Commercial Airplanes Statistical Summary of Commercial Jet Airplane Accidents Worldwide Operations 1959 - 2004
1959 2004 Contents
Introduction 2 Definitions 3 Terms and Exclusions 5 Airplane Accidents, Year 2004 List 6 Departures, Flight Hours, and Jet Airplanes in Service 7 Accident Summary by Type of Operation 8 Accident Summary by Damage and Injury 9 Accident Rates and Fatalities by Year 10 Accident Rates by Years Following Introduction 11 U.S.A. and Canadian Operators Accident Rates (1959 – 2004) 12 U.S.A. and Canadian Operators Accident Rates (1985 – 2004) 13 Accident Rates by Type of Operation 14 Accident Rates by Airplane Type 15 Accidents and Onboard Fatalities by Phase of Flight 16 Accidents by Primary Cause 17 Fatalities by CAST/ICAO Taxonomy Accident Category 18 CAST/ICAO Taxonomy - Definitions 19 Excluded Events/Hostile Action Events 20 Hostile Actions 21 Non-Hostile Events 22 Notes 23-24 Published by: Aviation Safety Boeing Commercial Airplanes P.O. Box 3707 M/S 67-TC Seattle, Washington 98124-2207, U.S.A. (425) 237-1692 E-mail: [email protected] www.boeing.com/news/techissues May 2005 1 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Introduction
The accident statistics presented in this document apply to worldwide commercial jet airplanes that are heavier than 60,000 pounds maximum gross weight. These statistics are presented in two distinct sections called; Statistical Accidents, which outlines hull loss, substantial damage, fatal injury and serious injury accidents; and Excluded Events, outlining hostile actions, and non-hostile events.
Not covered in this document are airplanes manufactured in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (former Soviet Union), which are excluded because of the lack of operational data. Statistics on commercial airplanes operated in military service are not covered in this document; however, when a military-owned commercial jet transport type is used for civilian commercial service, those data are contained within this document.
The following airplane types are included:
717 DC-8 A300 BAe 146 F-28 Concorde L-1011 BAC 1-11 Comet 4 707, 720 DC-9 A300-600 RJ-70/-85/-100 F-70 Trident 727 DC-10 A310 CRJ-700/-900 F-100 Caravelle 737 MD-11 A320/319/321 Mercure 747 MD-80/-90 A330 CV-880/-990 757 A340 VC-10 767 777
Airplane flight time and departures are primarily obtained from airplane and engine manufacturer compilations. Flight operations data for non-Boeing-manufactured airplanes is augmented by the AirCraft Analytical System (ACAS) electronic database that is published by AvSoft, Limited, of Rugby, England.
Accident data are obtained, when available, from government accident reports. Otherwise, information is solicited from operators, manufacturers, various government and private information services, and press accounts. Definitions related to development of statistics in this book are primarily based on corresponding International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) terms as explained in the next section. Some variations to the ICAO definitions are applied to facilitate the purposes of this document.
2 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Definitions
Events in this publication are classified according to the following definitions. These definitions are consistent with those of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
Airplane accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of an airplane that takes place between the time any person boards the airplane with the intention of flight and such time as all such persons have disembarked, in which: • Airplane sustains substantial damage. • Death or serious injury results from: – Being in or upon the airplane. – Direct contact with the airplane or anything attached thereto. – Direct exposure to jet blast.
Hull loss: Airplane damage that is substantial and is beyond economic repair. Hull loss also includes events in which: • Airplane is missing. • Search for the wreckage has been terminated without it being located. • Airplane is substantially damaged and inaccessible.
Substantial damage: Damage or structural failure that adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characteristics of the airplane and would normally require major repair or replacement of the affected component. Substantial damage is not considered to be: • Engine failure or damage limited to an engine if only one engine fails or is damaged. • Bent aerodynamic fairings. • Dents in the skin. • Damage to landing gear. • Damage to wheels. • Damage to tires. • Damage to flaps.
Fatal accident: An accident that results in fatal injury.
Fatal injury: An injury that results in death within 30 days as a result of the accident.
