NASA Technology FY 2013 iCubeSat Workshop 2012

Dr. Mason Peck, NASA’s Chief Technologist

May 30, 2012

Office of the Chief Technologist Space Technology: Investments in Our Future

• New Program • Enabling Our Future in Space: By investing in high payoff, disruptive technology that industry cannot tackle today, Space Technology matures the technology required for NASA’s future missions in science and exploration while proving the capabilities and lowering the cost for other government agencies and commercial space activities. • NASA at the Cutting Edge: Pushing the boundaries of aerospace technology and seizing opportunities, Space Technology allows NASA and our Nation to remain at the cutting edge.

2 Office of the Chief Technologist

Serves as Advisor to Administration

Direct Technology Management Integrates Technology Investment and Budget Authority for the Across the Agency Space Technology Program

Office of the Chief Technologist

Demonstrates and Communicates Leads Tech Transfer, Partnerships Societal Impacts of NASA and Commercialization Activities Technology Investments Across the Agency Advocates Externally NASA’s R&D Programs Why Small Spacecraft at NASA? (1 of 3)

Open Source Innovation Culture COTS Grass-Roots Infusion Interface Standards New Hires

Workforce Development

Enable commercial Citizen Space the new, small- space commercial Cloud Exploration sector

Benefit from the rapid pace of market-driven technology growth New solutions Rapid Development New investigations Agile Programmatics Spin off / spin in Responsiveness Why Small Spacecraft at NASA? (2 of 3)

Enable New Approaches to Space Architecture, Science, and Exploration

Fractionated Architecture

Modular Redundant Sparse Bus Aperture

OAO to HST TDRS-1 to TDRS-10

Images Courtesy Andrews Space Spacecraft Evolution Usually Starts Radically Rethink Design Large and Gets Larger Fundamentals By Starting Small Why Small Spacecraft at NASA? (3 of 3)

Take “Risks” on New Applications

Courtesy Andrews Space

Biological and Physical In-Space Servicing Planetary Research Research And Orbital Debris and Resources NRC Report on NASA’s Space Technology Roadmaps

• At the end of 2010 NASA drafted roadmaps to guide Agency-wide technology investment. The National Research Council (NRC) led a year-long study to assess these roadmaps, prioritizing prospective technology-investment opportunities in terms of their value to NASA’s future and the Nation as a whole.

7 NRC Report on NASA’s Space Technology Roadmaps

• The NRC study was released on February 1. It is a comprehensive report with important observations, analyses and priorities, including • Currently, available technology is insufficient to accomplish many upcoming missions in Earth orbit and beyond. • Success in executing future NASA space missions will depend on advanced technology developments that should already be underway. • NASA's technology base is largely depleted. So, revitalizing technology investment at NASA is required if NASA is to achieve the challenges before it. • Technological breakthroughs have been the foundation of virtually every NASA success. In addition, technological advances have yielded benefits far beyond space itself in down-to- Earth applications. • Future U.S. leadership in space requires a foundation of sustained technology advances. • The NRC concurs with the design of NASA’s new Space Technology Program, with its cross cutting technology projects that span a range of technical maturity and include flight demonstrations. • The NRC study emphasized 16 high-priority technology areas. NASA is currently investing in all 16 at some level. Space Access cuts across all. • This assessment will help guide NASA’s technology investment priorities in the years to come, working across the agency to address the findings.

8 Guiding Principles of the Space Technology Program

OCT’s Space Technology Program • Advances broadly applicable technology to infuse solutions into applications for which there are multiple customers. • Employs portfolio approach to capture the entire spectrum of technology readiness. • Competitively selects research by academia, industry, and the NASA centers based on technical merit. • Leverages the technology investments of our international, other government agency, academic and industrial partners. • Coordinates with internal and external stakeholders, including academia, industry and other government agencies • Results in new inventions, new capabilities and the creation of a pipeline of innovators aimed at serving future National needs • Grows the Nation’s innovation economy

9 The Programs of Space Technology

Early Stage Innovation

Early Stage Innovation Space Technology Research NASA Innovative Advanced Center Innovation Fund Centennial Challenges Prize Small Business Innovation Fellowships & Grant Concepts (NIAC) Program Program Program Research and Small Business Programs Technology Transfer (SBIR/STTR) Program Game Changing Technology

