Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung Von Modernem Sport Und Traditioneller Bewegungskultur Am Besonderen Beispiel Der 'Eskimorolle' Der Inuit Südwestgrönlands"

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Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung Von Modernem Sport Und Traditioneller Bewegungskultur Am Besonderen Beispiel Der 'Eskimorolle' Der Inuit Südwestgrönlands "Vergleichende Gegenüberstellung von modernem Sport und traditioneller Bewegungskultur am besonderen Beispiel der 'Eskimorolle' der Inuit Südwestgrönlands" Hausarbeit zur Erlangung des Magistergrades (M.A.) an der Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von: Thomas Schlotter aus: Hildesheim Göttingen, den 03. März 2003 "Jeder Tag war ein Anfang und alle Abende endeten in der Morgenröte" (Aus einer Geschichte des alten Sagenerzählers und Liedersängers Ivaluartjuk, zitiert nach Rasmussen 1926: 43) I N H A L T S V E R Z E I C H N I S Vorbemerkungen 1 Einleitung..................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thema und Intention ............................................................................................ 1 1.2 Überblick über das inhaltliche und strukturelle Vorgehen.................................... 2 2 Der Begriff 'Ethnochange'............................................................................................ 4 2.1 Die doppelte Ausrichtung des 'Ethnochange': Akkulturation und Transkulturation.................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Das Verhältnis von euroamerikanischem 'Sport' und indigener grönlandischer 'Bewegungskultur' vor dem Hintergrund des 'Ethnochange' ................................ 5 3 Der Sportbegriff ........................................................................................................... 7 3.1 Konstituierende Kategorien von 'Sport'................................................................ 9 3.1.1 Der Begriff 'Sportlicher Wettkampf'........................................................... 16 3.2 'Sport' und Religion: 'sportliche Wettkämpfe' als Kult? ...................................... 17 3.3 'Sport' und Gesellschaft ..................................................................................... 24 4 Das Fallbeispiel: die traditionelle 'Bewegungsskultur' der Inuit Südwestgrönlands... 29 4.1 Regionale Eingrenzung der Untersuchung ........................................................ 29 4.2 Der sozioökologische Rahmen .......................................................................... 35 4.2.1 Gesellschaft und Habitat .......................................................................... 35 4.2.2 Migratorischer Jahreszyklus ..................................................................... 41 4.3 Der Kajak: traditionelles Jagdinstrument der Inuit ............................................. 44 4.3.1 Gesellschaftlicher Stellenwert des Kajaks und der Kajakentwicklung...... 44 4.3.2 Allgemeiner Aufbau und Konstruktionsweise ........................................... 45 4.3.3 Beschreibung eines traditionellen Kajakmodells ...................................... 48 4.3.4 Ausstattung............................................................................................... 50 4.3.5 Verwendung ............................................................................................. 53 4.3.5.1 Voraussetzungen: Kleidung und Paddel ...................................... 54 4.3.5.2 Exkurs zur Kajakjagd: ein Tag im Leben eines Jägers ................ 59 4.3.5.3 Die 'Eskimorolle': indigene Grundlagen, Bedeutung und Aus- prägungen .................................................................................... 64 5 Die 'Eskimorolle' des euroamerikanischen 'Sports' ................................................... 73 5.1 Funktionale Aspekte der 'Eskimorolle' ............................................................... 75 5.2 'Bogenschlagrolle' .............................................................................................. 76 5.2.1 'Paddelhangrolle' ...................................................................................... 77 5.2.2 'Rolle' von hinten nach vorne.................................................................... 78 5.3 'Lange Rolle' ...................................................................................................... 78 5.4 'Handrolle' .......................................................................................................... 79 6 'Eskimorollen': ein moderner Wettkampfsport grönländischer Prägung .................... 80 6.1 Die Grönlandmeisterschaften in Nanortalik'2001............................................... 83 6.1.1 Ablauf und Programm............................................................................... 83 6.1.2 Ausgewählte Wettkämpfe......................................................................... 