidity. The sheets of tinfoil. Contact to the foils is made by thin tinned brass strips laid in at the approximate middle of each sheet. Four such units are selected for capacitance so that the completed capacitor is within the desired limits, and are then assembled as shown. Cylindrical units were chosen since that structure was found to have the highest capacitance stability when using the plasticized polystyrene. Designs used in other projects, also shown in the head- piece, make use of flat units like those of conventional paper capacitors. Although Fig. 5- Extended -foil type of polystyrene capacitor tinfoil of the composition used contains 85 before and after potting. A small per cent tin, which was one of the very silvered mica trimmer capacitor is provided critical materials, it was found that only for capacitance adjustment tinfoil containing more than 50 per cent tin would give the desired capacitance sta- containers are filled with a hard mineral wax, which 0.6 serves as a blocking medium both to hold the unit in place and to mini- 0.6 mize the effects of vibration on the char- 0.5 acteristics of the capacitor. After comple- 0.5 ) tion, each capacitor is subjected to several PAPER 0.4 temperature cycles from 70 to 150 degrees t7) TEMPERATURE CYCLE F., 0.4 which removes any strains set up in the -40 TO 150 F á units by the assembly operations. v03 8 HOURS AT -40F In final z 16 HOURS AT 70 F inspection, in addition to the usual capaci- - 0.3 8 HOURS AT 150F w 16 HOURS AT 70 F tor tests for dielectric strength, insulation z 0.2 resistance, and capacitance, these capacitors v. 0.2 are also checked for temperature coefficient of Z 015 capacitance, dielectric absorption, and stability of capacitance. In this way it is 0.10 cc MICA. made certain that the capacitor will func- a 0.05 tion satisfactorily under the exacting service o conditions required. 441 POLYSTYRENE -0.05 How these polystyrene capacitors com- -0 10 pare with mica and paper capacitors in o 2 3 4 5 6 their characteristics is shown in the ac- NUMBER CYCLES companying illustrations. Figure 2 shows Fig. 4 -Aging of polystyrene, mica, and the insulation resistance of polystyrene ca- paper capacitors exhibits itself as a change pacitors over the important temperature in capacitance following successive temper- range, and for comparison, that of high- ature cycles from -40 to +150 degrees F grade paper and mica capacitors is shown March 1946 113 www.americanradiohistory.com 13,000 veloped by the Laboratories. The critical shortage of 12,000 O.016MF mica during the war years fo- CAPACITY on the need ,000 cused attention for developing a series of 10,000 polystyrene capacitors to re- place mica capacitors in the 9,000 filters and networks for the 6,000 telephone systems being man- ufactured by the Western 3i7,000 Electric Company for the as well as for 6,000 Armed Services O MICA One ad- CONDENSERS the telephone plant. 5,000 ditional requirement is added to those discussed previously: 4,000 the capacitor must have very 3,000 low a -c losses over the operat- ing frequency range. Polysty- 2,000 rene itself fortunately has as low a loss as the finest grades 1,000 PAPER CONDENSERS of mica, and it was therefore a 100 necessary only to arrive at 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 20 30 40 60 60 20o FREQUENCY IN KILOCYCLES design of capacitor that would realize the inherent low loss Fig. 6 -Ratio of reactance to resistance, Q, of polystyrene, of the material without sacri- mica, and paper capacitors ficing the desirable stability properties of the designs that as well. The polystyrene capacitor is about had already been developed. used in times higher in insulation resistance at Since these capacitors were to be r fifty here- room temperatures than paper or mica ca- place of the mica capacitors employed as well pacitors, which is a very desirable feature tofore, they had to be mechanically with them. for many applications. Figure 3 shows the as electrically interchangeable constant of change in capacitance with temperature, Because of the lower dielectric and Figure 4 shows the aging, that is, polystyrene as compared to mica, the poly- change in room temperature capaci- styrene condenser unit is larger for a given the sufficient tance when the capacitor is subjected to capacity. Fortunately there was to permit using the a number of temperature cycles. The cor- space in the containers of responding characteristics of typical wax - larger polystyrene units in a large portion impregnated silvered mica and paper 0.45 capacitors are shown on both these charts r 0.40 HillCYCLE for comparison. Table I gives the compari- TEMPERATURE 70 TO 125 F 1 of the residual charge of mica, paper, a. 0.35 4 HOURS AT 125 F son 8 HOURS AT 70 F and polystyrene capacitors. The numerical 0.30 _I I I values in this table are in arbitrary units U1 0.25 z PAPER CONDENSERS a test circuit developed for 0 20 based on special = measuring the relative residual charge. It F 0.15 co- z will be noticed that only in temperature o io in- ú / MICA CONDENSERS are the polystyrene capacitors CC POLYSTYRENE CONDENSERS efficient 0 05 capacitors. ferior to mica 0 26 Many thousands of these capacitors have 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 CYCLES been used in war projects involving timing NUMBER OF TEMPERATURE characteristics of polysty- or d -c amplifiers. They have ma- Fig. 7- Stability circuits and paper capacitors used for terially aided in securing the high accu- rene, mica, filters and networks racy attained in the various computers de- March 1946 114 www.americanradiohistory.com the designs. The unit both before and after of being less expensive than their predeces- it is sealed in its container is shown in Fig- sors, however, it is likely that they will find ure 5. A flat construction of the extended - some future application in filters and net- foil type is employed, that is, each foil ex- works for carrier systems. tends from one end of the winding, and contact is made to the extended foils over the entire area. For their intended appli- THE Aurnon: After graduating from Shef- cation, one of the important characteristics field Scientific School at Yale University in of these capacitors is a high Q, which is 1914 with the de- the ratio of reactance to resistance. Values gree of Ph.B., J. R. of Q for one of these polystyrene capacitors WEEKS joined the and also for a high -grade mica capacitor student course of designed for use in carrier filters and net- the Western Electric Company at Haw- works is shown in Figure 6. It will be no- ticed thorne. On complet- that the polystyrene capacitor is ing much this course, he superior to the mica capacitor, par- transferred to the Re- ticularly at the lower frequencies. The sta- search Department bility of this type of capacitor when sub- in New York where jected to temperature cycles is shown in he worked on the Figure 7, together with that of mica and manufacture of the paper capacitors designed for use in filters h vacuum tubes for the Arlington -Paris and networks. For these curves, the tem- transatlantic radio -telephone studies. During World perature cycle is not as War I he served wide as that of in the Signal Corps Figure 4, and received a commis- since these capacitors are in- sion just tended after the Armistice. Since 1920 he for use in buildings. has been associated with the Although Apparatus Devel- started primarily as a wartime opment Department. He was first occupied mica conservation measure, these latter with studies of insulations, principally of rub- types did not get into production before ber for submarine cables, and during 1923 the end of the war. The mica supply situa- assisted in laying and testing the submarine tion eased sufficiently -in part through an- telephone cable between San Pedro and Cata- lina Island. He then other Laboratories development * -so that engaged in the design these substitute measures of loading and retardation coils for filters and were deferred in networks, and favor of other more pressing later transferred to the develop- work. Since ment of capacitors. During these polystyrene capacitors the war he has give promise developed and supervised testing of capacitors *RECORD, September, 1944, page 509. of all types and varieties for the Armed Services. Radio and Television Research Reorganizes THE Radio and Television Research De- Research. A. G. Jensen, Television Research partment has been divided into two de- Engineer, and G. N. Thayer, Radio Projects partments: Radio Projects and Television Engineer, continue to report to the Assist- Research, Department 1500, under the di- ant Director of Research. rection of R. Bown, Assistant Director of In the Radio Research Department, H. T. Research, and Radio Research, Department Friis, as Radio Research Engineer, directs 1600, under the direction of H. T. Friis, the work of those formerly reporting to as Director of Radio Research. him. J. C. Schelleng, Radio Research En- In the Radio Projects and Television Re- gineer, and G. C. Southworth, Wave Guide search Department, J. W. McRae has been Research Engineer, report to the Director appointed Electro- Visual Research Engi- of Radio Research, and continue to direct neer, reporting to the Assistant Director of those formerly reporting to them. March 1946 115 www.americanradiohistory.com Magnetization and Stress By R. M. BOZORTH Physical Research WHEN a ferromagnetic material is played by nickel, Figure 2, where a de- stretched, its permeability may crease in induction occurs with increase in stress ranks stress, although the effect is less marked change so much that ti as one of the primary factors which affect than in permalloy. These curves were ob- magnetic properties. Often the effect of tained by applying tension when the speci- stress is objectionable, and in transformers mens were demagnetized and keeping it care is taken to avoid it as much as possible. constant while the measurements were On the other hand, strain sensitivity can be made. When the tension is high, the magni- a useful magnetic