3 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Definitions (continued)
Serious injury: An injury sustained in the accident that: • Requires hospitalization for more than 48 hours that begins within 7 days of the date of injury. • Results in a fracture of any bone (except simple fractures of fingers, toes, or nose). • Produces lacerations that result in severe hemorrhage or nerve, muscle, or tendon damage. • Involves injury to any internal organ. • Involves second or third degree burns over 5 percent or more of the body. • Involves verified exposure to infectious substance or injurious radiation.
Generation: Airplane types are classified by generation groups in order of introduction to service as follows:
First Second Early Widebody Current
707, 720 727 747-100/-200/-300/SP MD-80/-90 DC-8 BAC 1-11 DC-10 767 Comet 4* DC-9 L-1011 757 CV-880/-990* 737-100/-200 A300 BAe 146, RJ-70/-85/-100 Caravelle* F-28 A310 Mercure* Trident* A300-600 VC-10* 737-300/-400/-500 A320/319/321 F-100 F-70 747-400 * These types are no longer in significant commercial service. MD-11 A340 A330 777 737-600/-700/-800/-900 717 CRJ-700/-900 4 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Terms and Exclusions
Regional identification: Events are identified by the operator’s national domicile and not by event location.
Airplane collisions: Events involving two or more airplanes are counted as separate events, one for each airplane. For example, destruction of two airplanes in a collision is considered two separate hull loss accidents.
Accident rates: In general, this expression is a measure of accidents per million departures. Departures (or flight cycles) are used as the basis for computing rates, since there is a stronger statistical correlation between accidents and departures than there is between accidents and flight hours, or between accidents and the number of airplanes in service, or between accidents and passenger miles. Airplane departures data are continually updated and revised as new information and estimating processes become available. These form the baseline for the measure of accident rates and, as a consequence, rates may appear to vary between editions of this publication.
Excluded events: • Fatal and nonfatal injuries from natural causes. • Fatal and nonfatal self-inflicted injuries. • Fatal and nonfatal injuries of stowaways hiding outside the areas normally available to the passengers and crew. • Experimental test flight accidents. (Maintenance test flights, ferry, positioning, training and demonstration flights are included). • Nonfatal injuries resulting from atmospheric turbulence, maneuvering, loose objects, boarding, disembarking, evacuation, and maintenance and servicing. • Nonfatal injuries to persons not onboard the airplane.
5 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Airplane Accidents Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 2004
Date Airline Airplane Type Accident Location Hull Fatalities Phase Description Loss 01-Jan-04 Japan Air System MD-81 Tokunoshima, Japan 0 Landing MLG collapsed 03-Jan-04 Flash Airlines 737- 300 Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt X 148 Climb Airplane crashed after takeoff 05-Jan-04 Austrian Airlines F-70 Munich, Germany X 0 Landing Emergency landing in field 15-Jan-04 Iran Air 747- SP Beijing, China 0 Landing Nose gear collapsed 19-Jan-04 Air Malta A320- 210 Malta, Malta 0 Taxi Collision with light pole 20-Feb-04 Austral - Cielos del Sur MD-81 Buenos Aires, Argentina 0 Takeoff MLG wheels departed, diverted 25-Feb-04 First Air 737- 200C Edmonton, Canada 0 Landing Offside landing 01-Mar-04 Pakistan Int'l Airlines A300- B4 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia X 0 Takeoff NLG tire failure 02-Apr-04 Air Memphis 707- 300 Cairo, Egypt X 0 Takeoff RMLG collapsed 09-Apr-04 Emirates A340- 313X Johannesburg, South Africa 0 Takeoff Takeoff overrun/go-around 20-Apr-04 Alitalia MD-82 Trieste, Italy 0 Taxi Collision with dump truck 27-Apr-04 Aerosvit 737- 500 Moscow, Russia 0 Takeoff Runway excursion - NLG collapsed 28-Apr-04 Centurion Air Cargo DC-10- 30F Bogota, Colombia X 0 Landing Landing overrun 29-Apr-04 Turkish Airlines 737- 800 Gaziantep, Turkey 0 Landing Runway excursion 13-Jun-04 Turkish Airlines A321- 210 Istanbul, Turkey 0 Landing Hard landing - tail strike 17-Jun-04 Egyptair A300- B4-200F Khartoum, Sudan 0 Landing Hard landing runway overrun 06-Jul-04 Iberia Airlines A319- 110 San Pedro Sula, Honduras 0 Landing Veered off runway 21-Jul-04 Aero California DC-9- 14 Mexico City, Mexico X 0 Takeoff Settled after takeoff 25-Jul-04 Inter Airlines F-100 Istanbul, Turkey 0 Landing MLG collapse 03-Aug-04 Volare Airlines A320- 210 Valencia, Spain 0 Initial Climb Severe hail damage during climb 09-Aug-04 Swissair RJ100 Frankfurt, Germany 0 Cruise Dual engine damage 11-Aug-04 Air Guinee 737- 200 Free Town, Sierra Leone X 0 Takeoff RTO – runway overrun 28-Aug-04 Transair Cargo Caravelle- 11R Gisenya, Rwanda X 0 Landing Landing overrun - post crash fire 08-Oct-04 Biman Bangladesh Airlines F-28 Sylhet, Bangladesh X 0 Landing Landing overrun 14-Oct-04 MK Airlines 747- 200 Halifax, Canada X 7 Takeoff Crashed after takeoff 23-Oct-04 BETA 707- 300 Manaus, Brazil X 0 Taxi RMLG collapsed 07-Nov-04 Air Atlanta Icelandic 747- 200F Sharjah, United Arab Emirates X 0 Takeoff RTO - runway overrun 07-Nov-04 AirAsia 737- 300 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia 0 Landing Runway excursion 28-Nov-04 KLM - Royal Dutch Airlines 737- 400 Barcelona, Spain X 0 Landing Runway excursion 30-Nov-04 Lion Air MD-82 Solo City, Indonesia X 25 Landing Crashed during landing 09-Dec-04 ASTAR 727- 200 Atlanta, USA 0 Taxi MLG collapsed after landing 29-Dec-04 Chanchangi Airlines 727- 200 Lagos, Nigeria 0 Landing Nose gear up landing 32 total 14 180
6 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Departures, Flight Hours, and Jet Airplanes in Service* Worldwide Operations 1970 Through 2004
40 37.1
35 Flight Hours Departures • 443.7 million cumulative departures 30 (365.9 million on Boeing airplanes)
25 • 748.6 million cumulative flight hours 20 17.5 (621.9 million on Boeing airplanes)
15 • 7 manufacturers – 33 significant
flight hours (millions) 10
Annual departures and types (13 Boeing) in service as of 12/31/2004 5
0 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 2004 Year
20000 19,077 (12,195 Boeing) *Certified jet airplanes greater than 60,000 pounds maximum gross 15000 weight, including those in temporary nonflying status and those in use by
10000 non-airline operators. Excluded are military airplanes and CIS- (Soviet Union) manufactured airplanes.
Number of airplanes* 5000
0 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 2004 Year
7 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Accident Summary by Type of Operation Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet
Hull loss and/or Type of operation All Accidents Onboard fatalities fatal accidents 1959-2004 1995-2004 1959-2004 1995-2004 1959-2004 1995-2004
Passenger 1,104 285 604 135 25,237 5,550 Cargo 192 79 131 50 227 45 Ferry, test 104 12 61 7 189 17 Other* 2 0 2 0 11 0 Totals 1,402 376 798 192 25,664 5,612 U.S.A. and Canadian operators 463 88 224 38 6,081 883 Rest of the world 939 288 574 154 19,583 4,729 Totals 1,402 376 798 192 25,664 5,612
*Military-owned commercial jet transport types used in civilian commercial service.