Game Changing Development Franklin Subsystem Technology

Technology Capability Demonstrations

Technology Demonstration Edison Small Satellite Flight Opportunities Missions Demonstration Missions 10 NASA Goals for Small Spacecraft Technology Programs

• Advance the capabilities of small spacecraft to support NASA missions in science, exploration and space operations • Develop the unique capacities of small spacecraft to perform missions or examine phenomena not possible otherwise • Unleash NASA’s unique capabilities and assets into the already vibrant small spacecraft community • Foster the growth of the “small spacecraft philosophy” across broader NASA and space industry activities • rapid, agile and aggressive technology development • smaller scale, lower cost and shorter schedules • higher risk tolerance with higher potential payoff • faster transition from laboratory to flight demonstration • stronger workforce with early and frequent flight project experience • introduce components and techniques from non-traditional sources

NASA Space Technology Programs for Small Spacecraft

Franklin Small Satellite Edison Small Satellite Subsystem Technologies Demonstration Missions

• Maturing technology from TRL ~ 3 to 5 • Maturing technology from TRL ~ 5 to 7+

• Technology research and development • Flight demonstrations

• Studies completed in FY2011 • Two directed projects underway • Cubesat recovery system • PhoneSat – launch in Summer 2012 • Compact power systems • Small sat demo – flight in 2014

• No funding in FY2012 •BAA competition for new demo missions underway • Formulating plans for FY2013 • Awards by September 2012 • Flight Demos by 2014 Edison Small Satellite Demonstration Mission Program

EDISON SMALL SATELLITE DEMONSTRATION MISSIONS PROGRAM: Low-cost flight demonstrations of new capabilities and technologies for small spacecraft. • ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): • Preparing PhoneSat 1.0 for launch in Summer 2012 demonstrating use of commercial smart phones for onboard satellite navigation, control and communications • Began development of EtherSat mission to demonstrate capabilities of satellite swarms for a range of missions projected launch in 2013 • Released open solicitation for proposed small spacecraft demonstration missions for communications, propulsion and proximity operations • Selecting projects for award in August 2012 • 2 to 3 year projects, up to $15 million per project

PhoneSat Missions

Mission Description PhoneSat 1.0 will demonstrate the use of the smart phone as the flight avionics in a 1-U sized CubeSat nano- satellite. Three PhoneSats – , , and (aka PhoneSat 2.0b) – will be simultaneously deployed from an ISIPOD dispenser on the maiden flight of Orbital Sciences , mid-2012, for estimated 1- to 2-week mission duration. Amateur ground stations will receive health and status information, and at least one image file, from a low-power UHF beacon. Commercial Iridium modem demonstration on-orbit is planned using one satellite (Bell). All 3 spacecraft also have corner reflectors to assess laser comm potential for . PhoneSat Missions

Mission Description PhoneSat 2.0 is a technology demonstration and continuation of the NASA PhoneSat project. The PhoneSat aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cheap COTS hardware for use in space while increasing capabilities and dramatically lowering the cost of flight hardware. PhoneSat 2.0 will be demonstrating the use of the Nexus S as the flight avionics for a small satellite, flight bus hardware for future missions as well as demonstrating a low cost reaction wheel based attitude control system and solar cell power. PhoneSat 2.0b will be flown with PhoneSat 1.0 NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) Program Overview

• PROGRAM: NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) funds early studies of visionary, long term concepts - aerospace architectures, systems, or missions (not focused technologies). The intended scope is very early concepts: Technology Readiness Level 1-2 or early 3; 10+ years focus • ACCOMPLISHMENTS/ MILESTONES (2012-2013): • Jan 9 -- NIAC Phase I NRA released • March 27-29 -- NIAC Spring Symposium in Pasadena, CA • April 3 -- NIAC Phase II NRA released • July -- announce Phase I and II selections • Sept 1 -- FY12 studies (Phase I and II) commence • Sept 30 -- FY11 final reports due

16 INTERPLANETARY CUBESATS: Opening the Solar System to a Broad Community at Lower Cost NIAC Fellow Robert Staehle, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Interplanetary CubeSats offer an opportunity to conduct focused science investigations around the inner Solar System at a cost ten times lower than missions mounted today.