property. For example, it tude of the change is large and is limited often finds application in supersonic equip- only by the saturation magnetization of the ment and other magnetostriction devices. material and its ability to maintain the In some substances tension causes an in- stress. As the field -strength is increased crease in permeability whereas in others it from zero to a high value, the change of in- effects a decrease. There are instances, no- duction due to a constant stress increases tably iron, in which an increase takes place from zero, passes through a maximum and in low fields and a decrease in higher ones. approaches zero again as a limit. In nearly all materials, however, the maxi- The behavior of annealed iron, Figure 3, mum, i.e., saturation, value of the magneti- is more complicated. Low tensions cause an zation is unaffected by stress. increase in induction below the knee of the One of the substances in which there is magnetization curve and a decrease above an especially large increase in permeability it. High tensions produce an increase in in- with tension is 68 permalloy. When this duction for points near the origin of the alloy, which contains 68 per cent nickel and curve and a decrease for other points. a 32 per cent iron, is stretched within its elas- When increasing tension is applied to tic limit, its magnetic induction goes nearly material whose permeability increases un- to saturation in very low magnetic fields, as der stress, the induction at a given field - is shown by the magnetization curves of strength increases until the elastic limit of de- Figure 1. The opposite characteristic is dis- the specimen is reached and then 1946 116 March www.americanradiohistory.com X103 16 15 0' IN ---_----- KG/MM2 14 2 13 Elli.' 10 12 ,al,.I8 N w g ! O 8 z 68 PERMALLOY I 1 m 7 IIIRON z 8 6 m O i z 7 5 O r t. z 6 7 I 4 i I z 5 3 II 4 2 3 o O I 2 3 4 5 FIELD STRENGTH, H, IN OERSTEDS Fig. 1- Tension increases the permeability J 7 9 0 2 3 4 5 6 8 l0 of 68 permalloy FIELD STRENGH, H, IN OERSTEDS Fig. 3- Tension may cause the permeability x103 6 of annealed iron to increase or decrease, depending on its amount and the strength Cr IN KG /MM2 of the magnetizing field 5 - X 103 14 68 PERMALLOY o H=0.1 ,,0 13 o 4 ,' á t9 I,.,.,..'., E. 12 II M. 3 z /..M... 10 u 2 ',,NAME,I. 4/ g ? ,,. /. < 8 NICKEL /. 7 FAM.,I m z O 6 u 0 T á 5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Z FIELD STRENGTH, H, IN OERSTEDS 4 0.3 %SET Fig. 2 -The permeability of nickel decreases when tension is applied to it 2 Fig. 4 (at right) -With increasing tension and constant field -strength the induction of 68 permalloy increases until the elastic limit ° 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 of the material is reached, then decreases STRESS, 0', IN KG /MM2 www.americanradiohistory.com X103 X103 6 12 n --1 NICKEL \ H -20 H,0' 5 1 10 \\ 0' REMOVED N 4 N. z \ m 3 N. z NN Ur,H 68 PERMALLOY O APPLIED z 0' 2 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 STRESS, Cr, IN KG /MM2 Fig. 5 -B versus v curves for substances 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 whose permeability decreases with tension FIELD STRENGTH, H, IN OERSTEDS do not show sharply the point at which plastic flow begins. Determining the induc- Fig. 6 -The shape of the magnetization tion for a given field- strength after the curve of 68 permalloy depends markedly on stress has been removed permits detection whether the tension or magnetizing field of an over -strain of one per cent or less is applied first 2200 140 N 45 PERMALLOY 2 2000 Ñ 1200 1800 O z ¢ á 1600 m 1000 N u) 1400 A=1340 o W(!Ì D ¢ / 800 6 1200 / / 45 PERMALLOY O / H=5.6 B=13,000 z r 1000 w 600 o %8"X 0.006"TAPE bib CD ó n%4"ROD 800 z A=(85' 0'=0 O 400 ff > 600 J W 400 ? 200 z w Q 200 O cc 41 L7 0 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Q S FIELD STRENGTH, H, IN OERSTEDS u-200 -0.4 0 04 08 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 Fig. 8 -When magnetic material is used to STRESS, 0,, IN KG/ MM2 detect small stresses or strains it is obvious Fig. 7 -When a small stress is applied re- that it should be polarized so that the strain peatedly to and removed from a magnetic sensitivity is a maximum. As shown in the material, in a steady field, the change in in- graph above, this occurs when the polariz- duction is proportional to the stress ing field is about one oersted 118 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com creases continuously to a low value as the When the repeated stress has a small and material is hardened by plastic deforma- constant amplitude, the corresponding tion. The data of Figure 4 refer to 68 perm - change in induction, i.e., the strain sensitiv- alloy when the tension is increased from ity, depends on the constant field to which zero to about twice the elastic limit. The the material is subjected. A characteristic induction in a field of 0.1 oersted increases curve of strain sensitivity versus polarizing until it is almost equal to the saturation field -strength is shown in Figure 8. When density, 13,300, and then decreases when magnetic material is used to detect small plastic flow begins. stresses or strains it is obvious that it should If the permeability of a material de- be polarized so that the strain sensitivity is creases under stress, as does that of nickel, a maximum. In the figure this occurs when the point on the curve at which plastic flow the polarizing field is about one oersted. begins is not readily determined. Results The effects of stress on permeability can illustrating this are given in Figure 5. The be explained by assuming that a magnetic elastic limit for such materials is more evi- material is composed of a great many small dent when the induction for a given field- regions, called domains, each one of which strength is determined after the tension has is magnetized to saturation in a direction of been applied and removed. An overstrain of easy magnetization. When the material is one per cent is then easily discernible and unmagnetized, the domains are oriented in under favorable circumstances considerably all directions so that the net magnetization less than 0.1 per cent can be detected. A of the body is zero. They are changed by curve obtained in this way for nickel is the action of applied magnetic fields and shown in Figure 5 by a dotted line which stresses and at saturation all are aligned breaks at the point where flow begins. parallel to the field. Tension changes the In a material, such as 68 permalloy, that alignment of the domains and thus affects is especially sensitive to stress, the shape of the magnetization of the material in a cal- its magnetization curve depends markedly culable way. on whether the tension or the magnetizing field is applied first. Figure 6 shows curves Tm AUTHOR: R. M. BozoRZa graduated for low fields when the application of ten- from Reed College, Oregon, in 1917 with the sion, v = 4Kg /mm2, is preceded (u, H ) A.B. degree and or followed (H, v) by that of the magne- spent the next two in the Army. maximum slope of the H, v years tizing field. The He then entered the curve is about B/H = 106. California Institute When a small stress is applied repeatedly of Technology where to and removed from a magnetic material he received a Ph.D. subjected to a steady field, the change in in Physical Chemis- induction produced is proportional to the try in 1922. After a amplitude of the stress. The graph of B u year as research fel- versus a, Figure 7, goes through the origin low at that institu- Dr. Bozorth without change in slope and as v increases tion came to the Labora- it curves toward the horizontal and ap- tories where he has B. The data of proaches a limiting value of since been engaged in research work in mag- this figure refer to 45 permalloy to which netics and problems relating to the crystal was applied a constant field, Ha = 5.6, cor- structure and other physical properties of responding to an induction Bo = 13,000. solids, particularly of metals. March 1946 119 www.americanradiohistory.com Excerpts From A. T. & T. Annual Report THE Nation turned from war to peace, the promise of future benefits. The areas As demands upon the Bell System for tele- which we have under exploration are stead- phone service increased sharply beyond ily expanding and the possibilities as they even the previous peak levels reached in concern our business of electrical commu- wartime. . . . With the end of demands nication seem to excel anything achieved on the System to produce great quantities in the past. of electronic and communication equipment for the Armed Forces, the entire organiza- As one of the post -war projects of the tion swung into a program to give tele- Bell System, it is planned to introduce phone service with all possible speed to methods and equipment which will enable waiting customers whose orders have been long distance operators to dial calls directly delayed by shortages of facilities caused by through to the called telephone, even the war. though it be at the other side of the conti- * nent. The result is expected to be improve- It has long been the policy of the Bell ment in speed, accuracy and reliability of System to pursue a continuous and vigor- long distance service and in overall econo- ous program of fundamental research. It is mies of operation. on a foundation of such research that tele- phone progress both in peace and war has "Service to the Nation in Peace and been built. This policy on the part of the War" is the tradition, the constant purpose Bell System proved to be of great national and the daily work of the Bell System. advantage during the war, for it enabled From Pearl Harbor to V -J Day, the System Bell Telephone Laboratories to contribute met the continuously increasing war com- to the development of new tools of war munications needs of our country, and its with a foundation of vital knowledge. Not- experience in overcoming war difficulties able especially was the knowledge that had gives further assurance that it will meet the been accumulated on the