8 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Accident Summary by Damage and Injury All Accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet –1959 through 2004
1,402 accidents worldwide
100 injury accidents with less than substantial damage 100 (60 fatal)
583 substantial damage accidents 583 719 719 hull loss accidents (19 fatal (438 fatal accidents) accidents)
Excludes: • Fatal injuries from natural causes or suicide • Experimental test flights • Military airplanes • Sabotage, hijacking, terrorism, or military action • Non-fatal injuries involving: • Atmospheric turbulence, maneuvering, or loose objects • Boarding, disembarking, or evacuation • Maintenance or servicing • Persons not onboard the airplane
9 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Accident Rates and Fatalities by Year Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1959 through 2004
50 1400
1200 40 Hull loss and/or fatal accidents Onboard Fatalities 1000
All accidents Accident 30 rate 800 (accidents Fatalities per 600 million 20 departures)
400
10 200
0 0 1959 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 Year
10 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Accident Rates by Years Following Introduction Hull Loss and/or Fatal Accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1959 through 2004
60
First generation Second generation 50 Early Widebody Current Generation 40 Accident rate (accidents 30 per million departures) 20
10
0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 Years since introduction
11 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 U.S.A. and Canadian Operators Accident Rates Hull Loss and/or Fatal accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1959 through 2004
50
U.S.A. & Canadian operators 45 Rest of the World
40
35 Accident rate 30 (accidents per 25 million departures) 20
15
10
5
0 1959 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 2004 Year
12 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 U.S.A and Canadian Operators Accident Rates Hull Loss and/or Fatal accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1985 through 2004
4.0
Rest of the World 3.5 U.S.A. & Canadian operators
3.0
Accident 2.5 rate (accidents per 2.0 million departures) 1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0 1985 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 2004
Year
13 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Accident Rates by Type of Operation Hull Loss and/or Fatal accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1994 through 2004
3.0
2.55 2.5
10-year 2.0 accident rate (accidents per million 1.5 departures) 1.0 0.88
0.5
0.0 Scheduled passenger operations All other operations* 144.5 million departures 25.5 million departures
*Unscheduled passenger and charter, cargo, ferry, test, training, and demonstration.
14 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Accident Rates by Airplane Type Hull Loss Accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1959 through 2004 Hull Losses **Not flying 85 707/720 126 7.38 14.46 DC-8 73 6.08 727 82 1.10 737-100/-200 72 1.31 DC-9 81 1.36 BAC 1-11 23 2.71 F-28 35 5.80 747-100/-200/-300/SP 26 2.12 DC-10 23 2.71 A300 10 1.68 L-1011 4 0.77 MD-80/-90 13 0.39 767 4 0.34 757 5 0.34 BAe146, RJ-70/85/100 7 0.91 A310 6 1.60 A300-600 4 1.06 737-300/-400/-500 18 0.36 A320/319/321 9 0.42 F-100 5 0.75 747-400 3 0.75 MD-11 5 3.45 CRJ-700/-900 0 0.0* A340 0 0.0* A330 0 0.0 777 0 0.0 737-600/-700/-800/-900 0 0.0 717 0 0.0* F-70 0 0.0*
Total Hull Losses 719 1.62 0 3 6 9 12 15 Hull loss accident Rate per million departures
** The Comet, CV880/990, Caravelle, Concorde, Mercure, Trident and VC-10 are no longer in commercial service, and are combined in the “Not flying” bar. 15 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 * These types have accumulated fewer than 1 million departures. Accidents and Onboard Fatalities by Phase of Flight Hull Loss and/or Fatal Accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1995 through 2004
Percentage of accidents/fatalities 20% 51% Taxi, load, Initial Climb Initial Final parked Takeoff climb (flaps up) Cruise Descent approach approach Landing
Accidents 6% 14% 6% 9% 5% 2% 7% 6% 45% Fatalities 0% 10% 15% 28% 10% 7% 14% 14% 2%
25% 16% Exposure = percentage of flight time based on flight duration of 1.5 hours Initial Final approach approach fix fix 1% 1% 14% 57% 11% 12% 3% 1%
Distribution of accidents and fatalities 100 87 2000
1,550 80 Hull 1500 loss Fatalities Fatalities and/or 60 fatal 1000 865 807 797 accidents40 27 539 543 406 500 20 17 12 11 10 13 11 102 3 4 0 0 Taxi, load, Takeoff Initial Climb Cruise Descent Initial Final Landing parked climb approach approach
Hull loss and/or fatal accidents Onboard fatalities 16 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Accidents by Primary Cause* Hull Loss- Accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1995 through 2004
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80%
Flight Crew 75 56%
Airplane 23 17%
Weather 17 13%
Misc./Other 8 6%
Maintenance 5 4%
Airport/Air Traffic Control 5 4%
Total with 133 known causes
Unknown or 44 awaiting reports *As determined by the investigating authority, Total 177 percent of accidents with known causes.
