CONSULTANT TO DEVELOP A GLOBAL EQUALITY INDEX WITH A FOCUS ON GENDER NORMS Background represents a significant hindrance to global and national progress. Evidence shows that gender equality is good for everyone – leading to individuals and wider society being better off, better educated and healthier. The global community has made a clear commitment to gender equality in the Sustainability Goals, particularly goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. A number of composite indices, models and projections have been developed in an attempt to measure levels of gender equality. These tend to include indicators on specific sector outcomes (for example the proportion of women enrolling in education or engaged in paid work) or indicators on gender equality policies and laws (see for example WEF gender gap report or EIGE Gender Equality Index). Global composite indices do not tend to combine indicators for sector outcomes and policies and laws nor are they including indicators on gender norms. See annex 1 for details. Based on extensive experience, Plan International’s new global strategy incorporates norms, attitudes and behaviours as an essential component to making meaningful and lasting change. Plan International believes that measuring gender norms requires understanding people’s normative expectations, empirical expectations and conditional preferences. Evidence suggests gender norms are critical to understanding gender equality and enabling or hinder progress (see annex 2). Yet, current global gender equality indices do not take gender norms into account. Purpose and scope Gender norms, policies/ laws and sector outcomes are interdependent and their influence on each other is co-directional. Policies and laws may be passed but not implemented due to community resistance, but legislative tools can also help to shift community dialogue. Improved gender parity in certain sector outcomes does not always translate into real equality in the wider world due to barriers related to attitude, bias and discrimination. To get a stronger global picture of the lives of women and girls, we need to take all three factors into account when building a gender equality index. The objectives of this research are therefore to:  Create a new reliable statistical model and metrics for a global index for gender equality, which includes indicators for gender norms, laws and policies and sector outcomes  Calculate the index (aggregating, weighting, and normalisation) for each country1 by aggregating variables of the three sub-domains gender norms, laws and policies, sector outcomes, and aggregating the scores of the sub-domains into an overall index scores which can be used to rank countries.  Using this index, assess trends in the global gender equality over time, and based on these trends, develop a predictive model that can project when global gender equality will be achieved taking all three components (gender norms, policies and laws, sector outcomes) into account The research will seek to answer the following questions: 1. What has been the progress at global, regional and country level, towards gender equality over the last 10 years, when considering gender norms, policies and laws and sector outcomes?

1 Study should aim to include as many countries as possible, depending on availability of data.

2. Based on trends over the last 10 years, when is it expected that gender equality will be achieved? By taking gender norms into account, does the projection towards gender equality reduce or increase, compared to other projection models? 3. What are the relationships and interdependencies between gender norms, laws and policies and sector specific outcomes influence? How do they influence each other towards achieving gender equality? We recognise that it may difficult to find existing data specifically measuring gender norms. The consultant will therefore work closely with Plan International staff to identify the most appropriate proxy measures. Research methods The index will be based on existing, globally comparable data sources. Broadly, the consultant will complete the following tasks: Developing the model: 1. Using cutting-edge and internationally accepted statistical methods to building composite indicators including but not only: o Developing a theoretical framework that defines and structures what is measured and provides the basis for the selection and combination of variables into a meaningful index. This would include an assessment of available data sources, identification and justification of which data would best serve the purposes of the study, in consultation with Plan International staff. o Selecting variables based on the analytical soundness, measurability, country coverage, cross-country comparability and theoretical relevance o Developing indicators for the domain of gender norms, laws and policies and sector outcomes based on the variable selection. o Developing a sound metric that combines all indicators to the overall composite indicator for measuring global gender equality. Compilation and data analysis: 2. Conducting a multivariate analysis to assess the structure of the data and its suitability in order to guide methodological choices. 3. Compiling and manipulating data (e.g. inputting missing data, normalising data) to enable analysis including obtaining relevant permissions for use 4. Completing calculations, that will yield indicator scores, sub-domain scores and an overall index score for each country. 5. Analyse the relationships between the gender norms, laws and policies and sector outcomes, in terms of correlations and trends within and between countries Reporting: 6. In collaboration with Plan International’s staff write a comprehensive global report which includes findings and conclusions, and annexed country profiles; a separate methodology report will also be required. Drafting will include two to three rounds of comments. 7. In collaboration with Plan International’s research team publish a peer-reviewed article in an academic journal 8. Dependant on results, provide support for the development of a web-based data visualisation tool for the index which may include briefing the web-developer, making data accessible to the web developer, checking the web design etc. We welcome suggestions and ideas on approaches to the methodology which may improve the expected outcomes. At this stage, we have planned for this exercise to be carried out as a one-off study. Once the work is complete and we have a clearer understanding of the value of this study, we will assess how to proceed. Deliverables The results of this research will be used primarily for advocacy and communications purposes, providing evidence of the importance of gender norms as a factor towards equality.