methods of meas- needs and opportunities of peace. Today urement and properties of very short radio and tomorrow its welcome task is to make waves. The application of this knowledge, telephone service better than ever before which was made freely available to all and increasingly useful to more people. properly concerned, contributed greatly to The System has the technical knowledge, the development of radar, which proved the people, and the form of organization such an important tool both for offense and needed for the job. It has a full sense of its defense. The advanced position of Bell public responsibility. Its research laborato- Laboratories in ultra -short wave radar was ries are pioneers in extending the art of one of the essential factors contributing to communications. Its manufacturing branch the success which marked the turn of naval has the skill and facilities to produce and warfare in the Pacific. deliver a great volume and variety of equip- The results of telephone research proved ment of ever -improving quality. Its physical to be valuable in many other military prob- plant has been kept in excellent condition lems, enabling Bell Telephone Laboratories throughout the war years, although it is to play a key part in such a diverse array now greatly overloaded. of projects as gun directors, rockets, torpe- All the talents and physical assets of the does, guided aerial missiles, detection of Bell System have been developed under our submarines, magnetic mines, and even air- system of private enterprise in the Ameri- plane crew trainers. In all, over 1,200 mili- can atmosphere of freedom. This has pro- tary projects were carried to completion. duced the best telephone service in the The further we progress in the sciences world-a service that in extent and speed underlying telephony, the greater becomes far surpasses that of any other nation. 120 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com Award for Work on the Atomic Bomb FOR its significant contributions to the eration of your laboratories has effected. research, development and engineering "National security precludes, at least un- phases of the Atomic Bomb project, Bell til the end of the present conflict, any men- Telephone Laboratories has received the tion of the specific achievements of this + 1946 Award for Chemical Engineering research group which has been forced to Achievement. This Award was set up in perform practically anonymously. 1933 by the magazine Chemical and Metal- "It is, however, possible to state that dis- lurgical Engineering "to recognize group coveries made by these scientists have efforts -particularly the sort of industrial played a very significant part in determin- achievement that results from teamwork ing the ultimate course of a major phase between science and engineering." Presen- of the above -mentioned program. It is an- tation was made at a dinner in the grand ticipated that these developments of Bell ballroom of the Waldorf- Astoria, at which Telephone Laboratories will result in a the Laboratories was represented by Presi- very substantial contribution to this Na- dent O. E. Buckley and several members of tion's war effort and to the early victory of the technical staff. the United Nations." The program directed toward the mili- tary utilization of atomic energy was spon- Bronze Star Medal Presented sored originally by the Office of Scientific to Lee L. Glezen Research and Development. Later the work For outstanding service in support of was taken over by the Manhattan District combat troops, the Bronze Star Medal has Army Engineer Corps. Members of the been awarded to Lee L. Glezen. Mr. Glezen Laboratories participated in this work at was a technical observer for the Signal various stages of the operations. Contribu- Corps in England and on the Continent. tions to it were made by J. B. Fisk, W. During the time he was in the European Shockley, F. C. Nix, F. J. Biondi and D. theater he played a major rôle in setting MacNair during the earlier phases of the up vital communications circuits by rehabil- work. After the Manhattan District was itating French and German lines.* organized, work was carried on in the Lab- Presentation of the medal was made by oratories under the supervision of A. H. Major General George L. Van Deusen of White, G. T. Kohman and E. E. Schu- the Signal Corps at an impressive cere- macher, of the Chemical Laboratories. In mony in the West Street auditorium on all, some thirty -five men in the Laboratories January 23 before members of the execu- were engaged in this project, which was tive staff, department heads of System De- completed in May, 1945. During this pe- velopment, representatives from the West- riod, significant and practical chemical and ern Electric Company, and friends and metallurgical contributions were made. Al- associates of Mr. Glezen. ~ though the nature of this work cannot be The citation, signed by President Truman disclosed, its cost of over a half million and read by Brigadier General C. O. Bick- dollars indicates its extent. At the time the elhaupt, to whom Mr. Glezen reported work was completed, Dr. Buckley received while in Europe, follows: a letter from Captain L. L. Grotjan, of "Mr. L. L. Glezen served the Army with the Manhattan Engineer District, which distinction as a civilian technical observer said, in part: in direct support of combat operations, "The writer thinks it appropriate at this from June 1944 to March 1945, in England time to mention the substantial assistance and France. From the time he arrived in to the current War Department program the United Kingdom he gave invaluable as- for the development of secret materials for *See "Rehabilitating a Telephone System," by war usage which the whole- hearted coöp- Mr. Glezen, in the RECORD for July, 1945, page 255. March 1946 121 www.americanradiohistory.com Lee L. Glezen re- ceives the Bronze Star Medal from General Van Deusen of the Signal Corps. O. E. Buckley is at the left and General Bickel - haupt, who read the citation, at the right sistance in planning the establishment of R. V. L. Hartley Awarded I.R.E. communications on the continent. Later, he Medal of Honor reported for duty with the Ninth Air Force At the annual dinner of the Institute of in Normandy. Radio Engineers on January 24, the Insti- "As a civilian technical observer he rec- tute's Medal of Honor was presented to onnoitered proposed installations, often R. V. L. Hartley "For his early work on going into the combat zones. He ably as- oscillating circuits employing triode tubes sisted in organizing and directing an emer- and likewise for his early recognition and gency program for extensive rehabilitation clear exposition of the fundamental rela- of French telephone facilities for military tionship between the total amount of in- use. He personally labored to restore the formation which may be transmitted over vital repeater stations at Rennes, St. Lo, Le a transmission system of limited band and Mans, Laval and Nogent. Although not a the time required." young man, he often worked for 24 to 36 Mr. Hartley, after graduating with an hours without a break, entirely of his own A.B. degree from the University of Utah in accord, in order to restore these repeater 1909, studied at Oxford for three years as stations to service. Arriving in Paris shortly a Rhodes Scholar, receiving the B.A. in after its liberation, he immediately plunged 1912 and the B.Sc. in 1913. On his return he into the tremendous task of establishing entered the research laboratory of the West- telephone trunk circuits from Normandy ern Electric Company and had charge of and the channel ports the early development to Paris and forward of radio receivers for the to the Armies, a task call- Bell System's transatlan- ing for the utmost in per- tic radio telephone tests severance, technical skill of 1915. The Hartley os- and leadership. His will- cilating circuit was in- ingness to accept such vented during that work. responsibility and the At that time also he in- aggressive manner in vented a neutralizing cir- which he carried out his cuit to offset the internal mission despite the fact coupling of triodes that that he held no military tends to cause singing. command authority, was He was also the first an inspiration to all of to formulate the relation- his associates. By his ship between the amount technical ability, re- of information trans- sourcefulness and ex- mitted and the width of treme devotion to duty, the frequency band re- Mr. Glezen has given quired. He had studied invaluable service to his this relationship for a country." R. V. L. HAxTi.EY number of years, but 122 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com it was not until February, 1926, that he published a short account of it in the RECORD. A fuller report of it was made to the International Congress of Telegraphy 1 luulYelïibù>t :-. and Telephony at Lake Como in 1927. 