17 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Fatalities by CAST/ICAO Taxonomy Accident Category* Fatal Accidents – Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet – 1987 Through 2004
4000
3631
3500
3000
2524 Number of 2500 on board fatalities 2000
1500
1000 862
618 489 500 204 181 165 159 152 144 129 124 110 48 1 0 0 CFIT LOC-I SCF-NP Fire-NI SCF-PP RE OTHER ICE MIDAIR USOS ARC UNK FUEL RI WSTRW ADRM LOC-G
Number of fatal 56 36 12 10 15 19 3 6 2 10 39 2 8 3 3 1 1 accidents 226 total * See page 19 for the CAST/ICAO category definitions 18 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 CAST/ICAO Taxonomy Accident Categories - Definitions
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the Commercial Aviation Safety Team (CAST), which includes Government officials and aviation industry leaders, have jointly chartered the CAST/ICAO Common Taxonomy Team (CICTT). CICTT includes experts from several air carriers, aircraft manufacturers, engine manufacturers, pilot associations, regulatory authorities, transportation safety boards, ICAO, and members from Canada, the European Union, France, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, and the United States. CICTT is co-chaired by a representative from ICAO and CAST.
The team is charged with developing common taxonomies and definitions for aviation accident and incident reportings. Common taxonomies and definitions establish a standard industry language thereby improving the quality of information and communications. With this common language the aviation community's capacity to focus on common safety issues is greatly enhanced. The CICTT taxonomy is designed to permit the assignment of multiple categories as necessary to fully describe the event. The intent of the chart on page 18 is to introduce the CICTT taxonomies. Accordingly, each accident was assigned to the single classification that was deemed to be the principle, or most descriptive category. It is intended that future editions of this document will contain the more detailed multiple category analysis and information. The following are a complete set of the categories with a brief description: ARC Abnormal Runway Contact LALT Low Altitude Operations AMAN Abrupt Maneuver MAC Midair/Near Midair Collision ADRM Aerodrome OTHR Other ATM ATM/CNS RE Runway Excursion CABIN Cabin Safety Events RI-A Runway Incursion – Animal CFIT Controlled Flight into or Toward Terrain RI-VAP Runway Incursion – Vehicle, Aircraft or Person EVAC Evacuation SEC Security Related F-NI Fire/Smoke (Non-Impact) SCF-NP System/Comp. Failure or Malfunction (Non-Power plant) F-POST Fire/Smoke (Post-Impact) SCF-PP System/Component Failure or Malfunction (Power plant) FUEL Fuel Related TURB Turbulence Encounter GCOL Ground Collision USOS Undershoot/Overshoot RAMP Ground Handling UNK Unknown or Undetermined ICE Icing WSTRW Wind shear or Thunderstorm LOC-G Loss of Control – Ground LOC-I Loss of Control – In flight For a more complete description go to: http://www.intlaviationstandards.org/ 19 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Excluded Events Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet
The following 3 pages, Hostile Actions and Non-Hostile Events, are excluded from the statistical analysis in the preceding portions of the document and may not be a complete listing due to incomplete reporting.
Hostile Action Events Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet - 2004 Events which occur as a result of a premeditated, overt act originating from terrorism, sabotage.
Date Airline Airplane Accident Hull Onboard Description Type Location Loss
0 Total events 0 0
20 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Hostile Actions Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet — 1983 Through 2004
20 2.0 Number of events Sabotage Rate 15 1.5 Number Sabotage/ of terrorist events 10 1.0 rate per million departures
5 0.5
0 0.0 1983 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 2004 800 Year
700
600
Number 500 of fatalities 400 (onboard only) 300
200
100
0 1983 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 2004
Year 21 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Non-Hostile Events Worldwide Commercial Jet Fleet
Events Occurring In 2004 Severe turbulence: Ground operations: • No injury – 8 events • Airplane damaged while taxiing - inadvertently hit other • Flight attendant injury – 7 events airplane, tug, jetway – 5 events • Passenger injury – 4 events • Airplane damaged from foreign object debris – 4 events • Passenger and flight attendant injury – 8 events • Engine ingestion fatality – 1 event Emergency evacuation: • Crew/maintenance fell – 3 events • Minor injury – 3 events
Events Occurring From 1995 Through 2004
Turbulence 79
Emergency evacuation 46
Aircraft struck by vehicle 43
Servicing injury 25
Pushback 9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Number of events 22 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Notes
23 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005 Notes
24 2004 STATISTICAL SUMMARY, MAY 2005