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Évaluation Du Danger Écotoxicologique Et Priorisation Des Fragrances Synthétiques Présentes Dans Les Produits De Soins Corporels Ou Dans Les Détergents

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Évaluation Du Danger Écotoxicologique Et Priorisation Des Fragrances Synthétiques Présentes Dans Les Produits De Soins Corporels Ou Dans Les Détergents ÉVALUATION DU DANGER ÉCOTOXICOLOGIQUE ET PRIORISATION DES FRAGRANCES SYNTHÉTIQUES PRÉSENTES DANS LES PRODUITS DE SOINS CORPORELS OU DANS LES DÉTERGENTS Par Louis-Simon Bolduc Essai présenté au Centre universitaire de formation en environnement et développement durable en vue de l’obtention du grade de maître en environnement (M. Env.) Sous la direction de madame Mélanie Desrosiers MAÎTRISE EN ENVIRONNEMENT UNIVERSITÉ DE SHERBROOKE Novembre 2018 SOMMAIRE Mots clés : Fragrances, évaluation des dangers écotoxicologiques, démarche de priorisation, outil de priorisation, indice PBT/vPvB. L’objectif général de cet essai consiste à évaluer les dangers écotoxicologiques potentiels des fragrances et à réaliser un exercice de priorisation des besoins d’études complémentaires concernant, plus particulièrement, les fragrances synthétiques présentes dans les produits de soins corporels ou dans les détergents. L’évaluation des dangers écologiques se base sur une revue de littérature qui permet de documenter la présence et la persistance des fragrances dans l’environnement en plus de leur potentiel de bioaccumulation et de toxicité. De plus, l’exercice de priorisation se réalise à l’aide d’une démarche de priorisation en conception au ministère de l’Environnement et de Lutte contre les changements climatiques. Cette démarche utilise différents critères d’évaluation basés sur la persistance, la bioaccumulation et la toxicité potentielle des substances à l’étude. Actuellement, un grand nombre de fragrances sont produites annuellement sans toutefois dresser un portrait complet de leurs effets potentiels sur l’environnement. Leur présence dans l’environnement provient principalement des effluents municipaux dans lesquels sont retrouvés plusieurs contaminants d’intérêt émergent, dont les fragrances. Vingt-deux fragrances ont ainsi été documentées et soumises à l’exercice de priorisation et à l’évaluation du danger écotoxicologique. L’étude des substances, dont leur odeur de type ambré et animal, démontre que peu de données expérimentales sont disponibles et que le recours à des données modélisées s’est avéré nécessaire. L’exercice de priorisation a d’ailleurs permis d’identifier, en appliquant un processus de précaution, onze substances avec un potentiel de danger plus important dans l’eau, c'est-à-dire, l’isocyclemone E, l’ambre kétal, le galaxolide, le moscène, le musc xylène, le musc cétone, le musc tibétène, l’ambre spirolène, le musc ambrette et le romandolide. Dans les sédiments, trois substances avec un potentiel de danger important ont été identifiées, soit l’helvetolide, le romandolide et le galaxolide, alors que dans les sols, deux substances ont été identifiées, soit le galaxolide et le musc xylène. Le manque de données dans les sédiments joue d’ailleurs un rôle important dans le classement, puisque 17 substances sur 22 n’ont pu être classées. Pour conclure, la revue de littérature et l’exercice de priorisation permettent d’affirmer que des études écotoxicologiques seraient pertinentes pour un grand nombre de ces fragrances principalement dans les sédiments. De plus, la présence de ces fragrances dans les effluents municipaux et dans des eaux de surface américaines, européennes et asiatiques démontre la pertinence de mettre en place des méthodes d’analyses et des suivis environnementaux au Québec afin de s’assurer de la présence ou non de ces substances dans les milieux aquatiques québécois. i REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens d’abord à remercier sincèrement ma directrice, Mélanie Desrosiers, pour ses conseils, ses explications, ses relectures tout au long de mon parcours de rédaction. Son accompagnement et ses suggestions m’ont permis de bonifier et d’enrichir mon essai. J’aimerais également remercier toute l’équipe du Centre d’expertises en analyse environnementale du Québec (CEAEQ) pour leur accueil et leur encouragement durant la rédaction de mon essai. De plus, j’aimerais remercier mes parents, Yvon et Hélène, pour leur soutien et aussi leur encouragement durant toutes mes années universitaires. ii TABLES DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1. LES GÉNÉRALITÉS DES FRAGRANCES ........................................................................................... 3 1.1 Les fragrances dans l’histoire ............................................................................................................. 3 1.2 L’usage des fragrances ........................................................................................................................ 4 1.3 Les caractéristiques générales des fragrances .................................................................................... 5 1.4 La réglementation à travers le monde ................................................................................................ 5 1.4.1 Les États-Unis ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.2 L’Europe .................................................................................................................................... 6 1.4.3 Le Japon ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.4.4 Le Canada .................................................................................................................................. 7 2. MÉTHODOLOGIE ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.1 Catégorisation des substances ............................................................................................................ 8 2.2 Méthodologie pour déterminer les dangers sur l’environnement des substances ............................ 10 3. PROPRIÉTÉS DES FRAGRANCES ET ÉVALUATION DU DANGER ENVIRONNEMENTAL.... 16 3.1 Les fragrances de type ambré ........................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1 L’isocyclemone E (CAS 54464-57-2)...................................................................................... 18 3.1.2 Le cédroxyde (CAS 13786-79-3) ............................................................................................. 20 3.1.3 L’ambre spirolène (CAS 154171-76-3) ................................................................................... 21 3.1.4 L’ambre kétal (CAS 57345-19-4) ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.5 Le timbérol (CAS 70788-30-6) ................................................................................................ 23 3.2 Les fragrances de type animal .......................................................................................................... 24 3.2.1 L’helvetolide (CAS 141773-73-1) et le romandolide (236391-76-7) ...................................... 25 3.2.2 L’ambrinol (CAS 41199-19-3) ................................................................................................ 27 3.2.4 Le musc xylène (CAS 81-15-2) ............................................................................................... 31 3.2.5 Le musc ambrette (CAS 83-66-9) ............................................................................................ 32 iii 3.2.6 Le moscène (CAS 116-66-5) ................................................................................................... 33 3.2.7 Le musc tibétène (CAS 145-39-1) ........................................................................................... 35 3.2.8 Le galaxolide (CAS 1222-05-5) ............................................................................................... 36 3.2.9 Le glycérylacétale de phénylacetaldéhyde (CAS 29895-73-6) ................................................ 39 3.2.10 L’indolétal (CAS 18096-62-3) ............................................................................................... 40 3.2.11 Le cervolide (CAS 6707-60-4) ............................................................................................... 41 3.2.12 Le zénolide (CAS 54982-83-1) .............................................................................................. 42 3.2.13 L’ambrettolide (CAS 123-69-3) ............................................................................................. 44 3.2.14 L’éthylène brassylate (CAS 105-95-3) .................................................................................. 46 3.2.15 L’exaltolide (CAS 106-02-5) ................................................................................................. 47 3.2.16 Le globalide (CAS 34902-57-3) ............................................................................................. 49 4. EXERCICE DE PRIORISATION .......................................................................................................... 51 4.1 Présentation de la démarche de priorisation ..................................................................................... 51 4.2 Méthodologie de l’exercice de priorisation ...................................................................................... 52 5. RECOMMANDATIONS ........................................................................................................................ 65 5.1 Recommandations pour l’eau ..........................................................................................................
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