111111111 11110C, ifnli17d1no siiüYi In 1929, due to a prolonged illness, Mr. Hartley gave up the direction of his group. Since then, as improving health permitted, he has engaged chiefly in theoretical stud- ies. During World War II he acted as a Dr. Fletcher with the "Tone Synthesizer" consultant on a variety of projects, work- ing particularly on servomechanisms as ap- the old concept that "pitch depends upon plied to radar and fire control. the length of the sound wave, loudness upon its amplitude and quality or timbre Harvey Fletcher Demonstrates the upon the form of the complex wave." In the "Tone Synthesizer" light of recent investigations with the tone An electronic device which can produce synthesizer, these three major characteris- the sounds of the human voice and of vari- tics of a musical tone are not independent ous musical instruments, from the cello to of each other. By combining the harmonic church bells -and in addition can produce tones of the synthesizer in different ways, tones never heard before -was demon- both as to number and loudness, for exam- strated recently before the American Physi- ple, it has been demonstrated that changes cal Society by Harvey Fletcher. in pitch or overtone structure may produce The device, which exists solely as a lab- large changes in loudness. Similarly, oratory model of experimental apparatus, changes in the intensity of tones may cause is known as a "tone synthesizer." It was small changes in pitch, possibly almost as developed as part of the Laboratories' fun- much as a tone. Certain combinations of damental research into speech and hear- overtones may change pitch as much as ing, with particular reference to improving an octave. Finally, the quality of a tone, telephone apparatus. It succeeds in imitat- which makes it possible for the ear to ing the characteristic tones of various musi- distinguish different musical instruments - cal instruments and the human voice by a factor depending primarily on the over- sounding their fundamental pitches and the tone structure -may vary with large changes appropriate overtones. By means of elec- in intensity and pitch. tronic circuits, the machine also permits The synthesizer looks somewhat like a changing the starting and stopping time of telephone switchboard without cords, about the various tones, which determine in part, two feet high, four feet long and a foot for example, the difference between a piano deep. On its face are 100 knobs, each con- and an organ tone of the same pitch. trolling a harmonic tone by movement in Experiments with the device have also its vertical slot. The tones themselves, which confirmed for scientists refinements upon cover the audible range of pitches, are March Service Anniversaries of Members of the Laboratories 40 years O. J. Finch 25 years J. B. Harley 15 years H. M. Bascom T. C. Fry L. P. Bartheld M. M. Jones Louis Szeglowski H. M. Hagland O. C. Hall F. S. Entz Helen Matej A. C. Powell Daniel O'Neill 10 years 35 years G. S. Mueller Elizabeth Chambers J. E. Kelly J. H. Sailhard A. J. Pascarella E. J. Reilly J. M. Watson Ada Van Riper S. J. Stockfleth A. G. Fox L. S. O'Roark M. J. O'Brien C. F. Seibel W. A. Weikert Ruth Thompson J. M. Wilson 20 years T. T. Robertson 30 years C. H. Gorman, Jr. J. P. Schweitzer 11. A. Affel F. J. Grattan L. J. Steinbach R. S. Bair D. E. Haight E. G. Weiss March 1946 123 www.americanradiohistory.com generated by the rotation of a shaft on will soon begin in the ranch country around which the various tones have been mag- Cheyenne Wells, Col. netically recorded. Knobs are adjusted to Various phases of the development work produce desired tones which are then on these two projects is being done by a sounded through a loudspeaker by closing number of Laboratories' Departments. Cir- a switch. Any tone may be repeated at once cuit development is being carried on by but the machine must be reset before pro- Transmission Engineering; equipment by ducing any other tone. The number of pos- Equipment Development; filters, coils, sible tones, of course, is tremendously large. transformers, capacitors and other compo- The device is by no means a finished nents by Transmission Apparatus; switch- instrument, having been developed to its ing by Switching Development; and tubes, present stage as a research tool. Future varistors and similar components by Elec- study might reveal additional tones, pos- tronic Apparatus Development. sibly some of artistic usefulness not now New methods and materials to permit the used simply because no available musical joint use of long -span rural power lines instrument can produce them. The Labora- for both telephone and power wires, includ- tories will continue to use the synthesizer ing the development of a new improved in studies of speech, sound and hearing. structural transposition arrangement, have been devised and used successfully in trials Progress on Rural Telephone by Outside Plant Development. Developments Real advances have been made in the The most aggressive program for ex- design of relatively inexpensive power - tending and improving telephone service driven machinery for digging holes and the in rural areas ever undertaken by the Bell equipment is already being used. Work on System got under way in 1945. Service was an improved type of wire which can be installed for about 75,000 additional rural plowed into the ground has also been car- families in Bell territory during the year. ried forward still further by the Outside These 1945 activities are being considerably Plant Development Department. accelerated, and it is the Bell System's ob- jective to provide service to about 250,000 E. B. Smith Retires additional families in rural areas this year. Edmund B. Smith of the Switching De- Within the next three to five years the velopment Department retired on January program will provide service to another 13 after having million rural families and involves install- completed thirty - ing about 1,200,000 poles and over 1,000,000 eight years of serv- miles of wire at a cost of about $100,000,000. ice. Before coming An estimated 80 per cent of all rural to West Street, Mr. families live within the reach of present Smith had worked telephone lines, and such lines will con- for fourteen years tinue to be the most extensively used me- on central -office in- dium for bringing service to them. stallations for The The development of better and more eco- Southern New Eng- nomical methods of providing rural service land Telephone has advanced rapidly in the Laboratories Company and the with the release of engineers from war proj- Western Electric ects. Equipment to permit the use of rural Company. In 1917 he became a member of power lines for transmitting telephone con- the U. S. Navy and served on the U.S.S. versations by means of the power line car- Arkansas while it was associated with the rier system is undergoing field trials at British Grand Fleet in the North Sea. Mr. Jonesboro, Ark., and at Selma, Ala. The Smith came to the Engineering Department study of radio as a means of reducing the of the Western Electric Company in 1920 excessive costs of serving very remote rural and worked on test circuits for manual areas has been carried to the point where offices. In 1928 he transferred to test circuit customer use of the system on a trial basis design for dial central offices. 124 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com R. R. Williams Retires R. R. Williams is probably ALTHOUGH better known to the public for his out- standing research work on Vitamin B1, he has at the same time made important con- tributions to industrial chemistry through his leadership of the Chemical Laboratories of which he was Director from 1924 to 1945. Last spring, to enable Dr. Williams to devote more of his time to matters of national interest in the field of nutrition, he was appointed Chemical Consultant re- porting to the Director of Research. Born in India in 1886, the son of a mis- sionary, Dr. Williams was educated in this country. He attended Ottawa University from 1903 to 1905 and then, seeking more specialized training in chemistry, trans- ferred to the University of Chicago. He was graduated in 1907 and received his Master's degree in 1908. He then entered the Philip- pine Civil Service and two years later be- gan his work on vitamins. At that time it was known that an extract ROBERT R. WILLIAMS of rice polishings contained something that would combat beriberi. Dr. Williams took very productive group of chemists. Among up the study of this factor, searching for their problems have been the metallurgy means for extracting it and ascertaining its of magnetic alloys, of lead alloys for cable identity. Much effort was expended in de- sheath and solder, and of vacuum -tube ma- veloping methods of testing the extracts to terials; an extensive study of the insulating measure the concentration of the factor and properties of rubber and gutta percha, so to gauge progress toward success. This leading to the new material "paragutta" search lasted for twenty-three years; it was for submarine cable insulation; studies of often interrupted, and during much of the fungus toxins to retard decay of telephone time it was carried on as a leisure -time poles; purification of textile insulations; pursuit entirely at Dr. Williams' own ex- evaluation of finishes for wood and metals; pense. Later Carnegie Corporation pro- the structure of high polymers; the chem- vided financial assistance. istry of dielectric behavior; and the devel- After his entrance into the Bell System opment of rapid analytical techniques, as a chemist in 1919, he set up a laboratory particularly in microchemistry. In 1942 -43 in his own garage, but later secured facili- he organized a nation -wide research pro- ties at Columbia University. In 1933 and gram in synthetic rubber at the request of 1934 he was able to produce a few grams the Rubber Director. of crystals of the pure vitamin, first called Among honors which have come to Dr. "B1," and later "thiamin." After further in- Williams have been the honorary D.Sc. vestigation, the chemical structure was de- from Ottawa University (Kansas) 1935, termined by Dr. Williams and his associ- Ohio Wesleyan University 1938, University ates and a method of synthesis was devised of Chicago 1941, Columbia University and in 1936. Synthetic thiamin is now an impor- Yale University 1942. He also received the tant basis of the national program for the Willard Gibbs Medal in 1938, the Elliott enrichment of white bread and flour. Cresson Medal in 1940, the Charles Fred- While this work was going on, Dr. Wil- erick Chandler Medal, the John Scott liams, as Chemical Director of Bell Tele- Medal and the Medal of Honored Merit of phone Laboratories, headed a growing and the Republic of China in 1942. March 1946 125 www.americanradiohistory.com his travels in the European theater. Colonel Canfield said that apparently the films had not been shown previously in Europe, were received with enthusiasm, and created a great deal of interest and discussion. He said they got to be sort of a carte blanche to select medical circles. He recalled having shown the films be- fore the following groups: Royal Society of