86 6.1.2.1 'Eskimorollen' (Einzelwettbewerbe).............................................. 86 6.1.2.2 Seilübungen ............................................................................... 107 7 Schlußbetrachtung................................................................................................... 111 Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang Vorbemerkungen Hinter der engeren Auswahl des Untersuchungsgegenstandes steht die grundlegende persönliche Entscheidung einen fächerübergreifenden, sportethnologischen Themen- komplex zu behandeln. Diese bewußte Suche nach einer Fragestellung, die an der Schnittstelle zwischen Sportwissenschaft und Ethnologie liegt, ist neigungsbedingt. Mein Hauptinteresse gilt neben dem Studium der Ethnologie in erster Linie dem Sport, was sich auch in der Wahl des Faches Sportwissenschaft als erstes Nebenfach im Rahmen des an der Universität Göttingen eingerichteten Magisterstudiengangs manifestiert. Dabei nimmt der Kanusport den Schwerpunkt ein, was ein jahrelanges, privates Engagement im Feld des 'freien Wildwasserfahrens' belegt und einen vorläufigen Höhepunkt im erfolgreichen Abschluß der Ausbildung zum 'Alpinen Wildwasserführer' des VDKS1 im Herbst 1998 gefunden hat. Das angesprochene Bestreben eine Verknüpfung der Bereiche Sport und Ethnologie auf der Ebene eines 'interkulturellen Vergleichs' herzustellen, läßt sich also am geeignetsten hierauf zurückführen. Im Bereich des Kanusports zeichnet sich speziell die körperliche Bewegung der 'Eskimorolle' durch verschiedene historische Besonderheiten, unter anderem ihren dynamischen interkulturellen Entwicklungsverlauf aus. Daher bildet sie den zentralen Gegenstand der nachfolgenden Erörterung. Diese Verbindung von Ethnologie und Sport ist jedoch weit mehr als eine Fächerkombi- nation. Durch den persönliche Bezug trägt die analytische Beschäftigung mit dem Thema durchaus Züge einer wissenschaftlichen Aufarbeitung von persönlichen Erfahrungen, einer Begegnung mit den lebendigen Traditionen der grönländischen Kultur durch den Sport bzw. mittels einer körperlichen Bewegung. Letztere verliert dadurch den Status einer Kunst oder abgehobenen Kunstfertigkeit, den Güldenpfennig dem modernen Sport für die westliche euroamerikanische Gesellschaft zuweist (vgl. 1996: 24ff), und wird zu einem festen Bestandteil des Lebens, den die 'Eskimorolle' im Rahmen der grönländi- schen Gesellschaft bereits seit Generationen innehat. Dieser persönliche Bezug hat sich durch einen sechswöchigen Forschungsaufenthalt in Nanortalik, Südwestgrönland, im Sommer 2001, dem Austragungsort der Grönländischen Kajakmeisterschaften (GM) im genannten Jahr, noch verstärkt. Aufmerksam geworden auf die Existenz einer institutionalisierten Kajakveranstaltung in Grönland, die ihrer organisatorischen Anlage und Intention nach eine Art 'Festivalcha- rakter' hat, bin ich durch die Lektüre eines im Februar 1995 im Kanumagazin erschiene- nen Artikels des bekannten Expeditionspaddlers Jürgen Gerlach. Spätestens nach einem informellen Gespräch mit dem Verfasser dieses Beitrags begann ich ein entsprechendes Forschungsvorhaben zu planen. Es bleibt zu hoffen, daß die dokumentarischen Bilder (s. Kap. 6), die zur Darstellung der verschieden, im Rahmen des Eskimorollenwettbewerbes der GM praktizierten Formen und Varianten der 'Eskimorolle' dienen, darüber hinaus einiges von der Stimmung und einzigartigen Atmosphäre des aufgesuchten Kajakfestivals sowie dieses faszinierenden Landes und seiner nicht weniger beeindruckenden Bewohner transportieren können. 1 Verband Deutsche Kanuschulung e.V. (Geschäftsstelle: Mittagsstr. 12, 87527 Sonthofen). 1. Einleitung 1.1 Thema und Intention Die nach ihren Erfindern, welche sich im äußersten Südwestens Grönlands für gewöhnlich selbst als Inuit bezeichnen, was so viel bedeutet wie "Menschen oder Einwohner" (Cranz 1770: 177), benannte komplexe motorische Technik der 'Eskimorolle'1 erfreut sich heute einer globalen Verbreitung und kulturübergreifenden Verwendung. Dieser nüchterne Tatbestand bildet den gleichermaßen faszinierenden wie nicht alltäglichen Ausgang einer, noch zu Beginn des letzten Jahrhunderts, alltäglichen Begebenheit: dem komple- mentierenden Aufeinandertreffen der westlichen, euroamerikanischen Gesellschaft und ihrer spezifischen kulturellen Ausprägungen und der traditionellen Kultur der Inuit im all- gemeinen sowie der Begegnung von modernem 'Sport' und indigener 'Bewegungskultur' im besonderen. Ungewöhnlich ist das Ergebnis dieses durch den exogenen Kontakt initiierten reziproken kulturellen Veränderungsprozesses in zweierlei Hinsicht. Zum einen liefert die bis in die Gegenwart reichende historische Entwicklung der indigenen 'Bewegungskultur' der Inuit den Beleg dafür, daß der Gedanke vom Verschwinden von Kulturen und Kulturelementen in diesem Fall zumindest aufgelockert werden muß. Obwohl das Kajak2 seinen Stellenwert als Jagdinstrument heute verloren hat und ad hoc überall
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