1. An inception report, outlining theoretical framework and detailed methodology of the model 2. Global report which includes findings and conclusions, and annexed country profiles 3. Separate methodology report 4. One peer-reviewed article in an academic journal 5. Support to development of a web-based data visualisation tool for the index as set out above Timing Task Levels of effort (person days) Timing Developing the model 40 January-February Compilation and data analysis 35 March-April Reporting 25 April-May 100

The above timings are estimated and can be discussed. Selection criteria  Expertise in development and gender  Strong knowledge of and experience working with existing relevant global data sources  Statistical modelling expertise and developing indices  Understanding of global debates in gender and women and girls  Strong report writing skills How to apply To apply, please submit the following documents:  Technical proposal outlining an understanding of gender norms, the approach and methodology, relevant qualifications and experience, and roles and responsibilities within the team  Full CVs of all consultants  Cost proposal General  This work will be managed by Jacqui Gallinetti, Director of Research and Knowledge Management at Plan International Headquarters, Woking.  All documents prepared during the assignment will be treated as Plan International’s property.  The assignment will not be sub-contracted to anyone.  In the event that additional time is required to complete the contract, over and above that previously agreed to, without changing the scope of work, then it has to be agreed by Plan International in writing.  In case of any change made, in the scope of work by Plan International because of an increase or decrease in the cost or time required for performance or any part of the work under the contract, equitable adjustment in the contract price, delivery schedule, or both will be amended in writing.  Confidentiality of all the assignment will be assured at all times.  Copyright in the work product of the assignment will rest with Plan International.

Global Indices

Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) First developed in 2007 by the , the index measures gender gaps in the four domains of health, education, economy and politics. The gender gaps are measured in approximately 130 countries around the world and countries are ranked according to their overall score. The data used to calculate the index is publicly available data from international organisations, such as the International Labour Organization, United Nations Development Programme and the World Health Organization. Index includes sector outcomes only

Gender Inequality Index (GII) First developed in 2010 by the United Nations Development Programme, the index measures the human development costs of gender inequality by calculating inequalities in the three domains of , empowerment and labour market. It is calculated for 159 countries. The data used to calculate the index comes from publicly available databases from international organisations, such as the World Health Organization, UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank, UNESCO, International Parliamentary Union etc. Index includes sector outcomes only

Gender Development Index (GDI) First developed in 1995 by the United Nations Development Programme, the was created to add gender-sensitive dimensions to the (HDI) Index and can therefore be seen as an extension to the HDI. The GDI measures gender gaps in three domains of the HDI, namely life expectancy, education and income by creating a separate index for females and males. The index measures gender equality in 188 countries. The data used to calculate the index comes from publicly available databases like for example the UN Population Division of UNDESA, UNESCO’s educational attainment data, World Bank, and IMF data. Index includes sector outcomes only

Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) First developed in 1995 by the United Nations Development Programme, the index focuses on gender gaps in three domains of economic income, participation in high-paying positions with economic power and access to professional and parliamentary positions. It is a complementary index to the GDI only measuring empowerment and produced a ranking for 177 countries. The data used to calculate the index comes from publicly available data sources of international organisations, such as the ILO or the International Parliamentary Union. Index includes sector outcomes only.

Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI) First developed in 2007 by the OECD Development Centre, the index measures discrimination against women in social institutions through five domains, namely discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets and restricted civil liberties. It is calculated for 160 countries and data to calculate the index comes from OECD’s Gender, Institutions and Development Database which comprises 33 indicators on gender discrimination in

social institutions as well as qualitative country profiles assessing discriminatory laws, practices and attitudes. The index includes policy and laws and gender norms. Non-Global Indices

Gender Equality Index (GEI) First developed in 2005 by the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE), the Index measures gender gaps in six core domains for all EU member states and comes up with an overall index score as well as index scores for all sub domains. The core domains are money, knowledge, time, work, power and health and two satellite domains, violence and intersecting inequalities. The data used to calculate the index is publicly available administrative data collected by Eurostat and EU member states. The index includes sector outcomes and policies

African Gender Equality Index (AGEI) First developed in 2015 by the African Development Bank, the index measures gender inequality through the three domains of equality in economic opportunities, equality in human development and equality in law and institutions. It is calculated for 52 African countries. The African Development Bank produced its own database for calculating the index. The database is not publicly available. The index includes sector outcomes and policies and law. Some policy and law domains touch upon the issue of gender norms, such as the questions around women’s rights in the household.

African Gender Development Index (AGDI) First developed in 2004 by the UN’s Economic Commission for Women and African Economic Development. It measures the gender gap in the broad domains of social, economic and political. It is composed of two composite indicators, namely the Gender Status Index (GSI) and the African Women’s Progress Scoreboard (AWPS). GSI measures sector outcomes around social power, economic power and political power, while the AWPS measures government’s policy performance regarding women’s advancement and empowerment. The index has been developed for 30 African countries. The data that was used to calculate the index is not yet publicly available. The index includes sector outcomes and policies and law.

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Defining and understanding gender norms Alexander-Scott, Michealjon, Jenny Holden, and Emma Bell. ‘Shifting Social Norms to Tackle Violence against Women and Girls’, 2016. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/shifting-social-norms- to-tackle-violence-against-women-and-girls Bourey, Christine, Rob Stephenson, Doris Bartel, and Marcie Rubardt. ‘Pile Sorting Innovations: Exploring Gender Norms, Power and Equity in Sub-Saharan Africa’. Global Public Health 7, no. 9 (October 2012): 995–1008. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441692.2012.709259. Cornwall, Andrea, and Althea-Maria Rivas. ‘From “Gender Equality and ‘Women’s Empowerment” to Global Justice: Reclaiming a Transformative Agenda for Gender and Development’. Third World Quarterly 36, no. 2 (February 2015): 396–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2015.1013341. Halperin-Kaddari, Ruth, and Marsha A. Freeman. ‘Backlash Goes Global: Men’s Groups, Patriarchal Family Policy, and the False Promise of Gender-Neutral Laws’. Canadian Journal of Women & the Law 28, no. 1 (2016): 182–210. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjwl.28.1.182. Kågesten, Anna, Susannah Gibbs, Robert Wm Blum, Caroline Moreau, Venkatraman Chandra-Mouli, Ann Herbert, and Avni Amin. ‘Understanding Factors That Shape Gender Attitudes in Early Adolescence Globally: A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review’. PLOS ONE 11, no. 6 (24 June 2016): e0157805. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157805. Marcus, Rachel, and Caroline Harper. ‘Gender Justice and Social Norms - Processes of Change for Adolescent Girls: Towards a Conceptual Framework’. ODI, 2014. https://www.odi.org/publications/8235-gender-justice-and-social-norms-processes-change- adolescent-girls. Marcus, Rachel, and Ella Page. ‘Drivers of Change in Gender Norms: An Annotated Bibliography’. ODI, 2014. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/9184.pdf. Marcus, Rachel, and Caroline Harper. ‘Social Norms, Gender Norms and Adolescent Girls: A Brief Guide’, 2015. https://www.odi.org/publications/9804-social-norms-gender-norms-and-adolescent-girls-brief- guide. Muralidharan, Arundati, Jessica Fehringer, Sara Pappa, Elizabeth Rottach, and Madhumita Das. ‘Transforming Gender Norms, Roles and Power Dynamics for Better Health: Evidence from a Systematic Review of Gender-Integrated Health Programs in Low- and Middle- Income Countries’. USAID, Public Health Foundation of , Measure Evaluation, ICRW. Health Policy Project, 2015. http://www.healthpolicyproject.com/pubs/381_GPMIndiaSummaryReport.pdf. Paluck, Elizabeth Levy, and Laurie Ball. ‘Social Norms Marketing Aimed at Gender Based Violence: A Literature Review and Critical Assessment’. International Rescue Committee, May 2010. Pearse, Rebecca, and Raewyn Connell. ‘Gender Norms and the Economy: Insights from Social Research’. 22, no. 1 (January 2016): 30–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1078485. UNDP. ‘Gender Inequality (Chapter 5)’. In Humanity Divided: Confronting Inequality in Developing Countries, 2013. http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/librarypage/poverty-reduction/humanity- divided--confronting-inequality-in-developing-countries.html. WHO. ‘Changing Cultural and Social Norms That Support Violence’. Violence Prevention: The Evidence, 2009. http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/norms.pdf.

