The Great Depression

CONFIDENCE AND CRISES, 1920-1948 The Great Depression

Resource:

Sharecropping in a Depression

Sharecropper’s wife chopping cotton

Lee Russell (photographer), Sharecropper’s wife chopping cotton, Southeast Missouri Farms Project, May 1938. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Sharecropper and his wife stripping and grading tobacco

Marion Post Wolcott (photographer), Sharecropper and his wife stripping and grading tobacco. Near Carr, North Carolina, September 1939. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Tobacco sharecropper’s wife disposing of dishwasher

Dorothea Lange (photographer), Tobacco sharecropper’s wife disposing of dishwasher. Person County, North Carolina, July 1939. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Sharecropper wife preparing midday meal

Lee Russell (photographer), Southeast Missouri Farms. Sharecropper wife preparing midday meal, May 1938. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Wife of sharecropper putting baby to sleep near Pace, Mississippi

Lee Russell (photographer), Wife of sharecropper putting baby to sleep near Pace, Mississippi. Background photo, Sunfower Plantation, January 1939. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Wife and child of sharecropper near Gafney, South Carolina

Dorothea Lange (photographer), Wife and child of sharecropper near Gafney, South Carolina, 1938. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Wife and child of young sharecropper in cornfeld beside house

Dorothea Lange (photographer), Wife and child of young sharecropper in cornfeld beside house. Hillside Farm, Person County, North Carolina, 1939. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Wife of a Mexican sharecropper near Bryan, Texas

Dorothea Lange (photographer), Wife of a Mexican sharecropper near Bryan, Texas, 1937. Farm Security Administration; Ofce of War Information Photograph Collection, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Background

In the years after the Civil War and the end of slavery, sharecropping became an integral part of Southern agriculture. In a sharecropping system, landlords provide tenants with parcels of land on which to plant, cultivate, and pick crops. In exchange, tenants pay for seeds, tools, and housing provided by the landlord and split the profts from the crops with the landlord.

The life of a sharecropper was difcult. Even in the best of situations, sharecropping families lived in a house and on land that was not their own. At any time, they could be evicted by their landlord. In the worst situations, tenants could be forced to pay exorbitant fees and split profts in an unfair way. Some tenants were part of a vicious cycle in which they constantly owed their landlord money.

Despite the hardships of sharecropping, over 1.8 million Americans were tenant farmers by 1930. Both Black and white families were part of this system. In 1935, 50 percent of all white farmers and 77 percent of all Black farmers were sharecroppers.

Because a sharecropping family’s survival was dependent on a successful harvest every year, every member of the family contributed. But expectations fell disproportionately on women. On top of helping to plow felds and pick crops, women were responsible for maintaining the home. Wives cooked, cleaned, gardened, and raised children. The work was constant and exhausting.

The Great Depression spurred the beginning of the end of the sharecropping boom, which left many families in challenging situations. New Deal policies intended to help both landlords and tenants ultimately hurt tenants. Landlords often used government funds to purchase equipment or eliminate crops that were no longer proftable. As landlords mechanized and downsized, evictions increased. When landlords ended their

relationship with tenants, those tenants lost not only their source of income but also their homes.

The sharecropping system declined quickly through the 1930s and ’40s. Many sharecropping families relocated to urban communities as opportunities dried up. The face of American agriculture changed dramatically toward a more mechanized, industrial, and impersonal system.

About the Image

Between 1935 and 1944, photographers working on behalf of the federal government took over 175,000 pictures of everyday Americans. The Farm Security Administration (FSA) was particularly interested in images of sharecroppers. FSA photographers were an essential part of the government’s research. Their photographs were used by economists, sociologists, and other social scientists to study the Depression and the impact of the New Deal and to gain public support for the FSA’s programs.

Vocabulary

• Farm Security Administration: A government agency that focused on supporting and ending rural poverty. The agency hired photographers to document the lives of rural workers. • landlord: Someone who owns land or property and allows others to use it in exchange for payment or rent. • New Deal: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s national program for stimulating the American economy during the Great Depression. Included employment, housing, and social service support systems. • sharecropper: A farmer who works on land owned by someone else and shares the profts with their landlord. • tenant: Someone who rents land or property from someone else.

Discussion Questions

• What is sharecropping? What do you learn about the lives of sharecropping women from these pictures? • Where were these images taken and what crops are described? What does this tell you about the extent of sharecropping in the United States in that era? • What kind of work do you see women doing? What does this tell you about the role of women in sharecropping households? • What do you notice about the women’s surroundings and clothing? What does this tell you about their economic status and the challenges they might have faced? • Which images do you think were posed? Which do you think were candid? Why do you think this? What does this tell you about the choices photographers made and the messages they were trying to convey? • Look at the image of the tobacco sharecropper’s wife wearing white shoes. Why do you think the caption includes a note about the shoes? What does it tell us about this woman that she put on her best dress and shoes before being photographed? • Notice that the captions describe the women as the “wives” of sharecroppers. What does this say about the status of the women? What assumptions does it make about the dynamic of the household? Are these assumptions accurate? • Compare the images based on race. How did the lives of white, African American, and Mexican sharecroppers seem to difer in the images?

Suggested Activities

• Identify the images in this collection taken by Dorothea Lange. Use them as a companion piece to her life story. Ask students to analyze them within the context of Dorothea’s life and world view. • Expand students’ understanding of rural farm life by pairing these photographs with the Oregon housewife’s time chart. • Help students explore the challenges of domestic work by combining these photographs with resources related to Depression Era home life, militant housewives, and the use of a housewife’s time. • Compare and contrast the experiences of sharecropping women with those in industrial jobs by combining these photographs with those taken by Lewis Hine in Progressive Era industrial spaces. • Learn more about the specifc challenges African American sharecroppers faced by combining some of these photographs with information on sharecropping in the Black Citizenship in the Age of Jim Crow curriculum guide. • Many African American sharecroppers eventually chose to leave their farms for a new life in the urban North. Learn more by combining these images with the photographs of the Great Migration in the 1920s or Fannie Barrier Williams’s Chicago Defender article. • The Library of Congress digitized all 175,000 extant photographs taken by the government between 1935 and 1944. Explore all of them here and add to the collection you share with students.

Themes

WORK, LABOR, AND ECONOMY