Today, Solar System exploration missions are the exclusive domain of space agencies and their scientists and engineers who can muster multi-hundred-million dollar budgets. While their accomplishments are broad, highly sophisticated and literally out of this world, the high cost limits our pace of important discoveries.

Interplanetary CubeSats offer an opportunity to conduct focused science investigations around the inner Solar System at a cost ten times lower than missions mounted today. In much the same way that CubeSats weighing a few pounds have dramatically increased low cost access to space experimentation in low Earth orbit, this study intends to focus development of six technologies in unison so as to enable dramatically lower-cost exploration of the Solar System and our Earth’s more distant environs. Using the pressure of sunlight, a gravitationally defined Interplanetary Superhighway, advanced electronics and instrumentation, and laser communications, may extend the turn-of-the- millennium CubeSat standard for nanosatellites to distances far beyond Earth’s magnetic cocoon. CubeSats in low Earth orbit have enabled dozens of universities to develop and place in orbit student-led, student-designed, student-built, and student-operated satellites investigating all manner of scientifically exciting phenomena, while giving graduates of these programs a competitive edge they bring to American technology and industry. Additionally, CubeSats have enabled Government-sponsored space experimentation and technology development on an accelerated schedule for unprecedented low cost. If successful, this system study of the technologies to enable Interplanetary CubeSats will open the door to a similar revolution in access to space and new discoveries beyond Earth.

http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/637124main_Staehle_Presentation.pdf Centennial Challenges

PROGRAM: The Centennial Challenge Program (CCP) directly engages non traditional sources advancing technologies of value to NASA’s missions and to the aerospace community. CCP offers challenges set up as competitions that award prize money to the individuals or teams to achieve the specified technology challenge.

ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): • Green Flight Challenge awarded the largest ever aviation prize for demonstration of over 400 mpg energy efficiency in a full scale, piloted, electric powered aircraft. • Sample Return Robot Challenge will host a competition in June 2012 to demonstrate a that a robot that can locate and retrieve geologic samples from a wide and varied terrain without human control. • In FY 2013 the Night Rover Challenge will have a competition to demonstrate a high energy density storage systems that will enable a rover to operate throughout lunar darkness cycle and the Nano-Satellite Challenge will have competitions to demonstrate placement of at least one small satellite into Earth orbit, twice within one week.

18 Nano-Satellite Launch Challenge (managed by Space Florida SSRC)

To stimulate innovations in launch technology & encourage creation of commercial nano-sat delivery services--place a small satellite into Earth orbit, twice in one week.

Satellite mass - at least 1 kg and not more than 10 kg Satellite dimensions - at least 10 cm cube Must complete at least one Earth orbit

Status • Rules under Development • Expect Registration to open in June 2012 • “First to Demonstrate” Competition opens in Jan 2013. PRIZE PURSE: $3.0 Million

http://www.spaceflorida.gov/nano-sat- launch-challenge Access To Space with NASA

• Universities and other Non-Profits use SmallSats as a means to: – Provide meaningful aerospace and STEM education – Advance the development of technologies (SBIR, Space Grant) – Conduct Scientific Research

• CubeSats provide a cost-effective platform for development, but launch opportunities have historically been limited and unreliable – 26 July 2006 Dnepr Failure (14 CubeSats lost) – 3 August 2008 Falcon-1 failure (2 CubeSats lost)

• NASA Strategy: – Sponsor early-stage innovation in space technologies in order to improve the future capabilities of NASA, other government agencies, and the aerospace industry – Improve retention of students in STEM disciplines by providing opportunities and activities along the full length of the education pipeline – Identify, cultivate, and sustain a diverse workforce and inclusive work environment that is needed to conduct NASA missions.