Medicine, Section on Otolaryngology, London; French Academy of Medicine, eafwaseea arniea,atcon IOW 1takriOti° Paris; Society of Oto- Rhino -Laryngology, Hopiteau de Paris; Phonetic Society of ep.rW:Ce vrc a fíaditian y tzad and Paris; the Otolaryngology Sections of twelve General Army Hospitals in the Eu- ropean Theater of Operations; and at a to number of hospitals in special courses in anaesthesia. D e. Q[. t m 1 E L L For eaamm dap eenno.. rendered i. tie Department of wer to tae Artillery Dev.l Publication Pro ¡roc of eke Ord Be* Several changes in the organization of the Publication Department have been made. Ottlltyat, We 3 OecesGer 1945 A. R. Thompson, formerly reporting to L. S. O'Roark, has been made Publication Pro- R. K. Hona- eaten . nt general fblef of 'fdnance duction Manager and reports to man. His responsibilities include books, R,L3PP- booklets, and monographs; illustrations and flmeg w esoul.1 Omni, aful RCMtr. e printing; and displays, demonstrations and motion pictures. Mr. Thompson, since join- Certificate of appreciation that has been ing the Bureau of Publication, has made an presented to C. A. Lovell by Major Gen- intensive study of typography and printing eral G. M. Barnes, Chief of Research and methods, fields in which his skill has been Development Service of the Ordnance De- recognized by election to the presidency of partment, for Dr. Lovell's "cooperation and the American Institute of Graphic Arts. assistance in the Ordnance Munitions Pro- During World War II he was concerned gram during the emergency" exclusively with the editing and production of instruction manuals for the Army and Vocal Cord Films Navy. A graduate of Hamilton College in Colonel Norton Canfield, Chief Otolaryn- 1920, Mr. Thompson joined the Labora- gology Section, Surgeon General's Office, tories that same year. in a recent conversation with J. C. Stein- L. S. O'Roark, as Assistant Director of berg, related a story concerning the film Publication, is responsible for historical in- "High Speed Motion Pictures of the Human formation and the Bell System historical Vocal Cords" which were compiled several museum, visitors' clearance, lecture acces- years ago by the Laboratories and made sory development for the Associated Com- available for loan to interested groups. Ap- panies and office services. P. B. Findley, parently duplicates were made by the Sig- as Editor, continues to direct BELL LAB - nal Corps of a set of films sent to Major ORATORIES RECORD and heads up the Lab- E. P. Fowler, Jr., at an Army hospital in oratories' advertising program and the Scotland. One of the sets came into the preparation of special articles. The techni- hands of Colonel Canfield while he was cal libraries that are located at West Street serving as Senior Consultant, Ear, Nose and and Murray Hill and the circulation of Throat, European Theater of Operations, Laboratories publications is under Leah E. and he carried them with him throughout Smith, Librarian. 126 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com Obituaries Harry A. Reybert of Apparatus Draft- ing, with continuous service since April 5, 1916, died on February 9. After attending Pratt Institute and then having experience in mechanical design, Mr. Reybert joined the Engineering Department of the West- ern Electric Company in 1916 as a drafts- man. Soon after he was called into active service in the Mexican border campaign and later trained for World War I service. He returned to West Street early in the war and was concerned with drafting phases of the first two -way radio equipment for air- planes and on apparatus for submarine detection. Since then he had worked on Lieut. John K. Gardner designs for numerous pieces of apparatus. Killed in Action In recent years Mr. Reybert has been prin- Lieut. John K. cipally concerned with the drafting phases Gardner, previously re- ported missing in action, has of new kinds of switching structures. Mr. been listed as killed in action on 17, Reybert was a member of the Western February 1945. Elec- On that date he navigated tric Post of the American Legion and of the a B-17 on a successful bombing mission Frank B. Jewett Chapter of the to Frankfurt, Telephone Germany. Pioneers of America. It was last observed that his * * * * * plane had lowered its landing gear and dropped out of formation. On a previous William T. Morgan of the Electronics Ap- mission he had safely navigated his burn- paratus Department, with service since ing ship to an emergency landing in France. November 18, 1942, died on February 1. The following excerpt from a letter As a mechanic writ- and calibrator in the experi- ten by Lieut. Gardner's mental tube construction uncle to L. E. Hunt group, Mr. Mor- at Deal represents the latest available gan was concerned in- with the heat treating formation the Laboratories has received: of tube parts and with the pumping of vac- "Final word has reached us that Jack uum tubes. Much of his work was on the was killed in the crash of his plane in magnetrons used to generate high- frequency Hanan, which is about power for radar. ten miles from Mr. Morgan graduated Frankfurt. They found from Stuyvesant eighteen bodies High School in New York buried in the town's cemetery City and for and although sixteen years before coming they could positively identify to the Laboratories had only four been with the J. V. bodies, Jack's name was on the cemetery McKee firm, installing oil burners. records. Whether they will later identify his body, we do not know. It certainly is sad, as he was on his last mission and was counting on being home last spring. You, of course, know his only other brother was killed on Easter Sunday." Lieut. Gardner was a member of the 388th Bomber Group, a unit of the Third Air Division, the division cited by the Pres- ident for its mission to Africa when Messer - schmitt plants at Regensburg were bombed. Joining the Laboratories in September, 1941, he was a technical assistant at the H. A. REYBERT W. T. MORGAN Laboratories at Deal before he entered the 1881 -1946 1898-1946 Air Forces in January, 1943. March 1946 127 www.americanradiohistory.com * * * * * * We * Welcome * Back Joseph E. Sileo enlisted in the Army Air Corps Lieut. Comdr. Clifford N. Anderson, from in 1944 and was assigned to Turner Field after January, 1944, worked with the Bureau of Ships, basic training at Keesler Field. He remained there where he was in charge of a section designing sixteen months, servicing planes and acting as mess Loran equipment for ship and shore stations. Loran sergeant after the cadet program closed. was the only navigation other than celestial used Charles E. Greene joined the Navy by enlist- in the bombing of Japan. ment and studied radio. He was retained as an Lieut. Col. A. E. Bowen served at two different instructor at Michigan City, Ind., and later super- times in World War II. He had been engaged in vised the department of mathematics at the school. the development of radar for aircraft used in anti- After learning the demobilization process at Gréat submarine work when, in September, 1942, he was Lakes, he was a general interviewer at Lido Beach. commissioned as major on anti- submarine cover- Sgt. Gerard V. Smith attended radio operator age in Trinidad. At the end of one month he mechanic and radar school and did radio main- returned and went on an inspection tour until tenance on B -24's prior to going overseas with a November. Nearly a year later he was called bomb group attached to the 15th AAF. In Italy for service and, until last fall, served in Wash- he was communications inspector and also had ington as Staff of Air Communication Officer -in- charge of teletype and switchboard. Charge of Section No. 7D on airborne radar. August A. Hauth schooled for four months at Lieut. Comdr. Vincent M. Meserve studied Aberdeen Proving Ground and continued the radar at Cornell, Harvard, and M.I.T. before his study of automotive spare parts at Toledo. For permanent assignment to the Philadelphia Navy,. a year he worked on stock control at Frankford Yard. Under the Naval Air Matériel Center, he' Arsenal and was then assigned to a floating spare participated in laboratory and flight testing of spe- parts depot. cial airborne radio and radar equipment. For his Major Joseph E. Fox, a reserve officer, was last six months of duty he was in charge of one of called to active duty in April, 1941. He was signal the radio and radar sections. officer of the Army air base at Augusta for three Eugene E. Flannery enlisted in the AAF in months. Thereafter he transferred to the Aircraft October, 1943. He completed aerial gunnery at Radio Laboratory at Wright Field, where he was Tyndell Field, Fla., and advanced navigation at a project officer in the Communications and Navi- Selman Field, La., before his release. gation Laboratory. Later, after a course of study Comdr. Ralph H. Miller, a reserve officer, was at the Command and General Staff School, Ft. recalled to active duty on June 1, 1943, for a Leavenworth, he became Chief of the Communi- special assignment in the Division of Naval Com- cations Branch at Wright Field. munications in Washington. His work had to do Ambrose J. Vallely took a wire- repeater course with organizing and continuing in operation a at the Signal Corps school at Ft. Monmouth and a teletypewriter system using land wire and radio, course in VHF fighter control equipment at Allen - for all bureaus of the Navy. He worked with Bell hurst, N. J. He installed, maintained, and operated System representatives, including the A T & T VHF equipment at an Army fighter field in Iceland "Dull" Committee, and followed Bell System prac- 128 for twenty-two months. tices as much as possible. J. E. SILEO C. E. GREENE G. V. SMITH A. A. HAUTH MAJ. J. E. Fox A. J. VALLE www.americanradiohistory.com CDR. ANDERSON LT. COL. BOWEN LT. CDR. MESERVE E. E. FLANNERY COMDR. MILLER MAJ. SKINNE. Major Frederick J. Skinner took a three -week in that capacity for two and one -half years in Aus- course in the Aircraft Warning Department under tralia, New Guinea and the Philippines. the