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CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FRAMEWORK for WATER SECTORS Climate Change Adaptation Framework for Water Sectors

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NATIONAL WATER RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION FRAMEWORK FOR WATER SECTORS Climate Change Adaptation Framework for Water Sectors MESSAGE FROM THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER YB Dato’ Sri Tuan Ibrahim bin Tuan Man Minister of Environment and Water YB Senator Dato’ Dr Ahmad Masrizal bin Muhammad Deputy Minister of Environment and Water Climate change will result in significant impacts on our water resources and some of the effects are already visible now. Strengthening the ability to adapt to these changes in a way that sustaining water resources, mitigates hazards and risks to humans and the environment is vital for the water security, sustainable development and the survival of communities. Therefore, leaders, policy makers and stakeholders in our country need access to accurate information and sound advice on how best to adapt to this challenge. This framework document seeks to fulfill this need. The framework containing in this book is also aimed to be a reference to the decision makers working in the field of water resources and a guide to the country through the Ministry of Environment and Water in developing National Adaptation Plan (NAP) on water sectors in a coherent and strategic manner that country-owned and country- driven. We hope that this book to be an effective tool that will prove useful to water sector policy makers and planners. I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all the experts who have kindly shared their priceless knowledge and experience which was extremely valuable towards the publication of this book. Congratulations to the management of NAHRIM. Page | i Climate Change Adaptation Framework for Water Sectors PREFACE Dato’ Seri Ir. Dr. Zaini bin Ujang Secretary General Ministry of Environment and Water Dato’ Ir. Dr. Hj. Md. Nasir bin Md. Noh Director General National Water Research Institute of Malaysia It gives us a great pleasure to publish this framework document for managing our precious water resources and the water-related risks associated with climate change to leaders and policy-makers in Malaysia. This framework also aims to facilitate the formulation of sound policies and best practices that support sustainable water management and ensure water security, especially in dealing with climate change impacts. This framework results from interdisciplinary and multi-sectoral work by climate scientists, adaptation experts, government officials, private sectors, non-governmental organizations and civil society leaders in Malaysia. It was developed based on five pillars, which are: knowledge, management, implementation, gaps, and what’s next. We recommend this framework document to be a reference to our leaders and policy makers. By adopting the five pillars and building partnerships, which involved the government and various stakeholders, we believe that this framework is comprehensive enough to support the country agenda towards enhancing the water security. Finally, a special thank goes to the team for their hard work towards the successful publication of this book. Page | ii Climate Change Adaptation Framework for Water Sectors TABLE OF CONTENTS MESSAGE FROM THE MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER ................................. I PREFACE ............................................................................................................................... II TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ III LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... V LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ VI CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................................ 1 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 2 1.3 SCOPE OF WORKS ................................................................................................... 2 1.4 INFORMATION RESOURCES ................................................................................... 5 1.5 OVERVIEW OF THE FRAMEWORK .......................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................................ 7 2 WATER RESOURCES ................................................................................................... 7 2.1 RIVER ......................................................................................................................... 7 2.1.1 Changes in Mean Annual Runoff ........................................................................ 8 Low Flow ........................................................................................................... 17 High Flow .......................................................................................................... 20 SEA/COASTAL ......................................................................................................... 22 Sea Level Rise .................................................................................................. 23 DAM AND LAKES ..................................................................................................... 26 Decreasing Low Storage Capacity .................................................................... 27 GROUNDWATER ..................................................................................................... 29 Reduction in Potential Recharge ....................................................................... 29 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 3 .......................................................................................................................... 35 3 WATER UTILIZATION .................................................................................................. 35 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE ........................................................................ 36 Water Pollution .................................................................................................. 36 Lack of Storage Capacity .................................................................................. 46 IRRIGATION ............................................................................................................. 55 Insufficient Irrigation Water ................................................................................ 55 Oversupply Irrigation Water ............................................................................... 63 Page | iii Climate Change Adaptation Framework for Water Sectors HYDROPOWER ........................................................................................................ 70 Variation of Water Runoffs ................................................................................ 70 FISHERIES AND BIODIVERSITY ............................................................................. 76 Low Fisheries Productivity ................................................................................. 76 Biodiversity Loss ............................................................................................... 83 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ 90 CHAPTER 4 .......................................................................................................................... 94 4 WATER-RELATED DISASTERS ................................................................................. 94 FLOOD ...................................................................................................................... 97 Water Management (Flood/Drought) ................................................................. 98 Flood Control Structures ................................................................................. 104 Reliable Early Warning System and Weather Forecast .................................. 112 Preparedness, Response and Resilience (Flood/Drought) ............................. 116 DROUGHT .............................................................................................................. 121 Water Management ......................................................................................... 121 Drought Preparedness .................................................................................... 125 WATER POLLUTION .............................................................................................. 128 Water Quality ................................................................................................... 129 Ecosystem and Biodiversity ............................................................................ 132 Health Impacts ................................................................................................ 135 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................
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