20 CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI)

• Objectives: – Provide reasonably priced frequent access to space for CubeSats on expendable launch vehicle (ELV) and Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) launches – Enable a longer term solution of a commercial capability – Support missions that advance NASA’s Strategic Plan or Educational Framework • Excess capacity is available on Expendable Launch vehicles • Promotes Standardization – Enables consistent lower per launch cost – Allows for more flexible manifesting

21 CSLI Guiding Principles

• An auxiliary payload does not justify the flight, but rather flies within excess capacity and capability of the Primary mission – An auxiliary payload only utilizes excess launch vehicle resources as allocated by the launch service provider and agreed to by the primary – An auxiliary payload will cause no harm to LV or primary mission • An auxiliary payload may be removed from the flight if any of the above requirements are violated. A mass simulator may be substituted if necessary. • In addition, for the manifest and implementation of PPODs: – Require minimal involvement from the primary customer – Resources provided to, and requirements imposed by, the PPOD/CubeSats are significantly limited to enable maximum standardization and transparency

22 CSLI Mechanics Administration of CSLI • Annual Call conducted for CubeSats to fill launch opportunities – Two calls performed in 2010 to get started – Call planned to be released every August each year • Agency Selection Recommendation Committee reviews, screens and prioritizes proposals. – Members from HEOMD, SMD, OCT/IPP, Education, and DoD/STP – Advisory members from and ISS Program • Cooperative Research And Development Agreements (CRADAs) developed – CRADA signature by NASA constitutes selection • LSP manifests CubeSats to approved PPOD missions – PPOD manifesting will occur at NASA Flight Planning Board ~3 yr before flight – If required, PPODs can be de-manifested NLT L-15 mo – CubeSat selection and assignment will occur ~12 mo before flight • LSP implementation of PPOD(s) and CubeSats onto a mission utilizes standard reviews and approvals to the maximum extent possible – Requirements “envelope” that PPOD/CubeSats must fit within, will enable maximum standardization and ensure no additional risk to the mission. – LSP provides an independent review and requirements verification, culminating in CoFR statement for ELV – ISS/CRS performs Safety Reviews for CRS launches

23 Summary of CSLI Calls to Date

Call # Call Date Notify Date # Responses # Recommended 1 2/23/2010 8/2/2010 16 12 2 7/30/2010 1/31/2011 32 20 3 8/5/2011 2/10/2012 43 33

Total ------91 65

24 ELaNa Missions

ELaNa # of CubeSat Primary Mission # of P-PODs # of CubeSats Status Missions ELaNa I Glory 1 3 Failed

ELaNa III NPP 3 5 Launched

ELaNa VI NROL-36 3 4 Integrated

ELaNa IV CRS#2 4 10 Manifested

ELaNa V CRS#3 5 In work Awaiting turn on

25 NASA CubeSat Initiative - Proposals

# of Props # of Props # Manifested # Launched Submitted Seleced 1st Selection 6 4 4 3 1st Initiative 18 12 10 5 2nd Initiative 32 20 9 0 3rd Initiative 43 33 * * Total 99 36 21 8

* Selection process recently complete for the 3rd Initiative

26 NASA CubeSat Initiative - Bidders

# of Univ # of NASA # of DoD # of Private 1st Selection 4 0 0 0 1st Initiative 12 0 0 0 2nd Initiative 9 5 6 0 3rd Initiative 25 4 10 *4 Total 50 9 16 *4

* Selection process recently complete for the 3rd Initiative

27 NASA CubeSat Initiative - Sizes

1U 1.5U 2U 3U 6U 1st Selection 4 0 0 0 0 1st Initiative 7 2 0 4 0 2nd Initiative 6 4 3 9 0 3rd Initiative 6 5 6 25 5 Total 23 11 9 38 5

28 NASA CubeSat Initiative - by Orbit

LEO Non-Sun 51o at 325km LEO Sun Sync GTO Sync 1st Selection 0 4 0 0 1st Initiative 5 0 6 0 2nd Initiative 3 4 12 1 3rd Initiative 19 4 18 2 Total 27 12 36 3

29 Renaissance in Technology at NASA

• Running new programs • Offering new funding opportunities • Embracing new paradigms in spacecraft architecture • Enabling the private sector • Seeking citizen space engagement