Signal Corps School at Ft. Monmouth and in- Col. John M. Hayward has returned after five structed radar maintenance and operation there for years of service in the Engineering Division of two months. He transferred to the Signal Corps the AAF at Wright Field. During the early part Laboratories at Monmouth and then to the Coles of this assignment he was in charge of liaison on Signal Laboratory, Red Bank, where he was in all Air Force projects with the National Advisory charge of the Microwave Communications Section Committee for Aeronautics, the Navy and the Na- until the end of 1943. From 1944 to 1945 he was tional Defense Research Committee. Another re- chief of two main branches: the Applied Com- sponsibility was the study of foreign equipment munications Branch and the Radio Branch. for technical analysis. A veteran pilot of World Herbert Baker was assigned to bombardment War I, Colonel Hayward qualified to fly seventy -six armorer's school at Lowry Field, Denver, upon his different types of aircraft, including German and enlistment. He then trained in Utah and Iowa Japanese. In connection with an investigation of with a bomb squadron for five months before as- Japanese equipment he made a 25,000 -mile trip signment to the 8th AAF in England. As an ar- to the Southwest Pacific area. Later Colonel Hay- morer, he loaded bombs and handled ammunition ward was made chief of the Technical Data Lab- and bomb -bay equipment for B -17's for two years. oratory at Wright Field. He also served on the Anthony A. Waraske spent twenty-three months Promotion Board at Wright Field and as President in England attached to the 8th AAF as a radio of the General Court Marshal there. His final as- mechanic. He worked on radio receivers and trans- signment was Assistant Deputy Commanding Gen- - mitters of DF stations, received six battle stars, and eral for Intelligence at Wright Field. the Presidential Unit Citation. Lieut. William F. Bodtmann received his wings Louis C. Munch, as an electrician's mate second at Napier, Ala., in June, 1944. He was a pursuit class, aboard the U.S.S. Electra, went to the Mar- pilot, and as such was attached to the 3rd Division shall Islands, Eniwetok, Kwajalein, Saipan, and at Dallas. From that location he ferried planes Tinian. He took care of electrical maintenance on throughout the United States and Canada. the ship and on invasion barges which it carried Lieut. Col. Joseph A. Mahoney accepted a - along with Marines and supplies. He later attended direct commission as major at the request of the electrical school in Washington and was assigned Signal Corps in March, 1942, and was assigned to to a destroyer escort. the Office of the Chief Signal Officer, Washington. Richard D. Long was overseas twenty-one There he was responsible for preparing studies months, most of the time in India, but also in the and recommendations regarding the initiation of Marianas. He served as message center chief and development projects and standardization of equip- did cryptography work with the Army Air Forces. ment types. Last April he was made Chief of the Capt. Robert C. Winans, a reserve officer, was Systems Branch, Engineering Division, Signal Corps assigned to active duty at the Laboratories from Engineering Laboratories. February to July, 1942. He then left Ft. Ord, Cal., Major Edwin H. Perkins began active duty in with the 58th Sig. Bn. and sailed to Australia as February, 1942, and went to Wright Field where radio officer. Capt. Winans was assigned to Gen- he worked with the Air Technical Service Com- eral Headquarters as Radar Officer and remained mand, at first doing field installation of radio equip- 129 ERBERT BAKER A. A. WARASKE L. C. Muxcx R. D. LONG CAPT. WINANS COL. HAYWAR www.americanradiohistory.com MCALE . T. BODTMANN LT. COL. MAHONEY MAJ. PERKINS W. B. BACHMANN MARCAS BITOWF ETHEL ment. Later he was supervisor of the Special Equip- U.S.S. Paul Jones as a radio technician for seven', ments Unit of the Radar Branch. He was in Eng- months. After a period of advance training he land from November, 1943, to February, 1944, was assigned to the U.S.S. Prince William, a car- with the 8th AAF, working on radio countermeas- rier, as a radio operator. He had both Atlantic and ures equipment. From June to August, 1945, he Pacific duty, was chief of the Facilities Branch. Col. Robert W. Harper served as officer in Cpl. William P. Knox went to India in Septem- charge of a section of the Equipment Coördina- ber, 1944, after attending radio schools in the tion Branch of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer', States. He was a radio operator on a C -46 stationed after being asked to accept a commission by the at Mohonbarri in the Assam Valley and amassed War Department in 1942. He was executive officer a total of 715 combat hours. of the Signal Airways Branch, Plant Engineering Walter B. Bachmann was stationed in the Aleu- Agency, Philadelphia, and was commanding of- tian Islands for thirteen months. He then took ficer, Plant Assembly Center, Brookline, where the V -12 course at Cornell University and Hobart troops were trained to make overseas installation. College. Later he was sent to Saipan and as- He went overseas in December, 1943, and served signed to the U.S.S. Southampton as coxswain. in the Pacific with the Army Communications Marcae D. Bitowf took her boot training at Service, Plant Engineering Agency, whose mission Camp Le jeune and attended aircraft radio school was to install and maintain the radio facilities, for seven months at Cherry Pt., N. C. She was radio aids to air navigation, and the weather sta- assigned to a Marine Corps air field in the Mojave tions for the Army Air Forces. In connection with Desert, Cal., and for a year and a half was the that work, he was commanding officer of three only girl working with fifteen or twenty men to signal service battalions with headquarters at New_. maintain aircraft radio and radar equipment on Caledonia; Brisbane, Australia; Hollandia, New-, Corsairs, Hell Cats and torpedo bombers. Guinea; and Hawaii. He was also executive of- Ethel McAlevey sailed for England after just ficer for the entire Southwest Sector, Army Com- two months of basic training. She was stationed munications Service. in and near London prior to her assignment to Catherine Lennon had basic training at Ft. Des SHAEF, which took her to the continent in Feb- Moine and spent two weeks at the Holabird Signal ruary, 1945. In France and Germany she did Depot, Baltimore. She was assigned to the 2nd stenographical and secretarial work and was sta- Signal Service Battalion, Washington, where, for tioned in Frankfurt am Main until her discharge. twenty-three months, she was concerned with math- Lieut. Kenneth E. Waters, after attending OCS, ematical studies and did construction work on was assigned to Panama with an anti- aircraft unit. secret communications equipment. Then he transferred to the infantry and later the George W. Galbavy, in 1942, was assigned to paratroopers, training at Ft. Benning. He partici- a Signal Corps Replacement Training Center for pated in the Battle of the Bulge and made a com- courses in central-office maintenance and wire chief bat jump in Germany, was hospitalized briefly in duties. He engaged in wire communications in Belgium, and rejoined his outfit shortly before Townsville, Australia, and worked with the Post- V-E Day. He remained in Wesel, Germany, on master General's Department to lease telephone occupational duty before redeployment. and telegraph lines for the Army. He was wire 130 Eugene A. Hults served aboard the destroyer chief in New Guinea and did PBX work in Manila. .T. K. E. WATERS COL. R. W. HARPER G. W. GALBAVY P. V. LODATO LT. COL. ALISCH MICHAEL COF www.americanradiohistory.com .EN DI STEFANO RUTH RYDBERG H. W. DOHI.MAR H. H. GEORGENS J. U. MEATS LT. COL. ST. CL. Peter V. Lodato was a B -29 radio operator and flights were followed by supply missions in France. gunner and flew three missions at Saipan. On his He received the Bronze Star for the design and second, his plane was rammed, and on the third, construction of a VHF test set, used for testing it was ditched in the sea after being damaged by communication equipment on all planes. flak. After two and a half days, he was rescued Ruth E. Rydberg, U.S.M.C.W.R., went through and briefly hospitalized. He was then assigned to boot training at Camp Le Jeune, N. C. She was a ground radio station as an operator. assigned to Quantico, Va., for the rest of her period Lieut. Col. Emil Alisch began active duty with of military service. There she did clerical work the National Guard on September 16, 1940. He at the officer's candidate school. was intelligence officer and plans and training of- Harry W. Dohlmar was assigned to the Seabees ficer with the 71st Infantry at Ft. Dix until the and trained at Camp Peary, Va., and Camp Parks, regiment moved to Camp Claiborne, La. He at- Calif. He spent twenty months overseas in Hawaii, tended the Command and General Staff School, Midway, and the Philippine Islands doing tele- Ft. Leavenworth, and rejoined his regiment at Ft. phone construction, repair and maintenance work. Lewis, Wash., where they guarded the coasts of Joseph U. Meats went from Camp Peary, Va., Washington and Oregon. On a similar assignment to the Marshall Islands with the Seabees. He was at Phoenix, Ariz., he remained with the 364th In- transferred to Tinian in the Marianas, where he fantry until 1943, in the meanwhile taking a bat- spent thirteen months building air strips, roads, talion commander's course at Ft. Benning. When camp sites and radio towers. the regiment moved to Mississippi for further train- Lieut. Col. Ward K. St. Clair was placed in ing, he accompanied it, but also took a course at charge of the wire section of the Signal Office at the 3rd Army Mine Laying School, Camp Swift, Governor's Island in October, 1940. He planned, -Tex. Again rejoining his regiment, he went to constructed, and supervised military wire instal- Adak, Alaska, for a twenty- three -month assignment lations with