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Electric Vehicles Electric Vehicle Update Gary Graunke Oregon Electric Vehicle Association July, 2013 Agenda • Electric vehicle benefits • Costs vs gasoline vehicles • Available manufactured EV’s • Charging infrastructure update – Battery swap technology • Driving, charging, maintenance • Electricity vs other alternative fuels • Conclusion: a question of time and money Benefits of Electric Vehicles • National security: electric power from diverse, local sources – 15% of US defense budget just for Straights of Hormuz • Economy: cost-effective EVs fueled locally – Oil money leaves our economy • United States: $1 Billion per day $$$ • Oregon: $6-7 Billion per year – $25000 Leaf saves $13000 in lifetime fuel • Tires and wiper blade maintenance • Fun to drive, home charging convenience More EV Benefits • Sustainability: electricity prices are stable – Estimated life of our sun is 5.5 billion years • Better grid utilization, stability – Vehicles charge off-peak now – Future potential to provide storage for intermittent renewables • Environment: EVs are cleaner – Pollution reduction saves health care costs – Reduce greenhouses gases affecting climate Solar year house and EV’s PV generated 5479 KWH $406.48 electricity cost TOU $121.20 base charge (grid rental—a big battery) non-TOU cost: $77.26 more Time Direct Gen Used OnPeak 435 771 796 MidPeak 1239 2196 1405 OffPeak 302 536 5067 PGE gained $25.76: peak KWH traded for off-peak KWH PV investment: $7000 returned $709.68 electricity: 10% less 3.3% deprecition = 6.6% tax free risk: full faith and credit of sun Nissan Leaf S Savings vs Versa Cummulative savings for various annual miles driven 60000 50000 40000 6000 30000 9000 20000 12000 15000 10000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 -10000 Assumes 60 month loan, 8.5% gas inflation, 2% electric, replace battery after 8 years, maintenance included Spreadsheet available—provide your own data, assumptions Lease price of $200/month is also available—less than many folks pay for gas USDOE says $1.18 / gal equivalent vs $3.49 nationally: http://energy.gov/articles/egallon-how-much-cheaper-it-drive-electricity US-available 2013 Battery Electric Vehicles Price Description Range Image Make / Model (USD) The Focus Electric is based on Ford's next Ford generation Focus body. The vehicle is powered $39,20 76 mi Focus Electric by 23 kWh of Li-ion batteries with active liquid 0 cooling. J1772 charging only. The Mitsubishi i is one of the most efficient passenger vehicles in North America, rated at Mitsubishi $29,12 112 MPGe. The 'i' is powered by a 47kW AC 62 mi 'i' 5 synchronous motor and a 16-kWh Li-ion battery pack... ChaDeMo DCQC available. The Nissan LEAF is a 5-seater, 4-door hatchback Nissan based on Versa/Tida platform. The LEAF has an $28,80 75 mi LEAF 80kW electric motor... ChaDeMo DCQC 0 available. An OEM conversion of the Smart Fortwo. Smart Smart began life as Swatch car in 1998, and was first EV converted into EV form in 2006. The Smart ED 63 mi TBA will have 16.5kWh of Li-ion batteries... J1772 charging only. The Model S is a new ground-up 4-door, 7-seat sedan built by California EV startup Tesla Motors. It's range will be Tesla Motors 300 based on battery options of 230 mi and $57,400 Model S mi 300 mi. J1772, NEMA 240V/120V, and Tesla Supercharger charging. 90 second battery swap demonstrated. Two seater City car with 180km range THINK (based on MES DEA Zebra battery, US 111 Was City model will use EnerDel LiFEPO4 batteries). mi $35,495 Body is ABS recycled plastic, steel... The second generation Toyota RAV4 EV is Toyota the result of the Toyota and Tesla Motors 100 2nd Gen. collaboration. Based on the popular RAV4 $49,800 mi RAV4 EV compact SUV and powered by a Tesla electric powertrain... The 2014 Spark EV features a lithium-ion Chevy Spark battery , includes regenerative braking, offers 82 liquid thermal conditioning. SAE DC quick $19,185 EV mi charing is an option. Sold only in California and Oregon. Speed is (mostly) air speed (increase ground speed for headwinds, decrease for tailwinds) Decrease in efficiency due to air speed applies to all vehicles regardless of fuel Rule of thumb for elevation gain: 1000 ft gain = 5 miles of range Level 2 (SAE J1772) adapter 240V 7.2 KW 22 miles/hour Charging Infrastructure Update Fully Operational I5: Portland to Ashland Coast: Astoria to Newport Columbia River: Astoria to the Dalles Central OR: Sisters, Redmond TBD (as of 7/2013) Madras, Warm Springs, Govt Camp, Coos Bay, Mill City, Marion Forks, Elkton, Aurora Future: Tesla demonstrated model S battery swap in 90 sec Plugshare Map of NW June 2013 Tesla Superchargers July 2013 Tesla 2 Year Plan EV Maintenance • Tires, wiper blades same as gas car • As car ages: suspension, seat covers • No drive train maintenance • Cooling system much lower temperature • Battery maintenance automated – Annual checkup for battery management system or (if none) cell balancing (cost: $20) • Vehicle is very durable – Buy new battery instead of new vehicle/engine – Thermal management optimizes life (Tesla, GM Spark EV) PV + EV is Sun-to-Wheels Champ • PV/EV sun-to-wheels efficiency ~16% – PV cells 20% efficient sun-to-electricity – EV >80% efficient electricity-to-wheels • Bio-fuels sun-to-wheels efficiency <1% – Alcohol sun-to-fuel is 1-2% in practice • Heat engine <20% fuel-to-wheels – May require other resources (H2O, land) – Bio-fuels still useful for PHEV long trips • Fossil fuel sun-to-wheels efficiency 0% – Sun to fuel 10-10%, fuel to wheels <20% – But utility generation + EV is more efficient than mobile heat engine with any fuel • Example: >2X better for natural gas 3 KW of PV on an Oregon garage (12 KWH) is good for 36 to 72 miles/day Carbon Footprint of Alternative Fuels Oregon Carbon Fuel Intensity* (gCO2e/MJ) Gasoline 92.34 Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel 91.53 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) 70.22 Ethanol (Corn) 64.82 Electricity 37.80 Biodiesel (Midwest Soybeans) 19.99 Cellulosic Ethanol (NW Farmed Trees) 15.54 It’s Your Oregon Biodiesel (Yellow Grease) 10.28 * Without indirect effects Investing, Divesting • Live better, live sustainably—start now! – Current fossil fuel reserves will create 2795 giga- tons of CO2 if burned – But only 565 giga-tons will create thermal runaway with probability 0.2 (worse than Russian roulette) • 2° C temp rise (industrial revolution to now: 0.8°C) • About 14 years at present rate of increase in consumption • The car you buy today determines your impact for the life of the vehicle • Coupling electric vehicles with sustainable generation saves money, better vehicle performance with comfort and convenience Converting a Vehicle (addendum to main talk) Potential EV Safety Issues • Professional vehicles – Discharge, remove battery after damaging crash to avoid slow heat buildup and fire • Home conversions – High voltage electrocutes • Service disconnects reduce to <60V segments – High current welds – Short circuit may cause plasma fire • Use contactors, DC-rated fuses, heater relays – Loose connections cause heat—fires – Use safe chemistries—LiFePO, LiMn, not LiCo EV Myths Long Tailpipe Myth: Pollution is worse for electric utility than gas car Fact: To do better than the grid your car would have to get 75 mpg in Pacific NW Fact: Cars get worse with age; EV’s get better as we clean up the grid / use more renewables Myth: EV’s are tiny cars unsuitable for most people’s needs Fact: Any vehicle may be converted (e.g., Humvee) Fact: VIA motors is building class 6, 7 trucks as Plug-in Hybrids, Alt-E is converting Ford F150/250/350s More myths??? EV Driving Experiences • Limited range may require more planning – Leaf battery sufficient for 2 hrs local driving – Trips: charging station locations, charging power • Charging stations may be unavailable • GPS is your friend – no energy to get lost / extra time to charge • Bad weather (rain, headwinds) may require significantly more (40%) energy • Going slower stretches your range Air Speed 35 45 55 65 Leaf Range 125 100 75 60 Gas Vehicle Conversions • Select efficient vehicle, right size motor, motor controller, battery charger • Design adaptor plate, coupler shaft – Check strength of motor mounts, drive train • Accelerator speed control • Power brake vacuum pumps • Cooling for motor, controller, batteries • Battery management or monitoring Proper Tools for Safety • Certified lineman gloves to 1000V • Fiberglass shaft screwdrivers / nutdrivers • Rubber handle wrenches • Electrical tape on metal sockets and other wrenches • Certified and isolated test equipment (meters and scopes) Selecting an Electric Vehicle • Lightweight • Lightweight • Lightweight • Aerodynamic • Can hold weight of batteries – Rule of thumb: 30% of final weight is batteries • Room for batteries Where Does the Energy Go? • Acceleration (hills) Wheel wells catch Minimize force = cross-wind frontal area mass*acceleration • Heating up tires (rolling resistance) force = mass*velocity • Pushing air out of the way (esp. v > 40 mi/hr) force = frontal area * Square back Looks smooth on coefficient of drag * creates vacuum Top, but rough velocity2 that sucks vehicle underside !!! back (needs tail) creates turbulence Ideal vehicle is light, raindrop-shaped Theoretical Energy Calculations • Rolling resistance (Fr) is proportional to weight and velocity • Wind resistance (Ftd) is proportional to frontal area, coefficient of drag, and velocity squared • Fh is acceleration (also hill climbing: 1 mph/sec is about 5% incline) • Insight with LiIon batteries: 2200 lbs, 28 KWH, area 20.5 sq ft, Cd 0.25 V incline Fr Ftd Fh Ftotal HP KW Range mi/kwh 10 0 12.78 1.62 0.00 14.40 0.41 0.31 661.11 32.61 20 0 13.94 5.79 0.00 19.73 1.13 0.84 482.57 23.80 30 0 15.10 12.57 0.00 27.67 2.37 1.77 343.97 16.97 40 0 16.26 21.98 0.00 38.24 4.37 3.26 248.90 12.28 50 0 17.42 34.01 0.00 51.44 7.35 5.48 185.07 9.13 60 0 18.59 48.66 0.00 67.25 11.52 8.59 141.55 6.98 30 0 15.10 12.57 0.00 27.67 2.37 1.77 343.97 16.97 30 3 15.09 12.57 65.97 93.64 8.02 5.98 101.66 5.01 30 6 15.07 12.57 131.76 159.41 13.66 10.19 59.71 2.95 30 9 15.04 12.57 197.20 224.82 19.26 14.36 42.34 2.09 30 12 14.99 12.57 262.12 289.69 24.82 18.51 32.86 1.62 30 15 14.93 12.57 326.35 353.86 30.32 22.61 26.90 1.33 Electric Motor Torque and Power Siemens 5105WS12 at 312 Volts Torque and mechanical power vs.
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