30 www..gov/oct

Office of the Chief Technologist CubeSat Overview

• Practical Satellite experimentation platform in smallest possible form factor – Simple Standard based on: • Size of available COTS components – Solar cells, batteries, transceivers, etc. – Comprehensive CubeSat Kit (e.g. Pumpkin) • P-POD dimensions and features Basic CubeSat Facts: • Self-imposed safety standards •Built to standard dimensions (Units or “U”) of 10x10x11 cm • Launch Provider environmental and operational – about 4 inches requirements •Can be from 1U to 3U in size

Programs designed so students participate in 1 • •Weigh up to 1 /3 kg (3 lbs) per U entire life cycle of a •Are deployed from standard space mission “Poly-Picosatellite Orbital Deployer (P-POD)”

32 PPOD Overview

• The Poly Pico-satellite Orbital Deployer (PPOD) is the interface between the Launch vehicle and CubeSats • Versatile, small profile, tubular design can hold up to 34cm x 10cm x 10cm of hardware – Common configuration is 3 CubeSats of equal size; – Capability exists to integrate CubeSats of different lengths – PPOD (empty) is ~2.5 kg; Total mass < 10 kg

• The tubular design creates a predictable linear trajectory for CubeSats--resulting in a low spin rate upon deployment – Satellites deployed from PPOD by means of a spring and Deployment glide along smooth flat rails as they exit spring and – Signal is sent from the Launch Vehicle (LV), pusher plate – A spring-loaded door is opened – CubeSats are deployed by the main spring

33 Strategic Perspectives and Process

What NASA What NASA What NASA What NASA will do could do should do is doing Implement NASA Technology Portfolio Investments Draft ST Roadmaps: NRC ST Roadmaps Study: Updated ST Roadmaps: – Technology Developments • 140 technical challenges (10 per Gives priority to: • Incorporate NRC Study Results (across full TRL spectrum) roadmap) • 100 top technical challenges • Update with Mission Plans and – Flight Demonstrations • 320 technologies • 83 high priority technologies Technological Developments Must reflect: • 20 year horizon (roadmap-specific) Internal Assessment to create Strategic • Affordability Technical Progress and • 16 highest of high technologies Plan: • Performance (looking across all roadmaps) • Compare to Current Investments • Mission Needs and • Immediate 5 year horizon • Compare to Current Plans Commitments 34 • Analyze Gaps • Stakeholder Guidance

NRC Study: 16 Technologies in the Final Prioritization

Technologies included in the final prioritization, listed by TABS number

2.2.1 Electric Propulsion 2.2.3 (Nuclear) Thermal Propulsion 3.1.3 Solar Power Generation (Photovoltaic and Thermal) 3.1.5 Fission (Power) 4.2.1 Extreme Terrain Mobility 6.3.2 Long-Duration (Crew) Health 8.1.1 Detectors & Focal Planes 8.1.3 (Instrument and Sensor) Optical Systems 8.2.4 High-Contrast Imaging and Spectroscopy Technologies

8.3.3 In Situ (Instruments and Sensor) 14.1.2 Active Thermal Control of Cryogenic Systems X.1 Radiation Mitigation for Human Spaceflight X.2 Lightweight and Multifunctional Materials and Structures X.3 Environmental Control and Life Support System X.4 Guidance, Navigation, and Control X.5 Entry, Descent, and Landing Thermal Protection Systems

X = cross cuts several Technology Areas in the roadmaps Strategic Perspectives and Process

NASA Strategic Plan NASA’s • Current Technology Investments • MD Technology Priorities • Budget Constraints Strategic • Center Capabilities/Facilities Technology-Investment Plan HEOMD

NASA Space Technology Roadmaps SMD

and Other Govt. Agency NRC Roadmap Partnership Opportunities STP Analysis & Priorities

DoD NRL FAA

Space NRO Command DoE

AFRL 36 Space Technology Research Grants (STRG) Program Overview

PROGRAM: To accelerate the development of push technologies through innovative efforts with high risk/high payoff and develop the next generation of innovators through: • Space Technology Research Opportunities – Early Stage Innovation (STRO-ESI): technology portfolio of groundbreaking research in advanced space technology • NASA Space Technology Research Fellowships (NSTRF): Competitive selection of U.S Citizen / permanent resident graduate students developing promising technologies in support of future NASA missions and strategic goals

ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): • STRO-ESI: One year awards with possible renewals; ~$200K/year • NSTRF: 80 Fellows in inaugural class; NSTRF12 class will be announced ~ August 2012

37 Small Business Innovation Research and Small Business Technology Transfer (SBIR/STTR)

• PROGRAM: Stimulate technological innovation and support NASA’s innovative research to develop technologies for NASA projects while spurring economic growth through commercialization.

• ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): • Awarded 258 SBIR Phase 1 projects to firms across 37 states and 83 SBIR Phase 2 projects to firms across 26 states • Awarded 40 STTR Phase I projects with firms and research institutions across a total of 16 states • Selected 10 STTR Phase 2 proposals for negotiation for awards, with firms and research institutions across a total of 9 states. Final awards expected mid-summer 2012. • Supported 17 projects with Phase 2E awards in FY 2012 • Working with Small Business Administration (SBA) to assess implementation of new requirements in recent SBIR/STTR Reauthorization. Expecting Policy Guidelines from SBA in accordance with schedule from reauthorization. SBA anticipates an interim final policy directive by June 30, 2012. NASA's next SBIR/STTR solicitation is expected to be release in late summer 2012.

38 NIAC: Funding Innovation across the Nation

Exploring new concepts to expand aerospace possibilities

Rochester MSNW, LLC USRA University of Institute of Iowa State Illinois at Urbana- Technology University Champaign Ohio Aerospace Pennsylvania Institute State University Harvard University

Astrobotic Massachusetts Technology, Institute of Inc. Technology

Artemis Busek Co., Inc. Innovation Charles Stark Draper Lab Management Solutions NASA GSFC Naval University of NASA LRC Research Southern Laboratory California NASA JPL Raytheon BBN Technologies

North Carolina State University

NASA University of MSFC NASA KSC Houston at Clear Lake NASA JSC University of Hawaii 39 Flight Opportunities Program Overview

• FLIGHT OPPORTUNITIES PROGRAM: Develops and provides opportunities for space technologies to be demonstrated and validated in relevant environments. Fosters the development of the commercial reusable suborbital transportation industry.

• ACCOMPLISHMENTS/MILESTONES (FY 2012/2013): – Establishing a pipeline of technology payloads to utilize the anticipated commercial suborbital flight opportunities – Selected 49 payloads from three rounds of payload calls (Ann. Of Flight Opportunities) – Formed Partnership with New Mexico Space Grants for flying Student Payloads – Collaborating with Game-Changing Development Program to release NASA Research Announcement (NRA) for payload development – Development of Commercial Vertical Testbed • Integration of Draper Labs Technology on Masten Space Systems’ Vehicle • Successfully completed a free-flight demonstration in Feb 2012

• Planned commercial flight opportunities in 2012 and 2013 – Four Parabolic Flight Campaigns (May, Aug, Sep, and Oct 2012) – Flights on Masten Space Systems, Near Space Corp, UP Aerospace, and Virgin Galactic – Qualification flights of Armadillo Aerospace, Whittinghill Aerospace, and XCOR Aerospace

Flight Opportunities Program Notional Flight Schedule Glory CubeSats

3 Satellites; 3 U Total

ELaNa I – Mission Failed to Reach Orbit – March 4, 2011 Priority Mission Title University Size Mission Manifested

N/A Explorer-1[PRIME] F1 Montana State 1U Glory University N/A KYSat Kentucky Space 1U Glory N/A HERMES University of 1U Glory Colorado - Boulder

42 42 NPP CubeSats

5 Satellites; 9 U Total ELaNa III – 350km x 810km @ 102 degrees – Launched October 25, 2011 Priority Mission Title University Size Mission Manifested

1-1 Mcubed/COVE University of Michigan 1U Montana State P-POD - 1 1-5 Explorer-1[PRIME] F2 1U NPP University 1-9 AubieSat-1 Auburn University 1U

P-POD - 2 1-4 RAX University of Michigan 3U NPP 2- P-POD - 3 1-6 DICE Utah State University NPP 1.5U

43 43