the 2nd Service Command for a to the Post Headquarters, and was promoted to year before his assignment to the Caribbean Divi- Lieutenant Colonel. sion Engineering Office to assist in constructing Michael Coffey, EM 2 /c, completed radio school defenses for Central and South America. He re- at Bainbridge, Md., and was assigned to the U.S.S. turned from this assignment to the Office of the Thenakite for maintenance of electrical equipment. Chief Signal Officer in Washington, where he was He saw service at Key West and Guam, where he in charge of a branch in the military personnel stayed ten months. division. From there he transferred to the Plant Helen A. Di Stefano began active duty with Engineering Agency in Philadelphia to work with the WAC on June 7, 1944. After basic training the Airways Branch. In September, 1943, Col. St. at Ft. Oglethorpe, she spent two months in Wil- Clair flew to India and became wire officer for the mington as an automobile mechanic's helper. She CBI theater having charge of construction, opera- drove a truck on a year's assignment in Memphis, tion, maintenance, and supervision of all wire com- Tenn., while attached to the A.T.S., and later did munications in China, Burma and India. similar work at LaGuardia Field. Vincent J. Wycheck served at Ora Bay, Buna Harold H. Georgens was a radio operator on and Gamma -Dodo, all in New Guinea, where for a B -17 until December, 1944, when he crashed in twenty-four months he maintained and operated France on Christmas Day. His twelve combat generators and refrigeration units. 131 J. WYCHECK HENRY HENKEL J. I. PICARD L. P. NEWBY E. J. SCHNABEL ENS. W. F. LYN www.americanradiohistory.com LAMONT J. L. SMITH >. N. FOSTER L. J. ANTONUCCI E. F. KRAUTTER C. J. EFINGER R. C. Henry Henkel started on the aviation cadet pro- Monmouth, a single -channel radio teletypewriter gram in March, 1944, and had basic training at course at Long Lines and was then assigned Greensboro, N. C. After further schooling at to the southeast sector of the Plant Engineering Marshall College, W. V., he spent a year at Foster Agency at Miami. He visited South and Central Field, Tex., servicing planes and then transferred America to install radio equipment for the AAF. to Officer Candidate School. Charles J. Effinger, shortly after completing his Va., was assigned Jack I. Picard cooked aboard a Coast Guard cut- boot training at Williamsburg, ter on patrol duty to Newfoundland for 19 months, to the U. S. Naval Mine Warfare Test Station - had charge of a kitchen at a radio station in at Solomons, Maryland, as a machinist's mate. Marshfield, Mass., and served as cook aboard a Robert C. Lamont, after attending several Navy buoy tender operating out of Boston and Portland. service schools, was assigned to an Aircraft Serv- in repair and Leon P. Newby trained with the Seabees at ice Unit, where he was engaged the Camp Peary, Va. When he went overseas he was maintenance of aviation radio and radar equip- attached to the 1st Marine Division in Guadalcanal ment. These duties took him to the Southwest and participated in the Palau Island push. He later Pacific for six months. transferred to the 3rd Marine Division and was sta- James L. Smith served in the Mine Warfare tioned in Guam. Branch during most of his three years' service and Edwin J. Schnabel acted as an official inter- was an instructor in Sweep Gear Maintenance and preter for the Allied Military Government during Direct Current Electricity for about one year. His his stay in Germany and Holland. Originally he last assignment was aboard the aircraft carrier studied anti- aircraft artillery and his unit served Franklin D. Roosevelt, where he assisted in main- with the following armies: 9th Army, Canadian taining communication equipment. 1st Army, British 2nd Army, American 7th Army, Karl J. Ogaard was called to military serv-'`- and French 1st Army. ice in February, 1941, took basic training, and status for being over Ens. William F. Lynch flew PBY's after receiving was then placed on reserve his wings at Pensacola and his operational train- age. After "Pearl Harbor" he was recalled and ing in PBM's at Corpus Christi. After returning served eleven months with the Military Police. He to the Laboratories he left to attend college. transferred to the AAF at Wright Field and in- a sojourn Spencer N. Foster, after a storekeeper's course stalled radios on fighter planes. After at Sampson, was assigned to a PC which did in Hawaii, he returned to Wright Field, and from convoy duty between Kodiak and Attu in the Aleu- there made an extensive trip to various air fields tians, and later in the South Pacific. to install airborne equipment. He then attended in- Louis J. Antonucci instructed at the machinist's radar school, and last July made airborne radar mate service school, Norfolk, for seven months. stallations in planes at Guam and Tinian. Then he transferred to the maintenance department Boyd E. Brown attended Ft. Monmouth radio of the Naval Operating Base as machine shop fore- school for radar repairmen and studied FM radio, man. After several months he was assigned to the at Holabird Signal Depot, Baltimore. He landed ' U.S.S. Argonne, a repair ship, which he boarded in Normandy on D plus 17 and operated VHF at the Marshall Islands. He worked in the machine radio stations in France, Belgium, Holland, Lux- shop there and went with the 3rd Fleet to Tokyo. embourg, Germany and Austria. The Bronze Star to him for taking command 132 Eugene F. Krautter took a radio course at Ft. Medal was awarded P. E. O'DONNELL E. J. DIXON K. J. OGAARn B. E. BROWN S. F. LUBNIEWSSI E. McILRAVEY www.americanradiohistory.com J. EMMONS W. R. CAROLAN CAPT. GIERTSEN LT. F. J. SCHWETJE H. H. SHARPE E. R. CLARK for the Normandy, Northern France, Ardennes, Leaves of Absence Rhineland and Central Europe campaigns. The 487th Port Battalion, with which he was As of January 31, there had been 1,025 military associ- ated, broke the record for loading and unloading leaves of absence granted to members of the Lab- ships three times the Normandy oratories. Of these, 372 have been completed. The -at Beachhead, at the port of Antwerp and at Bremerhaven. 653 active leaves were divided as follows: William R. Carolan trained with the 13th Ar- Army 340 Navy 231 Marines 23 mored Division after A.S.T.P. at the University of Utah. He went directly to Le Havre and served Women's Services 59 with the 7th, 1st and 3rd Armies as an operations There were also 17 members on merchant marine sergeant directing field artillery fire and was leaves and 3 on personal leaves for war work. awarded the Bronze Star Medal for his work. Capt. Recent Leaves Owen N. Giertsen, as a P-38 fighter pilot, completed ninety-eight combat missions. United States Army While serving with the 5th AAF, he fought over Edward T. Clifford New Guinea, the Dutch East Indies, and Philip- pines. He was shot down near Rabaul and spent United States Marines United States Navy three months on an island before rescue. After Allan S. Westervelt Charles C. Murino returning to the States, he was with the Dugway Proving Ground Command in Utah. of a radio station overrun by enemy forces and for Lieut. Fred J. Schwetje completed his Marine 4epairing equipment under fire. Corps pilot training in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Stephen F. Lubniewski had radio specialist was given further operational training in Florida training at Ft. Sill, Okla., and then went to Italy. and California before going to the Gilbert Islands, He was a forward observer with the 45th Division where he made thirty missions. in the invasion of southern France and stayed in Henry H. Sharpe stayed with the 562nd Ord- that area attached to a parachute battalion lend- nance Company for his entire three years of mili- ing gunfire support along the coast. He rejoined tary service. He studied artillery and automotive 'this outfit in Strassbourg and crossed the Rhine into repair and fought with the 4th Armored Division Germany. He was a battalion electrician, had of the Third Army in France and Belgium. charge of camp maintenance and served with the Edward R. Clark trained in AAF aeronautical Military Police at Lindenfelo, Germany. He was mechanics for one year at the Aviation Institute, awarded the Bronze Star for service in Germany. Long Island City, and the American Airlines School Elizabeth Mc llravey joined the Air Wacs in at LaGuardia Field. Operating from Casablanca, June, 1944, and had basic training at Ft. Ogle- he acted as aircraft maintenance inspector. thorpe. She was assigned to Redistribution Station at Atlantic City, where she did statistical control work until she was assigned to Santa Ana, Cal. Peter E. O'Donnell studied finance at Ft. Ben- jamin Harrison, Ind., before permanent assignment to Panama, where he worked in the officers' pay section of the U. S. Army Finance Office. Edward J. Dixon spent seven months in the 'Pacific theater at Saipan, Iwo Jima and other spots as an aerial gunner on a B -29 bomber. He flew thirty missions over enemy installations in some of the toughest of the Pacific fighting. The Laboratories has employed 675 Joseph J. Emmons participated in the Normandy veterans of World War Il invasion on D -Day and has five battle stars ;March 1946 1 r3? www.americanradiohistory.com News Notes the Angle of Arrival of Microwaves; S. D. ROBERTS and A. P. KING, Microwave Propa- M. J. KELLY attended the Vice- Presidents' gation, Part I, The Effect of Rain Upon the Conference in New York. Propagation of Waves in the One and KELLY, A. B. CLARK and D. A. MR. Three Centimeter Region; G. E. MUELLER, Engineers' QUARLES attended the Chief Part II- Propagation of Six Millimeter J. H. H. Conference held at Absecon, N. Waves; and R. LOWRY, G. W. GILMAN and G. D. EDWARDS A. SYKES, High - also attended part of the time. Frequency R. L. JONES attended a meeting on Janu- Plated Quartz ary 21 of the Visiting Committee of the Crystal Units Department of Electrical Engineering of Made for Mili- Massachusetts Institute of Technology at tary Equipment. Cambridge. E. B. FERRELL THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY held its lectured on Frequency Spectrum Theory 1945 annual meeting at Columbia Univer- Applied to Servomechanisms. This was sity from January 24 to 26. The retiring the fourth lecture in the Servomechanism presidential address of Harvey Fletcher, a Symposium conducted by the Basic Science lecture demonstration on The Pitch, Loud- Group, New York Section, A.I.E.E. is ness and Quality of Musical Tones, sum- K. K. DARROw discussed Atomic Energy issue of the marized on page 123 of this on January 31 at a joint meeting in Charles- RECORD. Papers by J. M. RICHARDSON and ton, W. Va., of the A.I.E.E., A.C.E., WILLIAM SHOCK - A.I.C.E. and A.S.M.E. LEY, A Solution P. B. ONCLEY spoke on Music and Science of the Equation before the Rotary Club of Bernardsville. for the Propaga- A. E. BOwEN spoke on Radar in the Army tion of Waves of Air Forces at the Deal-Holmdel Colloquium. Finite Ampli- W. H. DOHERTY, at a luncheon in his tude in One Di- honor at the University Club in New York mension and by City on January 26, spoke on Radar. F. H. WILLIs, Measured Values of Ultrasonic Absorption and Velocity in Liquid Measures were pre- sented at a meeting presided over by Dr. Engagements Fletcher. He also presided over the Nuclear *Frank Dormer -*Mary Cusack Energy Symposium and the business meet- *R. Shiels Graham -*Isolde Holoch John W. Green *Ann Boerke J. A. BECKER presided - ing of the Society. L. Thomas Leonard -*Ruth Kampfe over the January 26 afternoon session. L. A. *Roy V. Lohmiller- *Betty Waldeck WOOTEN presented Some Chemical Studies Karl D. Melroy, Jr.- *Elsie Kopetz of Oxide -Coated Cathodes as one of five Frederick J. Thomsen -*Mildred Avoglia -Agnes Perry papers in a symposium on this subject. *Donald L. Viemeister DURING THE INSTITUTE OF RADIO ENGI- NEERS' 1946 Winter Technical Meeting held Weddings 23 to 26, F. B. in New York from January *L. Charles Brown -Agnes Griffin JEWETT was the speaker at the annual ban- Arthur Bruvik- *Marguerite Jensen quet. F. B. LLEWELLYN, president of the Clifford R. Dorsey, U.S.N. -*Ann Ribachuk I.R.E., was honored by a luncheon and was *Lieut. (jg) Martin P. Hughes- Margaret Hodapp Arthur LeSauvage, Jr.- *Aubrey Fabry chairman of the Microwave Vacuum Tube Paul W. Meyerhoff- *Ruth Rydberg session. Papers were presented by W. E. Edward C. Newton, U.S.N. -*Hilda Muller CROCK, Metal -Lens Antennas; W. W. MUM - *Lieut. Robert I. Nolan, U.S.A. -Juta Krunwald *Lieut. Donald R. Schoen -Barbara Taylor FORD, Directional Couplers Microwave Con- of engage- verters; C. F. EDWARDS, Microwave Con- *Members of the Laboratories. Notices ments and weddings should be given to Mrs. Helen verters; R. E. GRAHAM, Linear Servo McLoughlin, Room 803C, 14th St., Extension 296. Theory; W. W. SHARPLESS, Measurement of 134 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com ROBERT POPE attended the directors' meeting of the National Association of Cor- "The Telephone Hour" rosion Engineers in Chicago. While there NBC, Monday Nights, he visited the offices of the Long Lines and 9:00 p.m. the Illinois Bell Telephone Company to dis- March 4 Lily Pons cuss their corrosion problems. March 11 Ezio Pinza AT THE Philadelphia Signal Depot, March 18 Marian Anderson PIERRE MERTZ, with R. H. McCarthy of March 25 Western Electric Company, examined Ger- Jascha Heifetz man carrier system equipment. April 1 James Melton R. M. BURNS was at Hawthorne to dis- cuss chemical and metallurgical matters. on sales of surplus materials which were MEMBERS of the Laboratories who have used in the manufacture of insulated wires been elected to serve on the Board of Edu- and cables for the Government. cation in their townships include J. R. PLASTIC PROBLEMS in telephone station TOWNSEND, Essex Fells; M. B. LONG, Glen apparatus were discussed at Hawthorne by Ridge; R. J. NOSSAMAN, Madison; and R. G. C. J. FROSCH, W. L. TUFFNELL, G. A. WAHL WATLING and F. E. WATKINS, Mendham. and J. F. DALTON. A GROUP of Laboratories engineers paid a W. O. BAKER and C. S. FULLER attended visit to Coles Signal Laboratories on January the 1945 annual American Physical Society 16 to view captured Ger- meeting at Columbia University. man and Japanese com- D. H. GLEASON discussed step -by -step munications equipment. and crossbar switch problems during a Of particular interest to visit to Hawthorne. the group were a number AT THE A.I.E.E. winter convention held of items of German Army in New York from January 21 to 25, papers tactical equipment: were presented by E. S. WILI.Is, A New ten -channel radio link Crystal Channel Filter for Broad Band Car- equipment; voice -fre- rier Systems; A. G. GANZ, Applications of quency telephone and telegraph equip- Thin Permalloy Tape in Wide Band Tele- ments; light -weight field teletypewriters phone and Pulse Transformers; D. E. and various types of radio, intercept and WOOLDRIDGE, Signal and Noise Levels in direction -finding equipment. Those who in- Magnetic Tape Recording; D. A. QUARLES, spected the equipment were M. L. ALM- Radar System Consideration; E. I. GREEN, QUIST, F. A. BROOKS, R. L. CASE, L. L. H. J. FISHER and J. G. FERGUSON, Tech- GLEZEN, T. J. GRIESER, A. A. OSWALD, L. niques and Facilities for Radar Testing; E. PEDERSEN, F. A. POLKINGHORN, E. R. TAY- B. FERRELL, Statistical Methods in the De- LOR and J. A. WORD. velopment of Apparatus Life Control; and R. S. PLOTZ has been appointed Assistant K. K. DARROW, Physics of Nuclear Energy. to Vice -President, reporting to A. B. CLARK, J. D. TEBO presided at the Symposium on Vice -President and Director of Systems De- Nuclear Energy. velopment. Mr. Plotz handles special tech- CURRENT PRODUCTION and engineering nical and administrative assignments. problems in connection with the reconver- C. SHAFER, JR., was in Pittsburgh and sion program on the crossbar switch were Harrisburg to discuss aerial cable lashing. discussed by C. C. BARBER at Hawthorne. F. V. HASKELL, on a trip OTHER LABORATORIES men to Charlottesville, Va., was who conferred at Haw- concerned with a field trial thorne recently were H. B. of intra -span t indem trans- SMTTH, on multi -contact re- portation brackets. lays; F. W. CLAYDEN, on F. S. MALM has accepted mechanized solderless step - a request to serve with the by -step banks; and V. F. Reconstruction Finance BOHMAN, on step -by -step Corporation as a consultant apparatus problems. March 1946 135 www.americanradiohistory.com W. L. FILER, J. IRISH and R. G. KooNTz Please put your RECORD in the visited Hawthorne to discuss problems re- "Correspondence -Out" Box when you lating to customer held orders. E. J. QUINN visited are through with it so that it can be J. W. WOODARD and the Engineering Departments of Operating sent to a Serviceman's family. Companies at Washington, Richmond and Atlanta to analyze current orders. L. N. HAMPTON and F. D. FESSLER made J. H. PErrEUS investigated problems con- several visits to the Sanborn Company, cerning switchboard multiple cables at Cambridge, Mass., to discuss computing Parkersburg, W. Va. mechanisms. During the month of December the W. LEMANN reviewed problems on a United States Patent Office issued patents servo unit at the Lombard Governor Com- on applications previously filed by the fol- pany, Ashland, Mass., and the Doelcam lowing members of the Laboratories: Company, West Newton, Mass. E. L. Alford C. W. Lucek R. V. TERRY witnessed tests at Fort Bliss, D. G. Blattner M. L. Martin Texas, on a new target tracking device. C. W. Carter, Jr. D. A. McLean C. A. WEBBER visited the Southern Bell L. I. Egerton (2) G. L. Pearson Telephone Company at Atlanta, Ga., as K. E. Fitch O. E. Rasmussen well as at New Orleans, La., in connection H. E. Ives I. C. Shafer, Jr. with cord studies. K. G. Jansky V. G. Sprague G. K. Teal R. T. STAPLES and H. H. STAEBNER dis- W. V. K. Large cussed cord development problems at the W. B. GRAUPNER studied extruded alumi- Point Breeze Plant. num mounting plate problems at the Bohn J. H. BOWER conferred with members of Aluminum and Brass Company, Detroit, the National Bureau of Standards and and at the Pittsburgh Aluminum Company, members of the Applied Physics Laboratory Pittsburgh. of Johns Hopkins University on the subject E. T. BALL and J. G. FERGUSON were con- of special battery supplies. cerned with problems concerning sheet J. P. RADCLIFF visited the Washington metal racks when they visited Dahlstrom and New York coaxial terminal offices in Metal Company in Jamestown, N. J. connection with tests of a carrier program F. W. TREPTOw studied the 81B1 private channel for television transmission. W. D. line automatic switching telegraph system MISCHLER and R. L. TAMBLING were also at the Republic Steel Company in Cleve- engaged in these tests at New York. land, Ohio. W. S. GORTON discussed Demountable U. S. FORD was in Selma, Ala., during the Soundproof Rooms in an article which ap- installation and cutover of a rural power peared in the January issue of The Journal line carrier unit. of the Acoustical Society of America. C. M. HANLEY and A. M. ZILLIAN were in D. B. PENICK, H. H. FELDER and G. W. Washington during the trial installation of COWLEY have returned from Denver, where automatic message accounting equipment. they have been testing the first installa- V. T. CALLAHAN and T. S. TAYLOR made tions of the single -sideband program chan- engine tests at the Duplex Truck Company nels as applied to type -K carrier telephone in Lansing, Mich. systems between Omaha and Denver. PROBLEMS involving improved rectifiers A. J. CHRISTOPHER and D. A. MCLEAN were D. E. TRUCKSESS' concern on a recent studied condenser problems in visit to the Power Equipment Chicago recently. Company in Detroit. AT A RECENT MEETING Of C. M. HARRIS is the author R.M.A. Sub -Committee on of The Effect of Position on transformers for radio trans- the Acoustical Absorption by mitters, E. A. PorrER was des- a Patch of Material in a Room, ignated as leader of a group in the January Journal of the to draft specifications. Acoustical Society. 136 March 1946 www.americanradiohistory.com