2 Search conducted through EBSCO Host, Google Scholar and Google to capture academic and grey literature. The following terms were searched: global AND/OR [gender norms]; global AND/OR [social norms]; global AND/OR attitudes AND gender; global AND/OR beliefs AND gender; global AND/OR bias AND gender; global AND/OR stereotypes AND gender; global AND [gender equality]; [Measuring OR measure OR index] AND [gender equality]. Relevant literature which could inform this study from last 15 years included.

Methods for measuring gender norms El Feki, S, B Heilman, and G. Barker. ‘Understanding Masculinities, Results from the International Men and Gender Equality Study in the Middle East and North Africa’. Promundo & UN Women, 2017. http://www.unwomen.org/digital-library/publications/2017/5/understanding-masculinities-results-from- the-images-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa. Harper, Caroline, Keiko Nowacka, Hannah Alder, and Gaëlle Ferrant. ‘Measuring Women’s Empowerment and Social Transformation in the Post-2015 Agenda’, 2014. https://www.odi.org/publications/8257- measuring-womens-empowerment-and-social-transformation-post-2015-agenda. Kloosterman, Jeanette, Esther Benning, and Rex Fyles. ‘“Measuring the Unmeasurable”: Gender Mainstreaming and Cultural Change’. Gender & Development 20, no. 3 (1 November 2012): 531–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2012.731752. Mackie, Gerry, Francesca Moneti, Holly Shakya, and Elaine Denny. ‘What Are Social Norms? How Are They Measured?’ UNICEF/ University of California, San Diego, Center on Global Justice, 2015. https://www.unicef.org/protection/files/4_09_30_Whole_What_are_Social_Norms.pdf Pulerwitz, Julie, and Gary Barker. ‘Measuring Attitudes toward Gender Norms among Young Men in : Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the GEM Scale’. Men and Masculinities 10, no. 3 (1 April 2008): 322–38. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1097184X06298778 . Assessments of trends over time Desvaux, Georges, S, rine Devillard, Alix de Zelicourt, Cecile Kossoff, Eric Labaye, S, and ra Sancier- Sultan. ‘Women Matter: Ten Years of Insights on Gender Diversity | McKinsey & Company’. Accessed 10 November 2017. https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/women-matter-ten- years-of-insights-on-gender-diversity. Uses Mckinsey’s own survey data on women in the workplace

Fortin, Nicole M. ‘Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour-Market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries’. Oxford Review of Economic Policy 21, no. 3 (1 October 2005): 416–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/gri024. Uses the World Values Survey (1990-1999) to assess gender role attitudes and work values on women's labour-market outcomes across 25 OECD countries

Jayachandran, Seema. ‘The Roots of Gender Inequality in Developing Countries’. Working Paper. National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2014. http://www.nber.org/papers/w20380 Uses the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), the World Values Survey (WVS), and the World Bank’s World Development Indicators (WDI) to assess correlations of gender inequality, economic empowerment and cultural factors.

Seguino, Stephanie. ‘PlusÇa Change? Evidence on Global Trends in Gender Norms and Stereotypes’. Feminist Economics 13, no. 2 (1 April 2007): 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700601184880. Uses the World Values Survey (1990-2001) to analyze determinants of trends in norms and stereotypes over time and across countries, and finds evidence that increases in women's paid employment promotes gender equitable norms and stereotypes.